Tesi sul tema "Strelitz"

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a qualidade fisiológica das sementes de Strelitzia reginae, escarificadas com ácido sulfúrico e colocadas para germinar a diferentes temperaturas, e determinar o estádio de maturação dos frutos que proporcione melhor qualidade das sementes. Para isto, foram conduzidos dois experimentos. No primeiro, as sementes foram escarificadas com ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 0, 3, 5, 7 e 9 minutos. Em laboratório, as sementes foram colocadas em rolo de papel-toalha e levadas para o germinador regulado às temperaturas de 25o, 20-30o e 30oC. Foram avaliados a germinação e o vigor. No teste de germinação, aos 30 dias, avaliaram-se as plântulas normais (germinação), anormais, as sementes duras e mortas. O vigor foi avaliado pela primeira contagem da germinação, pelo comprimento de radícula e pela velocidade de germinação. Em casa de vegetação, à temperatura ambiente, as sementes foram semeadas em leito de areia, à profundidade de 2 cm. Foram avaliados a percentagem de emergência e o número médio de dias para a emergência das plântulas. No segundo experimento, as sementes foram colhidas em três estádios de maturação do fruto (verde, seco-fechado e seco-aberto) e tratadas com ácido sulfúrico por 0 e 7 minutos. Em laboratório, foram colocadas em papel-toalha e levadas para o germinador à temperatura de 25oC. Em casa de vegetação, as sementes tratadas com ácido sulfúrico por 0 e 7 minutos foram semeadas em leito de areia à profundidade de 2 cm. As avaliações foram as mesmas do primeiro experimento. A escarificação com ácido sulfúrico foi parcialmente eficiente para superar a dormência das sementes de S. reginae causada pela impermeabilidade do tegumento. A maior emergência foi obtida quando as sementes de S. reginae foram escarificadas com ácido sulfúrico por sete minutos. Maiores percentagens de germinação e vigor foram obtidos quando as sementes foram colocadas para germinar à temperatura de 25oC. As sementes devem ser obtidas, preferivelmente, de frutos colhidos nos estádios verde e seco- fechado, por apresentarem maior qualidade fisiológica. Alta percentagem de sementes duras indica que tempos superiores de imersão deverão ser testados.
The objective of the present work was to evaluate the physiological quality of Strelitzia reginae seeds, which were scarified with sulphuric acid and germinated under different temperatures, as well as to determine the stage of fruit maturation that give the best seed quality. Two experiments were conducted sulphuric acid, for 0, 3, 5, 7 and 9 minutes. In the laboratory, the seeds were wrapped up in paper towel and placed into a germinator at the temperatures of 25o C, 20o-30o C and 30o C. Germination and vigor were evaluated. For the germination test, at the 30th day, normal (germination) and abnormal plantlets, hard and dead seeds were evaluated. Vigor was evaluated by the first germination count, radicle length and speed of germination. Seeds were sowed in sand beds, 2 cm depth, in greenhouse, at room temperature. Percentage of emergence and average number of days for plantlets emergence were assessed. In the second experiment, seeds were harvested in three stages of fruit maturation (unripe, dried-closed and dried-opened) and treated with sulphuric acid for 0 and 7 minutes. In laboratory, they were wrapped up in paper tower and placed into the germinatior at 25o C. These seeds were then sowed in sand bed, 2 cm depth, in greenhouse. The evaluations carried out were the same as in the first experiment. The scarification with sulphuric acid was partially efficient to overcome the seed dormancy in Strelitzia reginae, that was caused by tegument impermeability. The greatest emergence rate was achieved when seeds of S. reginae were scarified with sulphuric acid for 7 minutes. Greater germination and vigor percentages were obtained when seeds were placed to germinate at 25o C. Seeds should preferably be obtained from fruits harvested at unripe and dried-closed stages, as they present better physiological quality. High percentage of hard seeds indicate the superior times of immersion need to be tested.
Não foi localizado o curriculo lattes do autor.

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As flores tropicais de corte são muito importantes para o setor de floricultura devido às características positivas que apresentam em termos de beleza. A estrelítzia é popularmente conhecida como ave-do-paraíso e devido ao seu amplo uso como flor de corte ainda são poucos estudos realizados na avaliação dos problemas ocorridos em sua pós-colheita. Por esse motivo o presente trabalho se fundamentou na necessidade de estudar o efeito do armazenamento em ambiente controlado com e sem solução de fortalecimento e também, em condições de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente, porém sem solução na qualidade e na caracterização bioquímica (poliaminas, atividade da peroxidase e proteínas totais) extraída dos escapos florais da estrelítzia (Strelitzia reginae Banks ex Aiton). Escapos florais de estrelítzia com um florete aberto foram colhidos no campo de cultivo da área experimental da Fazenda e Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção no município de São Manuel/SP, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu/SP. No laboratório de pós-colheita, os escapos foram selecionados, etiquetados e descartados quanto à presença de danos mecânicos, doenças e/ou pragas. Logo após, procedeu-se um novo corte para a padronização. Transcorrido esse período, os escapos foram transferidos ao acaso para recipientes contendo água, onde foram submetidos a dois experimentos pós-colheita. No experimento 1, os escapos florais foram colocados em baldes contendo água da rede publica de abastecimento (1,5 L) e levadas para câmara fria a 7,5 ºC e UR de 90%, por um período de doze dias. Simultaneamente, outro lote com flores de estrelítzia permaneceram em temperatura ambiente por um período de seis dias em água. No Experimento 2, a base dos escapos florais foram imersas...
