Tesi: "Stone fruit"

1

Steenkamp, Human. "New chemical thinning strategies for stone fruit". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/98026.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Thinning of stone fruit, just as in any other deciduous fruit crop, plays an important role in producing fruit of the right size and quality. Hand thinning is highly labor intensive and time consuming, thus an alternative method of thinning is important to the industry. Chemical and mechanical thinning either alone or in combination could be the alternative. Two chemicals, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) and 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) were evaluated on Japanese plums, cling peaches and nectarines. In addition, the Darwin 300™, a mechanical string thinner, was also included in trials on early maturing ‘Alpine’ nectarine and ‘African Rose™’ plum. In all trials the objective was to reduce the required hand thinning during commercial hand thinning without compromising on yield and fruit quality. In Japanese plums we were able to reduce the hand thinning requirement significantly with both the ACC thinning and mechanical thinning strategies. Regarding ACC, cultivars differed in their sensitivity to the chemical and the recommended rate will differ for cultivars. ACC consistently reduced the required hand thinning linearly with increasing rate. The recommended rate of ACC for ‘African Rose™’ is 600 μl.L-1 and for ‘Laetitia’ 400 μl.L-1. For ‘Fortune’ a recommended rate could not be determined at this stage, thus further trials should be conducted. The Darwin 300™ reduced hand thinning significantly without reducing the yield significantly. Combining the Darwin 300™ with ACC 600 μl.L-1 in ‘African Rose™’ gave promising results with regard to hand thinning requirement and fruit size, without reducing yield efficiency significantly. No leaf drop was observed on Japanese plums, except in the pilot trial when applications were made at high temperatures, which should therefore be avoided. ACC was effective as thinning agent in cling peaches. In ‘Keisie’, the results were positive during both seasons, and ACC reduced the hand thinning requirement without reducing yield efficiency. The recommended rate of ACC for ‘Keisie’ is 600 μl.L-1. Slight leaf drop was observed. In ‘Sandvliet’, there was a significant reduction in fruit set, without reducing the required hand thinning. The reduction in fruit set led to a significant reduction in yield. Severe leaf drop was observed, indicating that cultivars differ in sensitivity to ACC. ACC would not currently be recommended for ‘Sandvliet’. In nectarines, ACC only thinned ‘Turquoise’ but not ‘Alpine’ or ‘August Red’ at the rates and phenological stage used, again indicating cultivar differences in sensitivity. In ‘Turquoise’, the highest ACC rate (500 μl.L-1) reduced fruit set per tagged shoot, as well as the hand thinning requirement, but this rate also reduced the total yield. The Darwin 300™ evaluated on ‘Alpine’ reduced fruit set significantly and the hand thinning requirement without reducing yield efficiency, indicating that mechanical thinning is a viable option in nectarines. Slight leaf drop was observed in all nectarine trials and ACC would not currently be recommended for nectarines. 6-BA was included to combat ACC-induced leaf drop and was partially successful. The reason for the differences observed in response to ACC between cling peaches and plums on the one hand, and nectarines on the other, cannot currently be explained.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Uitdun van steenvrugte, net soos vir enige ander sagtevrugte soort, speel 'n belangrike rol in die produksie van vrugte met die regte grootte en gehalte. Uitdun van steenvrugte is hoogs arbeidsintensief en tydrowend, dus is dit belangrik om ŉ alternatief te vind vir die bedryf. Chemiese of meganiese uitdunning alleen of in kombinasie kan die alternatiewe wees. Twee middels, 1-aminosiklopropaan-1-karboksielsuur (ACC) en 6-bensieladenien (6-BA) is geëvalueer op Japanese pruime, taaipitperskes en nektariens. Daarby is die Darwin 300™, ŉ meganiese uitdunmasjien, ingesluit vir twee vroeë kultivars, nl. Alpine nektarien en African Rose™ pruim. Die doel van die proewe was om handuitdunning tydens kommersiële handuitdun te verminder, sonder om die opbrengs en vrugkwaliteit negatief te beïnvloed. Vir Japanese pruime kon ons die nodige handuitdunning beduidend verminder met beide die ACC en meganiese uitdun strategieë. Daar was wel ŉ verskil tussen die kultivars se sensitiwiteit teenoor ACC en die aanbevole konsentrasie sal verskil tussen kultivars. ACC het die benodigde handuitdunning vir al drie kultivars lineêr verminder met ŉ toename in konsentrasie. Die aanbevole konsentrasie van ACC vir ‘African Rose ™’ is 600 μl.L-1 en vir ‘Laetitia’ 400 μl.L-1. Vir ‘Fortune’ kan daar nog nie op hierdie stadium 'n konsentrasie aanbeveling gemaak word nie. Die Darwin 300™ behandeling het die benodigde handuitdunning beduidend verminder sonder om die opbrengs te beïnvloed. Die kombinasie van die Darwin 300 ™ met ACC 600 μl.L-1 het ook goeie resultate opgelewer wat handuitdunning en vruggrootte aanbetref sonder om die opbrengsdoeltreffendheid te verlaag. Geen blaarval was opgemerk by die pruime nie, behalwe in ŉ voorlopige proef toe die ACC toegedien is by hoë temperature, wat dus vermy moet word. Die effektiwiteit van ACC as uitdunmiddel van taaipitperskes was belowend. Vir ‘Keisie’ was die resultate positief vir beide seisoene, en ACC het handuitdunning verminder sonder om die opbrengs te beïnvloed. Die aanbevole ACC konsentrasie vir ‘Keisie’ is 600 μl.L-1. Effense blaarval is wel waargeneem. Vir ‘Sandvliet’ was daar 'n beduidende vermindering in vrugset, sonder dat handuitdunning verminder is. Daar was ook 'n beduidende afname in opbrengs en erge blaarval in die proef waargeneem. ACC sal tans nie aanbeveel word vir 'Sandvliet’ nie. Met nektariens het ACC net ‘n uitduneffek op ‘Turquoise’ getoon, maar nie teen die aangewende dosisse en ontwikkelingstadium op ‘Alpine’ of ‘Augustus Red’ nie. Dit dui daarop dat ACC kultivarspesifiek mag wees. In ‘Turquoise’ het die hoogste konsentrasie (500 μl.L-1) vrugset van gemerkte lote en die handuitdunning verminder, maar ook die totale opbrengs. Die Darwin 300 ™ het die vrugset van ‘Alpine’ asook die benodigde handuitdunning aansienlik verminder sonder om die opbrengs te verlaag. Effense blaarval was opgemerk in alle nektarien proewe. ACC sal nie aanbeveel word as uitdunmiddel vir nektariens nie. 6-BA was in die studie ingesluit om ACC-geïnduseerde blaarval teen te werk en was slegs gedeeltelik suksesvol. Die rede vir die verskille in respons tot ACC tussen pruime, perskes en nektariens kan nie tans verklaar word nie.

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2

De, Villiers Michiel Hendrik Jacobus. "Mechanical and chemical thinning of stone fruit". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/95809.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Producing fruit of the appropriate size and high quality is of the upmost importance to realize a profit in the fruit industry. This can be achieved through bloom or fruitlet thinning to reduce the number of fruit left on the tree. The cost of production is rising and labour cost forms a large part of the total production cost. Thinning of stone fruit is labour intensive and expensive, so an alternative to hand thinning needs to be found. Two alternatives are chemical and mechanical thinning. Chemical thinners are not routinely used in stone fruit as it is in pome fruit production and gibberellins were evaluated in this study. The Darwin 300TM was evaluated as a mechanical alternative to hand thinning. It thins flowers during bloom, before fruitlet thinning by hand is performed. In our trials on nectarines and Japanese plums the objective of reducing the time required for hand thinning was achieved, with the Darwin 300TM reducing the time required by up to 50%. When the time required to thin was reduced too much it also reduced the yield, but this could be overcome by lowering the rotor speed or using different strategies during supplementary hand thinning at the fruitlet stage. The bloom thinning and reduction in yield led to an increase in the fruit size. Care should be taken when using the Darwin 300TM as the earlier thinning could increase pit splitting and/or fruit cracking, especially in cultivars that are sensitive to these defects. The optimal rate of thinning needs to be determined for each cultivar individually. The application of gibberellic acid (GA3) and gibberellin A4+7 (GA4+7) at the pit hardening stage in the previous season could decrease the number of flowers for the following growing season. There was no effect on the yield at harvest or fruit size in the season of GA3 and GA4+7 applications, but the fruit firmness was increased. This effect was more pronounced for the GA4+7 applications. Our objective of reducing the time required for thinning was achieved in some but not all cultivars. The yield was not significantly reduced, with the fruit maturity only delayed in ‘African Rose’ plum. Again no increase in fruit size was found, but the fruit firmness was again increased. The GA-applications therefore were not satisfactory in their reduction of the time required for hand thinning. A positive effect is the increase in fruit firmness, which could possibly increase the storage potential of the fruit without having negative effects on the other aspects of fruit quality but this needs further evaluation.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Produksie van vrugte met die verlangde vruggrootte en hoë vrug kwaliteit is baie belangrik vir die realisering van ‘n wins in die vrugte-industrie. Met hierdie mikpunt in gedagte, is blom- en vruguitdunning baie belangrik om die aantal vrugte per boom te verminder. Die kostes geassosieer met vrugte produksie is besig om te styg en arbeidskoste vorm ‘n groot deel van die totale produksiekostes. Uitdunning van steenvrugte is arbeidsintensief en baie duur, dus moet ‘n alternatief vir handuitdunning gevind word. Daar is twee alternatiewe naamlik chemiese en meganiese uitdunning. Chemiese uitdunmiddels word algemeen in kernvrugproduksie gebruik, maar daar is tans geen chemiese middels vir steenvrugte nie. In hierdie studie was gibberelliene ge-evalueer as potensiële uitdunmiddel. Die Darwin 300TM is ge-evalueer gedurende blomtyd as ‘n meganiese alternatief vir handuitdunning. Die masjien verwyder blomme en verminder so die vruguitdunning benodig. In ons eksperimente op nektarien- en Japanese pruimkultivars het ons gevind dat die tyd benodig vir handuitdunning met tot 50% verminder is deur die Darwin 300TM. Dit het ook daartoe gelei dat die totale oes per boom verlaag is. Hierdie effek kan vermy word deur die rotor spoed te verminder of die strategie vir aanvullende handuitdunning aan te pas. Die feit dat die grootste deel van die uitdunproses in blomtyd uitgevoer is en ook die feit dat die totale oes per boom verlaag is, het daartoe gelei dat die vrugte groter was. Die vroeër uitdunning met die Darwin 300TM kan egter lei tot ‘n verhoging in vrugkrake en gesplete pitte. Dit moet veral in gedagte gehou word by kultivars wat geneig is tot hierdie afwykings/defekte. Die optimum tempo van uitdunning moet vir elke kultivar individueel bepaal word. Wanneer gibberelliensuur (GA3) of gibberelien A4+7 (GA4+7) by pitverharding toegedien word in die vorige groeiseisoen, kan dit lei tot die vermindering van die hoeveelheid vrugte in die volgende seisoen. Daar was geen effek op die totale oes per boom en die vruggrootte tydens oes in die seisoen van aanwending nie, maar die vrugfermheid is verhoog. Die effek was hoër na die GA4+7 as na die GA3 aanwending. Die mikpunt om die tyd benodig vir handuitdunning te verminder, is in sommige kultivars bereik. Die oes per boom in die opvolgseisoen is weer eens nie verlaag nie, maar die vrug rypheid van ‘African Rose’ pruime is vertraag. Geen effek is op die vruggrootte opgemerk nie, maar die vrugfermheid was weer eens verhoog. Die GA-toedienings het dus nie bevredigend die tyd benodig vir handuitdunning verminder nie. ‘n Positiewe effek is die verhoging van die vrugfermheid, wat moontlik kan lei tot die verhoging van die opbergingspotensiaal van die vrugte sonder enige ander negatiewe effekte, maar hierdie aspek benodig verdere navorsing.

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Abdi, Nasser McGlasson W. B. Holford P. "Development of biochemical and physiological indices of maturity of dessert stone fruit in relation to cool storage /". Richmond, N.S.W. : Centre for Horticulture and Plant Science, University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030512.164418/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1998.
Thesis submitted for the degree of doctor of philosophy. Reprints of related publications by N. Abdi, P. Holford and W.B. McGlasson included in back. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-152).

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Abdi, Nasser, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, of Science Technology and Agriculture Faculty e Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Development of biochemical and physiological indices of maturity of dessert stone fruit in relation to cool storage". THEIES_FST_HPS_Abdi_N.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/32.

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The aim of this research was to develop a new harvest maturity index for highly coloured stone fruit that is not affected by seasonal or climatic factors. The judgement of commercial maturity is difficult with some cultivars of stone fruit because they develop intense skin pigmentation several days before they are ripe. Studies of the changes of the physiochemical and physiological parameters associated with ripening confirmed that no single measurement is suitable for the assessment of harvest maturity in the Japanese type plum cultivars(Prunus salicina Lindl). Two distinct patterns of ripening behaviour were identified. The cool storage (0 degrees Centigrade) responses of fruit harvested at three stages of maturity were examined. Total soluble proteins were extracted and separated from fruit during maturation and ripening using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. At least three proteins were first detected in fruit at optimum commercial harvest maturity. Since Gulfruby, Beauty and Rubyred (Japanese type plum cultivars) accumulated similar concentrations of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC), it was suggested that the suppressed-climacteric phenotype is the result of an impaired ability of the fruit to convert this compound to ethylene
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Ph.D.)

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Boonzaaier, Johann Du Toit Loubser. "An inquiry into the competitiveness of the South African stone fruit industry". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97875.

