Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Sports Competitions"

This study explores the nature of the relationship between competition and engagement in combat sports, aiming to move beyond existing research that primarily focuses on motivation and competition's general role in sports participation. This paper therefore seeks to examine motivations for participation in combat sports. The influences of participating in competitions in combat sports, and how competition affects sustained sport participation in combat sports in particular. This study adopted a qualitative case study approach involving 10 semi-structured interviews with participants in combat sports clubs. The interviews were recorded and transcribed, and then analyzed thematically. The findings present four main themes:1.Motivation to participate in combat sports 2.Benefits to participants from competitions 3.Challenges to participating in competitions 4.Importance of competition on retention in combat sports. In summary, this study contributes novel insights and evidence pertaining to the motivational dynamics and inherent value associated with participation in combat sports. Moreover, it critically assesses the role that competition plays in sustaining long-term engagement within the realm of combat sports.

Sports competition is one of the important contents and forms of sports activities and physical education. It plays a full range of valuable functions in promoting the all-round development of college students. Specifically, it can better help college students enjoy fun, enhance their physique, and improve their physical fitness during physical exercise. Personality and tempering the will. Countries around the world attach great importance to youth sports competitions, and use national strategies as the top-level design and sports events as activity carriers to create a series of youth sports competitions such as graded competitions, championships, and campus events, providing more opportunities for young people to watch and participate in sports. Opportunities and platforms for competition. College student sports competitions are an important part of youth sports competitions and shoulder multiple missions such as physical health promotion, competitive talent training, and sports industry development. In recent years, the development of college sports competitions around the world has achieved remarkable results, and the scale and quality of Chinese college sports competitions have also been significantly improved. However, compared with developed countries, overall, there is still a weak awareness of participation, poor competition experience, and competitive competition. Prominent problems such as low levels and high activity withdrawal rates have, to a certain extent, restricted the high-quality development of college student sports competitions. In fact, it is not as easy as imagined for college students to participate in sports competitions regularly for a long time. In addition to requiring college students to possess certain basic conditions such as time, energy, and skills, it also requires support and promotion from all walks of life, especially It is inseparable from the material, spiritual and technical support provided by family, friends, coaches and other important groups. Just as the social ecological model believes that individual physical activity behavior is closely related to social support at the interpersonal level, especially social support from important groups such as family and friends has a positive impact on individual physical activity behavior. At the same time, although social support is very important, not all social support received can promote college students to form good sports competition behaviors. Self-determination theory emphasizes that only effective social support can regulate and optimize individual sports motivation by meeting the individual’s basic psychological needs, and ultimately promote the formation of positive, long-term sports behavior. However, most of the current sports academic circles continue the research context of traditional college student sports management, focusing on the contemporary value, practical issues, system construction, etc. of college student sports competitions. They are more subjective qualitative theoretical research and relatively lack the influence of social support. Empirical research on the sports competition behavior of college students, so that the internal mechanism of social support affecting the sports competition behavior of college students is not clear enough and understood. Therefore, from the perspective of social ecology, this study explores the internal mechanism of social support affecting college students’ sports competition behavior, in order to provide certain theoretical reference for improving the level of college students’ sports competition behavior.

PurposeFor managers of sports leagues, it is crucial to produce an attractive competition. For that to happen, it is vital to consider that leagues frequently have more sub-competitions than “just” the championship. In European top football leagues, for instance, four sub-competitions are common (championship, qualification for Champions- or Europa League, avoiding relegation). This paper introduces a new method for measuring competitive intensity (CI) in round-robin sports leagues considering all relevant sub-competitions and applies it to Germany's Bundesliga.Design/methodology/approachThe newly developed model calculates a CI-Index for each sub-competition and the league as a whole. The application to the Bundesliga analyzes its viability and the development of the league's CI over the past 22 seasons.FindingsThe newly introduced CI-Indices prove to be a viable tool for evaluating a league's competitive intensity. The application to the Bundesliga shows that the seasonal CI dropped after 2009/10, which can mainly be attributed to a decline in the championship's CI.Practical implicationsThe results show that it is important to facilitate a high CI in each of Bundesliga's four sub-competitions. Efforts have to be made to ensure that especially the Europa League remains as attractive as possible for the participating teams and their fans because this sub-competition constantly makes the greatest contribution to the seasonal CI.Originality/valueThe new method measures competitive intensity by quantifying the different sub-competitions and their contribution to the seasonal CI. This allows the organizers of sports leagues to assess the intensity of the individual sub-competitions as well as the league as a whole.

Nowadays, under the encouragement of national and sports competition related policies, sports industry is gradually rising. In this case, how to provide ticketing services conveniently, quickly, and accurately for sports spectators all over the country and the world and how to keep up with the times and improve traditional ticketing services are two major problems that need to be solved urgently by those who are in charge of sports events. When investigating the current traditional ticketing platform for sports competitions, it is not difficult to find that most ticketing services rely heavily on manual services. From ticket purchase to ticket checking, consumers have poor experience, there is a lot of waste of manpower and material resources, and scalpers easily sell high-priced tickets. In addition, the traditional ticket sales mode still uses old-fashioned paper tickets or cards, which are difficult to preserve, making it difficult to prevent counterfeiting and use and control information statistics. Data confusion leads to financial risks. The “paralysis” of the ticketing system of many large-scale sports competitions, especially super-large sports competitions, just proves the importance and necessity of reforming ticketing platform of sports competitions in order to keep pace with development. This paper will study a large-scale (or super-large), flexible, efficient, and excellent performance, which can meet the burst peak access requirements of sports competition ticketing platform. We will first consider the overall demand of the sports competition ticketing market, then make a general analysis according to the demand, design a sports competition ticketing platform that can effectively serve large-scale or super-large sports competitions, and raise and solve the problems encountered when building the platform.

This research aims to solve the human rights issue of the participation of transgender female athletes in international sports competitions in the women's division. The existence of transgender female athletes yields two perspectives: inclusivity as a human right for transgender female athletes and unfair competition for cisgender female athletes. This issue occurs due to the physiological advantages possessed by a transgender female athlete from the high level of testosterone they have, which creates unfairness in sports competition for cisgender female athletes, and the policies of international sports organizations that exclude the participation of transgender female athletes who have experienced puberty to take part in international sports competitions. Several controversial cases have sparked debate in the international community, such as the Tiffany Newel case in the running competition and the Lia Thomas case in the swimming competition; both are female transgender athletes who won sports competitions in the women's division. Although a transgender individual already has inherent human rights regulated through international law, these rights could not be a basis that overrides the rights and freedoms of other people. In this case, the right to equal and safe competition for cisgender women. The solution to this problem is to develop an 'open category' which aims to ensure the participation of all world athletes in sports competitions regardless of gender or gender identity.

