Articoli di riviste: "Spexine"

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Lv, Shuangyu, Yuchen Zhou, Yu Feng, Xiaomei Zhang, Xinyue Wang, Yanjie Yang e Xinchun Wang. "Peripheral Spexin Inhibited Food Intake in Mice". International Journal of Endocrinology 2020 (5 agosto 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4913785.

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Spexin (SPX, NPQ), a novel endogenous neuropeptide, was firstly identified by bioinformatics. Spexin gene and protein widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues, such as the hypothalamus and digestive tract. The role of spexin in appetite regulation in mammalian is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the mechanism and effect of peripheral spexin on food intake in mice. During the light period, an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of spexin (10 nmol/mouse) significantly inhibited cumulative food intake at 2, 4, and 6 h after treatment in fasted mice. During the dark period, spexin (1 and 10 nmol/mouse, i.p.) significantly suppressed cumulative food intake at 4 and 6 h after treatment in freely feeding mice. The GALR3 antagonist SNAP37889, not GALR2 antagonist, significantly antagonized the inhibitory effect on cumulative food intake (0–6 h) induced by spexin. Spexin significantly reduced the mRNA level of Npy mRNA, not Agrp, Pomc, Cart, Crh, Orexin, or Mch, in the hypothalamus. Spexin (10 nmol/mouse, i.p.) increased the number of c-Fos positive neurons in hypothalamic AHA and SCN, but not in ARC, DMN, LHA, PVN, SON, or VMH. The hypothalamic p-CaMK2 protein expression was upregulated by spexin. This study indicated that acute peripheral injection of spexin inhibited mouse food intake. The anorectic effect may be mediated by GALR3, and inhibiting neuropeptide Y (NPY) via p-CaMK2 and c-Fos in the hypothalamus.

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Liu, Ying, Di Wu, Hangping Zheng, Yunzhi Ni, Lu Zhu, Yaojing Jiang, Jiarong Dai et al. "Serum Spexin Level Is Negatively Associated With Peripheral Neuropathy and Sensory Pain in Type 2 Diabetes". Journal of Diabetes Research 2024 (23 maggio 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/4538199.

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Background: Spexin is a novel peptide hormone and has shown antinociceptive effects in experimental mice. This study is aimed at evaluating the association of serum spexin level with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and related pain in a Chinese population.Methods: We enrolled 167 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) including 56 patients without DPN (non-DPN), 67 painless DPN, and 44 painful DPN. Serum spexin was measured using ELISA. Logistic regression models were performed to analyze the independent effects of spexin on prevalence of DPN and painful DPN. In streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, mechanical pain threshold was measured using electronic von Frey aesthesiometer. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated and further stimulated with lipopolysaccharide without or with spexin. The gene expression was assayed by qPCR.Results: Compared with non-DPN, serum spexin level decreased in painless DPN and further decreased in painful DPN. The odds of DPN was associated with low spexin level in T2DM, which was similar by age, sex, BMI, and diabetes duration, but attenuated in smokers. The odds of having pain was associated with decreased spexin level in DPN, which was similar by age, sex, smoking status, and diabetes duration, but attenuated in normal weight. Furthermore, we observed that mechanical pain threshold increased in spexin-treated diabetic mice. We also found that lipopolysaccharide treatment increased the mRNA level of TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 in human PBMCs, while spexin treatment prevented this increase.Conclusions: These results suggested that spexin might serve as a protective factor for diabetes against neuropathology and pain-related pathogenesis.

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Karaca, Anara, Filiz Bakar-Ates e Nese Ersoz-Gulcelik. "Decreased Spexin Levels in Patients with Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes". Medical Principles and Practice 27, n. 6 (2018): 549–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000493482.

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Background/Aims: Spexin is a novel peptide which has a potential role as a biomarker of insulin resistance, diabetes, and obesity. Our aim was to measure spexin levels in lean type 1 diabetic patients and its relevance to glycemic parameters without the presence of obesity or insulin resistance. Subjects and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 29 type 1 and 30 type 2 diabetic patients and a control group of 23 healthy subjects with adjusted age, sex, and body mass index (BMI). Height and weight were measured using standard techniques. Glucose levels, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, serum cortisol levels, and spexin levels were measured in each patient. Results: The median fasting serum spexin levels were significantly lower in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes than in control subjects (p = 0.008 and p = 0.041, respectively). Spexin levels were not correlated with glycemic parameters, lipids, BMI, cortisol levels, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (p > 0.05). Only age turned out to be correlated with spexin levels in patients with type 1 diabetes when we analyzed the groups separately. Regression models, including age and diabetes duration, revealed no association between age and spexin levels. Regression models, including cortisol, BMI, and HbA1c, revealed no association with spexin levels within each group. Conclusion: The presence of type 1 diabetes is associated with lower spexin levels, independent of glucose, lipid parameters, and BMI. The expression of spexin in the pancreas apart from the current glycemic control of the patients may be the main determinant of spexin levels in type 1 diabetic patients.

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F. salih, Ruaa, Hala Abd Al-Qadir Al-Moayad Abd Al-Qadir Al-Moayad, Firas abbas, Jalil I. Alezzi e Asrar Saleh Mohammed. "Association of Spexin Hormone Levels with Metabolic Disturbance in Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome". Diyala Journal of Medicine 27, n. 1 (25 ottobre 2024): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26505/djm.v27i1.1138.