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Thesis (MComm)—Stellenbosch University, 2015.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to undertake an inquiry on the competitive performance of the South African stone fruit industry since the early 1960s, with an emphasis on the more recent years since the mid-1990s, when the industry was deregulated. A comprehensive approach was applied in reaching conclusion in this study by employing a five-step analytical framework, built on well-established approaches by Balassa (revealed comparative advantage, RCA), Vollrath (relative trade advantage, RTA) and the Porter Diamond Model, adapted to accommodate innovative statistical methods to reflect differences in opinions and views more accurately. Competitiveness in this study is defined to give effect to the global trade orientation of the industry as the sustained ability of the South African stone fruit industry to attract investment by trading its produce competitively within the global marketplace, whilst continuously striving to earn returns greater that the opportunity cost of scarce resources engaged. Five phases were identified in the competitive performance of the South African stone fruit industry since 1961, showing the fluctuating nature of the performance of this industry:  Phase I (1961-1982): Increasingly regulated competitiveness  Phase II (1983-1990): Politically constrained competitiveness  Phase III (1991-1999): Economic deregulation and internal rivalry  Phase IV (1999-2007): Towards international competitiveness  Phase V (2007 – present): Increasingly sustained competitiveness The RTA calculations, including both exports and imports, showed that the industry is highly competitive, both internationally – in the Southern Hemisphere where this industry is only out-performed by Chile and locally – compared to other South African (SA) horticultural crops, with plums consistently claiming the top position when individual stone fruit types in the SA deciduous fruit category are analysed. Through the Stone Fruit Executive Survey (SFES), views and opinions of prominent industry role-players were critically employed to interrogate the topic under discussion. A total of 84 factors affecting the competitiveness of the industry were identified, and these were rated on a five-point Likert scale (where 5 were most enhancing and 1 was most constraining). This study expanded the analytical framework used in recent agri-competitiveness studies to verify and cross-check the results and findings through statistical procedures, such as cluster analyses, principle component analyses and Cronbach’s alpha. This broadened the scope of analysis by accommodating the variance in opinion statements from the respondents. As different cluster groupings based on functional value chain positions were analysed, it became clear that there were significant differences between the respondents involved in the primary production and packing/processing of stone fruit and the respondents involved in activities lower down the value chain, such as in pack houses/processors and exporters/marketers. Further down the value chain the respondents expressed more optimistic views and positive statements on competitiveness than those exposed to primary production risks and uncertainties. This confirms the importance to expand competitive analysis to different points in the value chain The rated factors were grouped into Porter’s six determinants and the general scored ratings yielded the two most enhancing determinants, being business strategy, structure and rivalry (3.55 out of 5) and related and supporting industries (3.14 out of 5). Production factor conditions (2.81 out of 5) and demand/market factors (2.76 out of 5) were identified as being less enhancing determinants. Chance factors (2.66 out of 5) and government support and policy (2.35 out of 5) were identified as the two most constraining determinants. The current approach is that the framework of Esterhuizen (2006) is applied to agriculture-related competitiveness studies. This study, however, investigated the extension of the conventional model by adapting the Porter diamond model within the frameworks of the Institute for Management Development’s World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) and the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report (GCR), which generally focus on the macro-economic situation. It was confirmed that the stone fruit industry is integrated into and forms part of the ‘broader economic picture’. The results and findings of this study were discussed in a number of focus sessions with industry role players. A strategic planning framework was drafted, which consisted out of eleven industry level strategic proposals. Some of the most important strategic improvements to enhance competitive performance argued for in this study are improved industry-based lobby discussions, i.e. to build and strengthen the necessary communication between industry role players and government agencies through an improved strategic intelligence database, by focusing on aspects such as trade agreements, international market development and policy development.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om ’n ondersoek van die mededingende prestasie van die Suid-Afrikaanse steenvrugbedryf sedert die vroeë 1960’s te onderneem, met die klem op die meer onlangse tydperk sedert die middel-1990’s, toe die bedryf gedereguleer is. ’n Omvattende benadering is ingespan deur gebruik te maak van ’n vyfstap- analitiese raamwerk wat geskoei is op die goed gevestigde benaderings van Balassa (onthulde vergelykende voordeel – revealed comparative advantage - RCA), Vollrath (relatiewe handelsvoordeel – relative trade advantage - RTA) en die Porter-diamantmodel, wat aangepas is om innoverende statistiese metodes te akkommodeer om verskille in gesigspunte beter te weergee. Mededingendheid in hierdie studie word gedefinieer om effek te gee aan die globale handelsoriëntasie van die bedryf as die volhoubare vermoë van die Suid-Afrikaanse steenvrugbedryf om belegging te lok deur sy produkte mededingend in die globale mark te verhandel, terwyl daar voortdurend gestreef word om opbrengste te verdien wat groter is as die geleentheidskoste van die skaars hulpbronne gebruik. Vyf fases in die mededingendheid van die Suid-Afrikaanse steenvrugbedryf is sedert 1961 geïdentifiseer en toon die wisselende aard van die prestasie in hierdie bedryf:  Fase I (1961-1982): Toenemend gereguleerde mededingendheid  Fase II (1983-1990): Polities beperkte mededingendheid  Fase III (1991-1999): Ekonomiese deregulering en interne mededinging  Fase IV (1999-2007): Op weg na internasionale mededingendheid  Fase V (2007 – vandag): Toenemend volhoubare mededingendheid Die RTA-berekenings, wat uitvoere en invoere insluit, het aangetoon dat die bedryf hoogs mededingend is, beide internasionaal – waar die industrie slegs die Chili oortref word en plaaslik – in vergelyking met ander Suid-Afrikaanse (SA) hortologiese gewasse, met pruime wat voorop staan wanneer individuele steenvrugsoorte in die SA sagtevrugtebedryf geanaliseer is. Deur die Steenvrug Uitvoerende Opname (Stone Fruit Executive Survey (SFES)) is die sienings en opinies van vooraanstaande rolspelers krities gebruik om die onderwerp te ondervra. ’n Totaal van 84 faktore wat die mededingendheid van die bedryf beïnvloed, is geïdentifiseer, en hierdie is op ’n vyfpunt-Likertskaal geëvalueer (met 5 as die mees versterkend en 1 as die mees stremmend). Hierdie studie het die analitiese raamwerk wat in onlangse agri-mededingendheidstudies gebruik is, uitgebrei om die resultate deur middel van statistiese prosedures te verifieer en te kruiskontroleer, naamlik deur bondelanalises, hoofkomponent-ontledings (principle component analyses) en Cronbach se alfa. Dít het die strekking van die analise verbreed deur die verskillende opinies van die respondente te akkommodeer. Soos verskillende bondels op grond van funksionele posisies in die waardeketting geanaliseer is, het dit duidelik geword dat daar noemenswaardige verskille was tussen die respondente in die primêre produksie en verpakking/verwerking van steenvrugte en die respondente betrokke in aktiwiteite laer af in die waardeketting, soos in pakhuise/verwerkers en uitvoerders/bemarkers. Verder af in die waardeketting het die respondente meer optimistiese opinies en positiewe stellings oor mededingendheid uitgespreek as dié wat aan primêre produksierisiko’s en onsekerhede blootgestel was. Dit bevestig die belangrikheid daarvan om mededingende analise na verskillende punte in die waardeketting uit te brei. Die gemete faktore is in Porter se ses determinante verdeel en die algemeen aangetekende skattings het die twee mees versterkende determinante opgelewer, naamlik sakestrategie, struktuur en mededinging (3.55 uit 5) en verwante en ondersteunende bedrywe (3.14 uit 5). Produksiefaktortoestande (2.81 uit 5) en vraag/markfaktore (2.76 uit 5) is geïdentifiseer as minder versterkende determinante. Toevallige faktore (2.66 uit 5) en regeringsondersteuning en -beleid (2.35 uit 5) is geïdentifiseer as die twee mees stremmende determinante. Die huidige benadering is dat Esterhuizen (2006) se raamwerk op landbou-verwante mededingendheidstudies toegepas word. Hierdie studie het egter die uitbreiding van die konvensionele model ondersoek deur die Porter-diamantmodel binne die raamwerke van die Institute for Management Development se World Competitiveness Yearbook (WCY) en die World Economic Forum se Global Competitiveness Report (GCR) aan te pas. Hierdie dokumente fokus oor die algemeen op die makro-ekonomiese situasie. Daar is bevestig dat die steenvrugbedryf in die ‘breër ekonomiese situasie’ geïntegreer is en daarvan deel is. Die resultate en bevindings van hierdie studie is in ’n aantal fokussessies met bedryfsrolspelers bespreek. ŉ Strategiese beplanningsraamwerk was opgestel wat bestaan uit elf industrie-vlak strategiese voorstelle. Van die belangrikste strategiese verbeterings om mededingende prestasie te verhoog, waarvoor daar in hierdie studie geargumenteer is, is verbeterde “drukgroepgesprekke”, m.a.w. om die nodige kommunikasie tussen bedryfsrolspelers en die regering te bou en te verstrek deur ’n verbeterde strategiese intelligensie- databasis wat o.a. fokus op aspekte soos handelsooreenkomste, internasionale markontwikkeling en beleidsontwikkeling.

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Kyaw, Poe Nandar. "Regulation of Ethylene Production and Postharvest Fruit Quality of Stone Fruit Using Different Formulations of New Ethylene Antagonists". Thesis, Curtin University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/78297.

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Stone fruits are highly perishable due to their sensitivity to ethylene which limit their domestic and international trade. Different formulations of the anti-ethylene compounds 1H-cyclopropabenzene and 1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene were investigated to manage ethylene, extend postharvest life and maintain fruit quality. Fumigation and spray solutions containing ethanol prevented the deleterious effects of ethylene and maintained postharvest fruit quality of stone fruits. The development of spray solutions will allow these compounds to be used in future open-field applications.

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Uthairatanakij, Apiradee. "Responses of nectarines to atmospheres containing high carbon dioxide concentrations". Thesis, View thesis, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/28106.

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Nectarines suffer low temperature disorders (LTD)when stored for more than 2 - 3 weeks at temperatures below 8 degrees C. LTD take the form of flesh bleeding and browning, loss of juiciness, development of mealiness and failure to ripen normally.It has been shown previously that adding about 15% CO2 to the storage atmosphere at 0 degrees C can delay the development of LTD in some cvv. of peaches and nectarines. The initial aim of this research was to explore the genetic basis of the differences among cultivars in the responses to high CO2.After much investigation, it was shown that both genetic and seasonal factors are involved in the development of LTD in nectarines. The development of LTD is a form of chilling injury since they only occur at temperatures below 8 degrees C. but there was no evidence of of a direct role for ethylene in either causing or delaying LTD. It was proposed that storage at low temperatures causes a metabolic imbalance resulting from changes in the amounts or activities of proteins associated with normal ripening. Proposals were presented to further examine protein expression using storage conditions that affect the rate of development of LTD.

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Nzobouh, Fossi Pilar Anaïs. "New olive fruit processing approach with stone removal and dehydration: characterization of multifunctional "olive flour"". Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018.

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Olive oil is produced using, essentially, the same method that was implemented in ancient times, except for the industrial improvement and development. Current extraction processes require crushing of whole olives; these practices, however, might compromise the oil richness regarding phenolic compound and other molecules that have been demonstrated to be beneficial. Moreover, the traditional method for obtaining olive oil generates different by-products, such as olive pomace and waste water, which can be contaminants at different levels and are difficult to exploit in other areas. Those are the reasons why many researchers have recently focused on the search for innovative olive processing methods that enhance olive oil content of bioactive compounds and reduce the waste. In order to obtain a richer olive oil in terms of phenolic compounds and avoid the generation of residues, a deconstruction of the olive fruit has been proposed (Olmo-García & Olmo-Peinado, 2013a; Olmo-García & Olmo-Peinado, 2013b). It consists on a stoning of the olive fruits to obtain the pulp on the one hand and the stone on the other. After that step, the pulp is dehydrated and pressed to obtain an olive oil with higher phenolic content and a new product consisting on a hydrosoluble powder, containing high levels of fiber and abundance of bioactive compounds. This powder, which has been denominated as “olive flour”, fulfills the criteria to act as a potential ingredient for functional food. Thus, the present work has been conducted in the field of Food Metabolomics, with the objective of accomplishing the comprehensive qualitative and quantitative characterization of different olive flours, by applying a powerful analytical method (LC-MS) which allows the determination of phenolic compounds, triterpenic acids, some organic acids and tocopherols present in the matrix under study.

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Cao, Tiesen. "Host susceptibility factors in bacterial canker of stone fruit caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2004. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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Uthairatanakij, Apiradee. "Responses of nectarines to atmospheres containing high carbon dioxide concentrations". View thesis, 2003. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20040329.122738/index.html.

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11

Gotor, Vila Amparo María. "New advances in the control of brown rot in stone fruit using the biocontrol agent Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPA-8". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/405888.

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Abstract (sommario):

La podridura marró causada pel fong Monilinia spp. és responsable d'importants pèrdues en la postcollita de la fruita de pinyol. Entre les estratègies de control respectuoses amb el medi ambient, cal destacar l'ús d'agents de biocontrol (ABCs). Aquesta tesi té com a objectiu completar el desenvolupament de l'ABC B. amyloliquefaciens CPA-8 per així obtenir un producte eficaç que proporcioni una estratègia comercialment viable. Els principals resultats es classifiquen en (i) caracterització de CPA-8 (disseny de marcadors moleculars, respostes ecofisiològiques, sensibilitat a antibiòtics, producció d’enterotoxines); (ii) desenvolupament de productes basats en CPA-8 (millora del medi de creixement, selecció de la tecnologia de formulació, optimització de l'assecat per llit fluïditzat-atomització); i (iii) definició de l'estratègia de control de CPA-8 (activitat en diferents hostes, definició de llindars tècnics i eficàcia en assajos de camp). La integració dels productes basats en CPA-8 en els sistemes de cultiu habituals contribueix en el maneig de les malalties de postcollita en fruita d'os en el marc d'una agricultura sostenible i / o ecològica.\\\\
La podredumbre marrón causada por el hongo Monilinia spp. es responsable de importantes pérdidas en la poscosecha de la fruta de hueso. Entre las estrategias de control respetuosas con el medio ambiente, cabe destacar el uso de agentes de biocontrol (ABCs). Esta tesis tiene como objetivo completar el desarrollo del ABC B. amyloliquefaciens CPA-8 para así obtener un producto eficaz que proporcione una estrategia comercialmente viable. Los resultado se clasifican en (i) caracterización de CPA-8 (diseño de marcadores moleculares, respuestas ecofisiológicas, sensibilidad a antibióticos, producción de enterotoxinas); (ii) desarrollo de productos basados en CPA-8 (mejora del medio de crecimiento, selección de la tecnología de formulación, optimización del secado por lecho fluido-atomización); y (iii) definición de la estrategia de control de CPA-8 (actividad en diferentes huéspedes, definición de umbrales técnicos y eficacia en ensayos de campo). La integración de los productos basados en CPA-8 en los sistemas de cultivo habituales contribuye en el manejo de las enfermedades de poscosecha en fruta de hueso en el marco de una agricultura sostenible y/o ecológica.
Brown rot caused by the fungus Monilinia spp. is responsible for substantial postharvest losses of stone fruit. Among the environment-friendly strategies of control, the application of biological control agents (BCAs), has been strongly considered. Therefore, this thesis aimed to complete de development of the BCA Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CPA-8 to obtain efficacious CPA-8-based products that provide a plausible commercial strategy. The main findings are classified into (i) CPA-8 characterisation (molecular markers design, ecophisiological responses, sensibility to antibiotics, production of enterotoxins); (ii) CPA-8-based products development (improvement of the growth medium, selection of the formulation approach, fluid-bed spray-drying optimisation); and (iii) definition of the CPA-8 control strategy (activity in a wide range of hosts, definition of some technical thresholds and field efficacy at harvest and postharvest time). The integration of the CPA-8-based products here developed into the usual cropping systems can contribute to the management of post-harvest diseases in stone fruit in the framework of a sustainable and/or organic agriculture.

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12

Culumber, Catherine Mae. "Soil Nutrient Cycling and Water Use in Response to Orchard Floor Management in Stone-Fruit Orchards in the Intermountain West". DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5030.

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Fruit growers in Utah and other areas across the Intermountain West are faced with growing production challenges stemming from declining soil quality and water resources. Population growth presents challenges in terms of the cost and availability of land, but also presents opportunities in the form of new marketing options such as organic fruit. Few certified organic fruit orchards are operating in Utah currently, which is attributed to a lack of locally tested and adapted organic management practices. An organic peach orchard trial evaluated the effectiveness of different organic management approaches to enhance soil quality and conserve water without compromise to fruit tree growth and fertility. Two tree-row treatments: ‘straw mulch' (Triticum aestivum L.) and ‘living mulch’ (Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv.) were tested in combination with two alleyway groundcovers: ‘grass’ (Festuca rubra L. with Lolium perenne L.) and a legume, ‘Birdsfoot trefoil’ (Lotus corniculatus L.). The novel systems were compared with industry standards, tillage and weed fabric tree-rows with grass alleyways. Trefoil alleyway biomass deposited into tree-rows contributed an estimated 6.24 kg biomass and 0.21 kg total N/tree annually. Trefoil treatments had higher levels of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), inorganic N, microbial biomass and enzyme activities, suggesting trefoil alleyways enhanced soil nutrient cycling, as well as C and N reserves in comparison to grass and tillage treatments. A functional gene array analysis was conducted to describe the mechanisms, microbial functional composition and diversity underlying the observed soil processes, however few differences were detected in soil community structure between soils under different orchard floor management. Significantly lower leaf δ15N in trees grown with trefoil compared to grass, and an association between root biomass, diameter and trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA) suggests nitrogen sources derived from the trefoil groundcover contributed to improved fruit tree vigor. Few differences resulted among orchard treatments for water use (mm/week). Trends indicated slightly higher water use in trefoil over grass, but not enough to offset observed soil quality and tree growth benefits. These findings suggest, trefoil alleyways may provide ecological benefits such as improved soil quality and efficient nutrient cycling, without substantial increases in water use.