The idea of holding distance competitions in sports is not new. With the development of information technology, the possibilities for conducting them have increased. A significant impetus for this trend was given during the period of restrictive measures due to the spread of COVID-19. Today, the distance format of competitions is used in many sports. However, to date, this approach has not been properly analysed theoretically. The purpose of the study is to generalize the experience of conducting distance competitions. Research methods include analysis of information sources, personal experience in the development and implementation of distance sports competitions. Distance sports competitions are a reality that is evolving. In a distance format, one can hold competitions from the arsenal of exercises of almost any sport. Currently, specialists of physical education of students face the task of finding a balance between traditional competition formats and distance ones.

The article discusses the features of esports and the differentiation of the specified concept is carried out with the term “computer sport”. The authors conclude than the term “computer sport” is the category of public law and doesn’t feature the use of such a result of intellectual activity as videogame during the esport competitions. The article indicates that esport differs from computer sport because of the format of competition not the equipment, i.e. that the competitions are conducted in the virtual space. The authors justify that not any game may be the basis of esport, but only the online multiplayer game because it meets the criteria as common playing field. The authors substantiate the complex nature of the relations that make up esports, which have independent legal regulation. These relations are at the junction of public and civil law: the norms of public (sport) law regulates the order of the competition and the legal status of the sportsmen; the norms of civil law establishes the features of videogame use as the object of intellectual property.

Subject. The article considers the development of mass sports, problems of interaction between sports federations and public authorities. Objectives. The purpose is to analyze processes of organizing and holding sports competitions, develop tools to systematize statistical data related to the field of physical culture and sports. Methods. The study employs the structural analysis. Results. We developed the concept of automatic information system "Competition". The use of this system by sports federations will speed up the process of submitting applications for participation in a sports competition, building the final list of its participants, and preparing documents for the assignment of sports categories. Conclusions. It is crucial to unify the forms of reports on the results of sports competitions, create a single database on sports players and referees.

The specifics of organization of one of the largest projects in non-Olympic sports - the World Games, and novel competitions - the World Games SportAccord were considered. The main methods used were: the analysis of compe- titions reports, historical, systematic and comparative analysis, and an expert survey. As a result of the research there were: 1) developed the periodization of the World Games in the context of their organization (taking into account the activities of organizing committees, information, economic supply and staffing of these competitions; 2) summarized the features of complex competitions in non-Olympic sports (the World Games and the SportAccord World Games) in comparison with the Olympic Games, as well as the criteria for including sports in competition programs; 3) ground- ed the actual groups of problems of the organization of competitions; 4) confirmed the scientific data on the impact of current development trends of sports (professionalization, commercialization, globalization; emergence of new sports, their organizational structures and competitions; increase of the level of sporting achievements; the increas- ing role of the television and the Internet) on the organization of international complex competitions in non-Olympic sports .The obtained results of the research were implemented at the national level at the complex competitions in non-Olympic sports (the All-Ukrainian beach games, the All-Ukrainian martial arts games).

This paper seeks to examine the importance of sports economics within the industry. It examines the implementation of sports economics as a unique introduction into the sector then examines the economics o sports from the perspective of testing and examining the impact of sporting activities. The paper further exploits existing information to define and explain the competitive balance that is experienced in professional leagues and competitions

To date no studies have considered enjoyment in Dancesport. Scanlan, Stein and Ravizza, (1989a, 1989b & 1991) have extensively studied enjoyment and recommended further studies be conducted in individual sports. Past research has tended to identity enjoyment as a one off momentary experience termed 'peak performance' (Cohn, 1991) and 'flow' (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975; Kimiecik & Stein, 1992). Many thousands of people participate in Dancesport, the competitive arm of ballroom dancing, both nationally and internationally. Determining the predictors of enjoyment for Dancesport could provide a base upon which to plan activity programs to increase lifelong participation and health. A qualitative approach was used to investigate the sport enjoyment experience of A Grade Adult and A Grade Senior Dancesport competitors from their perspective. In-depth interviews and inductive content analysis to gain insight into the sport. The major theme that emerged from the data was that of "social world". Participation in this world creates enjoyment and whilst they are enjoying their sport they wish to continue competing. Enjoyment sources were related to the physical (increased fitness), mental (the challenge of competition), and social (the social relationship formed with others, ie, coaches, partners and other dancers) elements of the sport.

В диссертационном исследовании проведен анализ всероссийских соревнований по чир спорту, выявлены проблемы и предложены пути их решения. Разработана модель проведения соревнований по чирлидингу на примере городского соревнования города Екатеринбурга. Разработанные мероприятия по организации соревнований могут быть использованы при планировании и проведении соревнований по чир спорту муниципальных образований Свердловской области, России.<br>The paper analyzes the prerequisites for the development and implementation of an electronic educational resource in the discipline of Physical culture in the process of teaching students. As a result of the research, the mooc (mass open online course) "Physical culture" for people with disabilities was developed and implemented in the educational process of Tyumen state University. It is aimed at students of non-physical education areas of training and students interested in physical culture and health-forming behavior.

Sporto varžybų organizavimo ir valdymo aspektai jojimo sporto šakos varžybų pavyzdžiu Organization and managing aspects of sport competition: The sample of the horse jumping competition Raktiniai žodžiai: varžybų organizavimas, varžybų valdymas Darbo objektas: jojimo sporto šakos (kliūtinio jojimo) Lietuvos Taurės IV etapo varžybų organizavimo ir valdymo aspektai Darbo tikslas - Nustatyti sporto varžybų organizavimo ir valdymo aspektus jojimo sporto šakos varžybų pavyzdžiu. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Apibrėžti sporto renginių ir varžybų sampratą 2. Išanalizuoti organizacinius renginių ir sporto varžybų teorinius aspektus; 3. Išanalizuoti renginių ir sporto varžybų valdymo patirtį; 4. Atlikti jojimo sporto šakos (kliūtinio jojimo) analizę varžybų organizavimo aspektu; 5. Atlikti jojimo sporto šakos (kliūtinio jojimo) analizę varžybų valdymo aspektu. Išvados: 1. Sporto varžybų organizavimas ir valdymas – tai veiklos ir procesai nukreipti į varžybų tikslų pasiekimą. 2. Sporto renginio organizavimo aspektai apima renginių organizavimo analizes, suvokimą, numatomo rinkos tikslo nustatymą, koordinacijos sistemų, politikos ir procedūrų planavimą ir renginio pravedimą. 3. Sporto renginių valdymo patirtis pateikia analizes, nukreiptas į efektyvių problemų sprendimų metodų paiešką, bei efektyvių strategijų kūrimą valdant sporto renginius. 4. Keturiais analizuotais varžybų organizavimo aspektais varžybų organizavimas yra tinkamas. Trimis analizuotais organizavimo aspektais varžybų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>Organization and managing aspects of sport competition: The sample of the horse jumping competition.

