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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Starvation"

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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 9 marzo 2023

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1

Soler, C., P. Claquin, M. Goutx, O. Ragueneau e B. Moriceau. "Impact of nutrient starvation on the biochemical composition of the marine diatom <i>Thalassiosira weissflogii</i>: from the whole cell to the frustule fraction". Biogeosciences Discussions 7, n. 4 (13 agosto 2010): 5953–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-7-5953-2010.

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Abstract. Interactions between carbon and silica in the diatom frustule play an important role in carbon export through their impact on diatom remineralization (carbon degradation and biogenic silica dissolution). To ameliorate model prediction of the fate of Si and organic matter during sedimentation, there is a need to first understand the origin and nature of Si-OC interactions, their impact on diatom remineralization and their variability with environmental conditions. In this study we focus on the impact of nutrient starvations on the formation and nature of these interactions in an ubiquitous diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii. Fluorescence reveals the strong impact of all starvations on diatom metabolism while Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy clearly showed that starvations altered the composition of the different diatom fractions. The relative compositions of whole cells were almost not impacted by starvations except Si(OH)4 starvation that slightly increased proteins relative contribution while decreasing carbohydrate. Starvation impacts became obvious looking at the composition of the different part of the diatom. The relative biochemical composition of the organic coating, protecting the frustule from the environment, was strongly affected by starvation. Under nitrate starvation, carbohydrate contribution increased while protein contribution decreased. Inversely, phosphate starvation increased the proportion of proteins and decreased carbohydrates contribution. Starvations also modified the different frustule phases. bSiO2 contribution decreased in the less reactive phase under silicate and phosphate starvation whereas nitrate starvation rather increased carbohydrate and protein pools. Phosphate starvation also led to an important shift of dominance among protein groups between amide I and amide II which compounds are suspected to play a key role in the frustule synthesis and architecture. Nutrient starvations affected the relative biochemical composition of diatom frustule fractions and organic coating which could imply a strong impact on frustule structure and architecture but also on frustule mechanical and chemical resistance.

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2

Fukatu, Kazuhiko. "Gut starvation". Japanese Journal of SURGICAL METABOLISM and NUTRITION 48, n. 5 (2014): 197–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.11638/jssmn.48.5_197.

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3

Bobrovnikova, Lidia A., Maria S. Pakholkova, Roman A. Sidorov e Maria A. Sinetova. "Starch and triacylglycerol accumulation in the cells of the stain Chlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210". Issues of modern algology (Вопросы современной альгологии), n. 2(26) (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33624/2311-0147-2021-2(26)-1-7.

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Strain Сhlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210 is an effective lipid and triacilglycerols (TAG) producer. The strain could be used eventually in such industries as bioenergetics, food industry and agriculture. The objective of this work was investigation of conditions in which the strain Сhlorella sp. IPPAS C-1210 accumulates the most starch and TAG in cells with a view to optimise its growth and productivity. The following cultivation parameters were investigated in order to figure out their influence on accumulation of starch and TAG: nitrogen- and phosphorous-starvation and cultivation on media with different nitrogen (nitrate, urea) and carbon (carbon dioxide, bicarbonate) sources. Pigments, starch, protein and lipid content in cells were measured. The exclusion of nitrogen or phosphorus source from medium decreased the biomass productivity significantly, caused chlorosis and reduction of protein content. Total lipid content increased slightly after phosphorous starvation and stayed almost constant under nitrogen starvation, however a greater TAG increase was observed during nitrogen starvation. Both nitrogen and phosphorous starvations caused the increase of the amount of reserve carbohydrates: during phosphorous starvation increase was insignificant, whereas the latter almost doubled the amount of reserve carbohydrates. The highest biomass and lipid productivity was observed in cells grown in bicarbonate supplement medium and the highest starch productivity was observed in cells grown in standard BBM-3N medium.

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4

Kuo, Macus, Helen Chen, Lynn Feun e Niramol Savaraj. "Targeting the Proline–Glutamine–Asparagine–Arginine Metabolic Axis in Amino Acid Starvation Cancer Therapy". Pharmaceuticals 14, n. 1 (18 gennaio 2021): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph14010072.

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Proline, glutamine, asparagine, and arginine are conditionally non-essential amino acids that can be produced in our body. However, they are essential for the growth of highly proliferative cells such as cancers. Many cancers express reduced levels of these amino acids and thus require import from the environment. Meanwhile, the biosynthesis of these amino acids is inter-connected but can be intervened individually through the inhibition of key enzymes of the biosynthesis of these amino acids, resulting in amino acid starvation and cell death. Amino acid starvation strategies have been in various stages of clinical applications. Targeting asparagine using asparaginase has been approved for treating acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Targeting glutamine and arginine starvations are in various stages of clinical trials, and targeting proline starvation is in preclinical development. The most important obstacle of these therapies is drug resistance, which is mostly due to reactivation of the key enzymes involved in biosynthesis of the targeted amino acids and reprogramming of compensatory survival pathways via transcriptional, epigenetic, and post-translational mechanisms. Here, we review the interactive regulatory mechanisms that control cellular levels of these amino acids for amino acid starvation therapy and how drug resistance is evolved underlying treatment failure.