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Thébaud, Gaël. "Etude du développement spatio-temporel d'une maladie transmise par vecteur en intégrant modélisation statistique et expérimentation : cas de l'ESFY (European stone fruit yellows)". Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0028.

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Les maladies (ré-)émergentes peuvent être à l'origine de graves crises économiques, voire sociales. L'enjeu immédiat dans ce champ de recherche est d'acquérir les connaissances épidémiologiques permettant de gérer ces maladies. Une démarche visant à répondre à cet enjeu est présentée et appliquée à une maladie des Prunus ré-émergente en Europe : l'ESFY (European stone fruit yellows). Cette maladie provoque un dépérissement incurable touchant surtout les abricotiers et les pruniers japonais. Elle est due à un phytoplasme ('Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum') spécifiquement transmis par Cacopsylla pruni sur le mode persistant. Nous avons analysé les facteurs de risque et les processus épidémiques de l'ESFY en intégrant plusieurs approches : un modèle statistique à l'échelle régionale pour analyser les facteurs corrélés à la prévalence de l'ESFY, des expérimentations sur le cycle du vecteur et sur le potentiel infectieux de ses différents stades, et des tests d'hypothèses basés sur la localisation des arbres malades. Les approches statistiques soulignent l'impact majeur de la combinaison variété/porte-greffe sur la dynamique de l'ESFY. Les expériences prouvent que C. Pruni est un vecteur univoltin dont les jeunes stades acquièrent le phytoplasme, le multiplient, puis le conservent pendant la période d'estivage et d'hivernage qu'ils passent sur des conifères (hôtes alternatifs). Selon le scénario le plus probable issu de la confrontation des différentes approches, seuls les vecteurs réimmigrants infectés depuis l'année précédente transmettraient l'ESFY dans les vergers d'abricotier ; ils y arriveraient au hasard et indépendamment les uns des autres, puis ils réaliseraient souvent des inoculations primaires successives à courte distance : la maladie serait donc monocyclique dans les vergers d'abricotier. Ce scénario a été inclus dans un modèle de simulation à l'échelle du verger, exploitable par la suite pour estimer les paramètres liés aux comportements locaux du vecteur
Emerging and re-emerging diseases can give rise to serious economical - and even social - crises. Improving the knowledge that allows coping with such diseases is an immediate stake in this field of research. An approach to this issue is proposed and applied to European stone fruit yellows (ESFY), a disease of Prunus trees that re-emerges in Europe. This disease is responsible for an incurable decline, mainly on apricot and Japanese plum. It is caused by a phytoplasma ('Candida/us Phytoplasma prunorum') specifically transmitted by Cacopsylla pruni on the persistent mode. Wc analysed the risk factors and the processes of ESFY epidemics through integrating several approaches: a statistical model at a regional scale for analysing the factors correlated to ESFY prevalence, experiments on the cycle of the vector and on the potential infectivity of its different stages, and hypothesis tests based on the location of diseased trees. The statistical approaches highlight the major impact on disease dynamics of the cultivar/rootstock combination. The experiments demonstrate that C. Prumi is a univoltine vector whose young stages acquire the phytoplasma, multiply it, and then conserve it during their summering and overwintering on conifers (alternative hosts). In the most probable scenario arising from the comparison of the different approaches, the reimmigrants infected since the year before would be the only efficient vectors of ESFY in apricot orchards, where they would land at random and independently; then, they would often perform several short-distance primary inoculations: therefore, this disease would be monocyclic in apricot orchards. This scenario was incorporated into a simulation model at the orchard scale, which, in the future, will unable estimating the parameters linked to the local behaviour of the vector

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14

Appel, Maryke. "Cloning and identification of genes involved in the interaction between the bacterial stone fruit pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae strain NV and plum trees". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52165.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Bacterial canker of stone fruit, caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, is one of the most destructive crop diseases in South Africa. Chemical control has failed completely and effective long-term management strategies will have to rely on the breeding of resistant host trees. To assist in such breeding programmes, investigations into the molecular basis of the interaction between P. s. pv. syringae and stone fruit trees have been undertaken in collaboration with the ARC-Fruit, Wine and Vine Research Institute in Stellenbosch. The aim of this dissertation was to clone and identify genes that are involved in interaction between the bacterial canker pathogen and stone fruit trees. In the first part of the study, the harpin encoding gene of a local strain of the pathogen, P. s. pv. syringae NV, was amplified in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy with primers based on the hrpAZB sequences of the bean pathogen, P. s. pv. syringae 61. Sequencing of this hrpZpssNvgene revealed a high degree of homology (96%) between the harpin encoding genes and harpin proteins of the two strains. The hrpZpssNvgene was subsequently cloned into the pMAL-c2 expression vector and expressed in Escherichia co/i. This system was used for the production of purified, biologically active, recombinant HrpZpSSNV protein. In the second part of the study, differential display (DD) technology was used to identify genes that are induced in stone fruit trees in response to P. s. pv. syringae and/or its harpin elicitor. For this purpose, actively growing shoots of two Prunus sa/icina cultivars, the moderately resistant cv. 'Laetitia' and the highly susceptible cv. 'Songold' were treated with recombinant harpinpssNvprotein or live P. s. pv. syringae NV bacteria. An untreated control and wounding control was included in the experiment. Total RNA was isolated for comparative mRNA analysis 24 hours after treatment. DD profiles were generated with fifteen primer combinations. Eight candidate bands were re-amplified, cloned and sequenced. Reverse transcription PCR was employed to verify the expression patterns of the cloned bands in the original RNA sample set. Two bands, DDc and DD4 were shown to be differentially expressed between treatments and/or cultivars, while no differences in the expression levels of the remaining six bands (DDa, DDe, DD3, DD5, DD6 and DD7) were observed. BLAST similarity searches yielded significant matches for DDe, DD4 and DD7 with plant defense-related genes.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bakteriese kanker van steenvrugte, wat deur Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae veroorsaak word, is een van die mees verwoestende siektes van landbougewasse in Suid-Afrika. Chemiese beheermaatreëls het geheel en al misluk en effektiewe langtermyn beheerstrategieë sal op die teling van weerstandbiedende gasheerbome moet staatmaak. Ondersoeke na die molekulêre basis van die interaksie tussen P. s. pv. syringae en steenvrugbome is in samewerking met die LNR-Vrugte-, Wyn- en Wingerdnavorsingsinstituut in Stellenbosch van stapel gestuur om tot sulke telingsprogramme by te dra. Die doelwit van hierdie proefskrif was om gene wat betrokke is in die interaksie tussen die bakteriese kanker patogeen en steenvrugbome te kloneer en te identifiseer. In die eerste gedeelte van die studie is die harpien-koderende geen van 'n plaaslike ras van die patogeen, P. s. pv. syringae NV, geamplifiseer in 'n polimerase kettingreaksie (PKR)-strategie met peilers wat op die hrpAZB-geenopeenvolgings van die boontjiepatogeen, P. s. pv. syringae 61, gebaseer is. Volgordebepaling van hierdie hrpZpssNv-geen het 'n hoë vlak van homologie (96%) tussen die harpien-koderende gene en harpien proteïene van die twee rasse getoon. Die hrpZpssNv-geen is vervolgens in die uitdrukkingsvektor pMAL-c2 gekloneer en uitgedruk in Escherichia coli. Hierdie sisteem is vir die produksie van suiwer, biologies-aktiewe, rekombinante HrpZpssNv-proteingebruik. In die tweede gedeelte van die studie is die differensiaalvertoon (DD) tegniek gebruik om gene te identifiseer wat deur P. s. pv. syringae en/of sy harpien elisitar in steenvrugbome geïnduseer word. Vir hierdie doel is aktief-groeiende lote van twee Prunus sa/icina kultivars, die matig weerstandbiedende kv. 'Laetitia' en die hoogs vatbare kv. 'Songold', met rekombinante harpienpssNvproteïen of lewende P. s. pv. syringae NV bakterieë behandel. 'n Onbehandelde- en verwondingskontrole is in die eksperiment ingesluit. Totale RNA is 24 uur na behandeling vir vergelykende mRNA-analise geïsoleer. DD-profiele is met vyftien peilerkombinasies gegenereer. Agt kandidaatbande is geheramplifiseer en gekloneer, waarna hul DNA-opeenvolgings bepaal is. Trutranskriptase-PKR is gebruik om die ekspressiepatrone van die gekloneerde bande in die oorspronklike RNA monsters na te gaan. Daar is vasgestel dat twee van die bande, DDc en DD4, differensieel tussen kultivars en/of behandelings uitgedruk is, terwyl geen verskille in die ekspressievlakke van die oorblywende ses bande (DDa, DOe, 003, DOS, 006 en DO7) waargeneem is nie. BLAST-soektogte het betekenisvolle ooreenkomste vir DDe, DD4 en DD7 met plant weerstandsgeassosieerde gene opgelewer.

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15

Duvenage, Stacey. "Risk assessment of Escherichia coli O157:h7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica subsp. Enterica serovar typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus within a stone fruit production environment". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30792.

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In recent years there has been a global increase in fresh produce associated foodborne disease outbreaks caused by Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. Fruit and vegetables can become contaminated at various points along the supply chain. Therefore there is a great need for food safety assurance of fresh fruit and vegetables produced on farm. South Africa is a large exporter of peaches and plums and a lack of an effective food safety assurance system could hamper market access and eventually result in a barrier to trade. The aim of this study was to determine the level of risk associated with peaches and plums produced in South Africa. In order to address the overall aim of the study an effective foodborne pathogen molecular detection system in a form of a multiplex PCR was developed and used in monitoring water, fruit and environmental samples. This detection system formed part of the developed framework to assess the possible exposure of fresh produce and to identify the presence of hazards on farm. An aspect of the study was to determine effectiveness of on-farm horticultural safety management system (HSMS) and to make recommendations to primary producers that would allow them to increase food safety assurance. Following the semi-quantitative risk assessment conducted the overall findings showed that peaches and plums were considered low risk commodities, due to the low incidence of fruit contamination in the sample size, as well as the pathogens inability to grow and survive on fruit through a simulated export chain to titres that would exceed the infectious dose of the organism. In conclusion, peaches and plums in this study that were bound for export were found to be safe for consumption, with the risk to the international consumer being low.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Microbiology and Plant Pathology
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16

Malcolm, Peter J., University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College e of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Effects of root temperatures and genotype on the growth of peach rootstocks and their scions". THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Malcolm_P.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/710.

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Spring shock syndrome (SSS) is a condition where flowering and leaf development in peach and nectarine trees is delayed and those leaves that do develop are often small and discoloured. Trees experiencing spring shock syndrome yield poorly. To learn more about the development of this syndrome, this thesis has examined the influence of root zone temperature (RZT) and genotype on the growth of peach rootstocks and the scions grafted onto them. Other factors that influence the quality of peach seedling rootstocks were also examined. Initial trials examined the influence of Okinawa (a low chill cultivar) and Golden Queen (a high chill cultivar)rootstocks on the expression of SSS. Studies found that multiple stems could originate from either multiple seeds within a single stone or from axils originating from the base of cotyledons. The incidence of both conditions was heavily influenced by variety, thus suggesting that an active selection program based on the elimination of these traits would be beneficial to the stone fruit nursery industry.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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17

Keller, Kody. "Parallel and Allegory". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4200.

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Parallel and Allegory is a series of four pieces that look deeper into specific Christian beliefs. Most directly addressed those that dealt with specific parallels and allegorical relationships. Specific symbols such as nails, hammers, wood, trees, people, fruit, a cup, knife a rope and a stone were the focus of the pieces in the exhibition. Four combinations of these symbols were created to create dialogue and introspection.

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18

ALTIN, IREM. "Attuazione di strategie IPM per controllare le malattie batteriche di drupacee e noci causate da pseudomonadi e xantomonadi resistenti/tolleranti al rame". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1265291.

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Il cancro batterico delle drupacee causato da Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae e Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum e il mal secco del noce causato da Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, sono stati studiati per oltre un secolo e hanno portato a significativi progressi nella nostra comprensione dell'epidemiologia delle malattie batteriche fogliari e del ciclo di vita epifita di questi agenti patogeni. Recenti studi sull'ecologia, la caratterizzazione e l'identificazione dei patogeni sono stati stimolati dall'importanza economica delle malattie e dalla mancanza di misure di controllo efficaci. Una collezione di 54 isolati di P. syringae spp. da albicocco e 47 isolati di X. a. pv. juglandis da noce sono stati studiati utilizzando il fingerprinting genomico mediante reazione a catena della polimerasi ripetitiva (PCR), utilizzando i set di primer ERIC, BOX e REP e l'analisi della sequenza multi-locus (MLSA). La tolleranza al rame di tutti i ceppi è stata valutata osservando la crescita batterica su terreni con aggiunta di solfato di rame e i risultati sono stati confrontati con quelli di uno studio di cinque anni nella stessa area. Questa tesi ha mostrato che la frequenza dei batteri resistenti al rame aumenta dopo ripetuti trattamenti con composti a base di rame. Questi risultati suggeriscono che la selezione di ceppi resistenti al rame può essere una delle principali cause di fallimento nel controllo dopo il trattamento con composti rameici. I batteriofagi, in quanto elementi naturalmente presenti nell’ambiente, potrebbero essere un'opzione praticabile per il controllo di queste malattie batteriche. In questa tesi, dieci nuovi fagi che lisano P. s. pv. syringae e dieci nuovi fagi che lisano X. a. pv. juglandis sono stati isolati da frutti, foglie, suolo e acqua di irrigazione di albicocche e noci nel nord Italia. La digestione con endonucleasi di restrizione dei fagi ha rivelato che esistono tre gruppi fagici distinti, designati come gruppi 1, 2 e 3. Nonostante il fatto che tutti i fagi isolati fossero specifici per X. a. pv. juglandis, un'analisi della gamma ospite di fagi che coinvolge 25 diversi X. a. pv. juglandis ha rivelato che i fagi possono essere suddivisi in quattro classi in base alla loro capacità di lisare i 25 ceppi considerati. Nei test di laboratorio, tutti i fagi hanno avuto un promettente effetto litico su P. s. pv. syringae e X. a. pv. juglandis.
Bacterial canker of stone fruits caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and Pseudomonas syringae pv. morsprunorum, and bacterial blight of walnut caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis, have been studied for over a century and have resulted in significant advances in our understanding of the epidemiology of foliar bacterial diseases and epiphytic life cycle of these pathogens. Recent studies on the ecology, characterization, and identification of pathogens have been prompted by the economic importance of the diseases and the lack of effective control measures. A collection of 54 P. syringae spp. on apricot and 47 X. a.pv. juglandis strains on walnut were studied using repetitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) genomic fingerprinting using ERIC, BOX, and REP primer sets, and Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis (MLSA). Copper tolerance of all strains were assessed by observing bacterial growth on copper sulphate-added media, and the results were compared to those of a five-year-old study in the same area. This thesis showed that the frequency of copper resistant bacteria increased after repeated treatments with copper-based compounds. These findings suggest that the selection of copper-resistant strains may be a major cause of control failures after copper bactericide treatment. Bacteriophages, as realistic and environmentally friendly microorganisms, could be a viable option for controlling these bacterial diseases. In this thesis, ten novel phages that lyse P. s. pv. syringae and ten novel phages that lyse X. a. pv. juglandis were isolated from apricot and walnut fruits, leaves, soil, and irrigation water in Northern Italy. The restriction endonuclease digestion of phages revealed that there are three distinct phage groups, designated as groups 1, 2, and 3. Despite the fact that all isolated phages were specific to X. a. pv. juglandis, an analysis of the host range of phages involving 25 different X. a. pv. juglandis strains revealed that the phages can be divided into four classes based on their ability to lyse the 25 strains considered. In laboratory tests, all phages had a promising lytic effect on P. s. pv. syringae and X. a. pv. juglandis. P. s. pv. syringae and X. a. pv. juglandis showed promising lytic effect in laboratory trials.