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Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome is affecting around 5–15% of females. Spexin hormone, identified as neuropeptide Q, has been newly recognized by bioinformatics methods. Objective: To evaluate the relationship concerning levels of spexin hormone with metabolic disruption in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome. Patients and Methods: A case-control study carried out in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in Al-Imamain Al-Khademain medical city/Baghdad, Iraq, from Jan 1, 2022, to the end of Dec 31, 2022. The study sample comprises, 192 participants aged 18-45 years were joined and allocated into a case group (96 women with PCOS) and a control group (96 women without PCOS). Results: Mean value of spexin hormone was (2.7±0.3 ng/mL) in the PCOS group, while it was (3.5±0.7 ng/mL) in the control group; fasting blood sugar shows significant association with a negative, weak correlation with Spexin in patients (P-value= 0.005), Insulin shows significant association with inverse correlation with Spexin in patients (P-value= 0.04), Homeostasis model valuation of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) shows significant association with inverse correlation with Spexin in patients (P-value= 0.003). Spexin had a significant inverse correlation with LH, SHBG, testosterone, FAI, and Dehydroepiandrosterone. Conclusion: Serum level of spexin hormone was meaningfully decreased in patients with PCOS than that in healthy women. Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, Spexin, Hormonal, Metabolic Disturbance.

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Bacopoulou, Flora, Despoina Apostolaki, Aimilia Mantzou, Artemis Doulgeraki, Artur Pałasz, Pantelis Tsimaris, Eleni Koniari e Vasiliki Efthymiou. "Serum Spexin is Correlated with Lipoprotein(a) and Androgens in Female Adolescents". Journal of Clinical Medicine 8, n. 12 (2 dicembre 2019): 2103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm8122103.

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The Spexin gene is considered the most dysregulated in obese human fat. Limited data suggest that the novel peptide spexin may potentially impact food intake, weight regulation and body adiposity. The aim of this case-control study was to compare fasting serum spexin concentrations between normal weight (NW) and overweight/obese (OB/OW) adolescent females and explore the relationship between circulating spexin and anthropometric, bone and fat mass, metabolic and hormonal parameters. Eighty post-menarcheal females (mean age ± SD 16.23 ± 2.26 years); 55 NW (mean BMI ± SD 19.72 ± 2.52 kg/m2) and 25 OB/OW (mean BMI ± SD 29.35 ± 3.89 kg/m2) participated in the study. Circulating spexin levels did not differ significantly (p = 0.378) between NW (median (interquartile range), 0.26 (0.17) ng/mL) and OB/OW (median (interquartile range), 0.28 (0.06) ng/mL) adolescents and did not correlate with BMI (rs = −0.090, p = 0.438), % body fat (rs = −0.173, p = 0.409), glucose or insulin resistance indices derived from fasting and oral glucose tolerance states. In the total study sample, spexin concentrations correlated positively with lipoprotein(a) (rs = 0.402, p = 0.046). In the OB/OW adolescents spexin levels correlated positively with testosterone (rs = 0.727, p = 0.011) and free androgen index (rs = 0.755, p = 0.007). In the NW adolescents, spexin concentrations correlated negatively with dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (rs = −0.445, p = 0.038). Results may suggest potential involvement of spexin in the regulation of lipoprotein(a) and of the reproductive/adrenal axis in post-menarcheal adolescent females.

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Ozturk Onsal, Fatma Duygu, Ahmet Ucar, Ali Bulbul, Zeynep Yildiz Yildirmak e Gizem Kara Elitok. "Associations of Size at Birth and Metabolic Syndrome Antecedents With Serum Spexin Levels in Prepubertal Children". Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1 maggio 2021): A709—A710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1445.

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Abstract Background: Spexin is a novel peptide implicated in food intake and obesity. The primary aim of this study was to analyze whether serum spexin levels, along with total leptin and active ghrelin levels were different in prepubertal children born small for gestational age(SGA) and appropriate for gestational(AGA). Secondary aims were to analyze whether serum spexin, leptin and active ghrelin levels correlated with metabolic syndrome(MS)antecedents according to the Dietary and lifestyle-induced health effects in children and infants (IDEFICS)study. Subjects and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study on prepubertal37SGA- (median:5.6yr)and50prepubertalAGA-born children(median:5.9yr). Anthropometric data, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance(HOMAIR),plasma lipids, serum spexin, total leptin and active ghrelin levels were analyzed. Associations of serum spexin levels with MS antecedents according to the IDEFICS study were investigated. Results: Children bornSGA had higher body mass index and waist circumference than AGA-born peers(p <0.05). Serum total leptin levels were higher in SGA-born children than in AGA-born peers (p<0.05). Plasma active ghrelin and spexin levels were not different between the subgroups(p>0.05). Children bornSGA had higher MS risk scores than AGA-born peers(p <0.05). Small for gestational age- born children had higher plasma glucose,insulin and HOMA-IR than AGA-born peers(p<0.05). In children born SGA, the number of subjects with excess adiposity (NSGA=18(43.9%)andNAGA=7(14%),p=0.016)and insulin resistance(NSGA=14(34%) andNAGA=6(12%),p=0.035)was higher than in AGA-born peers. There was no significant difference in frequency of dyslipidemia between the subgroups(p=0.19). The frequency of children with more than one MS antecedent was higher in SGA-born children than in AGA-born peers(Chi-Square p <0.01). Metabolic syndrome risk score according to IDEFICS was higher in SGA born children than in AGA-born peers(2.2±1.8vs1.1±1.8;p=0.008). Serum spexin levels were lower in children with MS antecedents than those without MS antecedents in both AGA -and SGA-born children[Serum spexin levels in AGA-born children with and without MS antecedents: 48,5pg/mL(25-75%IQR:19.8-93.8pg/mL)and143pg/mL(25-75%IQR:104-211pg/mL),p<0.001;respectively, serum spexin levels inSGAborn children with and without MS antecedents: 31,0pg/mL(25-75%IQR:16.5-47.0 pg/mL) and79.5pg/mL(25-75% IQR:49.5-274.8pg/mL),p=0,0016;respectively]. In the whole study group, the most important factor associated with excess adiposity was history of being born SGA(OddsRatio=91.3[95%CI:2.2-374;p=0.017] Conclusions: Serum spexin levels were not different inSGA- and AGA-born children. Serum spexin levels were reduced in children with MS antecedents independent of size at birth.