The cut tropical flowers are very important for the flower culture sector because of its positive characteristics which can be identified as beauty. Strelitzia is commonly known as bird of paradise and due to its large use as a cut flower, there are still few conducted studies in the assessment of problems during its postharvest. For that reason, the current paper is based on the need to study the storage effect in a controlled environment with or without supplement mixture and also, in storage conditions at room temperature, but without mixture in the quality and in the biochemical characteristics (polyamines, peroxidase activity and total protein contents) derivated from Strelitzia flower scapes (Strelítzia reginae Banks ex Aiton). Strelitzia flower scapes with an open floret were harvested in the field of cultivation testing area of Farm of Teaching, Research and Production in the municipal district of São Manuel/SP, belonging to the Agronomy Science College, Botucatu/SP Campus. In the postharvest lab, the scapes were selected, labeled and there were zero problems concerning mechanical damage, disease and/or plagues. Right after, a new cut was done to make a pattern. Subsequently this period, the scapes were moved randomly to recipients with water, in which two postharvest trials were conducted. In trial 1, the flower scapes were placed in buckets with water from public supply and sanitation department (1.5 L) and taken to a cold room at temperature of 7.5 ºC and RH of 90%, for a twelve day period. Simultaneously, another lot with strelitzia flowers was kept at room temperature for a six day period in water. In trial 2, the flower scape bases were inserted in recipients with water (1.5 L) from the public supply and sanitation department with some supplement mixture composed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Abstract The study explores the perceptions of learners and educators at the Strelitzia Secondary School in Isipingo, Durban, regarding safety at the school. Members of the Isipingo Community Policing Forum, as well as South African Police Service were involved in the study as external participants. Through known types of research approaches (quantitative and qualitative), more than 400 questionnaires were completed by Strelitzia Secondary School learners while 20 interview schedules were conducted with Strelitzia Secondary School educators, as well as members of the Isipingo Community PolicingForum and the South African Police Service (Durban South Area). The questionnaires were analysed through nonparametric statistical tests such as Chi-square, while the interview schedules made use of content analyses and theme identification. The study revealed that most Strelitzia Secondary School learners and educators as well as Isipingo CPF members and SAPS members who participated in the study, were of the opinion that Strelitzia Secondary School is a safe environment even though a culture of violence exists in which learners bring drugs, alcohol and firearms to school, and corporal punishment is still practised.

Orientador: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Coorientador : Fabio Vianell
Banca: Denise Laschi
Banca: Armando Reis Tavares
Banca: Luciana Manoel de Oliveira
Banca: Shoey Kanashiro
Resumo: As flores tropicais de corte são muito importantes para o setor de floricultura devido às características positivas que apresentam em termos de beleza. A estrelítzia é popularmente conhecida como ave-do-paraíso e devido ao seu amplo uso como flor de corte ainda são poucos estudos realizados na avaliação dos problemas ocorridos em sua pós-colheita. Por esse motivo o presente trabalho se fundamentou na necessidade de estudar o efeito do armazenamento em ambiente controlado com e sem solução de fortalecimento e também, em condições de armazenamento em temperatura ambiente, porém sem solução na qualidade e na caracterização bioquímica (poliaminas, atividade da peroxidase e proteínas totais) extraída dos escapos florais da estrelítzia (Strelitzia reginae Banks ex Aiton). Escapos florais de estrelítzia com um florete aberto foram colhidos no campo de cultivo da área experimental da Fazenda e Ensino, Pesquisa e Produção no município de São Manuel/SP, pertencente à Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Campus de Botucatu/SP. No laboratório de pós-colheita, os escapos foram selecionados, etiquetados e descartados quanto à presença de danos mecânicos, doenças e/ou pragas. Logo após, procedeu-se um novo corte para a padronização. Transcorrido esse período, os escapos foram transferidos ao acaso para recipientes contendo água, onde foram submetidos a dois experimentos pós-colheita. No experimento 1, os escapos florais foram colocados em baldes contendo água da rede publica de abastecimento (1,5 L) e levadas para câmara fria a 7,5 ºC e UR de 90%, por um período de doze dias. Simultaneamente, outro lote com flores de estrelítzia permaneceram em temperatura ambiente por um período de seis dias em água. No Experimento 2, a base dos escapos florais foram imersas... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The cut tropical flowers are very important for the flower culture sector because of its positive characteristics which can be identified as beauty. Strelitzia is commonly known as bird of paradise and due to its large use as a cut flower, there are still few conducted studies in the assessment of problems during its postharvest. For that reason, the current paper is based on the need to study the storage effect in a controlled environment with or without supplement mixture and also, in storage conditions at room temperature, but without mixture in the quality and in the biochemical characteristics (polyamines, peroxidase activity and total protein contents) derivated from Strelitzia flower scapes (Strelítzia reginae Banks ex Aiton). Strelitzia flower scapes with an open floret were harvested in the field of cultivation testing area of Farm of Teaching, Research and Production in the municipal district of São Manuel/SP, belonging to the Agronomy Science College, Botucatu/SP Campus. In the postharvest lab, the scapes were selected, labeled and there were zero problems concerning mechanical damage, disease and/or plagues. Right after, a new cut was done to make a pattern. Subsequently this period, the scapes were moved randomly to recipients with water, in which two postharvest trials were conducted. In trial 1, the flower scapes were placed in buckets with water from public supply and sanitation department (1.5 L) and taken to a cold room at temperature of 7.5 ºC and RH of 90%, for a twelve day period. Simultaneously, another lot with strelitzia flowers was kept at room temperature for a six day period in water. In trial 2, the flower scape bases were inserted in recipients with water (1.5 L) from the public supply and sanitation department with some supplement mixture composed... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Com o objetivo de estudar técnicas pós-colheita sobre a conservação de flores de corte de ave-do-paraíso, estas foram submetidas a cortes periódicos na base das hastes, em presença de Ethephon, em diferentes dosagens, e em soluções de condicionamento, contendo 1 mM de tiossulfato de prata (STS) e, ou, sacarose em diferentes concentrações. Os resultados dos tratamentos foram avaliados com base em escalas de longevidade e de abertura floral, e, para o corte das hastes, verificou-se o nível de hidratação dos tecidos. Para avaliar o efeito de etileno, foram feitas extrações de clorofila, proteína e da enzima peroxidase. As hastes de ave-do-paraíso, quando cortadas em 2 cm, a cada dois dias, mantiveram-se com maior nível de hidratação, ao longo do período avaliado, e apresentaram maior longevidade e maior número de floretes abertos que aquelas não-cortadas. As flores apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma resposta ao etileno, nas concentrações 0; 0,1; 1; 10; 100 e 1000 mg/L de Ethephon. O teor de clorofila não alterou sob as doses de etileno e a atividade da enzima peroxidase aumentou para a maior dose de Ethephon. O uso de 1 mM de STS interferiu negativamente na vida útil e no número de floretes abertos das hastes, e a sacarose promoveu efeito contrário. A longevidade e o número de floretes abertos foram aumentados pelo uso de soluções de condicionamento contendo sacarose nas concentrações de 10, 20, 30 e 40%, sendo que a concentração de 40% por 24 h foi a mais efetiva em aumentar a vida de vaso. O uso combinado de 1 mM de STS, por 30 min, seguido de 40% de sacarose, por 24 h, foi menos eficiente que o uso isolado de 40% de sacarose em aumentar a longevidade e o número de floretes abertos.