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Myburgh, Lindie. "Prediction of post-storage quality in canning apricots and peaches using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and chemometrics". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53557.

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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Post-storage quality of the stone fruit, apricots and peaches, is the major factor determining their suitability for canning after cold storage in South Africa. Short harvesting periods and the limited capacity of the factory to process the large quantities of fruit within two days after delivery, necessitates cold storage until canning. Apricots develop internal breakdown, whereas peaches develop internal breakdown accompanied by loosening of the skin and adhesion of the flesh to the stone. The deterioration takes place within the fruit during a cold storage period of one to two weeks. The tendency of the fruit to develop internal defects can, to date, not be identified prior to storage and are only discovered after destoning during canning. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) combined with chemometrics were investigated as a non-destructive method to predict post-storage quality in Bulida apricots and clingstone peach cultivars. Near infrared (NIR) spectra (645-1201 nm), measured on the intact fruit just after harvesting, were correlated with subjective quality evaluations performed on the cut and destoned fruit after cold storage. The cold storage periods for apricots were four weeks (2002 season) and three and two weeks for peach cultivars for the 2002 and 2003 seasons, respectively. Soft independent modelling by class analogy (SIMCA) and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) were applied to the spectral and reference data to develop models for good and poor post-storage quality. The ability of these models to predict post-storage quality was evaluated in terms of recognition (sensitivity) and rejection (specificity) of the samples in independent validation sets. Total correct classification rates of 50.00% and 69.00% were obtained with Bulida apricots, using SIMCA and MARS, respectively. Classification results with apricots showed that MARS performed better than SIMCA and is thus recommended for this application. Total correct classification rates of 53.00% to 60.00% (SIMCA) and 57.65% to 65.12% (MARS) were obtained for data sets of combined peach cultivars within seasons and over both seasons. Additional aspects of fruit quality were investigated to identify possible indices of post-storage quality. Classification trees were used to find correlations between the post-storage quality and the fruit mass, diameter, firmness and soluble solids content (SSC). Among these, fruit diameter and firmness were the major indices of post-storage quality. Accurate predictions of firmness could not be achieved by near infrared spectroscopy (NlRS), making the combination of NIRS and classification trees not yet suitable for predicting post-storage quality. NIRS was further used to predict poststorage SSC within seasons in Bulida apricots and intact peach cultivars. This confirmed sufficient NIR light penetration into the intact fruit and also provided a further application of NIRS for ripeness evaluation in the canning industry. Validations on peach samples obtained correlation coefficients (r) of 0.77-0.85 and SEP-values of 1.35-1.60 °Brix using partial least squares (PLS) regression. MARS obtained r = 0.77-0.82 and SEP = 1.42-1.55 °Brix. Predictions of sse in apricots were less accurate, with r = 0.39-0.88, SEP = 1.24-2.21 °Brix (PLS) and r = 0.51-0.82, SEP = 1.54-2.19 °Brix (MARS). It is suggested that the accuracy of sse measurements, and the subsequent predictions, were affected by the cold storage periods as well as internal variation within the fruit. This study showed that a combination of NIRS and chemometrics can be used to predict post-storage quality in intact peaches and apricots. A small scale feasibility study showed that 4% (R117 720) (apricot industry) and 3% (R610 740) (peach industry) of production losses can be saved if this method is implemented in the South African canning industry. Although it was difficult to assign specific chemical components or quality attributes to the formulation of the storage potential models, important hidden information in the spectra could be revealed by chemometric classification methods. NIRS promises to be a useful and unique quality evaluation tool for the South African fruit canning industry. Several recommendations are made for the canning practices to reduce losses and for future research to improve the current prediction models.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die kwaliteit van die steenvrugte, appelkose en perskes, is die hoof bepalende faktor vir hul geskiktheid vir inmaakdoeleindes na koelopberging in Suid-Afrika. Die vrugte moet opgeberg word by lae temperature vir een tot twee weke, aangesien die oestydperk kort is en die kapasiteit van die fabriek te beperk is om die groot hoeveeheid vrugte dadelik in te maak. Tydens hierdie opbergingstydperk vind agteruitgang in die vrugte plaas. Dit word in appelkose gekenmerk deur interne verval en in perskes gekenmerk aan interne verval, tesame met enlos skil en die vaskleef van die vrugvlees aan die pit. Tot dusver, bestaan daar geen metode om hierdie tipe agteruitgang in vrugte voor opberging te identifiseer nie. Dit word eers na opberging opgemerk wanneer die vrugte ontpit word. Naby-infrarooi spektroskopie (NIRS), gekombineerd met chemometriese metodes is gebruik om opbergingspotensiaal in Bulida appelkose en taaipitperske kultivars te bepaal. enKorrelasie is gemaak tussen naby-infrarooi (NIR) spektra, gemeet op die heel vrugte voor opberging en subjektiewe evaluering van kwaliteit, geïdentifiseer op die gesnyde vrugte na opberging. Die opbergingstydperke vir perskes was vir drie en twee weke vir die 2002 en die 2003 seisoene, onderskeldeflk, terwyl die appelkose vir vier weke opgeberg is. Twee chemometriese metodes, "soft independent modelling by class analogy" (SIMCA) en "multivariate adaptive regression splines" (MARS) is gebruik om die spektra en ooreenstemmende subjektiewe data te kombineer en modelle is ontwikkel vir goeie en swak opbergingspotensiaal. Die vermoë van die modelle om die vrugkwaliteit na die opbergingstydperk te voorspel, is geêvalueer in terme van herkenning en verwerping van vrugtemonsters in onafhanklike toetsstelle. Totale korrekte klassifikasies van 50.00% and 69.00% is verkry vir Bulida appelkose, met SIMCA en MARS, onderskeidelik. Die klassifikasie resultate het gewys dat MARS beter gevaar het as SIMCA en word dus sterk aanbeveel vir hierdie toepassing. Totale korrekte klassifikasies van 53.00% tot 60.00% (SIMCA) and 57.65% tot 65.12% (MARS) is verkry vir gekombineerde perskekultivars tussen seisoene en oor seisoene. Verdere aspekte van vrugkwaliteit is geêvalueer om enmoontlike indeks van opbergingspotensiaal te verkry. Klassifikasiebome is gebruik om en korrelasie te vind tussen kwaliteit na opberging en vrugmassa, deursnee, fermheid en totale oplosbare vastestowwe (TOV). Diameter en fermheid het die meeste gekorreleer met die kwaliteit na opberging. Voorspellings van fermheid deur die gebruik van naby infrarooi spektroskopie (NIRS) was ~gter nie akkuraat nie. Dus word die kombinasie van klassifikasiebome en NIRS om opbergingspotensiaal te voorspel nie tans aanbeveel nie. NIRS is verder gebruik om TOV te voorspel binne seisoene in heel Bulida appelkose en perskekultivars. Dit is uitgevoer om voldoende NIR ligpenitrasie in die vrugte te bevestig en ook om 'n verdere toepassing van kwaliteitsbepaling (as indeks van soetheid en rypheid) vir die inmaakindustrie te verskaf. Validasies is op perskemonsters uitgevoer en korrelasiekoêffisiente (r) van 0.77-0.85 en voorspellingsfoute van 1.35-1.60 °Brix is verkry met "partial least squares" (PLS) regressie. MARS het r = 0.77-0.82 and voorspellingsfoute = 1.42-1.55 °Brix verkry. Die akkuraatheid van die TOV meetings en gevolglike voorspellings is waarskynlik beïnvloed deur interne variasie binne die vrugte sowel as die opbergings tydperke wat verloop het tussen metings. Hierdie studie wys dat NIRS en chemometriese metodes wel gebruik kan word om opbergingspotensiaal in heel perskes in appelkose te voorspel. 'n Kosteberekening het gewys dat besparings van 4% (R117 720) (appelkoos industrie) en 3% (R610 740) (perske industrie) moontlik is indien NIRS en MARS geïmplementeer word. Alhoewel dit moeilik was om spesifieke chemiese komponente en .sekere kwaliteitsaspekte aan die ontwikkeling van die modelle te koppel, is belangrike verborge informasie in die spectra uitgebring deur chemornetriese metodes. NIRS beloof om 'n bruikbare en unieke kwaliteitskontrole maatstaf te wees vir die Suid-Afrikaanse inmaakindustrie. Verskeie aanbevelings is gemaak vir die inmaakpraktyke om verliese te voorkom en ook vir toekomstige navorsing om die huidige klassifikasiemodelle te verbeter.

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20

Long, Robert Llewellyn, e bizarrealong@hotmail com. "Improving fruit soluble solids content in melon (Cucumis melo L.) (reticulatus group) in the Australian production system". Central Queensland University. Biological and Environmental Science, 2005. http://library-resources.cqu.edu.au./thesis/adt-QCQU/public/adt-QCQU20051019.144749.

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Total soluble solids (TSS) is a reliable indicator of melon eating quality, with a minimum standard of 10% recommended. The state of Australian melon production with respect to this quality criterion was considered within seasons, between growing districts and over seasons. It was concluded that improvement in agronomic practice and varietal selection is required to produce sweeter melons. The scientific literature addressing melon physiology and agronomy was summarised, as a background to the work that is required to improve melon production practices in Australia. The effect of source sink manipulation was assessed for commercially grown and glasshouse grown melon plants. The timing of fruit thinning, pollination scheduling, the application of a growth inhibitor and source biomass removal were assessed in relation to fruit growth and sugar accumulation. Results are interpreted against a model in which fruit rapidly increase in weight until about two weeks before harvest, with sugar accumulation continuing as fruit growth ceases. Thus treatment response is very dependant on timing of application. For example, fruit thinning at 25 days before harvest resulted in further fruit set and increased fruit weight but did not impact on fruit TSS (at 9.8%, control 9.3%), while thinning at 5 days before harvest resulted in a significant (Pless than 0.05) increase in fruit TSS (to 10.8%, control 9.3%) and no increase in fruit weight or number. A cost/ benefit analysis is presented, allowing an estimation of the increase in sale price required to sustain the implementation of fruit thinning. The effect of irrigation scheduling was also considered with respect to increasing melon yield and quality. To date, recommended practice has been to cause an irrigation deficit close to fruit harvest, with the intent of 'drying out' or 'stressing' the plant, to 'bring on' maturity and increase sugar accumulation. Irrigation trials showed that keeping plants stress-free close to harvest and during harvest, facilitated the production of sweeter fruit. The maintenance of a TSS grade standard using either batch based (destructive) sampling or (non-invasive) grading of individual fruit is discussed. On-line grading of individual fruit is possible using near infrared spectroscopy (NIR), but the applicability of the technique to melons has received little published attention. Tissue sampling strategy was optimised, in relation to the optical geometry used (in commercial operation in Australia), both in terms of the diameter and depth of sampled tissue. NIR calibration model performance was superior when based on the TSS of outer, rather than inner mesocarp tissue. However the linear relationship between outer and middle tissue TSS was strong (r2 = 0.8) in immature fruit, though less related in maturing fruit (r2 = 0.5). The effect of fruit storage (maturation/senescence) on calibration model performance was assessed. There was a negligible effect of fruit cold storage on calibration performance. Currently, the agronomist lacks a cost-effective tool to rapidly assess fruit TSS in the field. Design parameters for such a tool were established, and several optical front ends compared for rapid, though invasive, analysis. Further, for visualisation of the spatial distribution of tissue TSS within a melon fruit, a two-dimensional, or hyper-spectral NIR imaging system based on a low cost 8-bit charge coupled device (CCD) camera and filter arrangement, was designed and characterised.

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Hadersdorfer, Johannes [Verfasser], Dieter Richard [Akademischer Betreuer] Treutter e Thilo [Akademischer Betreuer] Fischer. "Development of an isothermal nucleic acid amplification protocol for high-throughput monitoring of Plum pox virus infection in stone fruit production / Johannes Hadersdorfer. Gutachter: Dieter Richard Treutter ; Thilo Fischer. Betreuer: Dieter Richard Treutter". München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1032313498/34.

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22

Ghiotto, Thaís Carneiro. "Dinâmica populacional de Megastigmus transvaalensis (Hymenoptera Torymidae) em Schinus terebinthifolius na região de Sorocaba, Brasil". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2016. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8938.

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Megastigmus transvaalensis is an exotic wasp that attacks Brazilian pepper tree drupes Schinus terebinthifolius in native forests and areas of restoration and ecological restoration in Brazil. The parasitism begins with the oviposition M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius where the larvae hatch and remain internally feeding of nutrients and tissue, affecting germination. The aim of this work was to study the effect of temperature, rainfall and humidity in the population dynamics of M. transvaalensis and determine the parasitism rate and sex ratio of this wasp in drupes S. terebinthifolius. The study was performed with yellow sticky traps and collection of S. terebinthifolius drupes in seasonal semideciduous forest during August 2014 to September 2015, in the region of Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil. The capture of insects through the sticky traps proved satisfactory, and thus can be applied to the monitoring of small Hymenopteros. Populations of M. transvaalensis were negatively correlated with the maximum temperature and population peak in the fall of 2015, meaning that when the maximum temperature has reduced, there is a higher incidence of insect field. The parasitism rate of S. terebinthifolius drupes ranged from zero to 36.34% during this period, making this value an aggravating factor for the emergence of new individuals, since this phytophagous wasp has the potential to be spread throughout Brazil and It poses a threat to the natural regeneration of S. terebinthifolius. The sex ratio of M. transvaalensis was 0.42 and 0.08 in the laboratory field. The bio-ecology and the damage caused by M. transvaalensis in drupes S. terebinthifolius warrant further studies to integrated management
Megastigmus transvaalensis é uma vespa exótica que ataca drupas de aroeira-pimenteira Schinus terebinthifolius em florestas nativas e em áreas de recomposição e restauração ecológica no Brasil. O parasitismo inicia com a oviposição de M. transvaalensis nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius, onde as larvas internamente eclodem e permanecem alimentando-se dos nutrientes e tecidos, prejudicando a germinação. O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar o efeito da temperatura, precipitação e umidade na flutuação populacional de M. transvaalensis e determinar o índice de parasitismo e razão sexual dessa vespa nas drupas de S. terebinthifolius. O estudo foi realizado com armadilhas adesivas amarelas e coleta de drupas de S. terebinthifolius em fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual, durante agosto de 2014 a setembro de 2015, na região de Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brasil. A captura dos insetos através das armadilhas adesivas se mostrou satisfatória, podendo assim ser aplicada para o monitoramento de pequenos Hymenopteros. As populações de M. transvaalensis apresentaram correlação negativa com a temperatura máxima e pico populacional no outono de 2015, significando que, quando a temperatura máxima apresenta redução, há maior incidência do inseto em campo. O índice de parasitismo das drupas de S. terebinthifolius variou de zero a 36,34% no período avaliado, tornando este valor um agravante para o surgimento de novos indivíduos, uma vez que, essa vespa fitófaga tem potencial de ser disseminado por todo Brasil e representa ameaça para a regeneração natural de S. terebinthifolius. A razão sexual de M. transvaalensis foi de 0,42 no laboratório e 0,08 em campo. A bioecologia e os danos causados por M. transvaalensis em drupas de S. terebinthifolius justificam mais estudos visando o manejo integrado dessa vespa fitófaga.