На сучасному етапі розвитку суспільства інформаційно-комунікаційні технології використовуються все більш широко та знайшли своє застосування у великій кількості видів діяльності людства. Освітні та наукові напрямки є пріоритетними та надзвичайно важливими для формування досконалого суспільства. Впровадження інформаційних технологій у спорт є вимогою часу. Всім вищезазначеним обумовлюється актуальність даного дослідження. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/32936

In Western society competing in physically demanding sport is not considered the domain of older people. For the majority of the twentieth century older people were stereotyped as frail, socially withdrawn and dependent on health and social welfare systems. Competitive athletes on the other hand are commonly viewed as being young, strong, aggressive, physically competent and independent. Although today’s older generation are encouraged to be physically active, society does not recognise serious competition or physically intense sports as age-appropriate activities for them. If older people choose to participate in sport they are expected to be doing it to have fun, make friends and keep fit. The growing leisure phenomenon of older athletes who compete to win, achieve a personal best, break world records or push their bodies to the limit presents a challenge to these orthodoxies. The purpose of this thesis is to explain why competing in physically demanding sport is significant to some older people given the accepted view that it is not their domain. In particular, the thesis explores the multiple ways in which a group of older people negotiate conflicting discourses of both sport and ageing, as well as the contradiction between their identity as an athlete and their ageing bodies, as they talk about and experience competing in physically strenuous individual and team sports. The key themes through which this negotiation process is played out relate to friendship and fun, competition, youthfulness, and the ageing body. It is revealed that the process of competing in sport can be simultaneously empowering and problematic at both the individual and social levels. The thesis draws on insights from post-structural theories of resistance and empowerment, traditional and postmodern understandings of identity management in later life, and life-stage theories to interpret the phenomenon of older people competing in physically demanding sport. To achieve the above aims, a qualitative study exploring the experiences of a group of Masters athletes aged over 55 years who regularly compete in physically strenuous individual or team sports was undertaken. It was found that despite age-appropriate norms, competition is significant to many of the participants. Study participants embrace the ideologies and practices of competitive sport and use them to define ageing in terms of youthfulness, physical ability and personal empowerment. Simultaneously however, a denial of, or desperate resistance to, the physical ageing process accompanies this feeling of empowerment. The participants in this study were not only competing in sport, but also "competing for life". It is argued that a multi-faceted and conflicting interplay of resistance and conformity, empowerment and denial, identity and the ageing body is embedded in the phenomenon of older people competing in physically demanding sport. These contradictory findings expose alternative ways of understanding sport, competition, ageing and older people in the West and raise many questions requiring further investigation. The study also points to potential applications of these findings to policy-making and provision of leisure services for older people.<br>PhD Doctorate

O tema da presente pesquisa é a competição esportiva escolar. Investigou-se as contribuições das competições esportivas para a formação e educação dos participantes, de forma específica sobre o caso dos Jogos Escolares de Petrolina (JEP), competição esportiva escolar desenvolvida a mais de 40 anos, e o seu impacto como instrumento de formação e educação das crianças e adolescentes da região. Para cumprir com os objetivos da investigação foram conduzidos três estudos. O primeiro estudo trata da Teoria e Metodologia das Competições Esportivas e do Modelo Teórico apresentado por Marques (2004), modelo este que defende a competição esportiva como elemento estruturante da educação e formação de crianças e jovens. O segundo estudo, de natureza histórica, abordou a criação dos JEP. Para tal, foram entrevistados os professores responsáveis pela criação dos JEP, utilizando um questionário construído em formato semiestruturado. O terceiro estudo, realizado com professores atuantes nos JEP, focalizou a realidade atual dos JEP. Através da aplicação de um questionário em formato semiestruturado foram investigadas as características, potencialidades e limitações dos JEP como elemento de formação e educação dos participantes. As competições esportivas são elementos insubstituíveis para a educação e formação dos participantes, porém, para que cumpram a sua função formativa e educacional, as competições devem ser organizadas por princípios, regras e conteúdos adequados à cada faixa etária. Os JEP foram criados a partir de determinação da secretaria de educação de Pernambuco, no início da década de 70. Nas edições iniciais os professores organizadores não receberam nenhum apoio dos órgãos governamentais, necessitando improvisar as condições dos locais de disputa, atuando como organizadores, árbitros e treinadores. Neste período foi fundamental o auxílio dos alunos, da direção das escolas e da comunidade de Petrolina. Através dos resultados obtidos nos três estudos que compõe a tese, foi possível responder a questão central da investigação: Quais as contribuições dos JEP para a formação e educação dos jovens atletas? Os JEP contribuem não apenas para a formação esportiva dos participantes, mas também com a construção e educação de valores, inerentes às competições esportivas, porém desejáveis em outros domínios da vida em sociedade. Entre eles destacam-se o “respeito às regras”, o “companheirismo”, o “prazer”, a “desportividade”, a “imagem pública”, a “tolerância”, o “ser justo”, a “autoestima”, o “ser vencedor” e a “realização pessoal”. O crescimento da “autoestima” dos atletas e a sensação de “realização pessoal” são aspectos muito presentes durante os JEP com reflexos que vão muito além do ambiente esportivo. Estes valores têm contribuído para a mudança de atitude de muitos atletas, expressos pela redução no abandono escolar, na maior tolerância entre os estudantes e na melhora no relacionamento familiar, percebidos pelos professores de outras disciplinas, pela direção das escolas e pelos familiares.<br>The topic of this research is the school sports competition. The contributions of sports competitions for training and education of participants were investigated specifically about the School Games of Petrolina (SGP), which is a school sports competition developed over 40 years ago and its impact as a training and education tool of children and adolescents in the region. Three studies were conducted to reach the research objectives. The first study deals with the Theory and Methodology of Sports Competitions and the Theoretical Model presented by Marques (2004). This model supports sports competition as a structural element of the education and training of children and youth. The second study, of historical nature, addressed the creation of the SGP. For this purpose, teachers responsible for creating the SGP were interviewed using a survey built in a semi-structured format. The third study, performed with teachers working in the SGP, focused on the current reality of the SGP. The characteristics, capabilities and limitations of the SGP as a training and education element of the participants, were investigated by applying a semi-structured format survey. The sports competitions are irreplaceable elements for education and training of participants, however, to fulfill its training and educational function, competitions should be organized by principles, rules and appropriated contents for each age group. The SGP was created by the Education Secretariat of Pernambuco in the early 70s. In the early editions, teachers, who were also organizing, received no support from government agencies, requiring them to improvise when it came to the conditions of the contest sites as well as acting out the roles of organizers, referees and coaches. During this period, the support coming from students, schools' management and Petrolina community was crucial. The results of the three studies that are part of this thesis enabled to answer the central question of this investigation: What are the contributions of the SGP for the training and education of young athletes? The SGP helps not only the participant's growth in sport, but also the build of values that are part of sports competitions and also desirable in other aspects of life. Some examples are "respect to rules", "partnership", "pleasure", "sportiness", "public image", "tolerance", "be fair", "self-esteem", "be a winner" and "personal fulfillment". The "self-esteem" growth on athletes and the feeling of "personal fulfillment" are aspects very present in the SGP, with implications that go far beyond the sport environment. These values have contributed to an attitude change of many athletes, expressed in terms of lower number of students leaving school, higher tolerance and better family relationship, aspects that were noticed by other teachers, school board and families.