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Ahsan, Chowdhury Rafiqul, Farah Shamma, Nazmul Ahsan e Moutusee Jubaida Islam. "Environmental Factors Regulate the hlyE Gene Expression in Both S. typhi and E. coli in a Similar Way to Display Haemolytic Activity". Bangladesh Medical Research Council Bulletin 42, n. 1 (29 marzo 2017): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bmrcb.v42i1.32001.

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Haemolysin (HlyE) is an essential virulence factor of Salmonella, Escherichia coli and other enteric bacteria. Although, a substantial degree of haemolytic activity is not seen under normal culture conditions in these organisms, however, the non-haemolytic E. coli K-12 showed significant haemolytic activity under stress conditions. To confirm this phenomenon in other enteric bacteria, in this study, the production of haemolysin in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi under stress conditions, like oxygen and glucose starvations in vitro was investigated during March-December 2015. For this, S. typhi was cultured under oxygen or glucose starvation condition separately and this organism showed high haemolytic activity. The activity was found to be much higher when both the conditions were applied together. Also, the role of the transcription factor SlyA of S. typhi was investigated on induction of haemolytic activity. When E. coli K-12 was transformed with plasmid containing the gene of SlyA, the recombinant bacteria without any starvation condition, also showed similar haemolytic activity that was exhibited by S. typhi grown under oxygen and glucose starvation conditions. All these findings suggest that both environmental factors like oxygen or glucose starvation and overexpression of the transcription factor SlyA have important role in inducing hlyE gene expression in S. typhi.

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6

Thounthong, P., B. Davat, S. Rael e P. Sethakul. "Fuel starvation". IEEE Industry Applications Magazine 15, n. 4 (luglio 2009): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mias.2009.932604.

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7

Frise, Charlotte J., e Lucy Mackillop. "Starvation ketoacidosis". Journal of the Intensive Care Society 17, n. 4 (25 ottobre 2016): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1751143716644462.

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8

Yates, Darran. "Signalling starvation". Nature Reviews Neuroscience 14, n. 10 (29 agosto 2013): 670–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn3592.

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9

Albano, Caterina. "Questioning starvation". Women's Writing 8, n. 2 (1 luglio 2001): 313–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09699080100200172.

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10

Stephenson, Neal. "Innovation Starvation". World Policy Journal 28, n. 3 (2011): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0740277511425349.

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11

Kjelleberg, Staffan. "Surviving starvation". Trends in Microbiology 6, n. 6 (giugno 1998): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01275-x.

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12

Wortis, Joseph. "Irreversible starvation". Biological Psychiatry 20, n. 5 (maggio 1985): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3223(85)90018-6.

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13

Chen, Inês. "Starvation signal". Nature Structural & Molecular Biology 19, n. 4 (aprile 2012): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nsmb.2283.

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14

Hampton, Tracy. "Starvation Hormone". JAMA 298, n. 5 (1 agosto 2007): 505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.298.5.505-c.

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15

Kueper, Janina, Shaul Beyth, Meir Liebergall, Leon Kaplan e Josh E. Schroeder. "Evidence for the Adverse Effect of Starvation on Bone Quality: A Review of the Literature". International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/628740.

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Malnutrition and starvation’s possible adverse impacts on bone health and bone quality first came into the spotlight after the horrors of the Holocaust and the ghettos of World War II. Famine and food restrictions led to a mean caloric intake of 200–800 calories a day in the ghettos and concentration camps, resulting in catabolysis and starvation of the inhabitants and prisoners. Severely increased risks of fracture, poor bone mineral density, and decreased cortical strength were noted in several case series and descriptive reports addressing the medical issues of these individuals. A severe effect of severely diminished food intake and frequently concomitant calcium- and Vitamin D deficiencies was subsequently proven in both animal models and the most common cause of starvation in developed countries is anorexia nervosa. This review attempts to summarize the literature available on the impact of the metabolic response to Starvation on overall bone health and bone quality.

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16

Titley, Alan, e Tony Byrne. "Politics of Starvation". Books Ireland, n. 209 (1997): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623492.

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17

Gura, Trisha. "Addicted To Starvation". Scientific American Mind 19, n. 3 (giugno 2008): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamericanmind0608-60.

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18

Morley, John E. "Death by Starvation". Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 37, n. 2 (febbraio 1989): 184–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.1989.tb05881.x.