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Begheldo, Maura. "Ethylene and peach fruit ripening: a functional genomics approach". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3425061.

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Fruit quality traits are the result of genetic, agronomic and environmental factors that, alone or in combination, modulate metabolic processes during both pre- and post-harvest phases and affect fruit development and ripening processes. Productivity, size and organoleptic quality should be the main quality criteria adopted by fruit growers: in this context, harvesting time is crucial. Too early harvested fruit may be stored for a long time but their flavour quality is low, whereas late harvested fruit are of better quality but do not withstand long storage periods and theirs shelf-life is reduced. This is particularly true for peaches and nectarines characterized by a quick ripening evolution and a reduced aptitude to prolonged storage: this induces growers to anticipate harvesting and represents the main constraints for supplying high-quality standard level peaches to the consumers. Elucidating mechanisms and basic processes characterizing ripening and responsible for the evolution of quality parameters is the prerequisite to develop strategies aimed to produce high-quality fruit and to maintain these standards throughout the postharvest chain. In climacteric fruit, including peaches, ethylene is a key factor in coordinating and regulating the evolution of several processes characterizing the ripening syndrome. Thus, studying aspects related to ethylene action has been a challenge during the last few decades. Improvements of the basic knowledge of ethylene physiology also came from the identification of specific inhibitors of its biosynthesis and/or action, and from the use of mutants. The development of highthroughput molecular tools (i.e. microarray) and functional genomics approaches represent a great opportunity for a better understanding of the ripening process and the basic mechanisms governing quality-related metabolisms in fruit. Considering peach, the first step toward a functional approach is represented by the development of an Expressed Sequences Tag (ESTs) repertoire, that, together with other ESTs isolated by other units and available in public databases, allowed to select 4806 oligos, corresponding to an equal number of genes expressed in peach fruit, and construct the first peach microarray (?PEACH 1.0). ?PEACH 1.0 has been used to study the effects of exogenous ethylene on different peach genotypes, a "melting flesh" cv and two ripening mutants, Slow Ripening (SR) and Stony Hard (SH). Microarray analysis revealed marked differences in transcript profiling possibly related to the nature of mutation and differences in ethylene physiology. SH fruit has also been used for expression analyses of two elements involved in the ethylene signalling pathway. Besides mutants, specific inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis and/or action represent invaluable tools for elucidating the ethylene role in the ripening process. One of the most powerful inhibitor of ethylene function is 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) that is practically used on different fruit species, but not on peaches, to prolong shelf-life. Using ?PEACH 1.0, a large-scale analysis of transcriptome has been performed on nectarine fruit treated with 1-MCP in order to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the limited effect of the inhibitor on this climacteric fruit species. At the end of the treatment (24h) and 48h hours later, a number of genes involved in quality-related ripening processes (such as softening, sugar metabolism and colour development) appeared to be deeply modified in their expression. Changes in the expression profile of Transcription Factors related to ethylene and auxin action confirmed the importance of "cross-talk" between the two hormones in the modulation of the ripening process in peach. In the context of a functional genomics, three different genes (two from peach and one from tomato), identified following transcriptomics approaches, have been used for transgenic experiments in tomato plants.

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24

ABU, ALLOUSH ASEM HABES MOH'D. "ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PHYTOPLASMA-ASSOCIATED DISEASES OF STONE FRUITS AND GRAPEVINE IN JORDAN". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/924051.

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Abstract In this study, a national survey on phytoplasma-associated diseases was conducted in Jordan from 2019 to 2021 targeting almond, pomegranate, and grapevine, three of the main fruit crops cultivated in all country as commercials and family farming. The activities included: (i) monitoring and sampling symptomatic and symptomless plants from early summer to autumn; (ii) total nucleic acids extraction and phytoplama detection by 16S rDNA amplification in nested PCRs using the primer pairs P1/P7 followed by F1/R0; (iii) sequencing and bioinformatic analyses (BlastN, iPhyClassifier) of F1/R0 amplicons. During field surveys, almond yellows and witches’-broom (incidence ranging from 20- 85%), pomegranate exhibiting leaf chromatic alteration and rolling, little leaf and witches’-broom (incidence ranging from 30- 65%), and grapevine yellows (incidence ranging from 10-55%) were observed. Nested PCR-based amplification of 16S rRNA gene detected phytoplasmas in 23, 17, 22 and 15.7% of collected symptomatic almond, pomegranate trees and symptomatic wine and table grape cultivar plants, respectively. Molecular detection and 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence analyses revealed the presence of different ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species within samples from symptomatic plants, while no amplification was obtained from symptomless plant samples. Five categories of phytoplasma-like symptoms, including early flowering along with evergreen pattern; witches’-broom, yellowing, and dieback; slim leaf and leaf rolling; stem fasciation, were observed in almond trees. Disease incidence in the investigated orchards ranged from 20 to 85%. Nested PCR-based amplification of 16S rRNA gene detected phytoplasmas in 23% of collected symptomatic almond trees. Amplicon nucleotide sequence analyses allowed attributing the detected phytoplasmas to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (taxonomic subgroups 16SrI-B and -R), ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ (16SrII-B and -C), ‘Ca. P. omanense’ (16SrXXIX-A and -B) (16SrXXIX-B described for the first time), ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’(16SrIX-B), ‘Ca. P. pyri’ (16SrX-C), ‘Ca. P. solani’ (16SrXII-A), and ‘Ca. P. ulmi’(16SrV-A). Moreover, further investigation identified ‘Ca. P. asteris’ (subgroup 16SrI-R) in putative insect vectors Agalmatium sp., Empoasca sp., Reptalus quinquecostatus, and Hyalesthes obsoletus, ‘Ca. P. pyri’ in Cacopsylla bidens, Cicadulina bipunctata, Laodelphax striatellus, and Tettigometra sp., and ‘Ca. P. omanense’ (subgroup 16SrXXIX-B) in the non-crop plant Amaranthus sp. In pomegranate symptomatic plants, four genetically distinct phytoplasmas were identified and attributed to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (16SrXII-A), ‘Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ (16SrII-B), ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI-B, -R), and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ (16SrV-A). Additionally, the presence of three cicadellids (Macrosteles sexnotatus, Cicadulina bipunctata, Psammotettix striatus) and two non-crop plants (Plantago major, Capsicum annuum) hosting the same pomegranate-infecting ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ strains, and one cicadellid (Balclutha incisa) carrying the same pomegranate-infecting ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ strain was found. In conclusion, this study described a new pomegranate disease, called pomegranate witches’-broom and leaf alteration, associated with multiple phytoplasmas. Interestingly, ‘Ca. P. ulmi’, Ca. P. pyri’, and ‘Ca. P. omanense’ in association with almond, and ‘Ca. P. ulmi’ in association with pomegranate are reported for the first time in this study. The other phytoplasma species identified in almond and pomegranate were previously reported in the Middle East. In grapevine yellows (GY) affected plants, amplicon nucleotide sequence analyses allowed attributing the detected phytoplasmas to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (taxonomic subgroup 16SrXII-A), ‘Ca. P. omanense’ (16SrXXIX-A and -B), ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ (16SrII-C), and ‘Ca. P. asteris’ (16SrI-R) in 72.4%, 17.2%, 6.9%, 3.4% of infected plants, respectively. Further investigation allowed identifying ‘Ca. P. solani’ in the putative insect vectors Orosius cellulosus (firstly reported in Jordan), Euscelidius mundus, Laodelphax striatellus, and Circulifer sp., and in Convolvulus arvensis; ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ in the insect O. cellulosus and in bindweed; ‘Ca. P. omanense’ in the insect Psammotettix striatus; ‘Ca. P. asteris’ in the insects Arboridia adanae, Cicaduliana bipunctata, Circulifer sp., L. striatellus, Hyalesthes obsoletus, and P. striatus. Based on this preliminary data, ecological cycles of such phytoplasmas are discussed. Obtained results suggest that GY phytoplasma diversity and ecology in Jordan are more complex than previously known, leading to a potential risk of disease outbreaks. Data obtained in this study revealed a great genetic diversity of phytoplasmas infecting important crops in Jordan. Further studies concerning the epidemiology of these phytoplasma-associated diseases, including the identification of putative insect vectors and reservoir plants, are in progress. Overall results will allow developing integrated strategies for the management of such diseases.

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25

ABU, ALLOUSH ASEM HABES MOH'D. "Etiology and Epidemiology of Phytoplasma-Associated Diseases of Stone Fruits and Grapevine in Jordan". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/923795.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract In this study, a national survey on phytoplasma-associated diseases was conducted in Jordan from 2019 to 2021 targeting almond, pomegranate, and grapevine, three of the main fruit crops cultivated in all country as commercials and family farming. The activities included: (i) monitoring and sampling symptomatic and symptomless plants from early summer to autumn; (ii) total nucleic acids extraction and phytoplama detection by 16S rDNA amplification in nested PCRs using the primer pairs P1/P7 followed by F1/R0; (iii) sequencing and bioinformatic analyses (BlastN, iPhyClassifier) of F1/R0 amplicons. During field surveys, almond yellows and witches’-broom (incidence ranging from 20- 85%), pomegranate exhibiting leaf chromatic alteration and rolling, little leaf and witches’-broom (incidence ranging from 30- 65%), and grapevine yellows (incidence ranging from 10-55%) were observed. Nested PCR-based amplification of 16S rRNA gene detected phytoplasmas in 23, 17, 22 and 15.7% of collected symptomatic almond, pomegranate trees and symptomatic wine and table grape cultivar plants, respectively. Molecular detection and 16S rDNA nucleotide sequence analyses revealed the presence of different ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’ species within samples from symptomatic plants, while no amplification was obtained from symptomless plant samples. Five categories of phytoplasma-like symptoms, including early flowering along with evergreen pattern; witches’-broom, yellowing, and dieback; slim leaf and leaf rolling; stem fasciation, were observed in almond trees. Disease incidence in the investigated orchards ranged from 20 to 85%. Nested PCR-based amplification of 16S rRNA gene detected phytoplasmas in 23% of collected symptomatic almond trees. Amplicon nucleotide sequence analyses allowed attributing the detected phytoplasmas to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (taxonomic subgroups 16SrI-B and -R), ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ (16SrII-B and -C), ‘Ca. P. omanense’ (16SrXXIX-A and -B) (16SrXXIX-B described for the first time), ‘Ca. P. phoenicium’(16SrIX-B), ‘Ca. P. pyri’ (16SrX-C), ‘Ca. P. solani’ (16SrXII-A), and ‘Ca. P. ulmi’(16SrV-A). Moreover, further investigation identified ‘Ca. P. asteris’ (subgroup 16SrI-R) in putative insect vectors Agalmatium sp., Empoasca sp., Reptalus quinquecostatus, and Hyalesthes obsoletus, ‘Ca. P. pyri’ in Cacopsylla bidens, Cicadulina bipunctata, Laodelphax striatellus, and Tettigometra sp., and ‘Ca. P. omanense’ (subgroup 16SrXXIX-B) in the non-crop plant Amaranthus sp. In pomegranate symptomatic plants, four genetically distinct phytoplasmas were identified and attributed to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (16SrXII-A), ‘Ca. Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ (16SrII-B), ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ (16SrI-B, -R), and ‘Ca. Phytoplasma ulmi’ (16SrV-A). Additionally, the presence of three cicadellids (Macrosteles sexnotatus, Cicadulina bipunctata, Psammotettix striatus) and two non-crop plants (Plantago major, Capsicum annuum) hosting the same pomegranate-infecting ‘Ca. Phytoplasma asteris’ strains, and one cicadellid (Balclutha incisa) carrying the same pomegranate-infecting ‘Ca. Phytoplasma solani’ strain was found. In conclusion, this study described a new pomegranate disease, called pomegranate witches’-broom and leaf alteration, associated with multiple phytoplasmas. Interestingly, ‘Ca. P. ulmi’, Ca. P. pyri’, and ‘Ca. P. omanense’ in association with almond, and ‘Ca. P. ulmi’ in association with pomegranate are reported for the first time in this study. The other phytoplasma species identified in almond and pomegranate were previously reported in the Middle East. In grapevine yellows (GY) affected plants, amplicon nucleotide sequence analyses allowed attributing the detected phytoplasmas to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ (taxonomic subgroup 16SrXII-A), ‘Ca. P. omanense’ (16SrXXIX-A and -B), ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ (16SrII-C), and ‘Ca. P. asteris’ (16SrI-R) in 72.4%, 17.2%, 6.9%, 3.4% of infected plants, respectively. Further investigation allowed identifying ‘Ca. P. solani’ in the putative insect vectors Orosius cellulosus (firstly reported in Jordan), Euscelidius mundus, Laodelphax striatellus, and Circulifer sp., and in Convolvulus arvensis; ‘Ca. P. aurantifolia’ in the insect O. cellulosus and in bindweed; ‘Ca. P. omanense’ in the insect Psammotettix striatus; ‘Ca. P. asteris’ in the insects Arboridia adanae, Cicaduliana bipunctata, Circulifer sp., L. striatellus, Hyalesthes obsoletus, and P. striatus. Based on this preliminary data, ecological cycles of such phytoplasmas are discussed. Obtained results suggest that GY phytoplasma diversity and ecology in Jordan are more complex than previously known, leading to a potential risk of disease outbreaks. Data obtained in this study revealed a great genetic diversity of phytoplasmas infecting important crops in Jordan. Further studies concerning the epidemiology of these phytoplasma-associated diseases, including the identification of putative insect vectors and reservoir plants, are in progress. Overall results will allow developing integrated strategies for the management of such diseases.

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Omar, Abdulkadir Rahma, e Filippa Calmfors. "Food waste conversion : A study on how conversion can reduce in-store food waste in Swedish supermarkets". Thesis, Internationella Handelshögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, IHH, Centre of Logistics and Supply Chain Management (CeLS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-43974.

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Problem: Food waste is a major issue from both an environmental as well as an economic perspective. In Europe alone, 90 million tons of food is wasted in the food supply chain every year. In order to reduce these excessive costs and the environmental impact, new food waste management strategies need to be developed and established. The food waste management strategies established in the retail stage are limited as the retail stage is an area of the food supply chain that has been neglected in research. Purpose: This thesis explores the food waste management of fresh fruits and vegetables out of retailer´s perspective. In specific, it assesses the potential effects for Swedish supermarkets in which have established processes where non-sellable products are recycled through conversion in-house. Method: This qualitative study has been performed through observational studies with semi-structured interviews to complement the observational findings. The empirical data is collected at Swedish supermarkets that have conversion processes established in their organization. The respondents were either store managers or managers for perishable goods. The data were analysed using the content analysis approach. Findings: The results of our research reveal that conversion activities of fresh fruits and vegetables result in less food waste and positive economic outcomes. To create higher economic value of the food waste conversion, the conversion of fresh fruits and vegetables should be performed in combination with other product categories.

