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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Starvation"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 31 luglio 2024

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1

Soler, C., P. Claquin, M. Goutx, O. Ragueneau e B. Moriceau. "Impact of nutrient starvation on the biochemical composition of the marine diatom <i>Thalassiosira weissflogii</i>: from the whole cell to the frustule fraction". Biogeosciences Discussions 7, n. 4 (13 agosto 2010): 5953–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-5953-2010.

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Abstract. Interactions between carbon and silica in the diatom frustule play an important role in carbon export through their impact on diatom remineralization (carbon degradation and biogenic silica dissolution). To ameliorate model prediction of the fate of Si and organic matter during sedimentation, there is a need to first understand the origin and nature of Si-OC interactions, their impact on diatom remineralization and their variability with environmental conditions. In this study we focus on the impact of nutrient starvations on the formation and nature of these interactions in an ubiquitous diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii. Fluorescence reveals the strong impact of all starvations on diatom metabolism while Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy clearly showed that starvations altered the composition of the different diatom fractions. The relative compositions of whole cells were almost not impacted by starvations except Si(OH)4 starvation that slightly increased proteins relative contribution while decreasing carbohydrate. Starvation impacts became obvious looking at the composition of the different part of the diatom. The relative biochemical composition of the organic coating, protecting the frustule from the environment, was strongly affected by starvation. Under nitrate starvation, carbohydrate contribution increased while protein contribution decreased. Inversely, phosphate starvation increased the proportion of proteins and decreased carbohydrates contribution. Starvations also modified the different frustule phases. bSiO2 contribution decreased in the less reactive phase under silicate and phosphate starvation whereas nitrate starvation rather increased carbohydrate and protein pools. Phosphate starvation also led to an important shift of dominance among protein groups between amide I and amide II which compounds are suspected to play a key role in the frustule synthesis and architecture. Nutrient starvations affected the relative biochemical composition of diatom frustule fractions and organic coating which could imply a strong impact on frustule structure and architecture but also on frustule mechanical and chemical resistance.

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Fukatu, Kazuhiko. "Gut starvation". Japanese Journal of SURGICAL METABOLISM and NUTRITION 48, n. 5 (2014): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11638/jssmn.48.5_197.

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3

Bobrovnikova, Lidia A., Maria S. Pakholkova, Roman A. Sidorov e Maria A. Sinetova. "Starch and triacylglycerol accumulation in the cells of the stain Chlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210". Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), n. 2(26) (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2021-2(26)-1-7.

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Strain Сhlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210 is an effective lipid and triacilglycerols (TAG) producer. The strain could be used eventually in such industries as bioenergetics, food industry and agriculture. The objective of this work was investigation of conditions in which the strain Сhlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210 accumulates the most starch and TAG in cells with a view to optimise its growth and productivity. The following cultivation parameters were investigated in order to figure out their influence on accumulation of starch and TAG: nitrogen- and phosphorous-starvation and cultivation on media with different nitrogen (nitrate, urea) and carbon (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate) sources. Pigments, starch, protein and lipid content in cells were measured. The exclusion of nitrogen or phosphorus source from medium decreased the biomass productivity significantly, caused chlorosis and reduction of protein content. Total lipid content increased slightly after phosphorous starvation and stayed almost constant under nitrogen starvation, however a greater TAG increase was observed during nitrogen starvation. Both nitrogen and phosphorous starvations caused the increase of the amount of reserve carbohydrates: during phosphorous starvation increase was insignificant, whereas the latter almost doubled the amount of reserve carbohydrates. The highest biomass and lipid productivity was observed in cells grown in bicarbonate supplement medium and the highest starch productivity was observed in cells grown in standard BBM-3N medium.

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Kuo, Macus, Helen Chen, Lynn Feun e Niramol Savaraj. "Targeting the Proline–Glutamine–Asparagine–Arginine Metabolic Axis in Amino Acid Starvation Cancer Therapy". Pharmaceuticals 14, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14010072.

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Proline, glutamine, asparagine, and arginine are conditionally non-essential amino acids that can be produced in our body. However, they are essential for the growth of highly proliferative cells such as cancers. Many cancers express reduced levels of these amino acids and thus require import from the environment. Meanwhile, the biosynthesis of these amino acids is inter-connected but can be intervened individually through the inhibition of key enzymes of the biosynthesis of these amino acids, resulting in amino acid starvation and cell death. Amino acid starvation strategies have been in various stages of clinical applications. Targeting asparagine using asparaginase has been approved for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Targeting glutamine and arginine starvations are in various stages of clinical trials, and targeting proline starvation is in preclinical development. The most important obstacle of these therapies is drug resistance, which is mostly due to reactivation of the key enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the targeted amino acids and reprogramming of compensatory survival pathways via transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-translational mechanisms. Here, we review the interactive regulatory mechanisms that control cellular levels of these amino acids for amino acid starvation therapy and how drug resistance is evolved underlying treatment failure.