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19

Cahill, G. F. "Survival in starvation". American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 68, n. 1 (1 luglio 1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/68.1.1.

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20

Watine, Robert S. "Starvation Diets Revisited". STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING JOURNAL 19, n. 4 (1997): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1073-6840(1997)019<0070:sdr>2.3.co;2.

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21

Sarvesvaran, Esha R. "Homicide by Starvation". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 13, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 264–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199209000-00021.

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22

Flynn, M. A. "Starvation among athletes." Journal of the American College of Nutrition 15, n. 6 (dicembre 1996): 633–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1996.10718641.

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23

Wackett, Lawrence P. "Bacterial starvation response". Environmental Microbiology Reports 3, n. 3 (13 maggio 2011): 414–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00262.x.

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24

LENBURG, M., e E. OSHEA. "Signaling phosphate starvation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 21, n. 10 (ottobre 1996): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0968-0004(96)10048-7.

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25

Lenburg, M. "Signaling phosphate starvation". Trends in Biochemical Sciences 21, n. 10 (ottobre 1996): 383–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0968-0004(96)10048-7.

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26

Garrow, J. "Starvation in hospital". BMJ 308, n. 6934 (9 aprile 1994): 934. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.308.6934.934.

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27

Eid, T. "Starvation Strengthens Addiction". Science Translational Medicine 5, n. 200 (28 agosto 2013): 200ec142. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scitranslmed.3007309.

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28

Ray, L. B. "Starvation and Autophagy". Science Signaling 5, n. 220 (17 aprile 2012): ec114-ec114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.2003137.

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29

Coyle, S., e E. Kroll. "Starvation Induces Genomic Rearrangements and Starvation-Resilient Phenotypes in Yeast". Molecular Biology and Evolution 25, n. 2 (2 gennaio 2008): 310–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msm256.

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30

Marotta, Roberto, Andrea Uggetti, Claudia Ricci, Francesca Leasi e Giulio Melone. "Surviving starvation: Changes accompanying starvation tolerance in a bdelloid rotifer". Journal of Morphology 273, n. 1 (25 agosto 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmor.11000.

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31

Hibshman, Jonathan D., Tess C. Leuthner, Chelsea Shoben, Danielle F. Mello, David R. Sherwood, Joel N. Meyer e L. Ryan Baugh. "Nonselective autophagy reduces mitochondrial content during starvation in Caenorhabditis elegans". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 315, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2018): C781—C792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00109.2018.

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Starvation significantly alters cellular physiology, and signs of aging have been reported to occur during starvation. Mitochondria are essential to the regulation of cellular energetics and aging. We sought to determine whether mitochondria exhibit signs of aging during starvation and whether quality control mechanisms regulate mitochondrial physiology during starvation. We describe effects of starvation on mitochondria in the first and third larval stages of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. When starved, C. elegans larvae enter developmental arrest. We observed fragmentation of the mitochondrial network, a reduction in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number, and accumulation of DNA damage during starvation-induced developmental arrest. Mitochondrial function was also compromised by starvation. Starved worms had lower basal, maximal, and ATP-linked respiration. These observations are consistent with reduced mitochondrial quality, similar to mitochondrial phenotypes during aging. Using pharmacological and genetic approaches, we found that worms deficient for autophagy were short-lived during starvation and recovered poorly from extended starvation, indicating sensitivity to nutrient stress. Autophagy mutants unc-51/Atg1 and atg-18/Atg18 maintained greater mtDNA content than wild-type worms during starvation, suggesting that autophagy promotes mitochondrial degradation during starvation. unc-51 mutants also had a proportionally smaller reduction in oxygen consumption rate during starvation, suggesting that autophagy also contributes to reduced mitochondrial function. Surprisingly, mutations in genes involved in mitochondrial fission and fusion as well as selective mitophagy of damaged mitochondria did not affect mitochondrial content during starvation. Our results demonstrate the profound influence of starvation on mitochondrial physiology with organismal consequences, and they show that these physiological effects are influenced by autophagy.

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32

Yousif Al-tikrity, Wedyan, e Thaer Mohamed Al-Mashhadani. "Physiological and histological effects of the antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) on white male rats exposed to starvation stress". Science Archives 03, n. 04 (2022): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.47587/sa.2022.3410.

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This study was done to find out the effect of the antioxidant Hydroxytoluene (BHT) on some physiological and histological variables of rats subjected to stress by starvation. 50 kg) starvation + BHT concentration (mg/kg 100) starvation + BHT concentration (50 mg/kg) starvation + olive oil). The data indicate that starvation decreases the sex hormones of rats exposed to stress by starvation Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone(LH), Testosterone, and damage to testicular tissues, the antioxidant group BHT showed a concentration of (100,50 mg/kg) a protective effect against the negative effect of stress by starvation on sex hormones and testicular tissues by maintaining Its concentration is within its normal level, while the starvation group showed a negative effect on the concentration of sex hormones in the rats’ blood serum and testes tissue. The antioxidant BHT at concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/kg has an effective role in maintaining most of the physiological, biochemical, and histological variables from the negative effects of stress by starvation.