This work had the objective to evaluate the influence of periodic recuts on inflorescence base, the treatment with Ethephon, and pulsing with silver thiosulfate (STS) and sucrose on the extend of vase life in bird-of-paradise. The recuts on the base of the stem, at every two days, result in improving hydratation of bract and sepal, longer longevity and higher number of open florets. Treatment with 0, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 1000 mg L-1 Ethephon did not affect the chlorophyll degradation, but 1000 mg L-1 Ethephon estimulated peroxidase activity of inflorescence tissues. Pulsing with 1 mM STS reduced the number of open florets and flower longevity, however the treatment with sucrose showed opposite effect. Use of 10, 20, 30 and 40% inflorescence sucrose as pulsing solution extend the longevity and increase the number of open to control. Concentration of 40% more effective in improving sucrose in the pulsing florets compared for 24 hours was inflorescence longevity. Pulsing with 1 mM STS for 30 minutes, followed by treatment containing 40% sucrose for 24 hours was less efficient in prolonging vase life and increasing of open florets than using 40% sucrose alone for 24 hours. the number
Não foi localizado o cpf do autor.

Memoria para optar al Título Profesional de Ingeniera Agrónoma
Respecto al rubro de la floricultura nacional, el mercado interno resulta interesante debido al incremento en el consumo de flores, esto se ve reflejado en el aumento de las importaciones de dichos productos. Existen diferentes categorías de flores de corte y una de ellas corresponde a las flores tropicales. El presente estudio se enfocó en tres de estas especies tropicales: Heliconia spp, Anthurium andreanum y Strelitzia reginae, las cuales son muy atractivas por que poseen peculiares formas, tamaños y colores, y además porque su periodo de duración en florero puede ir hasta los 20 días. En Chile se han generado nuevos centros de producción y canales de comercialización y uno de éstos corresponde a la Región de Arica y Parinacota destacando en esta zona la ubicación del valle de Azapa y el valle de Lluta. Para la realización de la presente monografía se utilizaron diferentes fuentes de información, tanto técnicas como científicas. El objetivo general de este estudio fue analizar la adaptación de Heliconia spp, Anthurium andreanum y Strelitzia reginae para su posible cultivo bajo las condiciones de los valles de Azapa y Lluta. Tras cumplir con los objetivos, se sugiere que el cultivo de la flor Strelitzia reginae se adaptaría de mejor forma a las condiciones edafoclimáticas que presenta el valle de Azapa, ya que se destaca por sus favorables condiciones para la producción de flores tropicales, por su ubicación respecto a los mercados de distribución de importantes centros de consumo y su producción en contra-estación respecto a la zona central del país. Aún se requiere investigar e innovar en factores externos, tales como, marketing, logística y comercialización.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar a ação do pulsing com metil jasmonato (MJ) e ácido salicílico (AS) na qualidade e redução pós-colheita da injúria por frio em flores de corte de Strelitzia reginae. Foram realizados dois experimentos. No primeiro, as hastes foram colocadas em soluções de pulsing com 20% de sacarose acrescida de MJ nas concentrações de 100, 250 e 400 μM e o controle (sem MJ) por 24 horas. No segundo experimento, as hastes foram colocadas em soluções de pulsing com 20% de sacarose com adição de AS nas doses de 2, 4 e 6 mM e o controle (sem AS) por 24 horas. Posteriormente, as hastes de ambos os experimentos foram acondicionadas em recipientes com água destilada durante 28 dias a 5oC, para indução da injúria por frio e à temperatura ambiente por 7 dias. As análises realizadas foram determinadas semanalmente a 5oC e no início e final do armazenamento à temperatura ambiente em relação à taxa de absorção de água, taxa transpiratória, massa fresca (MF), extravasamento de eletrólitos, atividade da peroxidase (POD) e dos compostos fenólicos das brácteas e sépalas. Houve redução linear na taxa de absorção de água pelas hastes em todos os tratamentos a 5oC, com menor redução na dose de 250 μM de MJ e maior absorção com 100 μM nos dias 14 e 21. O MJ não foi eficiente em reduzir a taxa transpiratória e manter a MF das flores a 5oC. Houve aumento do extravasamento de eletrólitos no último dia de avaliação em relação ao dia zero, sendo superior em brácteas tratadas com MJ. A atividade da POD das brácteas a 5oC foi reduzida apenas com o uso de 100 μM de MJ, enquanto nas sépalas todas as doses de MJ aumentaram a atividade da POD. A 5oC, as brácteas tratadas com 250 e 400 μM de MJ e as sépalas a 250 μM obtiveram menor aumento dos compostos fenólicos no último dia de avaliação em relação ao dia zero. O tratamento com MJ à temperatura ambiente reduziu a absorção de água, o extravasamento de eletrólitos e compostos fenólicos das brácteas no dia 0. No entanto, a temperatura ambiente o MJ não foi efetivo na manutenção da massa fresca, redução da taxa transpiratória e atividade da POD das brácteas e sépalas e dos compostos fenólicos das sépalas. A dose de 2 mM de AS ocasionou a menor redução na absorção de água à 5oC no dia 28 em relação ao dia 7, enquanto a dose de 4 mM permitiu um balanço hídrico negativo mais tardio e maior massa fresca. Houve menor aumento no extravasamento de eletrólitos na dose de 6 mM de AS e maior redução na atividade da POD das brácteas e sépalas no último dia de avaliação em relação ao dia zero na dose de 2 mM à 5oC. À temperatura ambiente, o AS reduziu a absorção de água e a transpiração, mas não foi efetivo na manutenção da massa fresca, redução do extravasamento de eletrólitos e atividade da POD das brácteas. A atividade da POD das sépalas, à temperatura ambiente, foi menor nas doses de 4 e 6 mM de AS no sétimo dia. O teor de compostos fenólicos das sépalas no dia 0 reduziu em todas as doses de AS testadas, e nas brácteas, somente nas doses de 2 e 6 mM. Conclui-se que o MJ e o AS melhoraram a qualidade da flor a 5°C, porém somente o AS reduziu a incidência de injúria por frio, sendo 2 mM a melhor dose. À temperatura ambiente, somente o AS melhorou a qualidade da flor.