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Ahsan, Chowdhury Rafiqul, Farah Shamma, Nazmul Ahsan e Moutusee Jubaida Islam. "Environmental Factors Regulate the hlyE Gene Expression in Both S. typhi and E. coli in a Similar Way to Display Haemolytic Activity". Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 42, n. 1 (29 marzo 2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v42i1.32001.

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Haemolysin (HlyE) is an essential virulence factor of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. Although, a substantial degree of haemolytic activity is not seen under normal culture conditions in these organisms, however, the non-haemolytic E. coli K-12 showed significant haemolytic activity under stress conditions. To confirm this phenomenon in other enteric bacteria, in this study, the production of haemolysin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi under stress conditions, like oxygen and glucose starvations in vitro was investigated during March-December 2015. For this, S. typhi was cultured under oxygen or glucose starvation condition separately and this organism showed high haemolytic activity. The activity was found to be much higher when both the conditions were applied together. Also, the role of the transcription factor SlyA of S. typhi was investigated on induction of haemolytic activity. When E. coli K-12 was transformed with plasmid containing the gene of SlyA, the recombinant bacteria without any starvation condition, also showed similar haemolytic activity that was exhibited by S. typhi grown under oxygen and glucose starvation conditions. All these findings suggest that both environmental factors like oxygen or glucose starvation and overexpression of the transcription factor SlyA have important role in inducing hlyE gene expression in S. typhi.

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6

Kueper, Janina, Shaul Beyth, Meir Liebergall, Leon Kaplan e Josh E. Schroeder. "Evidence for the Adverse Effect of Starvation on Bone Quality: A Review of the Literature". International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/628740.

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Malnutrition and starvation’s possible adverse impacts on bone health and bone quality first came into the spotlight after the horrors of the Holocaust and the ghettos of World War II. Famine and food restrictions led to a mean caloric intake of 200–800 calories a day in the ghettos and concentration camps, resulting in catabolysis and starvation of the inhabitants and prisoners. Severely increased risks of fracture, poor bone mineral density, and decreased cortical strength were noted in several case series and descriptive reports addressing the medical issues of these individuals. A severe effect of severely diminished food intake and frequently concomitant calcium- and Vitamin D deficiencies was subsequently proven in both animal models and the most common cause of starvation in developed countries is anorexia nervosa. This review attempts to summarize the literature available on the impact of the metabolic response to Starvation on overall bone health and bone quality.

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7

Thounthong, P., B. Davat, S. Rael e P. Sethakul. "Fuel starvation". IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 15, n. 4 (luglio 2009): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2009.932604.

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Frise, Charlotte J., e Lucy Mackillop. "Starvation ketoacidosis". Journal of the Intensive Care Society 17, n. 4 (25 ottobre 2016): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1751143716644462.

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9

Yates, Darran. "Signalling starvation". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, n. 10 (29 agosto 2013): 670–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3592.

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Albano, Caterina. "Questioning starvation". Women's Writing 8, n. 2 (1 luglio 2001): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09699080100200172.

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Stephenson, Neal. "Innovation Starvation". World Policy Journal 28, n. 3 (2011): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0740277511425349.

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12

Kjelleberg, Staffan. "Surviving starvation". Trends in Microbiology 6, n. 6 (giugno 1998): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01275-x.

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Wortis, Joseph. "Irreversible starvation". Biological Psychiatry 20, n. 5 (maggio 1985): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(85)90018-6.

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14

Chen, Inês. "Starvation signal". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 19, n. 4 (aprile 2012): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2283.

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15

Hampton, Tracy. "Starvation Hormone". JAMA 298, n. 5 (1 agosto 2007): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.5.505-c.

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STEFANYSHYN, N. P. "STARVATION DURING DEVELOPMENT AFFECTS METABOLISM IN DROSOPHILA". Biotechnologia Acta 16, n. 2 (28 aprile 2023): 44–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/biotech16.02.044.

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Aim. To investigate how starvation during early stage of fly development affects carbohydrate metabolism in imago flies and their progeny of F1 generation. Methods. Wild-type Canton-S strain Drosophila melanogaster flies were used in all experiments. Flies of parental and offspring generations were used for the determination of glycogen and glucose content using the diagnostic kit Glucose-Mono-400-P according to the manufacturer's instructions. Results represent as the mean ± SEM of 3-4 replicates per group. According Student's t-test significant difference between groups was P<0.05. Graphing and statistical analysis were performed by using GraphPad Prism. Results. Starvation during development significantly influenced the level of hemolymph and body glucose in imago flies of parental generation. Hemolymph glucose concentration was lower by 34% (P=0.008) and 32% (P=0.033) in experimental females and males, respectively, as compared to control groups. Starvation during development led to lower level of body glucose in adult parental flies of both sexes. Adult males F1, generated by parents that were starved during development, showed 3-fold lower glycogen content, as compared to control. Conclusions. Starvation at early stage of development led to lower hemolymph glucose and body glucose level in imago flies. Moreover, parental starvation decreased glycogen pool in F1 males.