Фахівці в галузі спорту вважають нестабільність результатів спортсмена прямим наслідком його емоційного стану на змаганнях. Багато тренерів бачать одну з задач підготовки до змагань в тому, щоб зняти емоційне напруження та ізолювати спортсмена від стресових впливів. Називають це «підвищенням психологічної надійності спортсмена». Можливо, що позитивний сенс психологічної підготовки спортсмена якраз і полягає в пробудженні сил і здібностей, які можуть вести його в непередбачуваній стресовій ситуації змагання.

Regulation of sport as an economic activity has become increasingly prevalent in a number of foreign jurisdictions. This thesis considers the applicability of competition law to the sports industry from a South African perspective. Although the Competition Act 89 of 1998 is yet to be applied in the context of organisation of professional sport, the sector is not free from the scrutiny of competition law authorities. It is necessary to subject sports organisers and governing bodies to competition law in order to ensure that their administrative powers, which effectively place them in positions of market dominance, are not misused for their own commercial interests. On the other hand, the unique characteristics of sports should also be taken into account when applying competition law to the sector. In particular, it should be noted that sporting activities are not purely economic in nature, and that they are also conducted in order to achieve various social objectives. This thesis examines foreign jurisprudence that have dealt with the relevance of purely sporting justifications under competition law, and conclude that South Africa law should take into account the unique nature of sport when determining whether a conduct should be per se prohibited under the Competition Act, as well as when the rule-of-reason enquiry is conducted. This would require an amendment to the Act, a draft of which is proposed in this thesis. Finally, the proposed approach is applied in the context of the player transfer rules in football, in order to highlight problematic aspects of the transfer system even when considered in light of the unique nature of sports.

Сучасні стадіони повинні відповідати суворим вимогам, що пред'являються до безпеки всіх учасників під час спортивних змагань. Головна вимога, яка має бути виконана, – створення об'єкта, безпечного для всіх, хто ним користується, будь-то глядачі, учасники матчу, офіційні особи, представники ЗМІ, обслуговуючий персонал.<br>Modern stadiums must match the strict requirements for safety during sports competitions. The main requirement that must be met is the creation of an object that is safe for all participants, be it spectators, match participants, officials, media representatives, service personnel.

Abstract ROBOTAC is a Chinese original national-level robot competition that combines the fun of sports competitions with the technicality of technology competitions. The competition is based on robot design and production, and the participating teams consist of multiple robots, which compete in a confrontational form. The 2023 ROBOTAC Mission Challenge requires the production of obstacle removal robots to clear the obstacles on the barrier platform. Based on mechanical principles design and control board production, this article introduces a successful obstacle removal robot that won the first prize in the national competition when coordinated with other robots.

AbstractAlthough society is (slowly) evolving, rigid gender stereotypes still persist in the world of professional sports. In line with the creation of a strict binary division of athletes, sex-testing policies based on stereotypical considerations of womanhood have come to target ‘overly masculine’ women athletes with variations of sex characteristics (VSC), as elevated levels of testosterone are believed to constitute a competitive advantage.Some international sports federations, such as World Athletics, have adopted hormonal eligibility criteria (HEC) for women’s sports competitions, although the underlying scientific evidence has been strongly contested. Athletes are excluded if they do not comply with these requirements. The standard way of reducing testosterone levels is via the use of hormonal contraceptives, although irreversible surgical treatment also occurs. HEC for sports competitions raises important issues in respect of the fundamental rights of professional women athletes with VSC, and have been challenged before the Court of Arbitration for Sports (CAS).In this chapter, we analyze the HEC set by World Athletics in light of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), which is the relevant framework for addressing human rights concerns since Switzerland accepts jurisdiction for appeals against CAS decisions. We discuss the relevant societal background, argue how HEC for sports competitions violates the individual’s right to bodily and mental integrity as protected by Article 3 ECHR, and explain that the scope of the state’s positive obligations under Article 8 ECHR needs to be interpreted as encompassing a duty to ensure the effective protection of an athlete’s bodily and psychological integrity. Finally, we set out why HEC directed at women athletes with VSC amounts to intersectional discrimination in breach of Article 14 ECHR in conjunction with Articles 3 and 8 ECHR.

AbstractWADA is a hybrid public–private agency that leads the global fight against doping. This chapter explores why and how this agency developed into an institution that receives support from sports organizations and governments worldwide. Despite initial scepticism about its ability to overcome the ineffectiveness of anti-doping policies prior to its foundation in 1999, WADA quickly grew into a broadly trusted and well-respected organization. It successfully developed a globally harmonized anti-doping system that reinforced the credibility of international sports competitions and the legitimacy of elite sport policies. From its inception, it had a distinct identity as a neutral, impartial and objective standard setter and referee agent in a morally challenging organizational field. Nonetheless, being relatively young, WADA remains a vulnerable institution. It must continuously take an independent position with regard to partial interests of sporting and public authorities that are responsible for WADA’s funding and governance. This requires institutional leadership that the organization cannot always offer, as recent doping affairs show.