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33

Wu, Hai-Wei, Xian-Chen Li e Huan-Xiu Liu. "Starvation resistance of invasive lace bug Corythucha ciliata (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in China". Entomologica Fennica 27, n. 1 (14 febbraio 2016): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33338/ef.55420.

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Food shortage is a prevalent threat to insect survival and successful reproduction in natural settings. An insect species invading new areasmay have a high capacity to survive and adapt to starvation. To test these hypotheses, we assessed the survival time of Corythucha ciliata (Say), in a laboratory under two starvation conditions: complete starvation (no food supplied) and gradual starvation (food provided once and not replenished). Under complete starvation, survival of 3rd to 5th instar nymphs tended to decline steadily, whereas under gradual starvation this process was delayed in the initial stage. The average survival times increased as the instar increased under both conditions (14.0 h, 15.9 h and 24.4 h under complete starvation conditions; 27.8 h, 29.6 h and 33.6 h under gradual starvation conditions). The longest lived individual nymph survived for 49 hours. The results may partially explain the rapid global expansion of C. ciliata.

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34

Kyonne, Jinman. "The Relief of World Starvation: Disconneting the Vicious Circle of Starvation". International Journal of the Humanities: Annual Review 8, n. 9 (2010): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1447-9508/cgp/v08i09/43021.

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35

Conley, Bridget, e Alex de Waal. "The Purposes of Starvation". Journal of International Criminal Justice 17, n. 4 (1 settembre 2019): 699–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqz054.

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Abstract Mass starvation has throughout history been mis-categorized as a natural phenomenon, or an unfortunate side-effect of conflict and political oppression. The numbers and names of the victims fade into the background, blurred traces of the horrors of history. Yet, this is both an inaccurate understanding of starvation crimes and an injustice to victims. Mass starvation is a process of deprivation that occurs when actors impede the capacity of targeted persons to access the means of sustaining life. In this article, we introduce key features of starvation and note that many of the acts that create conditions of mass starvation are already prohibited under different provisions of international law. We introduce the term ‘starvation crimes’ to capture how these separately criminalized acts, when perpetrated over a long duration can create mass starvation. Implicit in ‘starvation crimes’ is that starvation is produced by leaders’ decisions and serves political, military or economic goals. We discuss nine objectives that can be furthered through mass starvation, offering historical examples to illustrate each. They include: (i) extermination or genocide; (ii) control through weakening a population; (iii) gaining territorial control; (iv) flushing out a population; (v) punishment; (vi) material extraction or theft; (vii) extreme exploitation; (viii) war provisioning; and (ix) comprehensive societal transformation.

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Holness, M. J., e M. C. Sugden. "Glucoregulation during progressive starvation in late pregnancy in the rat". American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 272, n. 4 (1 aprile 1997): E556—E561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.272.4.e556.

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The response of glucose utilization (transport and phosphorylation) by individual skeletal muscles to progressive starvation in late pregnancy in the rat was investigated in relation to changes in whole body glucose turnover. Compared with insulin-stimulated values, the decline in muscle glucose utilization evoked by short-term (6-h) starvation was about twofold greater in pregnancy. Suppression of glucose utilization by slow-twitch muscles was observed as the starvation period was extended from 6 to 24 h only in unmated rats. Extending starvation to 24 h did not further reduce glucose utilization by fast-twitch skeletal muscles in either group. Suppression of whole body glucose disposal was observed between 6 and 24 h of starvation in unmated, but not pregnant, rats. The results demonstrate that metabolic adaptation of almost complete suppression of glucose utilization by slow-twitch muscle, normally elicited only by prolonged (24-h) starvation, is already established after acute (6-h) starvation in late pregnancy. The present study supports the concept of "accelerated starvation" in late pregnancy with respect to muscle glucose utilization after short-term food withdrawal but demonstrates that further glucose conservation cannot be achieved after more prolonged starvation.

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Kingsbury, Joanne M., e John H. McCusker. "Cytocidal amino acid starvation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida albicans acetolactate synthase (ilv2Δ) mutants is influenced by the carbon source and rapamycin". Microbiology 156, n. 3 (1 marzo 2010): 929–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.034348-0.