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Chen, Yining, Lan Lan, Jing Zhang, Qiaohan Wang, Yan Liu, Huiru Li, Qingli Gong e Xu Gao. "Physiological Impacts of Nitrogen Starvation and Subsequent Recovery on the Red Seaweed Grateloupia turuturu (Halymeniaceae, Rhodophyta)". Sustainability 15, n. 9 (22 aprile 2023): 7032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097032.

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Grateloupia turuturu is a potential aquaculture species as it has a significant number of high-valued compounds. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiobiochemical performances of G. turuturu under nitrogen deficiency and resupply. In this study, G. turuturu was exposed to different lengths of nitrogen starvation (from 0 to 28 days) and subsequently subjected to a 21-day nitrogen-recovery period. The nitrate and ammonium uptake rates, growth rates, and nitrogenous compounds of G. turuturu were periodically measured. The results showed that the nitrogen-starved G. turururu absorbed ammonium much faster than nitrate after nitrogen recovery. Furthermore, an overcompensatory uptake of ammonium was induced via nitrogen deficiency in a short phase after nitrogen resupply. The time and rates of depletion of different compositions varied during nitrogen starvation. Specifically, pigment contents decreased faster than protein and total nitrogen contents, and the reduction rate of protein was the lowest. After nitrogen resupply, though G. turuturu gradually recovered, growth rates and pigments from long-term nitrogen starvations could not recover enough to reach their original values. Our study reveals the physiological changing processes of G. turuturu during nitrogen starvation and recovery and provides baseline information aiding in the development of strategies for G. turuturu cultivation.

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Hibshman, Jonathan D., Tess C. Leuthner, Chelsea Shoben, Danielle F. Mello, David R. Sherwood, Joel N. Meyer e L. Ryan Baugh. "Nonselective autophagy reduces mitochondrial content during starvation in Caenorhabditis elegans". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 315, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2018): C781—C792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00109.2018.

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Starvation significantly alters cellular physiology, and signs of aging have been reported to occur during starvation. Mitochondria are essential to the regulation of cellular energetics and aging. We sought to determine whether mitochondria exhibit signs of aging during starvation and whether quality control mechanisms regulate mitochondrial physiology during starvation. We describe effects of starvation on mitochondria in the first and third larval stages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. When starved, C. elegans larvae enter developmental arrest. We observed fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, a reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and accumulation of DNA damage during starvation-induced developmental arrest. Mitochondrial function was also compromised by starvation. Starved worms had lower basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration. These observations are consistent with reduced mitochondrial quality, similar to mitochondrial phenotypes during aging. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that worms deficient for autophagy were short-lived during starvation and recovered poorly from extended starvation, indicating sensitivity to nutrient stress. Autophagy mutants unc-51/Atg1 and atg-18/Atg18 maintained greater mtDNA content than wild-type worms during starvation, suggesting that autophagy promotes mitochondrial degradation during starvation. unc-51 mutants also had a proportionally smaller reduction in oxygen consumption rate during starvation, suggesting that autophagy also contributes to reduced mitochondrial function. Surprisingly, mutations in genes involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as selective mitophagy of damaged mitochondria did not affect mitochondrial content during starvation. Our results demonstrate the profound influence of starvation on mitochondrial physiology with organismal consequences, and they show that these physiological effects are influenced by autophagy.

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Yousif Al-tikrity, Wedyan, e Thaer Mohamed Al-Mashhadani. "Physiological and histological effects of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on white male rats exposed to starvation stress". Science Archives 03, n. 04 (2022): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/sa.2022.3410.

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This study was done to find out the effect of the antioxidant Hydroxytoluene (BHT) on some physiological and histological variables of rats subjected to stress by starvation. 50 kg) starvation + BHT concentration (mg/kg 100) starvation + BHT concentration (50 mg/kg) starvation + olive oil). The data indicate that starvation decreases the sex hormones of rats exposed to stress by starvation Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone(LH), Testosterone, and damage to testicular tissues, the antioxidant group BHT showed a concentration of (100,50 mg/kg) a protective effect against the negative effect of stress by starvation on sex hormones and testicular tissues by maintaining Its concentration is within its normal level, while the starvation group showed a negative effect on the concentration of sex hormones in the rats’ blood serum and testes tissue. The antioxidant BHT at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg has an effective role in maintaining most of the physiological, biochemical, and histological variables from the negative effects of stress by starvation.