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Sanoamuang, Niwat. "Epidemiological aspects of MBC resistance in Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey and mechanisms of resistance". Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1362.

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Isolates of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey obtained from stone fruit orchards in Hawkes Bay, North Island and from Californian fruit exported to New Zealand, were tested for resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC). Resistant isolates from the North Island had EC₅₀ values of >30,000, and most isolates from the imported fruit had of values approximately 1.5 mg a.i./l carbendazim. Sensitive isolates failed to grow on 1 mg a.i./l carbendazim. A detached peach shoot system was used in controlled conditions for estimation of values for incubation period, latent period and rate of spore production on flowers (cv Glohaven). The same variables and the rate of colonisation of host tissue were measured on fruit (cv Fantasia) in controlled conditions. An inoculum density of 1x10⁴ spore/flower or fruit greatly increased fitness in vivo compared to an inoculum density of 1x10² spore/flower (fruit). Isolates varied considerably, but there was no consistent relationship between the degrees of resistance and fitness. This was in contrast to earlier studies with dicarboximide resistant strains of M. fructicola. The survival in the field of 10 isolates resistant or sensitive to MBC or dicarboximide fungicides on twig cankers and mummified fruit was compared. The ability to produce conidia on twig cankers inoculated in late spring 1989 was maintained by all sensitive and MBC resistant isolates for at least 1 year. The production of conidia on mummified fruit inoculated in February 1990 decreased after 2-3 months in the field but some conidia were still produced on all fruit in the following spring. Dicarboximide resistant isolates produced less conidia than either the MBC resistant and the sensitive isolates. The pathogenicity and fitness of all isolates were similar to the original values after survival for 1 year. A technique was developed to produce apothecia reliably from inoculated peach (cv Black Boy) and nectarine (cv Fantasia) fruit in controlled conditions in the laboratory. The fruit were inoculated with resistant or sensitive isolates, or combinations, and were incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C (±1°C) with 12 hours photoperiod of fluorescent light (Sylvania 2x65 W, daylight) to produce mummified fruit. The fruit were then buried in moist autoclaved peat moss for 10 weeks at 25°C (±1°C) in the dark to form stromata. These fruit were then hydrated with running tap-water (total hardness (CaCO₃) = 47 g/m³ and conductivity at 20°C = 12.7 mS/m) for 72 hours. The hydrated mummified fruit were placed in moist peat moss and were incubated for 13-14 weeks at 8°C (±0.5°C) in the dark. At the end of this period, stipe initials were visible. Differentiation of stipe initials into mature apothecia occurred within 15-20 days after transfer to 12°C (±2 °C) with a 12 hour photoperiod of fluorescent and incandescent light. All isolates produced apothecia when treated in this way. A technique for isolation of ascospore sets in linear arrangement was developed for tetrad analysis of the inheritance of resistance. At least 3 hours of fluorescent and incandescent light at 12°C (±2°C) was essential to allow ascospore ejection from individual asci taken from apothecia previously maintained in a 12 hour photoperiod at 12°C (±1°C). A water film on the surface of water agar was necessary to hold a set of ejected ascospores in linear sequence. Single ascospores were obtained in sequence with the aid of a micromanipulator. Genetic analysis of MBC resistant isolates was carried out on ascospores derived from apothecia produced in the laboratory. Analysis of ascospore sets in linear arrangement and ascospore populations indicated that resistance to >30,000 mg a.i./l carbendazim (high-resistant) is governed by a single major gene and is affected by gene conversion mechanisms. Crossing over was frequent, suggesting that recombination of resistance with other characters, such as pathogenicity and fitness, may occur readily. The segregation ratio (1:1) from most resistant isolates revealed that heterokaryons containing both resistant and sensitive alleles were common in resistant populations and that resistance is dominant. Allozyme analysis of ascospore progeny through electrophoresis revealed a narrow genetic base of M. fructicola in New Zealand. The technique for reliable apothecial production in controlled conditions developed in this study provided an important step for the determination of the biology of M. fructicola strains resistant to MBC fungicides, and the complexity of its life cycle. Genetic heterogeneity in field populations can be conserved in one isolate through heterokaryosis, thus providing for adaptability of the pathogen to the changing environmental conditions. Knowledge on genetic variability, overwintering ability, pathogenicity and fitness factors may be useful for future management strategies of stone fruit brown rot. Special emphasis should be made in particular to prevent primary infection on blossoms, which would delay the establishment of recombinant strains of M. fructicola and the onset of brown rot epidemics.

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28

Lee, Miin-Huey. "Microscopic, physiological and molecular studies of pathogenesis in Monilinia fructicola, the brown rot pathogen for stone fruits /". For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2005. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.

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29

Anita, Vakula. "Fizičke, hemijske i biološke osobine osušenog koštičavog voća proizvedenog različitim tehnikama sušenja". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Tehnološki fakultet Novi Sad, 2020. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=115058&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Istraživanja u okviru ove disertacije obuhvataju ispitivanje fizičkih, hemijskih i bioloških osobina svežeg i osušenog koštičavog voća i razvoj inovativnog tehničkog rešenja sušenja voća u vakuumu. Dobijeni rezultati istraživanja daju doprinos formiranju baze naučnih znanja u vezi sa karakteristikama koštičavog voća osušenog različitim tehnikama sušenja: konvektivnim sušenjem, vakuum sušenjem i liofilizacijom (sušenjem zamrzavanjem). Projektovan inovativni prototip vakuum sušare sa ejektorskim sistemom omogućava očuvanje biološki aktivnih komponenata voća uz mogućnost smanjenja investicionih troškova i troškova održavanja opreme. Takođe je uspešno prikazana mogućnost primene analize glavnih komponenata (eng. Principal Component Analysis, PCA), veštačke neuronske mreže (eng. Artificial Neural Networks, ANN) i matematičkog modelovanja za opisivanje funkcionalne zavisnosti primenjenih parametara sušenja i fizičkih, hemijskih i bioloških osobina osušenog voća, optimizaciju procesa sušenja, kao i za pronalaženje modela koji najbolje opisuje proces sušenja.
Research in the framework of the thesis includes investigation of physical, chemical and biological properties of fresh and dried stone fruit and the development of an innovative technical solution for fruit vacuum drying. The obtained results contribute to the formation of the scientific base of knowledge, regarding the characteristics of stone fruit dried by different drying techniques: convective drying, vacuum drying and lyophilization (freeze drying). The designed innovative prototype of a vacuum dryer with an ejector system enables the preservation of biologically active fruit compounds with the possibility of reducing investment and equipment maintenance costs.The possibility of application of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and mathematical modeling for describing the functional dependence between applied drying parameters and physical, chemical and biological properties of dried fruit, optimization of the drying process, as well for finding the model that best describes the drying process was presented in this work.

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30

Holmes, Ashley Shannon. "A Grocery Store Intervention Designed to Increase Fruit, Vegetable, and Healthy Snack Purchases among Parents of Young Children". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46425.

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Objective: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a 12-week multi-faceted, child-focused intervention that included a point-of-purchase kiosk featuring fresh fruits, vegetables, and healthy grab-and-go snacks; and a sampling pod, comprised of food items from the kiosk. Design: An observational uninterrupted time-series design was used in one intervention grocery store. The intervention consisted of two components, a Healthy Kids Kiosk and food sampling. Subjects/Setting: Patrons of Ukropâ s Inc. Grocery store in Roanoke, Virginia. May-September 2009 Measures: The study measures consist of three components: 1) examination of changes in sales data for featured products, provided by the grocery chain; 2) candid, unobtrusive, blind observations of customers near and around the intervention; and 3) brief questionnaires of customers, who engaged at some level with the Kiosk and sampling pod. Results: The results yielded an overall increase in the proportion of the sales of the featured items to total store sales during the intervention period. Individual items that increased sales during the intervention period, included whole-wheat mini bagels, bananas, radishes, honey, sunflower, baked tortilla chips, and almond butter (p<.05). Parents whose children were arguing, crying/whining, or not in the shopping cart, had higher levels of engagement with the kiosk. Almost two-thirds (61.7%) of the patrons interviewed noticed the healthy kids kiosk, with about one-quarter (28.7%) indicating that they purchased at least one item. Fifty-eight percent reported that the kiosk encouraged them to buy healthier foods. Conclusion: Promoting healthy foods at point-of purchase locations can result in increased purchases of these foods among families with young children. Application: These findings have provided insight into the effectiveness of grocery store interventions on purchasing patterns and behaviors of families with young children.
Master of Science

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31

MOLINO, LOVA MARINA. "EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR STUDY ON `CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA PHOENICIUM¿ IN LEBANON". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/168876.

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‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’, a member of the 16SrDNA phytoplasma group IX, is considered the presumptive aetiological agent of Almond witches'-broom (AlmWB) disease, which caused in Lebanon the death of more than 100,000 almond trees in the last decade. In the last few years, severe infections, frequently associated with a noticeable yield reduction, have also been observed on peach and nectarine trees. The aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of AlmWB epidemiology through (i) the symptoms description in almond, peach and nectarine trees in order to select the most suitable period for observing the typical alterations induced by the disease and for collecting samples for a fast and effective diagnosis, (ii) the update of the data concerning the AlmWB spread in Lebanon, (iii) the molecular characterization of AlmWB phytoplasma strains isolated from different host plants and from different Lebanese regions, and (iv) a preliminary screening of the insect(s) that could be candidate vector(s) responsible for the disease transmission. First of all, the symptom evolution was described through one-year-Iong observations of infected almond, peach and nectarine trees in three key-orchards located in three different Lebanese regions: Jbeil in the North, Hasbaya and Marjayoun in the South. Leaf and flower samples were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic plants and analysed by direct and nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays in order to detect AlmWB phytoplasma. Due to the importance of stone fruit in Lebanon and to the serious impact of the disease on these cultures, a national survey on AlmWB, based on the criteria derived from the symptom observation in the examined key-orchards, was carried out in 24 Lebanese districts. Leaf and flower samples were collected from 368 plants in order to detect the phytoplasma and characterize the infected regions. Moreover, molecular characterization of 24 representative 'Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium' strains was carried out through virtual and actual RFLP analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, in order to study the genetic variability of the pathogen and to find out possible relationships with the different hosts and the various cultivation regions. Furthermore, since the AlmWB phytoplasma insect vector(s) is(are) still unknown, a wide insect collection was carried out in two infected almond and nectarine orchards during two consecutive years in order to identify and analyze candidate phytoplasma vector(s). The observations carried out on infected peach and nectarine trees were used to describe the symptom evolution on these two new AlmWB hosts. Even if the presence of witches’-broom is more common in almond trees than in peach/nectarine, the most important difference between peach/nectarine and almond symptoms is the development, in peach/nectarine trees, of phyllodies, never recorded on almond. They appear usually in April/May and are easy to recognize on field. By using the specific primer pair AlWF2/AlWR2, AlmWB phytoplasma was identified in 95% of symptomatic almonds and in 100% of symptomatic peaches and nectarines selected during the national survey on AlmWB. The disease was found to be present in 16 out of 24 Lebanese districts, where it affects almond, nectarine and peach trees at different rates. A national map indicating the location of all the affected and healthy monitored villages was developed using the GIS software. Numerous meetings were held in these regions, in order to describe the disease and its possible management to the farmers. Molecular characterization of 24 representative 'Ca. P. phoenicium' strains by virtual RFLP assays lead to the identification of two new 16SrIX subgroups, indicated as 16SrIX-F and IX-G, distinguished by the use of BstUI and TaqI restriction enzymes. The geographical distribution of the phytoplasma subgroups here identified (IX-D, IX-F, IX-G) were also showed in the GIS map elaboration. During a wide survey on putative AlmWB phytoplasma insect vectors, 45 species of leafhoppers, 4 genera of cixiids, and 9 species of psyllids were collected and identified. Since leafhoppers were previously investigated as AlmWB phytoplasma vectors in Lebanon, the research focused on Cixiidae and Psyllidae taxa. In detail, 64 Cixiidae and 53 Psyllidae specimens were analyzed by direct and nested PCR, using respectively the specific primers AlWF2/AlWR2 and the universal primers P1/P7 followed by F2n/R2. Whereas all the psyllids tested negatives, 11 PCR reactions on Cixiidae specimens have shown positive results using the universal primers, whereas 16 reactions gave positive results using the specific primer pair, opening new possibilities about the research of the 'Ca. Phytoplasma phoenicium' vector(s). Results obtained in the present study evidenced the wide diffusion of 'Ca. P. phoenicium'-related strains in Lebanon. The pathogen affects different hosts and can be spread in territories characterised by very different climate and environmental conditions, representing a risk because of its adaptability to the neighbouring regions/Countries. The preliminary results obtained on Cixiidae analysis highlighted the presence of several phytoplasma-infected insects; their vectoring activity must be confirmed through green-house transmission assays, in order to demonstrate their role on 'Ca. P. phoenicium' transmission. In-depth investigating on Cixiidae biology, ecology and host range will allow planning a possible management of the disease. The results obtained during the present research work suggest that regulation and control measures are urgently necessaries to limit the diffusion of Almond Witches’-broom in Lebanon but also to avoid its spread in the Middle East and in Europe.

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32

Morales, Nicolàs Gerard. "Integrated management of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni: development of a disease forecasting system". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/523516.

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Bacterial spot disease of stone fruits, caused by Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, is of high economic importance in the major stone-fruit-producing areas worldwide. Disease control is mainly based on preventive measures, such as quarantine regulation, breeding for resistance or preventive copper spray applications, since no effective chemical control is available. Therefore, a better understanding of disease epidemiology can be valuable in developing disease management strategies. This thesis was aimed at developing a mechanistic forecasting system for bacterial spot disease of stone fruits, which is based on three components: i) epiphytic inoculum potential, ii) weather conditions conducive to infections, and iii) disease symptom appearance. The effects of environmental parameters and inoculum populations on different steps of the disease cycle were quantified and modeled. The results contributed with new knowledge on the epidemiology of bacterial spot disease of stone fruits and offer new possibilities in its management
La taca bacteriana dels fruiters de pinyol, causada per Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni, té un gran impacte econòmic a les principals zones productores de tot el món. El control de la malaltia es basa principalment en mesures preventives, com ara una regulació de quarantena, la selecció de varietats d’hostes resistents o aplicacions preventives de coure, ja que no es disposa de cap mètode de control químic curatiu i efectiu. Per tant, l’estudi de l'epidemiologia de la malaltia pot ser un factor valuós en el desenvolupament d'estratègies per al seu maneig. L’objectiu d’aquesta tesi va ser el desenvolupament d'un sistema de predicció del desenvolupament de la taca bacteriana dels fruiters de pinyol, el qual es basa en tres components: i) el potencial d'inòcul epífit, ii) les condicions meteorològiques favorables en el procés d’infecció, i iii) l’aparició dels símptomes de la malaltia. Els efectes dels paràmetres ambientals i del potencial d'inòcul es van quantificar i modelar en diferents processos clau del cicle de la malaltia. Els resultats obtinguts aporten nous coneixements sobre l'epidemiologia de la taca bacteriana dels fruiters de pinyol que ofereixen noves possibilitats en el seu maneig

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33

Verhulst, Adrien. "Étude de Faisabilité d'Études Consommateurs d'Achat de Fruits et Légumes « Moches » dans un Supermarché Virtuel". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ECDN0016/document.