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Cichoń, Lena, Artur Pałasz, Krzysztof M. Wilczyński, Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek, Anna Żmijowska, Ireneusz Jelonek e Małgorzata Janas-Kozik. "Evaluation of Peripheral Blood Concentrations of Phoenixin, Spexin, Nesfatin-1 and Kisspeptin as Potential Biomarkers of Bipolar Disorder in the Pediatric Population". Biomedicines 12, n. 1 (29 dicembre 2023): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12010084.

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There are some initial suggestions in the literature that phoenixin, spexin, nesfatin-1 and kisspeptin may play a role in the pathogenesis of affective disorders. Therefore, they may also be cautiously considered as potential diagnostic or predictive biomarkers of BD. This study aimed to evaluate the levels of the aforementioned neuropeptides in the peripheral blood of children and adolescents with bipolar. This study included 122 individuals: 67 persons with diagnosed bipolar disorder types I and II constituted the study group, and 55 healthy persons were included in the control group. Statistically significant differences in the concentrations of neuropeptides between the control and study groups were noted in relation to nesfatin-1 and spexin (although spexin lost statistical significance after introducing the Bonferroni correction). In a logistic regression analysis, an increased risk of bipolar disorder was noted for a decrease in nesfatin-1 concentration. Lower levels of nesfatin-1 seemed to be a significant risk factor for the development of bipolar disorder types I and II. Furthermore, the occurrence of bipolar disorder was associated with significantly elevated levels of spexin. None of the analyzed neuropeptides was significantly correlated with the number of symptoms of bipolar disorder.

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Yazgan, Burak, Filiz Avcı, Gülsün Memi e Ebru Tastekin. "Inflammatory response and matrix metalloproteinases in chronic kidney failure: Modulation by adropin and spexin". Experimental Biology and Medicine 246, n. 17 (22 maggio 2021): 1917–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211012417.

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Chronic kidney disease is a major global public health problem. The peptide hormones adropin and spexin modulate many physiological functions such as energy balance and glucose, lipid and protein metabolism. However, it is unclear whether these peptides may exert effects on renal damage, tissue remodeling, and inflammatory conditions. In view of the limited information, we aimed to investigate the effect of adropin and spexin on matrix metalloproteinase and inflammatory response genes a rat model of adenine-induced chronic kidney failure. Chronic kidney failure was induced in rats by administering adenine hemisulfate. Renal function was determined in an autoanalyzer. Histopathological modifications were assessed by H&E staining. mRNA expression levels of ALOX 15, COX 1, COX 2, IL-1β, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-18 IL-21, IL-33, KIM-1, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-9, MMP-13, NGAL, TGFβ1, TIMP-1, and TNFα in kidney tissue were measured by qPCR. Our results showed an increase of 24-h urine volume, serum creatinine, BUN, and urine protein levels in group with adenine-induced CKF. Adropin and spexin treatments decreased urine protein and 24-h urine volume. Renal damage, TIMP-1, IL-33, and MMP-2 increased after CKF induction, while COX 1, MMP-9, and MMP-13 levels were significantly reduced. Furthermore, KIM-1, TIMP-1, IL-33, and MMP-2 were downregulated by spexin treatment. Renal damage, NGAL, TIMP-1 IL-17A, IL-33, MMP-2, and MMP-3 decreased after adropin treatment, while MMP-13 levels were upregulated. Treatment with adropin+spexin decreased KIM-1, NGAL, TIMP-1, IL-1β, IL-17A, IL-18, IL-33, ALOX 15, COX 1, COX 2, TGFβ1, TNFα, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-7, but increased MMP-13 levels. Our findings revealed that inflammatory response and MMP genes were modulated by adropin and spexin. These peptides may have protective effects on inflammation and chronic kidney damage progression.

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Ghannawi,, L. A., K. Gharab,, M. A. Hadi,, O. Y. Shakir, e A. M. Rahmah. "Spexin level in growth hormone deficiency Iraqi children". Ukrainian Biochemical Journal 96, n. 4 (3 settembre 2024): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ubj96.04.055.