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The isoleucine and valine biosynthetic enzyme acetolactate synthase (Ilv2p) is an attractive antifungal drug target, since the isoleucine and valine biosynthetic pathway is not present in mammals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae ilv2Δ mutants do not survive in vivo, Cryptococcus neoformans ilv2 mutants are avirulent, and both S. cerevisiae and Cr. neoformans ilv2 mutants die upon isoleucine and valine starvation. To further explore the potential of Ilv2p as an antifungal drug target, we disrupted Candida albicans ILV2, and demonstrated that Ca. albicans ilv2Δ mutants were significantly attenuated in virulence, and were also profoundly starvation-cidal, with a greater than 100-fold reduction in viability after only 4 h of isoleucine and valine starvation. As fungicidal starvation would be advantageous for drug design, we explored the basis of the starvation-cidal phenotype in both S. cerevisiae and Ca. albicans ilv2Δ mutants. Since the mutation of ILV1, required for the first step of isoleucine biosynthesis, did not suppress the ilv2Δ starvation-cidal defects in either species, the cidal phenotype was not due to α-ketobutyrate accumulation. We found that starvation for isoleucine alone was more deleterious in Ca. albicans than in S. cerevisiae, and starvation for valine was more deleterious than for isoleucine in both species. Interestingly, while the target of rapamycin (TOR) pathway inhibitor rapamycin further reduced S. cerevisiae ilv2Δ starvation viability, it increased Ca. albicans ilv1Δ and ilv2Δ viability. Furthermore, the recovery from starvation was dependent on the carbon source present during recovery for S. cerevisiae ilv2Δ mutants, reminiscent of isoleucine and valine starvation inducing a viable but non-culturable-like state in this species, while Ca. albicans ilv1Δ and ilv2Δ viability was influenced by the carbon source present during starvation, supporting a role for glucose wasting in the Ca. albicans cidal phenotype.

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Zhou, Wei, e Wenlong Chen. "Early Starvation Contributes to the Adaptive Capacity of Corythucha marmorata (Uhler), an Emerging Pest in China". Biology 11, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2022): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010080.

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Food shortages severely reduce the prospects of insect survival in natural settings, including in the case of herbivorous insects. However, the early starvation experience of some insects has positive effects throughout their entire lifespan. It is important to discuss the effects of refeeding and host plants on the capacity of herbivorous insects to adapt to starvation and low temperatures, considering that starvation resistance is expected to show some degree of adaptive phenotypic plasticity. We tested the relationship between host plant, starvation, and the supercooling capacity of the invasive pest Corythucha marmorata. In particular, we highlighted how early starvation affects the refeeding and recovery phases. Among the various range of hosts, the chrysanthemum lace bug has the fastest growth rate on Helianthus annuus, and the strongest supercooling capacity on Symphyotrichum novi-belgii. Especially, starvation for 2 days increases the rates of survival, development, and number of eggs upon refeeding, in comparison to no starvation. A 3-day starvation period in the nymphal stage significantly increased the supercooling capacity of 5th instar nymphs and adults, as observed in our study.

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Albers, Eva, Christer Larsson, Thomas Andlid, Michael C. Walsh e Lena Gustafsson. "Effect of Nutrient Starvation on the Cellular Composition and Metabolic Capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, n. 15 (1 giugno 2007): 4839–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00425-07.

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ABSTRACT This investigation addresses the following question: what are the important factors for maintenance of a high catabolic capacity under various starvation conditions? Saccharomyces cerevisiae was cultured in aerobic batch cultures, and during the diauxic shift cells were transferred and subjected to 24 h of starvation. The following conditions were used: carbon starvation, nitrogen starvation in the presence of glucose or ethanol, and both carbon starvation and nitrogen starvation. During the starvation period changes in biomass composition (including protein, carbohydrate, lipid, and nucleic acid contents), metabolic activity, sugar transport kinetics, and the levels of selected enzymes were recorded. Subsequent to the starvation period the remaining catabolic capacity was measured by addition of 50 mM glucose. The results showed that the glucose transport capacity is a key factor for maintenance of high metabolic capacity in many, but not all, cases. The results for cells starved of carbon, carbon and nitrogen, or nitrogen in the presence of glucose all indicated that the metabolic capacity was indeed controlled by the glucose transport ability, perhaps with some influence of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, aldolase, and enolase levels. However, it was also demonstrated that there was no such correlation when nitrogen starvation occurred in the presence of ethanol instead of glucose.

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Waagbø, Rune, Sven Martin Jørgensen, Gerrit Timmerhaus, Olav Breck e Pål A. Olsvik. "Short-term starvation at low temperature prior to harvest does not impact the health and acute stress response of adult Atlantic salmon". PeerJ 5 (27 aprile 2017): e3273. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3273.