In any sport, competition is the quintessence of activity, the objective way to capitalize on the performance capacity of the practitioners, by comparison with themselves or others. The pandemic generated by Covid 19 deprived the dance sport of everything that meant a specific competitive context: zonal, national, international competitions, the joy of all categories of participants, from children to seniors, to meet on the dance floor, the emotion in the stands of parents and supporters of the competitors and, especially, the special show that almost no other sport offers during sporting events. It was obvious to everyone involved in Romanian dance sports (and not only) that all the restrictions imposed by the pandemic will limit the specific activity for an indefinite period, so a group of IT specialists, specialists in managing the organization of dance sports competitions sought and they found solutions to survive of the phenomenon called dance sports. Thus, by involving the above-mentioned categories, an online platform was born that allows the organization of evaluation seminars, dance festivals, sports competitions, examinations and promotion congresses. In this way, the motivation to practice dance sports can be maintained for athletes, specialists and adjudicators during this period. In this paper, we want to present a platform that aims to revive the competitive activity and, moreover, to bring a stain of normalcy in this strange and difficult period for everyone involved in dance sports. The online platform consists of several modules (competition administration, filming operator, arbitration, streaming show). The final product is a festival/competition that is broadcast live either on the YouTube channel or on the organizer's website.

ABSTRACT Outstanding athletic performance is unthinkable without strong goal motivation, but at the same time, performance can be affected by a variety of challenges and distractions during an athlete’s career. This study aimed to understand the relationship between the type of goal orientation and factors that interfere with sports performance in competition and training processes. Method: This study involved 43 athletes with successful performance experiences in international competitions. Athletes were in age from 15 to 31 (M=19,3 years). There were 24 (55,8 %) men. The Perception of Success Questionnaire (Roberts et al., 1998) and Sport Interference Checklist (Donohue B. et al., 2007) for athletes’ self-assessments were used. Results: The results of the study indicate the most commonly reported athletes’ performance impairments were related to dysfunctional thoughts and stress related to both training and competition situations. The results showed a correlation between performance problems in competitions and task goal orientation. The elite athletes had higher task goal orientation than ego goal orientation, and problems that hindered athletes’ sports performance were more common during competitions than in training. There were no gender differences in athletes’ perception of issues that interfere with sports performance and no statistically significant differences between gender in athletes’ responses about ego and task goal orientation. Conclusions: The responses of elite athletes showed a correlation between athletes task goal orientation and their high motivation, which determined the low impact of disruptive factors (related to motivation) on athletic performance in competitions. The results of this study can be used for the development of targeted training programs for psychologists who would like to work in the field of sports psychology in Latvia in the future.

The article addresses the issue of regulating the manifestations of violence in sports at the international level, being proved the need to adopt the specialized legislation in the Republic of Moldova for the successful resolution of the contravention / criminal cases committed on this occasion. At present, sport fulfills a variety of functions, extremely useful from a social point of view, being largely focused on the competition between the participants. It should also be noted that each type of competition is based on aggression to some extent, which is especially noticeable in those sporting events where there is a direct confrontation of rivals (for example, football, judo, boxing, free wrestling, rugby etc.). Sport is the only form of activity in which violence is allowed "in a civilized way" in the contemporary world. Therefore, in order to understand the violence involved in sports, we must not only refer to the forms of interpersonal aggression on the sports field, but also to the mentality involved in the particular form that organized sport in contemporary society. Conflicts arise in all areas of social life, and many of them can turn into aggressive behaviors. The presence of aggression in these cases is confirmed by numerous rules that try to limit it to a minimum. However, sports are dominated by athletes whose aggressive behaviors are stimulated by the use of doping substances in sports competitions in order to obtain favorable and advantageous results. In this context, sports, athletes can generate certain concrete situations of manifestation of an inappropriate ethics reflected by: doping; pressure on the expected sports result; marketing - sport becomes a commodity; hooliganism manifested by fans and spectators of sports competitions; corruption and manipulation in sports; depersonalization of the athlete, which in fact becomes a commodity; politicization - sport becomes an instrument of political struggle; deviation from the principles of "fair play" in favor of pragmatism; racism; unethical behavior of sports champions, especially professionals; negative effects on the health of the performance athlete, even from an early age; frequent abuse of anabolic steroids among athletes, etc.

ABSTRACT Competition periodization in contemporary sports is a difficult task composed of basic rules of training periodization, adaptation, and a busy competition calendar. Influence on the process has many outer factors. Establishing the competition calendar in the year of the main competition (Olympic Games) and secondary ones is a great difficulty. These difficulties are compounded by aggravating factors such as a fading global pandemic and travel difficulties. In addition, participation in commercial tournaments is another major part of the competition calendar. The main aim of the following study is to analyze and model the competition periodization of elite 110 m hurdles during the Olympic year (2021). Respondents are all participants in the Olympic tournament in the chosen discipline – in total, 39 athletes. We found different tactics regarding participation in competitions during the Olympic year. Also, we found a different pattern of sports result utilization before a major competition. All finalists do not take part in the competition 20 days before the heats of the Olympic games. Some athletes participate in 60 m hurdles discipline just to check their sports form, others search for top performance in indoor competitions. The number of race days varies between 10 and 21 an (average of 16) for the finalists. After participating in the Olympic games, most of the athletes participated in a few commercial tournaments and no later than the middle of September, they finished race season. Based on the results, we can improve the training process and competition planning based on the experience of world-class hurdlers. We must consider that sometimes participation in the competition is canceled due to other factors such as injuries or travel problems. Also, we propose annual competition models based on elite hurdler performance during the Olympic year.

Abstract. College sports activities can enrich the amateur life of college students and enhance their life. This study combined with the author's practical experience in competition management many times, using the literature method and interview method, to explore the existing problems in regional college sports competitions, found that the current regional college sports competitions in the pre-match publicity, registration, arrangement, safety in the game and post-match results registration and maintenance problems need to be solved, and combined with the problem put forward related solutions: the establishment of a complete event website, the construction of a sound event publicity channel, the structure of low error rate of the registration system website, The upgraded order book produces templates, improves the training quality of the event staff, develops the results registration website that conforms to the characteristics of the event and does a good job in the summary of the event, hoping to help the regional college sports competition activities improve the quality, better realize the original intention of holding the competition activities, reflect the function of the university events.