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La grande distribution affiche une politique anti-gaspillage et a ainsi proposé dès 2014des Fruits et Légumes (F&Ls) « moches » [109] à la vente. Mais ces ventes sont temporaires et locales,et ont des effets peu étudiés sur le comportement des consommateurs. Nous proposons ici d'étudier si un magasin virtuel immersif (dans lequel nous contrôlons les F&Ls) peut être utilisé pour étudier le comportement des consommateurs confronté à des F&Ls « moches ». Afin d'avoir assez de F&Ls pour remplir le magasin virtuel, nous avons généré des F&Ls d'apparences variables de manière semi-procédurale comme suit :(1) nous générons le maillage avec des Cylindres Généralisés (CGs) [6] ; puis (2) gêneront les couleurs avec un système de particule.Nous avons réalisé 2 études comparatives (resp.N=142 et N=196). L'une portant sur le comportement consommateur lorsque les F&Ls sont plus ou moins anormaux (8F&Ls séparés en 4 groupes : sans déformation,légèrement déformés, déformés et fortement déformés). Ces différences n'avaient pas d'incidences sur le comportement. L'autre portait sur le comportement consommateur lorsque l'environnement est plus ou moins immersif (8 F&Ls sans déformation et 8 F&Ls déformés, séparés en 3groupes : magasin laboratoire, magasin virtuel non immersif et magasin virtuel immersif). Il existe des différences entre ces environnements sur le comportement. Enfin, nous avons étudié si la représentation virtuelle du consommateur avait un effet lors de l'achat des produits (incluant, mais ne se limitant pas aux F&Ls) nous avons donc réalisé une étude (N=29) avec 2 groupes : avatar obèse et avatar non-obèse. Il existe des différences localisées entre ces représentations sur le comportement consommateur
The retail sector has an anti-waste policyand has therefore offered “ugly” FaVs (Fruits and Vegetables) for sale as early as 2014 [109]. But these sales remain temporary and local and have little studied effects on consumer behavior. We propose here to study if an immersive virtual store (in which we control the FaVs) can be used to study consumer behavior confronted to “ugly” FaVs To have enough “ugly” FaVs to fill the virtual store, we developed a method capable of generatings emiprocedural FaVs. To do so we: (1) generate the mesh with Generalized Cylinders (GCs) [6]; then (2) generate the colors with a particle system.We conducted 2 comparative studies (N=142 andN=196 respectively). The first study focused on consumer behavior when the FaVs are abnormal (8 FaVs separated into 4groups: no deformation, slightly deformed, deformed and strongly deformed). These differences had no impact on consumer behavior. The other study focused on consumer behavior when the environment is more or less immersive (8 FaVs without deformation and 8 FaVs with deformation, separated into 3 groups: laboratory store, non immersive virtual store and immersive virtual store).There are differences between these environments on consumer behavior. Finally, we studied if the virtual representation of the consumer had an impact during the purchase of products (including, but not limited to, FaVs). To do so we carried out a third consumer study (N=29) (2groups: obese avatar and non-obese avatar). There are very localized differences between these representations on consumer behavior

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34

Ramphinwa, Maanea Lonia. "Performance of selected different types of stone fruits in a summer rainfall area, South Africa". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/125.

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Abdi, Nasser. "Development of biochemical and physiological indices of maturity of dessert stone fruit in relation to cool storage". Thesis, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/32.

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The aim of this research was to develop a new harvest maturity index for highly coloured stone fruit that is not affected by seasonal or climatic factors. The judgement of commercial maturity is difficult with some cultivars of stone fruit because they develop intense skin pigmentation several days before they are ripe. Studies of the changes of the physiochemical and physiological parameters associated with ripening confirmed that no single measurement is suitable for the assessment of harvest maturity in the Japanese type plum cultivars(Prunus salicina Lindl). Two distinct patterns of ripening behaviour were identified. The cool storage (0 degrees Centigrade) responses of fruit harvested at three stages of maturity were examined. Total soluble proteins were extracted and separated from fruit during maturation and ripening using 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis. At least three proteins were first detected in fruit at optimum commercial harvest maturity. Since Gulfruby, Beauty and Rubyred (Japanese type plum cultivars) accumulated similar concentrations of aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid(ACC), it was suggested that the suppressed-climacteric phenotype is the result of an impaired ability of the fruit to convert this compound to ethylene

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36

Luong, Thi Song Van. "Control of Monilinia fructicola in stone fruit with lemon myrtle essential oil". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/931198.

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Abstract (sommario):

Masters Research - Master of Philosophy (MPhil)
Brown rot caused by Monilinia fructicola is a major postharvest fungal disease in stone fruit. The need to control this disease has led to considerable reliance on synthetic fungicides. The use of these products has raised concerns related to pathogen-resistance and chemical residues on food products, creating demand for alternative control methods. Essential oils, which have long been generally recognised as safe for human use, are known for their antifungal properties. This project focuses on the postharvest application of lemon myrtle essential oil vapour to control brown rot on stone fruit. Sets of 20 fruit in 3 replicates were exposed to three different concentrations of lemon myrtle essential oil vapour in air; 25,000ppm; 30,000ppm and 40,000ppm, by placing each set within closed plastic containers with small fans to circulate the vapour during fumigations at 20oC and 25oC. Nectarines which were exposed to lemon myrtle oil vapour from 4 to 16 hours developed phytotoxic symptoms, while the minimum effective treatment times were 2 hour fumigations. Exposing ‘Diamond Bright’ nectarine and ‘Tam Hoa’ plum to lemon myrtle oil vapour concentrations of 25,000ppm, 30,000ppm and 40,000ppm at 20oC and 25oC for 2 hours significantly inhibited the growth of postharvest brown rot on artificially infected fruit. Phytotoxicity generally appeared as a result of concomitant high temperatures during treatment and high vapour concentrations. However, ‘Red Gold’ nectarines were most sensitive to lemon myrtle oil, with higher temperature treatments found to cause phytotoxicity in this variety even at lower vapour concentrations. Thus lower levels of lemon myrtle essential oil vapour are shown to be more active and toxic when treatment temperatures are increased from 20oC to 25oC. The experiment successfully established maximum tolerable oil vapour concentrations, treatment times and temperatures, which if exceeded could cause phytotoxicity. Thus the research usefully expands upon previous in vitro studies of essential oils as fungicides by investigating the balance between pathogen treatment and the need to protect fruit from phytotoxic damage, to maximise saleable stone fruit produce. This research further explains the different sensitivities of the diverse varieties tested.

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37

Uthairatanakij, Apiradee, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College e of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Responses of nectarines to atmospheres containing high carbon dioxide concentrations". 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/28106.

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Abstract (sommario):

Nectarines suffer low temperature disorders (LTD)when stored for more than 2 - 3 weeks at temperatures below 8 degrees C. LTD take the form of flesh bleeding and browning, loss of juiciness, development of mealiness and failure to ripen normally.It has been shown previously that adding about 15% CO2 to the storage atmosphere at 0 degrees C can delay the development of LTD in some cvv. of peaches and nectarines. The initial aim of this research was to explore the genetic basis of the differences among cultivars in the responses to high CO2.After much investigation, it was shown that both genetic and seasonal factors are involved in the development of LTD in nectarines. The development of LTD is a form of chilling injury since they only occur at temperatures below 8 degrees C. but there was no evidence of of a direct role for ethylene in either causing or delaying LTD. It was proposed that storage at low temperatures causes a metabolic imbalance resulting from changes in the amounts or activities of proteins associated with normal ripening. Proposals were presented to further examine protein expression using storage conditions that affect the rate of development of LTD.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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38

Wittig, Hans P. P. "Effect of resident epiphytic fungi development of brown rot blossom blight of stone fruits". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/37180.

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Abstract (sommario):

Antagonistic effects of Epicoccum purpurascens, Aureobasidium pullulans, Trichoderma spp., and Botrytis cinerea on establishment of Monilinia fructicola infections in cherry and peach blossoms were assessed in field and mist chamber studies. Conidia of each fungus were applied to blossoms that were subsequently inoculated with conidia of M fructicola. Mist chamber experiments on forced cherry blossoms demonstrated that recovery of M. fructicola was significantly reduced (P=.05) when spores of E. purpurascens and B.cinerea had been applied 24 hr prior to inoculation with M. fructicola. Reduction in recovery of M. fructicola was comparable to that obtained with the fungicide benomyl. In field trials done in 1990 and 1991, applications of E. purpurascens and A. pullulans reduced cherry blossom blight relative to nontreated blossoms by 47 to 65 and 54 to 58%, respectively, compared to reductions of 80 to 96 and 84 to 97% with the fungicides benomyl and iprodione, respectively. Twig blight in peach, an indicator of blossom blight infection, was reduced by 37% relative to nontreated blossoms with applications of E. purpurascens, compared to 54 and 51% reductions with benomyl and iprodione, respectively. Analysis of the influence of antagonistic fungi sprayed onto blossoms on fruit set indicated that B.cinerea was a weak pathogen of stone fruit blossoms. Significant reductions (P=.05 and P=.10) were obtained in fruit set compared with the nontreated control when conidia of B. cinerea were applied to both cherry and peach blossoms in 1991. Latent Monilinia infections were evaluated by dipping green cherries in the herbicide paraquat. Applications of E. purpurascens and A. pullulans to blossoms caused reductions in the number of latent Monilinia infections in green cherries by 18 and 49%, respectively in 1990, and 61 and 66% respectively in 1991. This compares with reductions of 98 and 92% in 1990 and 1991, respectively, with the fungicide iprodione. It was observed that the antagonists E. purpurascens and B. cinerea also became established as latent infections. These fungi were recovered at a significantly (P=.05) higher percentage on green cherries where they had been applied as antagonists to blossoms. No meaningful differences were detected in the amount of brown rot that developed on fruit due to the influence of fungal treatments on blossoms.
Graduation date: 1992

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39

Anderson, Natalie A. "Diversity of Low Chill Peaches (Prunus persica) from Asia, Brazil, Europe and the USA". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-05-7913.

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Abstract (sommario):

One hundred fifty-five peach (Prunus persica) cultivars, from Asia, Brazil, Europe, and the USA, were examined using eleven Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) to study the genetic relationships among low chill as compared to high chill peach germplasm. Data was analyzed by NTSYSpc to form a similarity matrix using Nei and Li’s Dice similarity coefficient. This similarity matrix was then subjected to a cluster analysis and a dendrogram was constructed using the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair-Group Method, Arithmetic Mean) method. A wide range of diversity was detected, from 0.33 coefficient of similarity amongst the Thai peaches to 0.97 between two Brazilian peaches. The most distant clusters were the low chill peaches from Thailand and Taiwan and the local cultivars (both fruit and ornamental types) from China. Among the improved germplasm, there were distinct clusters for the Chinese/Japanese cultivars, three clusters for the Brazilian cultivars and one for the cultivars from the USA and Europe. The Brazilian materials clustered according to breeding programs in São Paulo and Pelotas reflecting the different sets of local cultivars used in the breeding efforts. The largest group investigated was the European/USA peaches. This group subdivided into three distinct clusters, with a general clustering of the low chill germplasm. The low chill accessions from Asia were genetically distant from the improved low chill peaches from the USA or Brazil. The low chill peaches from the Americas were more closely related to the high chill peaches developed in the USA and China/Japan due to the introgression of this germplasm into a low chill background.

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40

Jajo, Aiman. "Molecular and physiological factors influencing low temperature breakdown in stonefruit". Thesis, 2013. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/565092.

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Abstract (sommario):

The development of CI in peaches and plums presents a challenge in the long-term cool storage of these fruit. In order to be able to store fruit for longer periods of time, and subsequently have the possibility of exporting stonefruit to overseas market via cheap transportation methods, a better understanding of the factors affecting CI needs to be investigated. Therefore, the overall aim of this study was to investigate the molecular events that are responsible for the development of CI in peaches and plums. In addition, this study focused on the molecular events leading to the development CI in peaches of different maturities. Finally, this study also focused on molecular events involved in the development of CI in peaches and plums, and the associated differences between the two species. In this study, I found that treatment with the ethylene antagonist, 1-MCP, increased CI in peaches harvested at an early harvest maturity stage but not in commercially mature fruit. The physiological age of the fruit was defined by measurements of the rates of ethylene production and respiration during ripening. Conducting these experiments with fruit of known physiological age overcame previous uncertainty about the severity of CI in peaches treated with 1-MCP. Peaches harvested at early and commercial maturity were used for molecular analyses of the differential transcript accumulation of between the 1-MCP treated and control fruit following cool storage. This study also confirmed the results of previous studies which showed that CI was more severe in peaches treated with 1-MCP but was reduced in Japanese-type plums. The physiological data showed that 1-MCP prolonged the storage life of plums in cool storage. The contrasting response of peaches and plums to 1-MCP provided a novel way to exaggerate the differences in susceptibility to CI in these two species that was utilised in molecular investigations of differential transcript accumulation between the two species. Molecular analyses were carried out using μPEACH1.0 to identify differences between 1-MCP and control fruit in both early and commercial maturity peaches, at multiple storage times. In this study, I was able to identify 113 and 95 genes differentially expressed in early and commercially mature peaches, respectively, prior to storage. After three weeks cool storage, 78 and 46 differentially expressed genes were identified in the early and commercially mature peaches, respectively. qPCR analysis confirmed the expression of the genes found to be differentially expressed. qPCR analysis showed that genes for 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and the major cherry allergen Pru av were related to cool storage differences. In addition, the genes, cytochrome b5 domain-containing protein, PIN1-like auxin transport protein, protein disulfide isomerise, expansin and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase were found to be related to the development of CI in relation to the two different maturities. Analysis of the differences seen between the peaches and plums following 1-MCP treatment was also investigated using the μPEACH1.0. Genes examined were in fruit from the 2007/08 and 2008/09 seasons. In 2007/08, the microarray analysis compared plum cultivars with a peach cultivar following 1-MCP treatment. Prior to storage in the 2007/08 season, there were 62, 154 and 54 genes differentially expressed in Zee Lady (ZP) peaches, Ruby Red (RR) and October Sun (OS) plums, respectively. After 3 (in peaches) and 4 (in plums) weeks storage, in the 2007/08 season there were 145, 266 and 36 genes differentially expressed in ZP peaches, RR and OS plums, respectively. In the 2008/09 season, comparisons were made between OS plums and early and commercially mature ZP peaches after 3 (peach) and 4 (plum) weeks cool storage. In this comparison, there were 164, 78 and 53 genes differentially expressed in OS plums, early and commercial maturity ZP peaches, respectively. Genes associated with the onset of CI and differentially expressed in response to 1-MCP treatment between the two species included, omega-6 fatty acid desaturase, an ethylene receptor and endopolygalacturonase. Cool storage-related genes across both species were identified by qPCR as an auxin response transcription factor and auxin/IAA. In addition, genes related to differences between species following 1-MCP treatment and cool storage included ACC synthase and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase. Proposals for future research include analysis of differential transcript accumulation in fruit sampled at more frequent intervals during the development of CI in cool storage and on removal to a ripening temperature and further exploration of the differential responses of plums and peaches to 1-MCP.