This study aimed to determine the action of pulsing with methyl jasmonate (MJ) and salicylic acid (SA) on the quality and reduction of the incidence of chilling injury in cut of flowers of Strelitzia reginae. Two experiments were conducted. In the first, the stems were placed in pulsing solutions with 20% of sucrose plus MJ at concentrations of 100, 250 and 400 μM, and control (without MJ) for 24 hours. In the second experiment, the stems were placed in pulsing with 20% of sucrose with the addition of AS at dosages of 2, 4 and 6 mM, and control for 24 hours. Subsequently, stems were placed in a recipient with water during 28 days at 5°C for chilling injury induction and at room temperature over 7 days. The analysis made were determined weekly at 5° C in the beginning and in the ending of storage at room temperature concerning water uptake rate, transpiration rate, the fresh weight (MF), leakage of electrolytes, activity of peroxidase (POD) and phenolic compounds of the bracts and sepals. There was a linear reduction in water uptake rate by the stems in all treatments at 5°C, with lower dose reduction of 250 μM and greater uptake with 100 mM on days 14 and 21. MJ was not effective in reducing transpiration rate and in maintenance of MF of flowers at 5°C. There was an increase of electrolyte leakage on the last day of evaluation in relation to day zero, being superior in bracts treated with MJ. The POD activity of the bracts at 5°C was reduced only with the use of 100 mM of MJ, while in sepals all MJ doses increased the POD activity. At 5°C, the bracts treated with 250 and 400 μM of MJ and the sepals to 250 μM obtained the lowest increase in phenolic compounds on the last day of evaluation in relation to day zero. At room temperature, the treatment with MJ reduced uptake of water, electrolyte leakage and phenolic compounds bracts on day zero. However, in this room temperature, the MJ was not effective in the reduction of the variation of fresh weight, transpiration rate, the POD activity in the bracts and sepals and of the compounds phenolic of sepals. The dose of 2 mM of AS provided the smallest variation in uptake of water at 5°C on day 28 compared to day 7 while the dose of 4 mM allowed a negative water balance later and the highest fresh weight. There was a lower increase in electrolyte leakage at a dose of 6 mM of AS and a bigger low in the POD activity in the bracts and sepals on the last day of evaluation in relation to day zero at a dose of 2 mM at 5°C. At room temperature, AS reduced uptake of water and transpiration, but it was not effective in reducing the variation of fresh weight, electrolyte leakage and POD activity of the bracts. The POD activity in sepals, at room temperature, was lower at doses of 4 and 6 mM on day 7. All doses of AS reduced phenolic content of sepals on day 0 and the doses of 2 mM and 6 mM in bracts. It was concluded that MJ and AS improved flower quality at 5°C, however only AS reduced the incidence of chilling injury, being 2 mM the best dose. At room temperature, only the AS improved flower quality.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The goals of this work were to determine the time in which occurs the vascular occlusion and the contribution of the peroxidase (POD) and polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in this process; partially purify and characterize these enzymes and verify the effect of the use of enzymatic inhibitors combined or not with sucrose in the pulsing solution on the postharvest life of the bird-of-paradise. To determine the time of occlusion, the stalks were dry stored for different periods of time (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 and 48 hours), and after being placed in water. The variation of fresh mass and the relative water content (RWC) of the sepals were evaluated within the first 24 hours, and the POD and PPO activity were determined after 100 hours. Harvested flowers were immediately placed in water and had their fresh mass variation, and POD and PPO activity daily evaluated up to 8th day, when the first floret was complete wilted. Flowers maintained for 16 hours under dry storage recuperated the initial fresh mass index and RWC after being placed in water, suggesting that the vascular occlusion occured after 16 hours of dry storage. The POD activity was higher in control stalks and the PPO was higher in stalks which suffered moderated water stress (16, 24, 32 and 40 hours). Throughout the vase life, the POD activity reached the highest level in the 8th day of vase life, and the PPO was kept constant. The POD activity was higher than the PPO in all the analyses, suggesting a higher influence of the POD in the xylematic occlusion of this specie. In the process of enzymatic characterization, the ideal pH and the optimum temperature for both enzymes were determined, as well as the optimum substrate for the PPO. The stability in different pHs, thermal stability and the effect of different inhibitors were also observed. The highest activity of POD was found in pH 5.0 and 60ºC, and the prexi incubation for 120 minutes in pH 2.5 and 25ºC lead to the inhibition of 93.1% of the initial activity, 120 minutes in 70ºC to 98.7% of inhibition and 80ºC for 10 minutes or 90ºC for 1 minute lead to complete inactivation. A complete inhibition of this enzyme was also achieved in the presence of different inhibitors, like ascorbic acid, L-cysteine, sodium metabissulfite, sodium azide, β-mercaptoethanol and DTT. The PPO presented the highest activity with 4-methylcatecol as substrate, in pH 6.0 and 40ºC. Complete inactivation of this enzyme was obtaining by incubating for 10 minutes at 80ºC or using 1 mM of DTT, L-cisteyne, sodium metabissulfite and β-mercaptoethanol. Finally, different pulsing solutions containing enzymatic inhibitors, combined or not with sucrose 40% were applied for 24 hours. The fresh mass variation, RWC and number of open florets were daily determined, and the longevity was determined until the wilting of the last opened floret. From the inhibitors applied alone, the sodium azide was able to provide the highest values of fresh mass, longest longevity and highest number of open florets. Combined with sucrose, the ascorbic acid and the sodium azide were able to provide the best results, with the highest number of open florets and longer longevity. The occlusion of xylematic vessels of this specie is related to the POD and PPO activity and the use of pulsing solutions containing enzymatic inhibitors is a viable technique to extend the vase life of bird-of-paradise of flowers.
Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: determinar o momento de ocorrência do bloqueio vascular e a contribuição da peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO) neste processo; purificar parcialmente e caracterizar essas enzimas; e verificar o efeito da utilização de inibidores enzimáticos combinados ou não com sacarose na solução de pulsing sobre a vida pós-colheita de ave-do-paraíso. Para determinar o tempo para a oclusão, hastes florais foram armazenadas a seco por diferentes períodos (0, 8, 16, 24, 32, 40 e 48 horas), e após foram colocadas na água. A variação de massa fresca e o teor relativo de água (TRA) das sépalas foram avaliados nas primeiras 24 horas, e a atividade da POD e PPO foram determinadas após 100 horas. Flores colhidas e colocadas imediatamente na água, tiveram sua variação de massa fresca, e atividade da POD e PPO avaliadas diariamente até o 8º dia, quando o 1º florete estava completamente seco. Flores mantidas por até 16 horas em armazenamento a seco, recuperaram os valores de massa fresca e TRA iniciais após serem mantidas em água, sugerindo que o bloqueio vascular esteja ocorrendo após essas 16 horas. A atividade da POD foi maior em hastes controle e a da PPO em hastes que sofreram estresse hídrico moderado (16, 24, 32 e 40 horas). Ao longo da vida de vaso, a atividade da POD alcançou maiores níveis após o 8º dia da vida de vaso, e a da PPO manteve-se constante. A atividade da POD foi superior a da PPO em todas as análises, sugerindo uma maior influência da POD no bloqueio xilemático desta espécie. No processo de caracterização enzimática, o pH ideal e a temperatura ótima para ambas as enzimas foi determinado, bem como o substrato ótimo para a PPO. A estabilidade a diferentes pHs, estabilidade térmica e o efeito de diferentes inibidores também foram acompanhados. Maior atividade da POD foi encontrada em pH 5,0 e 60ºC, e a pré-incubação por 120 minutos em pH 2,5 a 25ºC levou a inibição de 93,13% da atividade inicial, 120 minutos a 70ºC a 98,69% de inibição, e a 80ºC por 10 minutos ou 90ºC por 1 minuto levou a inativação completa. Uma completa inibição desta enzima também foi encontrada na presença de diferentes inibidores, como ácido ascórbico, L-císteina, metabissulfito de sódio, sódio azida, β-mercaptoetanol e DTT. A PPO apresentou maior atividade com 4-metil-catecol como substrato, em pH 6,0 e 40ºC. Inativação completa desta enzima foi obtida com pré-incubação por 10 minutos a 80ºC ou usando 1 mM de DTT, L-cisteína, metabissulfito de sódio e β-mercaptoetanol. Finalmente, diferentes soluções de pulsing contendo inibidores enzimáticos, combinados ou não com sacarose 40% foram aplicadas por 24 horas. A variação de massa fresca, TRA e o número de floretes abertos foram determinados diariamente, e a longevidade foi acompanhada até o murchamentodo último florete aberto. A partir dos inibidores aplicados sozinhos, o sódio azida foi que proporcionou maiores valores de massa fresca, maior longevidade e maior número de floretes abertos. Combinados com sacarose, o ácido ascórbico e o sódio azida foram capaz de proporcionar os melhores resultados, com maior número de floretes abertos e maior longevidade. O bloqueio dos vasos xilemáticos desta espécie está relacionado à atividade da POD e PPO e o uso de soluções de pulsing contendo inibidores enzimáticos é uma técnica eficiente em prolongar a vida de vaso de flores de ave-doparaíso.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Com o intuito de melhor compreender os mecanismos pela qual a peroxidase (POD) está envolvida no bloqueio xilemático em hastes de ave-do-paraíso e como estes podem ser reduzidos ou inibidos, este trabalho teve como objetivos: purificar e caracterizar a POD; verificar o efeito da utilização de inibidores enzimáticos combinados ou não com pHs ácidos e a presença do corte periódico da base da haste sobre a vida pós-colheita dessas flores, avaliar o efeito da aplicação de substratos fenólicos na longevidade das flores e estudar as características inerentes à própria haste, que podem estar influenciando a longevidade das flores de ave-do-paraíso. Para a purificação da POD foi utilizada uma amostra composta de bases de várias hastes mantidas por 8 dias na água. Durante a extração, foi utilizado um processo de separação da POD solúvel da de parede, e o extrato bruto obtido foi purificado por meio da precipitação com sulfato de amônia e por cromatografia gélica. O extrato purificado foi utilizado para a caracterização enzimática. A atividade total no extrato bruto, a massa molecular estimada e o pH ótimo foram semelhantes para as duas isoenzimas. O processo de purificação só foi eficiente para a POD solúvel, e a POD de parede mostrou-se mais sensível aos aumentos de temperatura e apresentou maior afinidade com os substratos. Entre os inibidores enzimáticos testados, o mais eficiente foi o β-mercaptoetanol. No experimento de vaso, as hastes foram colhidas com um florete aberto e distribuídos entre os tratamentos que continham os inibidores metabissulfito de sódio ou azida sódica, combinados com pH 6,0 ou 2,5, aplicados na forma de pulsing por 24 h. Metade das hastes sofreram o corte da base, e a outra metade não. Para as hastes que não sofreram o corte da base, o melhor tratamento foi azida sózica, pH 6,0, que proporcionou maiores valores de massa fresca relativa e retardou o desenvolvimento do balanço hídrico negativo. Já o mesmo inibidor com o pH 2,5 causou toxidez, e por isso foi considerado o pior tratamento. O metabissulfito foi eficiente em retardar o escurecimento da base e reduziu a atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO). Apesar destes resultados, a longevidade não apresentou diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos aplicados. Em outro