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Titley, Alan, e Tony Byrne. "Politics of Starvation". Books Ireland, n. 209 (1997): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623492.

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Gura, Trisha. "Addicted To Starvation". Scientific American Mind 19, n. 3 (giugno 2008): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0608-60.

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Morley, John E. "Death by Starvation". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37, n. 2 (febbraio 1989): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05881.x.

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Cahill, G. F. "Survival in starvation". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, n. 1 (1 luglio 1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.1.1.

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Watine, Robert S. "Starvation Diets Revisited". STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 19, n. 4 (1997): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1997)019<0070:sdr>2.3.co;2.

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Sarvesvaran, Esha R. "Homicide by Starvation". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199209000-00021.

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Flynn, M. A. "Starvation among athletes." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 15, n. 6 (dicembre 1996): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1996.10718641.

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Wackett, Lawrence P. "Bacterial starvation response". Environmental Microbiology Reports 3, n. 3 (13 maggio 2011): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00262.x.

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LENBURG, M., e E. OSHEA. "Signaling phosphate starvation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 21, n. 10 (ottobre 1996): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0004(96)10048-7.

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Lenburg, M. "Signaling phosphate starvation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 21, n. 10 (ottobre 1996): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(96)10048-7.

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Garrow, J. "Starvation in hospital". BMJ 308, n. 6934 (9 aprile 1994): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6934.934.

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Eid, T. "Starvation Strengthens Addiction". Science Translational Medicine 5, n. 200 (28 agosto 2013): 200ec142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3007309.

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Ray, L. B. "Starvation and Autophagy". Science Signaling 5, n. 220 (17 aprile 2012): ec114-ec114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2003137.

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Coyle, S., e E. Kroll. "Starvation Induces Genomic Rearrangements and Starvation-Resilient Phenotypes in Yeast". Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, n. 2 (2 gennaio 2008): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm256.

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Marotta, Roberto, Andrea Uggetti, Claudia Ricci, Francesca Leasi e Giulio Melone. "Surviving starvation: Changes accompanying starvation tolerance in a bdelloid rotifer". Journal of Morphology 273, n. 1 (25 agosto 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.11000.

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Yousif Al-tikrity, Wedyan, e Thaer Mohamed Al-Mashhadani. "Protective Effect Of The Antioxidant Butylated Hydroxytoluene (Bht) On Some Physiological And Biochemical Variables Of Male Rats Exposed To Stress By Starvation." Sumer 4 8, CSS 4 (15 ottobre 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21931/rb/css/2023.08.04.71.

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This study investigated the effect of Butylated Hydroxytoluene (BHT) on some physiological and biochemical parameters of rats subjected to stress by starvation, and 56 mature males were divided into eight groups.(Control, Olive Oil, Starvation, BHT Concentration (100 mg/kg), BHT Concentration (50 mg/kg), Starvation + BHT concentration (100 mg/kg), starvation + BHT concentration (50 mg/kg), starvation + olive oil. The results showed that the olive oil group and BHT groups at a concentration (50, 100 mg/kg) There was no significant difference in most of the treatments within the studied variables. In contrast, the starvation group showed a significant decrease in the concentration of (Total protein, Albumin, Lipase Enzyme, Lactate Dehydrogenase Enzyme (LDH), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC). The control group, while the starvation + BHT group, did not show a concentration (100,50 mg/kg) Significant difference compared with the control group in all the variables as mentioned earlier, which shows clearly the protective effect of BHT against the negative effect of starvation by maintaining its concentrations within its normal level. Keywords: BHT; Starvation; Total Protein; Albumin; Lipase Enzyme; LDH; TAC.

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Wu, Hai-Wei, Xian-Chen Li e Huan-Xiu Liu. "Starvation resistance of invasive lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in China". Entomologica Fennica 27, n. 1 (14 febbraio 2016): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.55420.

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Food shortage is a prevalent threat to insect survival and successful reproduction in natural settings. An insect species invading new areasmay have a high capacity to survive and adapt to starvation. To test these hypotheses, we assessed the survival time of Corythucha ciliata (Say), in a laboratory under two starvation conditions: complete starvation (no food supplied) and gradual starvation (food provided once and not replenished). Under complete starvation, survival of 3rd to 5th instar nymphs tended to decline steadily, whereas under gradual starvation this process was delayed in the initial stage. The average survival times increased as the instar increased under both conditions (14.0 h, 15.9 h and 24.4 h under complete starvation conditions; 27.8 h, 29.6 h and 33.6 h under gradual starvation conditions). The longest lived individual nymph survived for 49 hours. The results may partially explain the rapid global expansion of C. ciliata.