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Spexin (SPX) is a newly discovered brain adipokine implicated in various homeostatic functions including metabolism, energy balance, endocrine processes and growth hormone (GH) production in particular. At the same time, the growth-promoting effects of GH are influenced by Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF‑1) and vitamin D3. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible involvement of SPX in growth hormone deficiency (GHD) in children. The research involved 90 children (40 with growth hormone deficiency and 50 healthy controls aged 5-14). Serum levels of GH, IGF and vitamin D3 were tested using a chemiluminescent immunoassay, that of SPX – by Elabscience ELISA Kit. The results revealed that children with GHD had significantly higher SPX levels compared to the control group. No significant difference in IGF-1 and vitamin D3 levels between patients and control groups was observed. In the GHD group, we found a significant negative correlation between SPX and GH levels; at the same time, there was no correlation between SPX and D3 levels. These findings suggest that the changes in SPX levels may contribute to growth hormone deficiency. Keywords: growth hormone deficiency, IGf-1, Iraqi children, spexin, vitamin D3

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Abdualhay, Raghda Abdulsamad, e Adnan Jassim Mohammed Al-Fartosy. "Insulin Resistance and Other Adipokines as Clinical Predictors of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus among Pregnant Women". Indonesian Biomedical Journal 14, n. 3 (8 settembre 2022): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v14i3.1934.

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BACKGROUND: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has a strong relationship with an increased risk of maternal and perinatal complications. However, in Basrah, Iraq, studies regarding GDM are still limited. In current study, we aimed to investigate the association between insulin resistance and some clinical predictors of GDM among pregnant women in 1st and 3rd trimesters of gestation.METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 44 pregnant women with GDM and 45 without GDM aged 20 to 40 years who applied for GDM screening during the first (9-13 week) and third trimester (24-28 week) of pregnancy. Demographics, blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), spexin, nesfatin-1, orexin-A, vaspin and lipid profile levels were compared between groups.RESULTS: Subjects with GDM showed a higher level of glucose, insulin HOMA-IR, HbA1c, spexin, vaspin in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy (p<0.01) compared to the healthy subjects. Meanwhile in the first and third trimester, subjects with GDM showed significantly lower level of nesfatin-1 and orexin-A compare to the control. In third trimester, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) outcomes for fasting glucose at 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours after glucose load were significantly higher (p<0.01). According to the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) findings, HOMA-IR, spexin, and vaspin may be more effective predictors biomarkers for GDM in pregnant subjects, while orexin-A and nesfatin-1 were ineffective.CONCLUSION: The correlation of insulin resistance and adipokines in the first and thrid trimester was not significantly different, which may cast new light on the possible role as an etiological cause of GDM and might be a better monitoring parameter in women with GDM. KEYWORDS: gestational diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, vaspin, spexin, orexin-A, nesfatin-1

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Cheshmazar, Elhameh, Agha Fatemeh Hosseini, Bahareh Yazdani, Elham Razmpoosh e Mitra Zarrati. "Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Omentin-1 and Spexin Levels, Inflammatory Parameters, Lipid Profile, and Anthropometric Indices in Obese and Overweight Adults with Vitamin D Deficiency under Low-Calorie Diet: A Randomized Placebo Controlled Trial". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2020 (10 novembre 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/3826237.

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Background and Aims. Improved vitamin D levels can have a favorable effect on some metabolic variables. The objective of the current study was to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation during a weight-loss intervention on the levels of omentin-1, spexin, lipid profiles, and inflammatory factors in obese and overweight participants. Methods and Materials. In this double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial, 70 overweight and obese participants with vitamin D deficiency (25(OH)D ≤ 20 nmol/L) were assigned into the intervention (a daily dose of 2,000 IU vitamin D + low-calorie diet) and placebo (placebo + low-calorie diet) groups for 8 weeks. Anthropometric parameters, serum levels of 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25(OH)D), lipid profiles, omentin-1 and spexin levels, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) concentrations were assessed before and after the intervention. Results. Vitamin D supplementation after the intervention led to a significant decrease in triglycerides (TG) ( P = 0.02 ), very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (VLDL-C) ( P = 0.02 ), and hs-CRP ( P = 0.03 ) concentrations and a significant increase in the serum vitamin D level ( P < 0.001 ). Furthermore, after adjusting for baseline values, age, and baseline BMI, the levels of serum high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) ( P = 0.01 ) increased significantly, and a significant reduction was observed in the concentration of sICAM-1 ( P = 0.01 ) in the intervention group. However, we did not find any significant difference in serum omentin-1 and spexin concentrations between the groups after intervention. Conclusions. Vitamin D supplementation along with a low-calorie diet (LCD) program for 8 weeks significantly decreased the inflammatory markers in obese individuals, while it did not alter serum omentin-1 and spexin concentrations.

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Gambaro, Sabrina E., Guillermina Maria Zubiria, Alejandra P. Giordano, Ezequiel A. Harnichar, Andrea E. Portales e Andrés Giovambattista. "Spexin Friend or Foe? Novel Role of Spexin During Thermogenesis of White Adipose Tissue". Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (1 maggio 2021): A58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.117.