experimento de vaso, substâncias fenólicas (catecol, 4-metilcatecol, pirogalol, pirocatequina e guaiacol, 10 mM) foram aplicadas como pulsing por 24 h e em experimento subsequente, o guaiacol foi aplicado como pulsing ou solução de vaso em concentrações de 5, 25 e 50 mM. A massa fresca relativa das hastes tratadas com essas substâncias fenólicas foram superiores as das hastes controles nos dois experimentos e o balanço hídrico negativo foi retardado. No entanto, essas hastes apresentaram escurecimento intenso da base, e a longevidade não foi prolongada. No último experimento, as hastes colhidas com um florete aberto foram separadas em 3 grupos de acordo com o diâmetro da base: I – finas (até 10 mm de diâmetro), II – médias (diâmetro maior que 10 e menor que 12 mm) e III – grossas (diâmetro maior que 12 mm). A presença do corte da base a cada 48 h também foi avaliado. Foram avaliadas as relações hídricas, o conteúdo de carboidratos, abertura de florete, tamanho de florete, longevidade, escurecimento da base e atividade da POD. A taxa da absorção de água só foi influenciada pela presença do corte da base, sendo maior para as hastes grossas que sofreram o corte da base, apresentando estas maiores valores de massa fresca relativa. Essas hastes também apresentaram maior abertura de floretes e longevidade. As taxas de transpiração não foram influenciadas pelo diâmetro da haste, nem pela presença do corte da base. O conteúdo de carboidrato variou com o diâmetro da haste, parte da planta avaliada (haste, bráctea ou florete), tempo e presença do corte. O escurecimento foi semelhante entre os 3 grupos e a atividade da POD foi maior nas hastes grossas. O tamanho da bráctea e da sépala aumentou proporcionalmente com o aumento no diâmetro da base. Conclui-se que a POD está mesmo envolvida no processo de obstrução xilemática em hastes de ave- do-paraíso, desempenhando um papel fundamental neste processo que culmina com o murchamento precoce dos floretes. No entanto, outros fatores, como diâmetro da haste e o conteúdo de reserva presente nessas podem estar influenciando a longevidade das flores.
In order to better understand the mechanisms by which the peroxidase (POD) is involved in xylem blockage in stems of bird of paradise and how these xylem blockage can be reduced or inhibited, this work aimed to purify and characterize POD; verify the effect of enzyme inhibitors combined or not with acid pH and the periodical cut of the base of the stem on the postharvest life of these flowers, evaluate the effect of phenolic substrates in the longevity of the flowers and study the characteristics inherent to the stem, which may be influencing the bird of paradise flowers longevity. To purify POD was used a sample of several bases maintained for 8 days in water. For the extraction, a procedure to separate the soluble POD from the cell wall POD was used, and the crude extract obtained was purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate and by gel chromatography. The extract purified was used for enzymatic characterization. The total activity in the crude extract, the estimated molecular weight and pH optima were similar for both isoenzymes. The purification process was only effective for soluble POD. The cell wall POD was more sensitive to increases in temperature and had a higher affinity for the substrates. β- mercaptoethanol was the most efficient, among the enzyme inhibitors tested. In the vase experiment, stems were collected with an open floret and distributed among the treatments containing inhibitors sodium metabisulfite or sodium azide, combined with pH 6.0 or 2.5, applied as pulsing for 24 h. Half of the stems had undergone the cutting of the base, and the other half didn‟t. For stems that didn‟t have the cut in the base, the best treatment was sodium azide pH6.0, which led to higher values of relative fresh weight and slowed the development of negative water balance. However the same inhibitor at pH 2.5 caused toxicity, and therefore was considered the worst treatment. The metabisulfite was effective in delaying the darkening of the base and reduced polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity. Despite these results, longevity showed no statistical differences among treatments. In a different vase experiment, phenolic substances (catechol, 4-methylcatechol, pyrogallol, pirocatequina and guaiacol 10 mM) were applied as pulsing for 24 h. and in a subsequent experiment, the guaiacol was applied as a vase solution or pulsing at concentrations of 5, 25 and 50 mM. The stems treated with these phenolic compounds showed higher relative fresh weight than those of control stems of the two experiments and the negative liquid balance was delayed. However, these stems had intense base darkening, and the longevity was not increased. In the last experiment, the stems collected with an open floret were separated into three groups according to the base diameter: I - thin (up to 10 mm diameter), II - medium (diameter greater than 10 and smaller than 12 mm) and III - thick (greater than 12 mm diameter). The base cutting at every 48 h was also evaluated. Were also evaluated the water relations, carbohydrate content, floret opening, floret size, longevity, darkening of the base and POD activity. The rate of water absorption was only changed by the presence of the base cutting, being greater for thick stems that have undergone the base cutting that also showed higher relative fresh weight. These stems also had a greater opening of florets and longevity. Transpiration rates were not influenced by the stem diameter or by the presence of the base cutting. The carbohydrate content changed with the stem diameter, the plant part evaluated (stem, bract or floret), cutting time and cutting presence. Darkening was similar among the three groups and POD activity was higher in thick stems. The size of the bract and sepal increases with the increase in base diameter. In conclusion, POD is really involved in xylem blockage of bird of paradise stems, playing a key role in this process that culminates in early wilting of the florets. However, other factors such as stem diameter and reserves content may be influencing the flowers longevity.