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Conley, Bridget, e Alex de Waal. "The Purposes of Starvation". Journal of International Criminal Justice 17, n. 4 (1 settembre 2019): 699–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqz054.

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Abstract Mass starvation has throughout history been mis-categorized as a natural phenomenon, or an unfortunate side-effect of conflict and political oppression. The numbers and names of the victims fade into the background, blurred traces of the horrors of history. Yet, this is both an inaccurate understanding of starvation crimes and an injustice to victims. Mass starvation is a process of deprivation that occurs when actors impede the capacity of targeted persons to access the means of sustaining life. In this article, we introduce key features of starvation and note that many of the acts that create conditions of mass starvation are already prohibited under different provisions of international law. We introduce the term ‘starvation crimes’ to capture how these separately criminalized acts, when perpetrated over a long duration can create mass starvation. Implicit in ‘starvation crimes’ is that starvation is produced by leaders’ decisions and serves political, military or economic goals. We discuss nine objectives that can be furthered through mass starvation, offering historical examples to illustrate each. They include: (i) extermination or genocide; (ii) control through weakening a population; (iii) gaining territorial control; (iv) flushing out a population; (v) punishment; (vi) material extraction or theft; (vii) extreme exploitation; (viii) war provisioning; and (ix) comprehensive societal transformation.

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Xie, Min, Shaoming Li, Zhifeng Feng, Jin Xiang, Qi Deng, Pengpeng Wang, Hao Wu, Jingwei Gao, Guoqing Zeng e Guangqing Xiang. "Effects of Starvation on the Physiology and Liver Transcriptome of Yellowcheek (Elopichthys bambusa)". Fishes 8, n. 4 (24 marzo 2023): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes8040175.

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Anthropogenic and extreme climate disasters cause ecological changes in natural rivers and lakes, increasing the risk of starvation in yellowcheek (Elopichthys bambusa). Therefore, the impact of starvation on the metabolism and wild population of yellowcheek should be explored. In this study, we used transcriptome sequencing technology to analyze the effects of short (8 d) and long-term (28 d) starvation on the liver transcriptome, growth, and serum indicators of yellowcheek. Our results showed that short-term starvation significantly reduced the visceral weight and viscera index of yellowcheek. Long-term starvation significantly reduced the body weight and Fulton’s condition factor, and it maintained significant reductions in visceral weight and viscera index. These results indicate that glycogen is the preferred energy source, rather than muscle protein, under starvation. Short-term starvation limited N-glycan and fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation in the endoplasmic reticulum in the liver, and upregulated fatty acid degradation. However, long-term starvation alleviated the reduction in N-glycan and fatty acid biosynthesis caused by early starvation, and it significantly reduced fatty acid elongation in the mitochondria, as well as fatty acid degradation. These results provide important experiment information for assessing the starvation levels and nutritional status of wild yellowcheek.

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Holness, M. J., e M. C. Sugden. "Glucoregulation during progressive starvation in late pregnancy in the rat". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 272, n. 4 (1 aprile 1997): E556—E561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.4.e556.

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The response of glucose utilization (transport and phosphorylation) by individual skeletal muscles to progressive starvation in late pregnancy in the rat was investigated in relation to changes in whole body glucose turnover. Compared with insulin-stimulated values, the decline in muscle glucose utilization evoked by short-term (6-h) starvation was about twofold greater in pregnancy. Suppression of glucose utilization by slow-twitch muscles was observed as the starvation period was extended from 6 to 24 h only in unmated rats. Extending starvation to 24 h did not further reduce glucose utilization by fast-twitch skeletal muscles in either group. Suppression of whole body glucose disposal was observed between 6 and 24 h of starvation in unmated, but not pregnant, rats. The results demonstrate that metabolic adaptation of almost complete suppression of glucose utilization by slow-twitch muscle, normally elicited only by prolonged (24-h) starvation, is already established after acute (6-h) starvation in late pregnancy. The present study supports the concept of "accelerated starvation" in late pregnancy with respect to muscle glucose utilization after short-term food withdrawal but demonstrates that further glucose conservation cannot be achieved after more prolonged starvation.

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40

Kingsbury, Joanne M., e John H. McCusker. "Cytocidal amino acid starvation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans acetolactate synthase (ilv2Δ) mutants is influenced by the carbon source and rapamycin". Microbiology 156, n. 3 (1 marzo 2010): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.034348-0.