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Abstract Spexin (SPX) is a novel adipokine playing an emerging role in metabolic diseases due to its involvement in carbohydrate homeostasis, weight loss, appetite control, gastrointestinal movement, among others. Moreover, plasma levels are reduced in obese and type II diabetic patients. In vitro, SPX favors lipolysis in adipocytes and hepatocytes and inhibits white adipogenesis. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of SPX in white adipose tissue (AT) thermogenesis. C57BL/6J male mice were treated or not with SPX for ten days (ip. 29 µg/kg/day; CTR and SPX). At day 3 mice were randomly divided: a group was kept at room temperature (RT) and the other at 4°C to stimulate thermogenesis (CTR-C and SPX-C). Caloric intake and body weight was daily recorded. At the end of the protocol plasma, Brown AT (BAT), abdominal AT (Epidydimal, EAT) and subcutaneous AT (Inguinal, IAT) depots were collected for several measurements. We found that caloric intake was increased when animals were exposed to cold (P<0.001). Body weight change revealed a differential effect of SPX depending on temperature (interaction SPX x Cold, P<0.05): SPX animals weighted less than CTR at RT, but upon cold stimulation there was no difference. No changes were observed for plasma glucose levels, however plasma triglycerides (Tg) levels decreased after cold exposure regardless SPX treatment (Cold P<0.01). Liver Tg content showed a SPX x Cold interaction effect (P<0.0001), where, upon cold stimulation, CTR-C animals increased their levels, but on the contrary SPX-C mice decreased it. EAT, IAT and BAT relative mass showed an interaction effect of variables (SPX x Cold P<0.05). When compared upon cold, SPX-C mice had less AT mass compared to CTR-C mice. IAT and EAT mRNA expression of UCP1 and Cox8b showed SPX x Cold interaction (P<0.05), with a tendency of reduction or no difference in SPX at RT, but with a significant decrease in SPX-C compared to CTR-C mice upon cold exposure. PGC1a expression was increased in EAT from cold exposed-mice and in IAT only in CTR-C mice. UCP1 protein levels showed different results depending on the AT depot. For IAT SPX x Cold interaction (P<0.05) was observed, where SPX inhibited UCP1 stimulation only upon cold exposure. On the contrary, for EAT UCP1 levels decreased in SPX-treated mice, regardless cold exposure (SPX P<0.05). In conclusion, SPX treatment in vivo reduced the thermogenic process in subcutaneous and abdominal AT, being more evident upon cold stimulation. PICT2017-2038, PICT2017-2314.

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Pałasz, Artur, Piotr Żarczyński, Katarzyna Bogus, Kinga Mordecka-Chamera, Alessandra Della Vecchia, Jakub Skałbania, John J. Worthington, Marek Krzystanek e Małgorzata Żarczyńska. "Modulatory effect of olanzapine on SMIM20/phoenixin, NPQ/spexin and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 gene expressions in the rat brainstem". Pharmacological Reports 73, n. 4 (29 aprile 2021): 1188–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s43440-021-00267-7.

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Abstract Background Phoenixin, spexin and nesfatin-1 belong to a family of newly discovered multifunctional neuropeptides that play regulatory roles in several brain structures and modulate the activity of important neural networks. However, little is known about their expression and action at the level of brainstem. The present work was, therefore, focused on gene expression of the aforementioned peptides in the brainstem of rats chronically treated with olanzapine, a second generation antipsychotic drug. Methods Studies were carried out on adult, male Sprague–Dawley rats that were divided into 2 groups: control and experimental animals treated with olanzapine (28-day-long intraperitoneal injection, at dose 5 mg/kg daily). All individuals were killed under anesthesia and the brainstem excised. Total mRNA was isolated from homogenized samples of both structures and the RT-PCR method was used for estimation of related SMIM20/phoenixin, NPQ/spexin and NUCB2/nesfatin-1 gene expression. Results Long-term treatment with olanzapine is reflected in qualitatively different changes in expression of examined neuropeptides mRNA in the rat brainstem. Olanzapine significantly decreased NPQ/spexin mRNA expression, but increased SMIM20/phoenixin mRNA level in the rat brainstem; while NUCB2/nesfatin-1 mRNA expression remained unchanged. Conclusions Olanzapine can affect novel peptidergic signaling in the rat brainstem. This may cautiously suggest the presence of an alternative mode of its action.

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Gajewska, Joanna, Katarzyna Szamotulska, Witold Klemarczyk, Magdalena Chełchowska, Małgorzata Strucińska e Jadwiga Ambroszkiewicz. "Circulating Levels of Nesfatin-1 and Spexin in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome during Growth Hormone Treatment and Dietary Intervention". Nutrients 15, n. 5 (1 marzo 2023): 1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15051240.

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Background: Despite observable improvement in the treatment outcomes of patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS), adequate weight control is still a clinical problem. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the profiles of neuroendocrine peptides regulating appetite—mainly nesfatin-1 and spexin—in children with PWS undergoing growth hormone treatment and reduced energy intake. Methods: Twenty-five non-obese children (aged 2–12 years) with PWS and 30 healthy children of the same age following an unrestricted age-appropriate diet were examined. Serum concentrations of nesfatin-1, spexin, leptin, leptin receptor, total adiponectin, high molecular weight adiponectin, proinsulin, insulin-like growth factor-I, and total and functional IGF-binding protein-3 concentrations were determined using immunoenzymatic methods. Results: The daily energy intake in children with PWS was lower by about 30% (p < 0.001) compared with the controls. Daily protein intake was similar in both groups, but carbohydrate and fat intakes were significantly lower in the patient group than the controls (p < 0.001). Similar values for nesfatin-1 in the PWS subgroup with BMI Z-score < −0.5 and the control group, while higher values in the PWS subgroup with BMI Z-score ≥ −0.5 (p < 0.001) were found. Spexin concentrations were significantly lower in both subgroups with PWS than the controls (p < 0.001; p = 0.005). Significant differences in the lipid profile between the PWS subgroups and the controls were also observed. Nesfatin-1 and leptin were positively related with BMI (p = 0.018; p = 0.001, respectively) and BMI Z-score (p = 0.031; p = 0.027, respectively) in the whole group with PWS. Both neuropeptides also correlated positively in these patients (p = 0.042). Conclusions: Altered profiles of anorexigenic peptides—especially nesfatin-1 and spexin—in non-obese children with Prader-Willi syndrome during growth hormone treatment and reduced energy intake were found. These differences may play a role in the etiology of metabolic disorders in Prader-Willi syndrome despite the applied therapy.