Tese antiga

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
The Strelitzia reginae Aiton is known popularly by bird-of-paradise and due to its wide use as cut flower there are still few the studies to evaluate the post-harvest handling and longevity. With the objective of evaluating the vascular occlusion that might take place at the base of the stem, post-harvest solutions containing inhibitors polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase, and reduction of bacterial population were applied. Flowers were pulsed with 10 mM 2-mercaptoethanol, 1 mM AgNO3, 5 mM catechol, 5 mM p-nitrophenol, 10 mM sodium metabissulfite and distilled water without pH adjustment or the pH of the solutions was adjusted for 6.0. Flowers were pulsed with AgNO3 at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mM, sodium metabissulfite and ascorbic acid, both containing 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mM and distilled water. The floral stems of each treatment were evaluated at every 48 hours, period in which were submitted to cuts of 2 cm in their stem base, until the end of the longevity of the flowers. At this time, it was determined the activity polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase. The total fresh matter, relative water content of the sepals, number of open flowers, longevity of the flowers and number of colony forming units per mL (CFU/mL) were evaluated. The activity of the polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase measured from the second to the eighth day after harvest showed that the sodium metabissulfite at 10 mM presented the highest reduction of enzymes activities at the second day of analysis. It was also observed that the solutions containing AgNO3 was not capable to inhibit the growth of the bacterial population in the base of floral stem. Together, the activity of the oxidative enzymes and the high number of colonies of bacteria influenced negatively in the weight of the fresh matter, in the relative water content, in the number of open flowers and in its longevity, because they promoted the precocious senescence of the flowers due to the water stress happened by the low hydraulic conductance of the elements of vase of the xylem.
A Strelitzia reginae Aiton é popularmente conhecida como ave-do-paraíso e devido ao seu amplo uso como flor de corte ainda são poucos os estudos realizados na avaliação dos problemas ocorridos em sua pós-colheita. Com o objetivo de avaliar a oclusão vascular ocorrida no local cortado dos escapos florais, soluções pós-colheita contendo inibidores da atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase e do crescimento da população bacteriana foram aplicadas em três etapas. Aplicou-se 2-mercaptoetanol 10 mM, AgNO3 1 mM, catecol 5 mM, p-nitrofenol 5 mM, metabissulfito de sódio 10 mM e água destilada sem correção do pH, ou com pH ajustado para 6,0. Aplicou-se também AgNO3 às concentrações 0,5; 1; 1,5 e 2 mM, metabissulfito de sódio e ácido ascórbico, ambos às concentrações 2,5; 5; 7,5 e 10 mM, e água destilada. Os escapos florais de cada tratamento foram avaliados a cada 48 horas, período no qual eram submetidos a cortes de 2 cm em suas bases, até o fim da longevidade das flores. Nesse material coletado avaliou-se a atividade das enzimas polifenoloxidase e peroxidase. As outras observações foram: peso da matéria fresca, teor relativo de água, número de flores abertas, longevidade das flores e número de unidades formadoras de colônias por mL (UFC/mL). A atividade da polifenoloxidase e da peroxidase foi determinada do segundo ao oitavo dia após a colheita e, dos tratamentos aplicados, o metabissulfito de sódio 10 mM apresentou a maior redução da atividade das enzimas após o segundo dia da aplicação. As soluções contendo AgNO3 não foram capazes de inibir o crescimento da população bacteriana nos escapos florais. Em conjunto, a atividade das enzimas oxidativas e o alto número de colônias de bactérias influenciaram negativamente no peso da matéria fresca, no teor relativo de água, no número de flores abertas e na sua longevidade, pois promoveram a senescência precoce das flores devido ao estresse hídrico ocorrido pela baixa condutância hidráulica dos elementos de vaso do xilema.

Strelitziaceae is a tropical monocot family comprising three genera and seven species: Ravenala Adans and Phenkospermum Endl., which are monotypic, and five species of Strelitzia Aiton. All species produce woody capsular fruits that contain vibrantly colored arillate seeds. Arils of the Strelitzia species are orange, those of Phenakospermum are red, and those of Ravenala are blue. Unlike most plant pigments, which degrade after cell death, aril pigments in the family persist for decades. Chemical properties of the compounds are unusual, and do not match those of known pigment classes (carotenoids, flavonoids, betalains, and the chlorophylls). I isolated the orange pigment from the arils of Strelitzia nicolai, and performed HPLC-ESMS, UV-visible, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analyses to determine its chemical structure. These data indicated the pigment was bilirubin-IX, an orange-yellow tetrapyrrole previously known only in mammals and some other vertebrates as the breakdown product of heme. Although related tetrapyrroles are ubiquitous throughout the plant kingdom and include vital biosynthetic products such as chlorophyll and phytochromobilin, this is the first report of bilirubin in a plant, and evidence of an additional biosynthetic pathway producing orange coloration in flowers and fruits.