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Abstract (sommario):

The isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase (Ilv2p) is an attractive antifungal drug target, since the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic pathway is not present in mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ilv2Δ mutants do not survive in vivo, Cryptococcus neoformans ilv2 mutants are avirulent, and both S. cerevisiae and Cr. neoformans ilv2 mutants die upon isoleucine and valine starvation. To further explore the potential of Ilv2p as an antifungal drug target, we disrupted Candida albicans ILV2, and demonstrated that Ca. albicans ilv2Δ mutants were significantly attenuated in virulence, and were also profoundly starvation-cidal, with a greater than 100-fold reduction in viability after only 4 h of isoleucine and valine starvation. As fungicidal starvation would be advantageous for drug design, we explored the basis of the starvation-cidal phenotype in both S. cerevisiae and Ca. albicans ilv2Δ mutants. Since the mutation of ILV1, required for the first step of isoleucine biosynthesis, did not suppress the ilv2Δ starvation-cidal defects in either species, the cidal phenotype was not due to α-ketobutyrate accumulation. We found that starvation for isoleucine alone was more deleterious in Ca. albicans than in S. cerevisiae, and starvation for valine was more deleterious than for isoleucine in both species. Interestingly, while the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway inhibitor rapamycin further reduced S. cerevisiae ilv2Δ starvation viability, it increased Ca. albicans ilv1Δ and ilv2Δ viability. Furthermore, the recovery from starvation was dependent on the carbon source present during recovery for S. cerevisiae ilv2Δ mutants, reminiscent of isoleucine and valine starvation inducing a viable but non-culturable-like state in this species, while Ca. albicans ilv1Δ and ilv2Δ viability was influenced by the carbon source present during starvation, supporting a role for glucose wasting in the Ca. albicans cidal phenotype.

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41

Zhou, Wei, e Wenlong Chen. "Early Starvation Contributes to the Adaptive Capacity of Corythucha marmorata (Uhler), an Emerging Pest in China". Biology 11, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010080.

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Abstract (sommario):

Food shortages severely reduce the prospects of insect survival in natural settings, including in the case of herbivorous insects. However, the early starvation experience of some insects has positive effects throughout their entire lifespan. It is important to discuss the effects of refeeding and host plants on the capacity of herbivorous insects to adapt to starvation and low temperatures, considering that starvation resistance is expected to show some degree of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We tested the relationship between host plant, starvation, and the supercooling capacity of the invasive pest Corythucha marmorata. In particular, we highlighted how early starvation affects the refeeding and recovery phases. Among the various range of hosts, the chrysanthemum lace bug has the fastest growth rate on Helianthus annuus, and the strongest supercooling capacity on Symphyotrichum novi-belgii. Especially, starvation for 2 days increases the rates of survival, development, and number of eggs upon refeeding, in comparison to no starvation. A 3-day starvation period in the nymphal stage significantly increased the supercooling capacity of 5th instar nymphs and adults, as observed in our study.

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42

Albers, Eva, Christer Larsson, Thomas Andlid, Michael C. Walsh e Lena Gustafsson. "Effect of Nutrient Starvation on the Cellular Composition and Metabolic Capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, n. 15 (1 giugno 2007): 4839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00425-07.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT This investigation addresses the following question: what are the important factors for maintenance of a high catabolic capacity under various starvation conditions? Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in aerobic batch cultures, and during the diauxic shift cells were transferred and subjected to 24 h of starvation. The following conditions were used: carbon starvation, nitrogen starvation in the presence of glucose or ethanol, and both carbon starvation and nitrogen starvation. During the starvation period changes in biomass composition (including protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid contents), metabolic activity, sugar transport kinetics, and the levels of selected enzymes were recorded. Subsequent to the starvation period the remaining catabolic capacity was measured by addition of 50 mM glucose. The results showed that the glucose transport capacity is a key factor for maintenance of high metabolic capacity in many, but not all, cases. The results for cells starved of carbon, carbon and nitrogen, or nitrogen in the presence of glucose all indicated that the metabolic capacity was indeed controlled by the glucose transport ability, perhaps with some influence of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and enolase levels. However, it was also demonstrated that there was no such correlation when nitrogen starvation occurred in the presence of ethanol instead of glucose.

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43

Waagbø, Rune, Sven Martin Jørgensen, Gerrit Timmerhaus, Olav Breck e Pål A. Olsvik. "Short-term starvation at low temperature prior to harvest does not impact the health and acute stress response of adult Atlantic salmon". PeerJ 5 (27 aprile 2017): e3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3273.