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Kim, Dong-Kyu, Seongsik Yun, Gi Hoon Son, Jong-Ik Hwang, Cho Rong Park, Jae Il Kim, Kyungjin Kim, Hubert Vaudry e Jae Young Seong. "Coevolution of the Spexin/Galanin/Kisspeptin Family: Spexin Activates Galanin Receptor Type II and III". Endocrinology 155, n. 5 (1 maggio 2014): 1864–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2013-2106.

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Abstract (sommario):

The novel neuropeptide spexin (SPX) was discovered using bioinformatics. The function of this peptide is currently under investigation. Here, we identified SPX along with a second SPX gene (SPX2) in vertebrate genomes. Syntenic analysis and relocating SPXs and their neighbor genes on reconstructed vertebrate ancestral chromosomes revealed that SPXs reside in the near vicinity of the kisspeptin (KISS) and galanin (GAL) family genes on the chromosomes. Alignment of mature peptide sequences showed some extent of sequence similarity among the 3 peptide groups. Gene structure analysis indicated that SPX is more closely related to GAL than KISS. These results suggest that the SPX, GAL, and KISS genes arose through local duplications before 2 rounds (2R) of whole-genome duplication. Receptors of KISS and GAL (GAL receptor [GALR]) are phylogenetically closest among rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors, and synteny revealed the presence of 3 distinct receptor families KISS receptor, GALR1, and GALR2/3 before 2R. A ligand-receptor interaction study showed that SPXs activate human, Xenopus, and zebrafish GALR2/3 family receptors but not GALR1, suggesting that SPXs are natural ligands for GALR2/3. Particularly, SPXs exhibited much higher potency toward GALR3 than GAL. Together, these results identify the coevolution of SPX/GAL/KISS ligand genes with their receptor genes. This study demonstrates the advantage of evolutionary genomics to explore the evolutionary relationship of a peptide gene family that arose before 2R by local duplications.

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Tsikerdekis, Athanasios, Nick A. J. Schutgens, Guangliang Fu e Otto P. Hasekamp. "Estimating aerosol emission from SPEXone on the NASA PACE mission using an ensemble Kalman smoother: observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs)". Geoscientific Model Development 15, n. 8 (21 aprile 2022): 3253–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-15-3253-2022.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract. We present a top-down approach for aerosol emission estimation from Spectropolarimeter for Planetary Exploration (SPEXone) polarimetric retrievals related to the aerosol amount, size, and absorption using a fixed-lag ensemble Kalman smoother (LETKS) in combination with the ECHAM-HAM model. We assess the system by performing observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) in order to evaluate the ability of the future multi-angle polarimeter instrument, SPEXone, as well as a satellite with near-perfect global coverage. In our OSSEs, the nature run (NAT) is a simulation by the global climate aerosol model ECHAM-HAM with altered aerosol emissions. The control (CTL) and the data assimilation (DAS) experiments are composed of an ensemble of ECHAM-HAM simulations, where the default aerosol emissions are perturbed with factors taken from a Gaussian distribution. Synthetic observations, specifically aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AOD550), Ångström exponent from 550 to 865 nm (AE550–865), and single-scattering albedo at 550 nm (SSA550) are assimilated in order to estimate the aerosol emission fluxes of desert dust (DU), sea salt (SS), organic carbon (OC), black carbon (BC), and sulfate (SO4), along with the emission fluxes of two SO4 precursor gases (SO2, DMS). The prior emission global relative mean absolute error (MAE) before the assimilation ranges from 33 % to 117 %. Depending on the species, the assimilated observations sampled using the satellite with near-perfect global coverage reduce this error to equal to or lower than 5 %. Despite its limited coverage, the SPEXone sampling shows similar results, with somewhat larger errors for DU and SS (both having a MAE equal to 11 %). Further, experiments show that doubling the measurement error increases the global relative MAE up to 22 % for DU and SS. In addition, our results reveal that when the wind of DAS uses a different reanalysis dataset (ERA5 instead of ERA-Interim) to the NAT, the estimated SS emissions are negatively affected the most, while other aerosol species are negatively affected to a smaller extent. If the DAS uses dust or sea salt emission parametrizations that are very different from the NAT, posterior emissions can still be successfully estimated, but this experiment revealed that the source location is important for the estimation of dust emissions. This work suggests that the upcoming SPEXone sensor will provide observations related to aerosol amount, size, and absorption with sufficient coverage and accuracy in order to estimate aerosol emissions.

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Gowdu, Tejaswi, e Dayanand CD. "Spexin in Metabolic Syndrome-An Overview". SAS Journal of Medicine 7, n. 1 (28 gennaio 2021): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.36347/sasjm.2021.v07i01.005.