Orienteering is one of the most popular folk sports in Latvia, it involves a very large number of participants, and this number is growing every year. While participating in the competition and running through the forest, the competitors are trampling the forest floor. In Latvia, the impact of orienteering competitions has not been studied a lot; therefore, when organizing competitions, disagreements arise when choosing the competition area – there are groundless suspicions that orienteering sport has a significant negative long-term impact on the forest floor. The aim of research is to assess the impact of orienteering competitions on ground vegetation in pine forests at the seaside, Latvia. The research was carried out in the orienteering competition ‘World Masters Orienteering Championships 2019’ area, which was located in Scots pine forests in the seaside territory – in the vicinity of Bumbukalns and Garezeri. The study describes orienteering competitions and their process in forest lands; analyzes the vegetation at orienteering competition checkpoints before and after the competition; compares and evaluates vegetation changes in hilly areas on hill tops and in depressions. The study has found that orienteering competitions do not significantly affect the forest layers. It is concluded that as the distance from the control point increases, the trampling intensity decreases. The intensity of trampling does not depend only on the shape of the terrain. The effect of trampling is best seen on the moss layer.

The subject of the research is the old folk sports, games, and competitions as part of the intangible cultural heritage (ICH) in the territory of the former SFR Yugoslavia. Since 2009, these sports have been part of the representative UNESCO ICH world list. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, the countries created by the disintegration of the former Yugoslavia (except Serbia) have begun entering them into national registers of intangible cultural heritage (a total of 20 sports and games are on the lists). On the territory of Serbia, there are old folk sports, games, and competitions, which represent intangible cultural heritage, however, they are still not sufficiently recognized by the competent institutions. In this regard, various initiatives have been created for certain old sports to become part of the national list of intangible cultural heritage of Serbia, as a corpus of endangered heritage. The task of the research is to perform a comparative analysis of old folk sports and games in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. During numerous migrations in the Middle Ages, South Slavs inhabited different geographical areas in the analyzed territory, where their main economic activity was extensive agriculture. Geographical conditions and the way of life have conditioned the development of numerous folk sports, games, and competitions. Shepherd’s games (children), sports, and games that prove maturity and folk competitions for fun are the foundation of their later genesis of development. Along with these sports and games, folklore, customs, and gastronomy were practiced as part of the cultural heritage. The rules of most old folk sports, games, and competitions (although mostly oral) remained identical throughout the former Yugoslavia, with minor differences. Based on field research, which included survey research, focus groups with the participation of experts from various fields, as well as the study of adequate scientific literature, the authors made a classification of old folk sports, games, and competitions through which they performed their comparative analysis as the elements of intangible cultural heritage in the territory of the former Yugoslavia: old sports with props, old martial sports, old athletic sports, folk sports competitions, children’s competitive games, sports with animals, water sports, ritual sports games, and folk sports games. A comparative analysis was also made with old folk sports, games, and competitions in the territory of Serbia. The formulated hypothesis assumes that the old folk sports, games, and competitions in the territory of the former Yugoslavia, through defined, joint elements, can be presented through a common international European cultural route as part of the common cultural heritage.

Review question / Objective: A systematic review carried out intends to carefully analyze the literature on the relationship between demographic and psychosocial determinants and the conciliation of studies with sports life. It aims to analyse, synthesize and update existing research on career management and development, namely, the dual careers of high-performance sports athletes who, at the same time, attend secondary education, starting from the research question - What is the profile of European students-athletes who simultaneously practice high performance sport and study in secondary education?. Condition being studied: The educational experience facilitates sports development and the skills trained in a sports context are transferable to the world of education and work. Being an elite athlete becomes more and more demanding as the number of training hours increases (20-30h/week) and the frequency of competitions, which has immediate implications for lifestyle and time management, requiring greater effort and commitment to fulfill your role as a student and athlete. Succeeding in both careers is highly demanding and challenging.

The methodological guide will present aspects that will be useful for coaches in working with their students, in particular psychological work with athletes during the training process and during the competition, and specifically in the pre-start period. It is important for the coach to teach the athlete the techniques of psychological protection, including restoring the stability control system, reducing feelings of anxiety and countering it. It is important to carry out special psychological training. Including effective preparation for competition, based on: social values; formation of mental "internal support"; overcoming psychological barriers. Every day the degree of development and influence of sports reaches a new level. Also, the requirements for athletes in technical, physical and tactical readiness are increasing, respectively, the result of competitive activity will already be determined by readiness and psychological attitude. Psychological preparation is a process aimed at creating a state of mental readiness for competition in athletes. This should be considered the subject of psychological preparation for competitions in sports.

The article presents varieties and variants of relaxation techniques advisable to use after intense physical exertion. The concept of "relaxation" and understanding of its role in physical education to maintain health and harmonious development of youth are considered. Considering the fact that one of the main trends in sports remains the increase in the intensity of training and the need to improve the results of competitions, the problem of restoring the athlete's performance capacity after physical exertion is extremely relevant today. Understanding the causes of fatigue and the physiological mechanisms of recovery, control over the relevant processes, the rational use of modern methods of body relaxation and means of recovery are important for assessing the impact of physical stress on the body, the effectiveness of training programs, identifying overtraining, determining the optimal rest time after physical exercises, and therefore, are necessary to improve the athlete's training and achieving high results.

Review question / Objective: To understand the applicability of tracking systems in team sports on the last decade by emerging an understanding of how the use of different variables and research goals may be profitable to develop a comprehensive framework that might help to shed a light into team sports performance and athlete´s well-being. Rationale: To implement a training monitoring system, there is a need to understand how the different metrics available in training and competition may be manipulated to enhance the understanding of the context of performance in team sports. Additionally, how the information from tracking technology devices have been applied and what are the main issues that have being studied, in order to improve further research and practice.

Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to compile and order all the training load measures, all fatigue assessments, and all well-being questionnaires used in volleyball training/match monitoring, systematizing them. Condition being studied: Training load: cumulative amount of stress placed on an individual from multiple sessions and games over a period of time. Neuromuscular fatigue: A response that is less than the expected or anticipated contractile response, for a given stimulation. Well-being: A continuous, active process, which is geared towards balancing one’s physical, emotional, social, intellectual and spiritual wellness in order to enhance one’s life quality.5 In sport science the subjective measurement of the response to training and competition are used through the athlete self-report measures (ASRMs). In practice, these often comprise brief, single-item checklists derived from validated questionnaires that are intended to be completed daily.