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Abstract (sommario):

A period of starvation is regarded as a sound practice in aquaculture prior to handling, transportation and harvest, to minimise impacts on welfare and ensure proper hygiene after harvest. However, documentation of welfare issues such as stress following starvation and handling in adult Atlantic salmon are lacking. This study aimed to examine gut emptying and potential stress during a two week starvation period, and whether this starvation period changed the tolerance for physical stress. The study confirmed slower emptying of the gut segments at low temperature. Plasma and bile cortisol, and selected clinical analyses were used to characterize potential stress, as well as the response to acute physical crowding stress during the starvation period. Neither the general stress level nor the ability to cope with handling stress was affected by a 14 day starvation period. Down-regulation of selected nutritional related gene markers in liver indicated classical starvation responses, with reduced metabolism and oxidative pressure, and sparing of nutrients. The response to acute handling stress was not affected by two weeks of starvation. There were minor effects of starvation on stress and health markers, as evaluated by plasma lysozyme activity and gene expression of selected inflammation marker proteins in heart and skin tissues.

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44

Maxton, D. G., I. S. Menzies, B. Slavin e R. P. H. Thompson. "Small-Intestinal Function during Enteral Feeding and Starvation in Man". Clinical Science 77, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1989): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0770401.

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Abstract (sommario):

1. Small-intestinal absorption and permeability were measured in nine patients with malnutrition who were receiving liquid enteral nutrition after different periods of starvation, in five patients receiving enteral nutrition without starvation, in six healthy subjects after starvation for 36 h and in two obese subjects starved for 11 days. 2. Absorption, expressed by the plasma 60 min d-xylose level and the plasma 60 min d-xylose/3-O-methyl-d-glucose ratio, was greatly decreased (P < 0.001) in the nine patients receiving enteral feeding after starvation, whereas permeability, denoted by the 5 h urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratio, was increased (P < 0.05). 3. The five patients receiving enteral feeds without prior starvation had normal intestinal absorption and permeability. 4. Starvation of the healthy subjects reduced absorption (P < 0.05) and this was detectable at 36 h. Permeability, however, was not increased by 36 h starvation. Starvation of the obese subjects also progressively reduced absorption, and this was reversed with refeeding. 5. Changes in intestinal function during enteral feeding are similar to those seen in intestinal diseases. They develop rapidly and are not caused or reversed by liquid enteral feeds. Starvation, before beginning feeding, may explain some of the changes found.

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45

Zou, Huawei, Rui Hu, Zhisheng Wang, Ali Shah, Shaoyu Zeng, Quanhui Peng, Bai Xue et al. "Effects of Nutritional Deprivation and Re-Alimentation on the Feed Efficiency, Blood Biochemistry, and Rumen Microflora in Yaks (Bos grunniens)". Animals 9, n. 10 (15 ottobre 2019): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100807.

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Abstract (sommario):

Yak suffers severe starvation and body weight reduction in the cold season and recovers relatively rapid growth in the warm season every year. Herein, we investigated the effects of starvation and refeeding on the growth, feed efficiency, blood biochemistry and rumen microbial community as well as functions of yaks. The results showed that starvation significantly reduced the body weight of yaks. Serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations significantly decreased, and β-hydroxybutyric acid and non-esterified fatty acid levels were significantly increased during the starvation period. Starvation also dramatically inhibited rumen microbial fermentations. Whereas, refeeding with the same diet significantly increased the feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility together with rumen acetate, propionate and microbial protein productions compared with those before starvation. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that starvation mainly decreased the ruminal protein-degrading bacteria Prevotella and propionate-producing bacteria Succiniclasticum populations and dramatically increased the denitrifying bacteria Thauera populations. Refeeding reduced the Euryarchaeota population and increased propionate-producing bacteria Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002 and starch-degrading bacteria Ruminobacter populations when compared with those before starvation. The predicted microbial metabolic pathways, related to amino acid and starch metabolisms, were also significantly altered during the starvation and refeeding. The results indicated that the rumen microorganisms and their metabolism pathways changed with feed supply, and these alterations in part contributed to yak adaption to starvation and re-alimentation. This study is helpful for enhancing the understanding and utilization of this natural character of yaks to explore and improve their growth potential.

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46

Thomsson, Elisabeth, Christer Larsson, Eva Albers, Annika Nilsson, Carl Johan FranzÃ¯Â¿Â½n e Lena Gustafsson. "Carbon Starvation Can Induce Energy Deprivation and Loss of Fermentative Capacity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n. 6 (giugno 2003): 3251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3251-3257.2003.