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41

Malcolm, Peter J. "Effects of root temperatures and genotype on the growth of peach rootstocks and their scions". Thesis, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/710.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spring shock syndrome (SSS) is a condition where flowering and leaf development in peach and nectarine trees is delayed and those leaves that do develop are often small and discoloured. Trees experiencing spring shock syndrome yield poorly. To learn more about the development of this syndrome, this thesis has examined the influence of root zone temperature (RZT) and genotype on the growth of peach rootstocks and the scions grafted onto them. Other factors that influence the quality of peach seedling rootstocks were also examined. Initial trials examined the influence of Okinawa (a low chill cultivar) and Golden Queen (a high chill cultivar)rootstocks on the expression of SSS. Studies found that multiple stems could originate from either multiple seeds within a single stone or from axils originating from the base of cotyledons. The incidence of both conditions was heavily influenced by variety, thus suggesting that an active selection program based on the elimination of these traits would be beneficial to the stone fruit nursery industry.

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42

Tran, Thi Xuan. "Improving production and quality of Gac (Momordica cochinchinensis Spreng.) fruit". Thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1350916.

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Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
The focus of the work undertaken in this study on the Gac plant was to develop production and postharvest practices that would increase yield and maximize fruit quality. The plant Gac is dioecious. The fruit has high nutritional value, and is used in traditional medicine and in processed foods. However, the agronomic and postharvest practices for this crop are not well developed. Specifically, improved ways of germinating seeds and propagating seedlings, methods of assisted pollination, managing fruit size, and controlling fruit quality are required. The methods used for other crops in agronomy and postharvest to improve practices were expected to provide suitable models for Gac. Greenhouse and hydroponic methods were used to grow experimental crops and postharvest techniques were also used to analyse the quality of fruit in this study. In Chapter 2, the effect of temperature and seed age on seed germination, the effect of auxin concentration on the rooting and survival rate of cuttings and the effects of three rootstock ages and two grafting methods on the survival of grafts were investigated. Seed germinated well at 25-35 °C, IBA (indole-butyric acid) concentrations of 3-5gL-1 were suitable for propagating softwood cuttings and top-wedge and slice type grafts were successful with 4 and 8 weeks old rootstocks. These methods could be widely used to propagate Gac with the purposes of increasing the number of female plants. Ways to prolong the viability of seed in storage is a recommend area for further research. Chapter 3 included developing an in vitro method to evaluate pollen viability. The effect of pollen storage on pollen viability and on Gac fruit quality was also investigated. Following this, the effect of temperature on pollen germinability was investigated. The medium including 1% agar, 0.01% H3BO3, 0.01% KNO3 15% sucrose, 250mg MgSO4.7H2O and 700mg Ca(NO3)2.4H2O was found to be suitable for Gac pollen germination at 35 °C. Although pollen germination declined with storage time, hand pollination with stored pollen (for up to four weeks at 4 °C and eight weeks at -20 °C) showed a high fruit set (>73%) and no differences in fruit quality (lycopene and β-carotene concentrations) compared with fresh pollen. Better storage regimes will require an understanding of the desiccation sensitivity of Gac pollen. In Chapter 4, the effect of fruit load and fruit-set order on fruit weight and quality of Gac was evaluated. The resource allocation among leaves and fruits was also explored. With increased fruit load and fruit-set order, declines in fruit weight and aril quality were found in fruit highlighting the important effect that fruit load can have on fruit quality. This study highlights that leaf area index (LAI) provided a non-destructive indicator of canopy area, having a positive relationship with leaf dry weight (r2 = 0.56), and it may be suitable for use in future studies requiring canopy area estimates. Chapter 5 evaluated the impact of postharvest storage on some physiochemical characteristics of mature Gac fruit in Vietnam and Australia. Gac fruit harvested prior to full maturity continues to ripen, increasing nutritional quality, in terms of oil, lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in aril. Fruit firmness, skin colour and the TSS (total soluble solids) of aril were identified as potential indicators of the lycopene and β-carotene concentrations. The postharvest research on Gac showed that it may be possible to use a simple measurement of TSS (total soluble solids) in aril juice, or whole-fruit firmness to indicate fruit quality during ripening. In Chapter 6, Gac fruit harvested at five maturity stages were described in terms of their physicochemical characteristics. Fruit maturity stages M4 and M5 showed the highest quality characteristics in terms of aril oil, lycopene and β-carotene concentrations. The respiration rates and ethylene produced from fruits during storage suggested a climacteric nature which needs further investigation. This will assist in determining the appropriate storage conditions for Gac fruit. In conclusion, methods of propagation, pollination, canopy management and postharvest practices have been improved as a result of this study and provide information that can be used as a base for further developments in the commercialization and conservation of this species.

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43

Chen, Chi-Yean, e 陳琦彥. "Research on the Operation Strategy of Vegetable and Fruit at Convenienve Store". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/73pzgb.

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Abstract (sommario):

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
運輸科學系
105
In the recent years, convenient stores have reached an essential place in every customer’s life. As modern standard of living improves, it has apparently become a trend that customers pay more attention to diet and health-preserving and with diversification of veggie and fruit marketing channel, four leading brands of convenient stores in Taiwan have no choice but board the train, engage in fruit retail market one by one. Our research expectation is to analyze market trends by the change of fruit selling nowadays, provide suggestion for the transformation or marketing channel of market industry in the future, and make not only fruit, but also veggie retailing combine with convenient stores, which emphasize on convenience and rapidity, for catching up the trend of modern trading pattern. Base on the documents in the past, we conduct our research through In-Depth Interview and SWOT as auxiliary. In order to combine theory and practice, we will take convenient store F as our research object and study its business management, industry development, and social contribution. We expect to provide our research to convenient store managers and farmer as reference, and propose suggestions from it. We would like to contribute our effort to the future industry.

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44

Strom, Alyssa. "The relationship between grocery store tours and fruit and vegetable consumption among undergraduate nutrition students". 2017. http://scholarworks.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/90.

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Introduction:. College-aged students do not meet recommended intakes of fruits and vegetables, which over time can increase risk of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether nutrition education on different forms of fruits and vegetables delivered during a grocery store tour impacted fruit and vegetable consumption among undergraduate students enrolled in introductory nutrition courses at Georgia State University (GSU). Methods: Undergraduate students enrolled in introductory nutrition courses completed an initial fruit and vegetable consumption survey at the start of the semester. The experimental group (n=93) completed the grocery store tour, while the control group (n=51) did not. Both groups completed a final survey on fruit and vegetable consumption at the end of the semester. The survey investigated the following areas: daily fruit consumption; daily vegetable consumption; forms of fruits consumed; forms of vegetables consumed; reasons to consume fruits; reasons to consume vegetables; reasons to avoid fruit; reasons to avoid vegetables. Educational and interactive grocery store tours, led by GSU Coordinated Program students, focused on the following areas: fresh produce; dried fruits; canned fruits/vegetables; frozen fruits/vegetables; 100% juices. The percent of participants who increased fruit/vegetable consumption from/day to >2 servings/day and the number of forms of fruits/vegetables consumed was calculated using descriptive statistics. Results: Fruit consumption increased among participants in both the control and experimental group. However, the experimental group demonstrated a greater increase in number of participants increasing consumption to 2 or more servings per day for fruit (65.2% and 52.9%, respectively). Vegetable intake increased in the control group (49% of participants) after the nutrition course but no difference in vegetable consumption was observed in the experimental group. The grocery tour intervention did not increase the number of forms of fruits and vegetables consumed. The control group reported prevention of disease, while the experimental group reported good taste, as the most frequent reason to consume fruit both before and after the intervention. Both the control and experimental groups reported health as the most frequent reason to consume vegetables both before and after the intervention. The experimental group reported cost as the most frequent reason not to consume fruit before the intervention, but after the intervention, “other reasons” was the most frequently reported reason for not consuming fruits. These results indicate that the nutrition education may have impacted perceived barriers to fruit consumption. Conclusion: Our data indicate grocery store tours increase fruit consumption among undergraduate students. Due to the increase in fruit and vegetable consumption between both groups, enrollment in a nutrition course may have influence consumption. Future studies are needed to investigate influence of nutrition courses and to quantify other reasons to consume fruits and vegetables as well as not to consume fruits and vegetables.

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45

Wang, Shu-Pin, e 王抒品. "The research of using big data to analyze purchasing behavior of fruit at convenient store". Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66974866643428234191.

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Abstract (sommario):

碩士
中原大學
資訊管理研究所
104
In fact that food safety issues impact and the rise of health awareness in recent years. Nowadays consumer focus on their food and it’s been a trend. Therefore consumers will demand the amount of fruit consumption and has become more important. The convenience stores all focus on the market of fruit retail. Therefore the research will focus on fruit buying behavior of consumer in convenience stores and will use electronic invoice combine information on internet, the open data from government to verification the fruit buying behavior of consumer in convenience stores. Through the real data of electronic invoice to prove it and replace the lack of buying intention that will making the research more reality. In terms of the convenience stores trader that can realize the impact on fruit buying factor and sale situation. In order to control the cost and the marketing trick in future. The research will use R statistics software regression analysis, correlation analysis and descriptive statistics. Through visualize to analysis the fruit buying behavior and can find out the possible phenomenon and related more quickly.

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46

Pagani, Maria Cristina. "An ABC transporter protein and molecular diagnoses of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni causing bacterial spot of stone fruits". 2004. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-10042004-232356/unrestricted/etd.pdf.

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47

Yang, Nan-chin, e 楊南進. "Studying the Effects of Fruits and Vegetables Store Image on Consumers’ Purchase Intention in Taiwan". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5uh2ef.

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Abstract (sommario):

碩士
國立高雄第一科技大學
國際管理碩士學位學程
102
The fruits and vegetables retail sector in Taiwan has been experiencing significant development since its openness to the world. Due to the fact that almost all fruits and vegetables are sold at retail outlets, it motivates retailers to improve themselves in order to attract more consumers to their stores. In the past, there were many studies regarding fruits and vegetables; however, the effects of fruits and vegetables store image on consumers’ purchase intention has not yet studied. Consequently, the primary purpose of this study is to discover the relationship between fruits and vegetables store image and consumer’s purchase intention. By examining consumers’ assessment of 5 store image components, we can determine which component has the best impact on consumer’s perception of store image. Simultaneously, the linear effect of store image on consumer’s purchase intention as well as the mediating effect of store image on the influence of each component on purchase intention would be defined. In this study, 200 questionnaires were delivered to consumers of different ages, genders, incomes, and education in Taiwan and SPSS 18.0 was applied to analyze the data in order to verify the validation of the framework and hypotheses in this study. The findings of this study reveal that personal service, merchandises and selling environment have significant influence on consumers’ purchase intention. In the meanwhile, advertising promotion and location are not significantly influential in their purchase intention. The result also reveals that store image is built with the 3 best components: merchandise, selling environment and advertising and promotion. Location and personal service have no significant effect on it. In addition, there is no difference amongst demographic factors regarding their preference for store image components, store image and purchase intention.

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48

"Food Purchasing Behavior: Choice, Change, Challenge". Master's thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.16456.

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abstract: This study was designed to influence consumer habits, specifically those relating to purchases of fruits, vegetables, and junk food. Previous studies have clearly shown the ineffectiveness of simply describing the health benefits of eating more fruits and vegetables (F/V). In contrast, this study aimed to change the result by changing the message: providing participants with insight into the hidden agendas of food companies and grocery stores, provide useful tips on how to include children when selecting F/V, and emphasizing the importance of parental modeling in regard to food purchases. Participants of this study were separated into two groups, the tour group and the education group. The tour group was guided through a grocery store where they learned about sales tactics and manipulations used by grocery stores and food companies to influence purchases. Education group participants were provided with an education session focusing on USDA and FDA handouts displaying current educational suggestions for increasing F/V consumption. Grocery store receipts were collected and analyzed to track the progress of both groups. The goal of the study was to identify a method of informing consumers that will produce a significant change in behavior. Increasing F/V consumption, even in relatively small amounts, would be an important step forward in improving the diet and overall health of Americans. This study was the first of its kind to measure purchasing patterns objectively (through analysis of purchase receipts, rather than personal opinion/evaluation surveys) and in a wide-scope retail environment that includes all grocery store purchases by participants. Significant increases or decreases in the amount of money spent on F/V, or the amount (pounds) of F/V purchased were not seen, however a small correlation (r = 0.133) exists when comparing the weight of F/V purchased pre/post intervention. Data from Food Frequency Questionnaires shows participants consuming significantly higher amounts of F/V post intervention (p=0.043). The tour group and education group experienced an average increase of 0.7 servings per day. Future interventions might benefit by extending their scope to include cooking demonstrations, in-home interventions, and education on healthy eating outside of the home.
Dissertation/Thesis
M.S. Nutrition 2013

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Ting-Hsuan, Wu, e 吳亭萱. "The Impact of Consumers’ Perceived Quality, Perceived Value and Willingness to Buy against Store Image－Based on the Research of the Fruit and Vegetable Market of Carrefour in Pingtung". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70199768243189888344.

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Abstract (sommario):

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農企業管理研究所
95
The domestic market ignites the route revolution unprecedented because of hypermarket appearance. The manager of hypermarket in order to succeed in this competitions, presents various kinds of promotion campaigns in order to increase the willingness to buy goods of customer. But this kind of method does not get approval of customers, understanding what is the demand in the customer’s heart and then provide products and service which are customer’s want in order to keep the relation for a long time with the customers is strategy of enterprises which can operate forever. Therefore, we take Carrefour Pingdong Branch as research range, and based on the perceived evaluation model of Kent B. Monroe(1990), we integrate the “store image” into this model to analyze the relationship between “willingness to buy” and “store image”. We use SEM to test the relationship between variables in the perceived evaluation model. Our main results can be summarized by the following three points: 1. In the depressing environment, Consumers calculate carefully to every sum of expenditure. Only when a product is “valuable” in the mind of the consumers, consumers will consider to buy. Therefore, “perceived value” is the main factor to influence the willingness to buy of consumers. 2. When consumers infer quality of vegetables and fruit, he will be infected by the choosing area of fruit and vegetables and the whole environment of Carrefour. When consumers have better impression to hypermarket, they have higher perceived quality to fruit and vegetables, and higher perceived quality will also affect consumer’s willingness to buy of fruit and vegetables significant and positive. 3. Because young unmarried-men are not sensitive to the price of fruit and vegetables and often take “convenient” and “buying all goods at one time” for primary purpose. While they choose other goods, also increase the willingness to buy the fruit and vegetables. For this reason, the seller of hypermarket in order to increase the sales should take the people who are unmarried and under 25 years old for goal market that can developed.

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50

RYSOVÁ, Kateřina. "Kvalita ovoce a zeleniny na českém trhu". Master's thesis, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-394660.

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The aim of this work is to find out the attitudes of Czech consumers to the quality of fruit and vegetables on the Czech market. The quality of fruit and vegetables in sales formats is also investigated. The theoretical part includes general characteristics of fruits and vegetables, conventional and organic farming and other certification systems, production and consumption of fruit and vegetables and foreign trade. The work describes the quality of food and organic food, the quality of freshness fruit and vegetables and legislative requirements.The practical part examines during questionnaire survey how consumers perceive the quality of fruit and vegetables on the Czech market. In this section was conducted research in retail chains and specialized stores in České Budějovice and Vlašim. For the research were selected red apples, bananas, tomatoes and cucumbers. Shops have been awarded points and the winner is the shop which got least points. The practical part was concluded with a structured interview with the founder of the Food Bank in České Budějovice.

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Tesi sul tema "Stone fruit"

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