Master of Technology: Horticulture in the Faculty of Applied Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2011
A study was conducted to investigate the effects of: i) various media compositions and wounding treatments on the in vitro germination, growth and regeneration of Strelitzia reginae plantlets derived from zygotic embryos, ii) antioxidants, plant growth regulator (PGR) concentrations and plant tissue wounding treatments on phenolic compound production. One experiment consisted of 8 medium types including different combinations of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium strength, activated charcoal and vitamin supplements. Twelve replicates were used for each treatment. In another experiment, germinated plantlets were subjected to 2 wounding treatments; (unwounded explants (control) and explants longitudinally sectioned through the apical meristem). The explants were transferred to ten different regeneration media consiting of different concentrations and combinations of auxin and cytokinin supplements and antioxidants. Ten replicates were used for each treatment. Results indicated the positive role of activated charcoal (AC) in reducing oxidative browning of embryo explants. The highest germination rate of embryos was observed in media containing AC without vitamin supplementation. Germination significantly decreased with the addition of vitamins. With regard to effects of various media compositions and wounding treatments on in vitro growth and regeneration of Strelitzia, significant results were achieved with 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentrations on explant discoloration and callus formation. The antioxidant treatments, activated charcoal (AC) and ascorbic acid (AA) significantly affected explant discoloration, the induction of callus and the length of roots developed. Wounding treatments affected plant height, increased explant height and callus formation. Interactions between higher NAA and BAP concentrations together with wounding resulted in the most effective treatment in reducing explant discoloration at the media contact point. Furthermore, results showed the various NAA and BAP concentrations to significantly affect phenolic exudation. The media containing the highest PGR concentration resulted in the highest phenol content. AC significantly reduced the total phenol content of media by 53%, compared with AA. Phenolic exudation was significantly increased as a result of explant wounding. Various interactions between the NAA and BAP concentrations, antioxidants and wounding affected phenolic exudation and the total phenol content of media. This study provides insight into the contributing factors and methods of overcoming the major problem of phenolic oxidation and promoting the in vitro growth and regeneration of Strelitzia.

Die Arbeit ist in drei Teile untergliedert: Die Struktur "Hypodermales Wasserspeichergewebe" wird unter anatomischen, ökomorphologischen und evolutionsbiologischen Gesichtspunkten betrachtet. Die Anwesenheit eines farblosen Hypoderms erschwert bei der Musteranalyse variegater Periklinalchimären die Bestimmung der Konstitution der L2. Variegate Periklinalchimären mit Hypodermbildung wurden auf die Möglichkeiten der Bestimmung der L2 hin untersucht. Es werden verschiedene Entstehungsformen von maskierenden Mustern und die noch nicht beschriebenen Ringzellen vorgestellt, die den Idiotyp der L2-bürtigen Schicht anzeigen können. Ringzellen sind die Zellen, die im Bereich der Schließzellen an den substomatären Interzellularraum grenzen. Sie bilden dabei einen Ring um die Schließzellen, der im Flächenschnitt zu erkennen ist. Hypodermale Wasserspeichergewebe sind hauptsächlich bei tropischen Arten verbreitet. Die xeromorphe Struktur kommt sowohl bei den epiphytischen Bromelien als auch bei den hygromorphen Schattenpflanzen des tropischen Regenwaldes vor. Die beiden Selektionsfaktoren Trockenheit und Lichtintensität werden als mögliche Einflussfaktoren auf die Hypodermbildung diskutiert. Beispiele dafür, dass der Faktor Licht auch einen modifikativen Einfluss auf die Differenzierung der Hypodermzellen zu haben scheint, werden vorgestellt. Die Struktur "Hypodermales Wasserspeichergewebe" ist sowohl bei Monokotylen als auch Dikotylen gleichermaßen verbreitet. Es wird daher vermutet, dass es sich um eine analoge Struktur handelt, die mehrmals voneinander unabhängig zu verschiedenen Zeiten bei verschiedenen Arten entstanden ist. Innerhalb einer Gruppe verwandter Arten konnte sie mithilfe der Homologiekriterien als homolog eingestuft werden.
This paper contains three different issues: The structure "hypodermal water storage tissue" is considered from the anatomical, the ecomorphological and evolutionary aspect. Because hypodermal layers are non-green, it is difficult to make a pattern analysis of variegated periclinal chimeras and to determine the constitution of L2. Variegated periclinal chimeras with hypodermal layers were examined to the possibilities of determining L2. Different origins of masking patterns and the non-yet described ring cells are presented. Both structures are able to show the L2-genotype. Ring cells are those cells bordering the intercellular space near the stomata. In a cut parallel to the surface the ring built by ring cells is seen. The hypodermal water storage tissue is mainly distributed among tropical species. The xeromorphic structure occurs both to the epiphytic bromeliads and to the hygromorphic shadow plants of the tropical rainforest. The environmental factors humidity and solar radiation are discussed as possible influences on the development of hypodermal layers. Examples for the apparent modifying influence of solar radiation on the development of hypodermal cells are presented. The structure "hypodermal water storage tissue" occurs both to monocots and dicots. That indicates that it is an analogues structure and that it evolved several times independent of each other in different species. Among a group of nearly related species it could be classified by the aid of the criteria of homology as a homologues structure.