Between 28th June and 7th July, the Danish-German border region will host the fifth edition of Europeada, a football competition for European autochthonous minorities. This will bring together 24 men’s and 9 women’s teams, with the defending champions being South Tyrol and Team Koroška respectively. The main goal behind this blog post is to preview this event. To achieve this, the authors first unpack the importance of sport for minority identities through discussing several historical and contemporary examples, before specifically zooming in on this aspect in the host region. Subsequently, the focus is turned to the event itself with considerations concerning the format, financing, and its place within FUEN’s activities. The text concludes with a reflection on the significance of Europeada for the host region, participating minorities, its main organizer, and broader awareness-raising in relation to minority issues.

Executive Summary This report describes a series of experiments carried out by PRICE Lab, a research programme at the Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI) jointly funded by the Central Bank of Ireland, the Commission for Energy Regulation, the Competition and Consumer Protection Commission and the Commission for Communications Regulation. The experiments were conducted with samples of Irish consumers aged 18-70 years and were designed to answer the following general research question: At what point do products become too complex for consumers to choose accurately between the good ones and the bad ones? BACKGROUND AND METHODS PRICE Lab represents a departure from traditional methods employed for economic research in Ireland. It belongs to the rapidly expanding area of ‘behavioural economics’, which is the application of psychological insights to economic analysis. In recent years, behavioural economics has developed novel methods and generated many new findings, especially in relation to the choices made by consumers. These scientific advances have implications both for economics and for policy. They suggest that consumers often do not make decisions in the way that economists have traditionally assumed. The findings show that consumers have limited capacity for attending to and processing information and that they are prone to systematic biases, all of which may lead to disadvantageous choices. In short, consumers may make costly mistakes. Research has indeed documented that in several key consumer markets, including financial services, utilities and telecommunications, many consumers struggle to choose the best products for themselves. It is often argued that these markets involve ‘complex’ products. The obvious question that arises is whether consumer policy can be used to help them to make better choices when faced with complex products. Policies are more likely to be successful where they are informed by an accurate understanding of how real consumers make decisions between products. To provide evidence for consumer policy, PRICE Lab has developed a method for measuring the accuracy with which consumers make choices, using techniques adapted from the scientific study of human perception. The method allows researchers to measure how reliably consumers can distinguish a good deal from a bad one. A good deal is defined here as one where the product is more valuable than the price paid. In other words, it offers good value for money or, in the jargon of economics, offers the consumer a ‘surplus’. Conversely, a bad deal offers poor value for money, providing no (or a negative) surplus. PRICE Lab’s main experimental method, which we call the ‘Surplus Identification’ (S-ID) task, allows researchers to measure how accurately consumers can spot a surplus and whether they are prone to systematic biases. Most importantly, the S-ID task can be used to study how the accuracy of consumers’ decisions changes as the type of product changes. For the experiments we report here, samples of consumers arrived at the ESRI one at a time and spent approximately one hour doing the S-ID task with different kinds of products, which were displayed on a computer screen. They had to learn to judge the value of one or more products against prices and were then tested for accuracy. As well as people’s intrinsic motivation to do well when their performance on a task like this is tested, we provided an incentive: one in every ten consumers who attended PRICE Lab won a prize, based on their performance. Across a series of these experiments, we were able to test how the accuracy of consumers’ decisions was affected by the number and nature of the product’s characteristics, or ‘attributes’, which they had to take into account in order to distinguish good deals from bad ones. In other words, we were able to study what exactly makes for a ‘complex’ product, in the sense that consumers find it difficult to choose good deals. FINDINGS Overall, across all ten experiments described in this report, we found that consumers’ judgements of the value of products against prices were surprisingly inaccurate. Even when the product was simple, meaning that it consisted of just one clearly perceptible attribute (e.g. the product was worth more when it was larger), consumers required a surplus of around 16-26 per cent of the total price range in order to be able to judge accurately that a deal was a good one rather than a bad one. Put another way, when most people have to map a characteristic of a product onto a range of prices, they are able to distinguish at best between five and seven levels of value (e.g. five levels might be thought of as equivalent to ‘very bad’, ‘bad’, ‘average’, ‘good’, ‘very good’). Furthermore, we found that judgements of products against prices were not only imprecise, but systematically biased. Consumers generally overestimated what products at the top end of the range were worth and underestimated what products at the bottom end of the range were worth, typically by as much as 10-15 per cent and sometimes more. We then systematically increased the complexity of the products, first by adding more attributes, so that the consumers had to take into account, two, three, then four different characteristics of the product simultaneously. One product might be good on attribute A, not so good on attribute B and available at just above the xii | PRICE Lab: An Investigation of Consumers’ Capabilities with Complex Products average price; another might be very good on A, middling on B, but relatively expensive. Each time the consumer’s task was to judge whether the deal was good or bad. We would then add complexity by introducing attribute C, then attribute D, and so on. Thus, consumers had to negotiate multiple trade-offs. Performance deteriorated quite rapidly once multiple attributes were in play. Even the best performers could not integrate all of the product information efficiently – they became substantially more likely to make mistakes. Once people had to consider four product characteristics simultaneously, all of which contributed equally to the monetary value of the product, a surplus of more than half the price range was required for them to identify a good deal reliably. This was a fundamental finding of the present experiments: once consumers had to take into account more than two or three different factors simultaneously their ability to distinguish good and bad deals became strikingly imprecise. This finding therefore offered a clear answer to our primary research question: a product might be considered ‘complex’ once consumers must take into account more than two or three factors simultaneously in order to judge whether a deal is good or bad. Most of the experiments conducted after we obtained these strong initial findings were designed to test whether consumers could improve on this level of performance, perhaps for certain types of products or with sufficient practice, or whether the performance limits uncovered were likely to apply across many different types of product. An examination of individual differences revealed that some people were significantly better than others at judging good deals from bad ones. However the differences were not large in comparison to the overall effects recorded; everyone tested struggled once there were more than two or three product attributes to contend with. People with high levels of numeracy and educational attainment performed slightly better than those without, but the improvement was small. We also found that both the high level of imprecision and systematic bias were not reduced substantially by giving people substantial practice and opportunities to learn – any improvements were slow and incremental. A series of experiments was also designed to test whether consumers’ capability was different depending on the type of product attribute. In our initial experiments the characteristics of the products were all visual (e.g., size, fineness of texture, etc.). We then performed similar experiments where the relevant product information was supplied as numbers (e.g., percentages, amounts) or in categories (e.g., Type A, Rating D, Brand X), to see whether performance might improve. This question is important, as