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A period of starvation is regarded as a sound practice in aquaculture prior to handling, transportation and harvest, to minimise impacts on welfare and ensure proper hygiene after harvest. However, documentation of welfare issues such as stress following starvation and handling in adult Atlantic salmon are lacking. This study aimed to examine gut emptying and potential stress during a two week starvation period, and whether this starvation period changed the tolerance for physical stress. The study confirmed slower emptying of the gut segments at low temperature. Plasma and bile cortisol, and selected clinical analyses were used to characterize potential stress, as well as the response to acute physical crowding stress during the starvation period. Neither the general stress level nor the ability to cope with handling stress was affected by a 14 day starvation period. Down-regulation of selected nutritional related gene markers in liver indicated classical starvation responses, with reduced metabolism and oxidative pressure, and sparing of nutrients. The response to acute handling stress was not affected by two weeks of starvation. There were minor effects of starvation on stress and health markers, as evaluated by plasma lysozyme activity and gene expression of selected inflammation marker proteins in heart and skin tissues.

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41

Maxton, D. G., I. S. Menzies, B. Slavin e R. P. H. Thompson. "Small-Intestinal Function during Enteral Feeding and Starvation in Man". Clinical Science 77, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1989): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0770401.

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1. Small-intestinal absorption and permeability were measured in nine patients with malnutrition who were receiving liquid enteral nutrition after different periods of starvation, in five patients receiving enteral nutrition without starvation, in six healthy subjects after starvation for 36 h and in two obese subjects starved for 11 days. 2. Absorption, expressed by the plasma 60 min d-xylose level and the plasma 60 min d-xylose/3-O-methyl-d-glucose ratio, was greatly decreased (P < 0.001) in the nine patients receiving enteral feeding after starvation, whereas permeability, denoted by the 5 h urinary lactulose/rhamnose ratio, was increased (P < 0.05). 3. The five patients receiving enteral feeds without prior starvation had normal intestinal absorption and permeability. 4. Starvation of the healthy subjects reduced absorption (P < 0.05) and this was detectable at 36 h. Permeability, however, was not increased by 36 h starvation. Starvation of the obese subjects also progressively reduced absorption, and this was reversed with refeeding. 5. Changes in intestinal function during enteral feeding are similar to those seen in intestinal diseases. They develop rapidly and are not caused or reversed by liquid enteral feeds. Starvation, before beginning feeding, may explain some of the changes found.

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42

Zou, Huawei, Rui Hu, Zhisheng Wang, Ali Shah, Shaoyu Zeng, Quanhui Peng, Bai Xue et al. "Effects of Nutritional Deprivation and Re-Alimentation on the Feed Efficiency, Blood Biochemistry, and Rumen Microflora in Yaks (Bos grunniens)". Animals 9, n. 10 (15 ottobre 2019): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9100807.

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Abstract (sommario):

Yak suffers severe starvation and body weight reduction in the cold season and recovers relatively rapid growth in the warm season every year. Herein, we investigated the effects of starvation and refeeding on the growth, feed efficiency, blood biochemistry and rumen microbial community as well as functions of yaks. The results showed that starvation significantly reduced the body weight of yaks. Serum glucose and triglyceride concentrations significantly decreased, and β-hydroxybutyric acid and non-esterified fatty acid levels were significantly increased during the starvation period. Starvation also dramatically inhibited rumen microbial fermentations. Whereas, refeeding with the same diet significantly increased the feed efficiency, nutrient digestibility together with rumen acetate, propionate and microbial protein productions compared with those before starvation. The 16S rDNA sequencing results showed that starvation mainly decreased the ruminal protein-degrading bacteria Prevotella and propionate-producing bacteria Succiniclasticum populations and dramatically increased the denitrifying bacteria Thauera populations. Refeeding reduced the Euryarchaeota population and increased propionate-producing bacteria Succinivibrionaceae UCG-002 and starch-degrading bacteria Ruminobacter populations when compared with those before starvation. The predicted microbial metabolic pathways, related to amino acid and starch metabolisms, were also significantly altered during the starvation and refeeding. The results indicated that the rumen microorganisms and their metabolism pathways changed with feed supply, and these alterations in part contributed to yak adaption to starvation and re-alimentation. This study is helpful for enhancing the understanding and utilization of this natural character of yaks to explore and improve their growth potential.

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43

Thomsson, Elisabeth, Christer Larsson, Eva Albers, Annika Nilsson, Carl Johan FranzÃ¯Â¿Â½n e Lena Gustafsson. "Carbon Starvation Can Induce Energy Deprivation and Loss of Fermentative Capacity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69, n. 6 (giugno 2003): 3251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.69.6.3251-3257.2003.