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18

Porzionato, Andrea, Marcin Rucinski, Veronica Macchi, Carla Stecco, Ludwik K. Malendowicz e Raffaele De Caro. "Spexin Expression in Normal Rat Tissues". Journal of Histochemistry & Cytochemistry 58, n. 9 (settembre 2010): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1369/jhc.2010.956300.

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19

Jeong, Inyoung, Eunmi Kim, Suhyun Kim, Jae Young Seong e Hae-Chul Park. "Neuronal circuit of spexin 1/2 neurons and its role of spexin 1 in the zebrafish habenula". IBRO Reports 6 (settembre 2019): S432—S433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.1374.

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20

Fan, Cheng, Guangliang Fu, Antonio Di Noia, Martijn Smit, Jeroen H.H. Rietjens, Richard A. Ferrare, Sharon Burton, Zhengqiang Li e Otto P. Hasekamp. "Use of A Neural Network-Based Ocean Body Radiative Transfer Model for Aerosol Retrievals from Multi-Angle Polarimetric Measurements". Remote Sensing 11, n. 23 (3 dicembre 2019): 2877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11232877.

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Abstract (sommario):

For aerosol retrieval from multi-angle polarimetric (MAP) measurements over the ocean it is important to accurately account for the contribution of the ocean-body to the top-of-atmosphere signal, especially for wavelengths <500 nm. Performing online radiative transfer calculations in the coupled atmosphere ocean system is too time consuming for operational retrieval algorithms. Therefore, mostly lookup-tables of the ocean body reflection matrix are used to represent the lower boundary in an atmospheric radiative transfer model. For hyperspectral measurements such as those from Spectro-Polarimeter for Planetary Exploration (SPEXone) on the NASA Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud and ocean Ecosystem (PACE) mission, also the use of look-up tables is unfeasible because they will become too big. In this paper, we propose a new method for aerosol retrieval over ocean from MAP measurements using a neural network (NN) to model the ocean body reflection matrix. We apply the NN approach to synthetic SPEXone measurements and also to real data collected by SPEX airborne during the Aerosol Characterization from Polarimeter and Lidar (ACEPOL) campaign. We conclude that the NN approach is well capable for aerosol retrievals over ocean, introducing no significant error on the retrieved aerosol properties

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21

Sun, Xiaotong, Ziwei Yu, Yuxin Xu, Shengdan Pu e Xinyuan Gao. "The role of spexin in energy metabolism". Peptides 164 (giugno 2023): 170991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2023.170991.

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22

Rucinski, Marcin, Andrea Porzionato, Agnieszka Ziolkowska, Marta Szyszka, Veronica Macchi, Raffaele De Caro e Ludwik K. Malendowicz. "Expression of the spexin gene in the rat adrenal gland and evidences suggesting that spexin inhibits adrenocortical cell proliferation". Peptides 31, n. 4 (aprile 2010): 676–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2009.12.025.

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23

Jeong, Bora, Kwang-Kon Kim, Tae-Hwan Lee, Han-Rae Kim, Byong-Seo Park, Jeong-Woo Park, Jin-Kwon Jeong, Jae-Young Seong e Byung-Ju Lee. "Spexin Regulates Hypothalamic Leptin Action on Feeding Behavior". Biomolecules 12, n. 2 (31 gennaio 2022): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom12020236.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin (SPX) is a recently identified neuropeptide that is believed to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we describe a mediating function of SPX in hypothalamic leptin action. Intracerebroventricular (icv) SPX administration induced a decrease in food intake and body weight gain. SPX was found to be expressed in cells expressing leptin receptor ObRb in the mouse hypothalamus. In line with this finding, icv leptin injection increased SPX mRNA in the ObRb-positive cells of the hypothalamus, which was blocked by treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor. Leptin also increased STAT3 binding to the SPX promoter, as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In vivo blockade of hypothalamic SPX biosynthesis with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) resulted in a diminished leptin effect on food intake and body weight. AS ODN reversed leptin’s effect on the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression and, moreover, decreased leptin-induced STAT3 binding to the POMC promoter sequence. These results suggest that SPX is involved in leptin’s action on POMC gene expression in the hypothalamus and impacts the anorexigenic effects of leptin.

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Al-Daghri, Nasser M., Amal Alenad, Hazim Al-Hazmi, Osama E. Amer, Syed Danish Hussain e Majed S. Alokail. "Spexin Levels Are Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Components". Disease Markers 2018 (4 settembre 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1679690.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background. Spexin (SPX) is a novel peptide that is implicated in obesity and related energy homeostasis in animals and adult humans. Little is known about its role in adults’ overall cardiometabolic health. The aim of the study was to determine whether circulating levels of spexin (SPX) is associated with components of metabolic syndrome (MetS).Methods. The present cross-sectional study included 124 participants (41 males and 83 females; aged 42.4 ± 10.3 y) (MetS group) and 136 (21 male and 115 females; aged 33.1 ± 8.7 y) (non-MetS group). SPX was measured using commercially available assays. Anthropometrics were measured, and fasting serum glucose levels as well as lipid profile were quantified routinely. MetS was screened according to common definitions.Results. SPX levels were significantly lower in participants with MetS vs. non-MetS (0.18 ng/ml (0.13–0.24) vs. 0.26 ng/ml (0.17–0.50);p<0.001). In all MetS definitions used, SPX was significantly lower in the MetS group than the non-MetS group using the WHO definition after adjustment for age and BMI. Stratification according to sex revealed that SPX was associated with MetS only in women, and this significance was lost after adjustment for age and BMI.Conclusions. Lower circulating levels of SPX in adults are modestly associated with components of MetS and are sex-specific. Further studies are necessary to determine whether SPX is associated with harder outcomes such as atherosclerosis and diabetes in the general population.