most financial and contractual information is supplied to consumers in a numeric or categorical form. The results showed clearly that the type of product information did not matter for the level of imprecision and bias in consumers’ decisions – the results were essentially the same whether the product attributes were visual, numeric or categorical. What continued to drive performance was how many characteristics the consumer had to judge simultaneously. Thus, our findings were not the result of people failing to perceive or take in information accurately. Rather, the limiting factor in consumers’ capability was how many different factors they had to weigh against each other at the same time. In most of our experiments the characteristics of the product and its monetary value were related by a one-to-one mapping; each extra unit of an attribute added the same amount of monetary value. In other words, the relationships were all linear. Because other findings in behavioural economics suggest that consumers might struggle more with non-linear relationships, we designed experiments to test them. For example, the monetary value of a product might increase more when the amount of one attribute moves from very low to low, than when it moves from high to very high. We found that this made no difference to either the imprecision or bias in consumers’ decisions provided that the relationship was monotonic (i.e. the direction of the relationship was consistent, so that more or less of the attribute always meant more or less monetary value respectively). When the relationship involved a turning point (i.e. more of the attribute meant higher monetary value but only up to a certain point, after which more of the attribute meant less value) consumers’ judgements were more imprecise still. Finally, we tested whether familiarity with the type of product improved performance. In most of the experiments we intentionally used products that were new to the experimental participants. This was done to ensure experimental control and so that we could monitor learning. In the final experiment reported here, we used two familiar products (Dublin houses and residential broadband packages) and tested whether consumers could distinguish good deals from bad deals any better among these familiar products than they could among products that they had never seen before, but which had the same number and type of attributes and price range. We found that consumers’ performance was the same for these familiar products as for unfamiliar ones. Again, what primarily determined the amount of imprecision and bias in consumers’ judgments was the number of attributes that they had to balance against each other, regardless of whether these were familiar or novel. POLICY IMPLICATIONS There is a menu of consumer polices designed to assist consumers in negotiating complex products. A review, including international examples, is given in the main body of the report. The primary aim is often to simplify the consumer’s task. Potential policies, versions of which already exist in various forms and which cover a spectrum of interventionist strength, might include: the provision and endorsement of independent, transparent price comparison websites and other choice engines (e.g. mobile applications, decision software); the provision of high quality independent consumer advice; ‘mandated simplification’, whereby regulations stipulate that providers must present product information in a simplified and standardised format specifically determined by regulation; and more strident interventions such as devising and enforcing prescriptive rules and regulations in relation to permissible product descriptions, product features or price structures. The present findings have implications for such policies. However, while the experimental findings have implications for policy, it needs to be borne in mind that the evidence supplied here is only one factor in determining whether any given intervention in markets is likely to be beneficial. The findings imply that consumers are likely to struggle to choose well in markets with products consisting of multiple important attributes that must all be factored in when making a choice. Interventions that reduce this kind of complexity for consumers may therefore be beneficial, but nothing in the present research addresses the potential costs of such interventions, or how providers are likely to respond to them. The findings are also general in nature and are intended to give insights into consumer choices across markets. There are likely to be additional factors specific to certain markets that need to be considered in any analysis of the costs and benefits of a potential policy change. Most importantly, the policy implications discussed here are not specific to Ireland or to any particular product market. Furthermore, they should not be read as criticisms of existing regulatory regimes, which already go to some lengths in assisting consumers to deal with complex products. Ireland currently has extensive regulations designed to protect consumers, both in general and in specific markets, descriptions of which can be found in Section 9.1 of the main report. Nevertheless, the experiments described here do offer relevant guidance for future policy designs. For instance, they imply that while policies that make it easier for consumers to switch providers may be necessary to encourage active consumers, they may not be sufficient, especially in markets where products are complex. In order for consumers to benefit, policies that help them to identify better deals reliably may also be required, given the scale of inaccuracy in consumers’ decisions that we record in this report when products have multiple important attributes. Where policies are designed to assist consumer decisions, the present findings imply quite severe limits in relation to the volume of information consumers can simultaneously take into account. Good impartial Executive Summary | xv consumer advice may limit the volume of information and focus on ensuring that the most important product attributes are recognised by consumers. The findings also have implications for the role of competition. While consumers may obtain substantial potential benefits from competition, their capabilities when faced with more complex products are likely to reduce such benefits. Pressure from competition requires sufficient numbers of consumers to spot and exploit better value offerings. Given our results, providers with larger market shares may face incentives to increase the complexity of products in an effort to dampen competitive pressure and generate more market power. Where marketing or pricing practices result in prices or attributes with multiple components, our findings imply that consumer choices are likely to become less accurate. Policymakers must of course be careful in determining whether such practices amount to legitimate innovations with potential consumer benefit. Yet there is a genuine danger that spurious complexity can be generated that confuses consumers and protects market power. The results described here provide backing for the promotion and/or provision by policymakers of high-quality independent choice engines, including but not limited to price comparison sites, especially in circumstances where the number of relevant product attributes is high. A longer discussion of the potential benefits and caveats associated with such policies is contained in the main body of the report. Mandated simplification policies are gaining in popularity internationally. Examples include limiting the number of tariffs a single energy company can offer or standardising health insurance products, both of which are designed to simplify the comparisons between prices and/or product attributes. The present research has some implications for what might make a good mandate. Consumer decisions are likely to be improved where a mandate brings to the consumer’s attention the most important product attributes at the point of decision. The present results offer guidance with respect to how many key attributes consumers are able simultaneously to trade off, with implications for the design of standardised disclosures. While bearing in mind the potential for imposing costs, the results also suggest benefits to compulsory ‘meta-attributes’ (such as APRs, energy ratings, total costs, etc.), which may help consumers to integrate otherwise separate sources of information. FUTURE RESEARCH The experiments described here were designed to produce findings that generalise across multiple product markets. However, in addition to the results outlined in this report, the work has resulted in new experimental methods that can be applied to more specific consumer policy issues. This is possible because the methods generate experimental measures of the accuracy of consumers’ decision-making. As such, they can be adapted to assess the quality of consumers’ decisions in relation to specific products, pricing and marketing practices. Work is underway in PRICE Lab that applies these methods to issues in specific markets, including those for personal loans, energy and mobile phones.