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Abstract (sommario):

ABSTRACT Seven different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for the ability to maintain their fermentative capacity during 24 h of carbon or nitrogen starvation. Starvation was imposed by transferring cells, exponentially growing in anaerobic batch cultures, to a defined growth medium lacking either a carbon or a nitrogen source. After 24 h of starvation, fermentative capacity was determined by addition of glucose and measurement of the resulting ethanol production rate. The results showed that 24 h of nitrogen starvation reduced the fermentative capacity by 70 to 95%, depending on the strain. Carbon starvation, on the other hand, provoked an almost complete loss of fermentative capacity in all of the strains tested. The absence of ethanol production following carbon starvation occurred even though the cells possessed a substantial glucose transport capacity. In fact, similar uptake capacities were recorded irrespective of whether the cells had been subjected to carbon or nitrogen starvation. Instead, the loss of fermentative capacity observed in carbon-starved cells was almost surely a result of energy deprivation. Carbon starvation drastically reduced the ATP content of the cells to values well below 0.1 μmol/g, while nitrogen-starved cells still contained approximately 6 μmol/g after 24 h of treatment. Addition of a small amount of glucose (0.1 g/liter at a cell density of 1.0 g/liter) at the initiation of starvation or use of stationary-phase instead of log-phase cells enabled the cells to preserve their fermentative capacity also during carbon starvation. The prerequisites for successful adaptation to starvation conditions are probably gradual nutrient depletion and access to energy during the adaptation period.

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47

Pozo-Morales, Macarena, Ansa E. Cobham, Cielo Centola, Mary Cathleen McKinney, Peiduo Liu, Camille Perazzolo, Anne Lefort et al. "Starvation-resistant cavefish reveal conserved mechanisms of starvation-induced hepatic lipotoxicity". Life Science Alliance 7, n. 5 (11 marzo 2024): e202302458. http://dx.doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202302458.

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Abstract (sommario):

Starvation causes the accumulation of lipid droplets in the liver, a somewhat counterintuitive phenomenon that is nevertheless conserved from flies to humans. Much like fatty liver resulting from overfeeding, hepatic lipid accumulation (steatosis) during undernourishment can lead to lipotoxicity and atrophy of the liver. Here, we found that although surface populations ofAstyanax mexicanusundergo this evolutionarily conserved response to starvation, the starvation-resistant cavefish larvae of the same species do not display an accumulation of lipid droplets upon starvation. Moreover, cavefish are resistant to liver atrophy during starvation, providing a unique system to explore strategies for liver protection. Using comparative transcriptomics between zebrafish, surface fish, and cavefish, we identified the fatty acid transporter slc27a2a/fatp2 to be correlated with the development of fatty liver. Pharmacological inhibition of slc27a2a in zebrafish rescues steatosis and atrophy of the liver upon starvation. Furthermore, down-regulation of FATP2 in Drosophila larvae inhibits the development of starvation-induced steatosis, suggesting the evolutionarily conserved importance of the gene in regulating fatty liver upon nutrition deprivation. Overall, our study identifies a conserved, druggable target to protect the liver from atrophy during starvation.

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48

Soleimanian, Parivash, Mahdi Mohammadpour e Hamid Ahmadian. "Effect of Lubricant Starvation on the Tribo-Dynamic Behavior of Linear Roller Guideway". Shock and Vibration 2021 (7 settembre 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7517696.

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Abstract (sommario):

This paper presents an experimentally validated numerical approach linear roller guideways considering coupled vertical and horizontal (feed) motions and taking into account lubricant starvation. The inlet starvation is considered by incorporating potential flow method. Results show that starvation has pronounced effect on the lubricant film thickness, friction, and applied load on contact by up to 32%. Localised pressure values may vary by up to 100%. The severity of starvation effect is frequency dependent. It is also revealed that the starvation effect can be controlled by the amount of preload on linear guideway.

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49

Kyonne, Jinman. "The Relief of World Starvation: Disconneting the Vicious Circle of Starvation". International Journal of the Humanities: Annual Review 8, n. 9 (2010): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9508/cgp/v08i09/43021.

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50

Chauhan, Ved, Asaba Anis e Abha Chauhan. "Effects of Starvation on the Levels of Triglycerides, Diacylglycerol, and Activity of Lipase in Male and Female Drosophila Melanogaster". Journal of Lipids 2021 (25 marzo 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5583114.

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Abstract (sommario):

We studied the effects of starvation on changes in neutral lipids in male and female Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) at different ages. When flies were subjected to starvation, the mortality rate was observed to be age- and gender-dependent: male flies died earlier as compared to female flies, and older flies died earlier than younger flies. There was an increase in the number of dead flies and the levels of diacylglycerol (DG) with starvation time. This increase in DG was observed much earlier in male flies as compared to female flies, which correlated with earlier death in male flies during starvation in comparison to female flies. We also analyzed the levels of triglycerides (TG) and lipase activity during starvation of flies. The levels of TG decreased depending upon the duration of starvation in both male and female flies. Interestingly, we observed that like DG, there was also an increase in lipase activity due to starvation, which also correlated with earlier death in male flies as compared to female flies. Our results suggest that increase in DG levels and lipase activity due to starvation may be the main cause of death in the flies.

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