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ABSTRACT Seven different strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were tested for the ability to maintain their fermentative capacity during 24 h of carbon or nitrogen starvation. Starvation was imposed by transferring cells, exponentially growing in anaerobic batch cultures, to a defined growth medium lacking either a carbon or a nitrogen source. After 24 h of starvation, fermentative capacity was determined by addition of glucose and measurement of the resulting ethanol production rate. The results showed that 24 h of nitrogen starvation reduced the fermentative capacity by 70 to 95%, depending on the strain. Carbon starvation, on the other hand, provoked an almost complete loss of fermentative capacity in all of the strains tested. The absence of ethanol production following carbon starvation occurred even though the cells possessed a substantial glucose transport capacity. In fact, similar uptake capacities were recorded irrespective of whether the cells had been subjected to carbon or nitrogen starvation. Instead, the loss of fermentative capacity observed in carbon-starved cells was almost surely a result of energy deprivation. Carbon starvation drastically reduced the ATP content of the cells to values well below 0.1 μmol/g, while nitrogen-starved cells still contained approximately 6 μmol/g after 24 h of treatment. Addition of a small amount of glucose (0.1 g/liter at a cell density of 1.0 g/liter) at the initiation of starvation or use of stationary-phase instead of log-phase cells enabled the cells to preserve their fermentative capacity also during carbon starvation. The prerequisites for successful adaptation to starvation conditions are probably gradual nutrient depletion and access to energy during the adaptation period.

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44

Soleimanian, Parivash, Mahdi Mohammadpour e Hamid Ahmadian. "Effect of Lubricant Starvation on the Tribo-Dynamic Behavior of Linear Roller Guideway". Shock and Vibration 2021 (7 settembre 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7517696.

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This paper presents an experimentally validated numerical approach linear roller guideways considering coupled vertical and horizontal (feed) motions and taking into account lubricant starvation. The inlet starvation is considered by incorporating potential flow method. Results show that starvation has pronounced effect on the lubricant film thickness, friction, and applied load on contact by up to 32%. Localised pressure values may vary by up to 100%. The severity of starvation effect is frequency dependent. It is also revealed that the starvation effect can be controlled by the amount of preload on linear guideway.

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45

Chauhan, Ved, Asaba Anis e Abha Chauhan. "Effects of Starvation on the Levels of Triglycerides, Diacylglycerol, and Activity of Lipase in Male and Female Drosophila Melanogaster". Journal of Lipids 2021 (25 marzo 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/5583114.

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Abstract (sommario):

We studied the effects of starvation on changes in neutral lipids in male and female Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) at different ages. When flies were subjected to starvation, the mortality rate was observed to be age- and gender-dependent: male flies died earlier as compared to female flies, and older flies died earlier than younger flies. There was an increase in the number of dead flies and the levels of diacylglycerol (DG) with starvation time. This increase in DG was observed much earlier in male flies as compared to female flies, which correlated with earlier death in male flies during starvation in comparison to female flies. We also analyzed the levels of triglycerides (TG) and lipase activity during starvation of flies. The levels of TG decreased depending upon the duration of starvation in both male and female flies. Interestingly, we observed that like DG, there was also an increase in lipase activity due to starvation, which also correlated with earlier death in male flies as compared to female flies. Our results suggest that increase in DG levels and lipase activity due to starvation may be the main cause of death in the flies.

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Yuasa, Takashi, Yuri Nagasawa, Katsumasa Osanai, Ayami Kaneko, Daichi Tajima, Nang Myint Phyu Sin Htwe, Yushi Ishibashi e Mari Iwaya-Inoue. "Induction of a bZIP Type Transcription Factor and Amino Acid Catabolism-Related Genes in Soybean Seedling in Response to Starvation Stress". Journal of Botany 2013 (10 novembre 2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/935479.

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Abstract (sommario):

To address roles of bZIP transcription factors on regulation of amino acid catabolism under autophagy-induced plant cells, we examined the effect of nutrient starvation on the expression of low energy stress-related transcription factor homologs, GmbZIP53A and GmbZIP53B, and amino acid catabolism-related genes in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Sucrose starvation treatment significantly enhanced the expressions of GmbZIP53A, but not GmbZIP53B asparagine synthase (GmASN1), proline dehydrogenase1 (GmProDH), and branched chain amino acid transaminase 3 (GmBCAT3). GmbZIP53-related immunoreactive signals were upregulated under severe starvation with sucrose starvation and protease inhibitors, while 3% sucrose and sucrose starvation had no or marginal effects on the signal. Profiles of induction of GmASN1, GmProDH and GmBCAT3 under various nutrient conditions were consistent with the profiles of GmbZIP53 protein levels but not with those of GmbZIP mRNA levels. These results indicate that GmbZIP53 proteins levels are regulated by posttranslational mechanism in response to severe starvation stress and that the increased protein of GmbZIP53 under severe starvation accelerates transcriptional induction of GmASN1, GmProDH, and GmBCAT3. Furthermore, it is conceivable that decrease of branched chain amino acid level by the BCAT-mediated degradation eventually enhances autophagy under severe starvation.

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47

He, Qiankun, Juan Du, Liya Wei e Zhangwu Zhao. "AKH-FOXO pathway regulates starvation-induced sleep loss through remodeling of the small ventral lateral neuron dorsal projections". PLOS Genetics 16, n. 10 (26 ottobre 2020): e1009181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009181.

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Abstract (sommario):

Starvation caused by adverse feeding stresses or food shortages has been reported to result in sleep loss in animals. However, how the starvation signal interacts with the central nervous system is still unknown. Here, the adipokinetic hormone (AKH)—Fork head Box-O (FOXO) pathway is shown to respond to energy change and adjust the sleep of Drosophila through remodeling of the s-LNv (small ventral lateral neurons) dorsal projections. Our results show that starvation prevents flies from going to sleep after the first light-dark transition. The LNvs are required for starvation-induced sleep loss through extension of the pigment dispersing factor (PDF)-containing s-LNv dorsal projections. Further studies reveal that loss of AKH or AKHR (akh receptor) function blocks starvation-induced extension of s-LNv dorsal projections and rescues sleep suppression during food deprivation. FOXO, which has been reported to regulate synapse plasticity of neurons, acts as starvation response factor downstream of AKH, and down regulation of FOXO level considerably alleviates the influence of starvation on s-LNv dorsal projections and sleep. Taking together, our results outline the transduction pathways between starvation signal and sleep, and reveal a novel functional site for sleep regulation.

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48

Xu, Hao, Yu Jiang, Xiao-Min Miao, Yi-Xi Tao, Lang Xie e Yun Li. "A Model Construction of Starvation Induces Hepatic Steatosis and Transcriptome Analysis in Zebrafish Larvae". Biology 10, n. 2 (27 gennaio 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10020092.

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Abstract (sommario):

Hepatic steatosis caused by starvation, resulting in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), has been a research topic of human clinical and animal experiments. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the triggering of abnormal liver metabolism by starvation, thus inducing hepatic lipid accumulation, we used zebrafish larvae to establish a starvation-induced hepatic steatosis model and conducted comparative transcriptome analysis by RNA-seq. We demonstrated that the incidence of larvae steatosis is positively correlated with starvation time. Under starvation conditions, the fatty acid transporter (slc27a2a and slc27a6-like) and fatty acid translocase (cd36) were up-regulated significantly to promote extrahepatic fatty acid uptake. Meanwhile, starvation inhibits the hepatic fatty acid metabolism pathway but activates the de novo lipogenesis pathway to a certain extent. More importantly, we detected that the expression of numerous apolipoprotein genes was downregulated and the secretion of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was inhibited significantly. These data suggest that starvation induces hepatic steatosis by promoting extrahepatic fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis, and inhibits hepatic fatty acid metabolism and lipid transport. Furthermore, we found that starvation-induced hepatic steatosis in zebrafish larvae can be rescued by targeting the knockout cd36 gene. In summary, these findings will help us understand the pathogenesis of starvation-induced NAFLD and provide important theoretical evidence that cd36 could serve as a potential target for the treatment of NAFLD.

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49

Baugh, L. Ryan, e Patrick J. Hu. "Starvation Responses Throughout the Caenorhabditiselegans Life Cycle". Genetics 216, n. 4 (dicembre 2020): 837–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.120.303565.

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Abstract (sommario):

Caenorhabditis elegans survives on ephemeral food sources in the wild, and the species has a variety of adaptive responses to starvation. These features of its life history make the worm a powerful model for studying developmental, behavioral, and metabolic starvation responses. Starvation resistance is fundamental to life in the wild, and it is relevant to aging and common diseases such as cancer and diabetes. Worms respond to acute starvation at different times in the life cycle by arresting development and altering gene expression and metabolism. They also anticipate starvation during early larval development, engaging an alternative developmental program resulting in dauer diapause. By arresting development, these responses postpone growth and reproduction until feeding resumes. A common set of signaling pathways mediates systemic regulation of development in each context but with important distinctions. Several aspects of behavior, including feeding, foraging, taxis, egg laying, sleep, and associative learning, are also affected by starvation. A variety of conserved signaling, gene regulatory, and metabolic mechanisms support adaptation to starvation. Early life starvation can have persistent effects on adults and their descendants. With its short generation time, C. elegans is an ideal model for studying maternal provisioning, transgenerational epigenetic inheritance, and developmental origins of adult health and disease in humans. This review provides a comprehensive overview of starvation responses throughout the C. elegans life cycle.

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50

Vinson, Valda. "Sensing amino acid starvation". Science 367, n. 6474 (9 gennaio 2020): 159.4–160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.367.6474.159-d.

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