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Ma, Ani, Jin Bai, Mulan He e Anderson O. L. Wong. "Spexin as a neuroendocrine signal with emerging functions". General and Comparative Endocrinology 265 (settembre 2018): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.01.015.

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26

Sassek, Maciej, Pawel A. Kolodziejski, Mathias Z. Strowski, Leszek Nogowski, Krzysztof W. Nowak e Pawel Mackowiak. "Spexin Modulates Functions of Rat Endocrine Pancreatic Cells". Pancreas 47, n. 7 (agosto 2018): 904–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mpa.0000000000001083.

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27

Kumar, Seema, Jobayer Hossain, Nicole Nader, Roxana Aguirre, Swetha Sriram e P. Babu Balagopal. "Decreased Circulating Levels of Spexin in Obese Children". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 101, n. 7 (luglio 2016): 2931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2016-1177.

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Stupin, Jens H. "Ist Spexin ein Ansatzpunkt gegen Adipositas bei Kindern?" Info Diabetologie 10, n. 4 (31 agosto 2016): 29–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s15034-016-0922-0.

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29

Fang, Penghua, Yuqing She, Mei Yu, Jing Yan, Xizhong Yu, Juan Zhao, Yu Jin, Wen Min, Wenbin Shang e Zhenwen Zhang. "Novel hypothalamic pathways for metabolic effects of spexin". Pharmacological Research 208 (ottobre 2024): 107399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107399.

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30

Zhuang, Min, Qi Lai, Chunju Yang, Yanhua Ma, Baomin Fan, Zhaoxiang Bian, Chengyuan Lin, Jin Bai e Guangzhi Zeng. "Spexin as an anxiety regulator in mouse hippocampus: Mechanisms for transcriptional regulation of spexin gene expression by corticotropin releasing factor". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 525, n. 2 (aprile 2020): 326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.023.

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Meng, Fengyan, Yuping Wu, Yu Yu, Guixian Bu, Xiaogang Du, Qiuxia Liang, Xiaohan Cao et al. "Spexin2 Is a Novel Food Regulator in Gallus gallus". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n. 5 (2 marzo 2023): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24054821.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin2 (SPX2), a paralog of SPX1, is a newly identified gene in non-mammalian vertebrates. Limited studies in fish have evidenced its important role in food intake and energy balance modulation. However, little is known about its biological functions in birds. Using the chicken (c-) as a model, we cloned the full-length cDNA of SPX2 by using RACE-PCR. It is 1189 base pair (bp) in length and predicted to generate a protein of 75 amino acids that contains a 14 amino acids mature peptide. Tissue distribution analysis showed that cSPX2 transcripts were detected in a wide array of tissues, with abundant expression in the pituitary, testis, and adrenal gland. cSPX2 was also observed to be ubiquitously expressed in chicken brain regions, with the highest expression in the hypothalamus. Its expression was significantly upregulated in the hypothalamus after 24 or 36 h of food deprivation, and the feeding behavior of chicks was obviously suppressed after peripheral injection with cSPX2. Mechanistically, further studies evidenced that cSPX2 acts as a satiety factor via upregulating cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) and downregulating agouti-related neuropeptide (AGRP) in hypothalamus. Using a pGL4-SRE-luciferase reporter system, cSPX2 was demonstrated to effectively activate a chicken galanin II type receptor (cGALR2), a cGALR2-like receptor (cGALR2L), and a galanin III type receptor (cGALR3), with the highest binding affinity for cGALR2L. Collectively, we firstly identified that cSPX2 serves as a novel appetite monitor in chicken. Our findings will help clarify the physiological functions of SPX2 in birds as well as its functional evolution in vertebrates.

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ONAT, Elif, e Nevin KOCAMAN. "Liver Protection of Hydroxytyrosol Mediated by Spexin and TRPM2". Journal of Contemporary Medicine 13, n. 5 (30 settembre 2023): 954–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.16899/jcm.1352503.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background/Aim: In the study, the role of Spexin (SPX) and TRPM2 in the protective effect of Hydroxytyrosol (HT) in rats given Corn Syrup was evaluated. Material and Method: The rats were divided into 4 groups (6 rats in each) (Control, HT, Corn Syrup, Corn Syrup +HT). Rats were given 30% Corn Syrup with drinking water for 6 weeks. 4 ml/kg/day liquid containing HT was applied by oral gavage alone and together with Corn Syrup for 6 weeks. Molecular parameters SPX and TRPM2 were examined histopathologically in liver tissue. Results: The SPX levels decreased and the TRPM2 levels increased more in the Corn Syrup given Group than the Control Group. SPX levels increased and TRPM2 levels decreased after HT treatment. In the HT Group only, no differences were detected when compared to the control Group. Conclusion: SPX and TRPM2 may mediate the protective effect of HT on the liver in rats given corn syrup.

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Wojciechowska, Malgorzata, Pawel A. Kolodziejski, Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek, Natalia Leciejewska, Hanna Krauss, Zuzanna Checinska-Maciejewska, Maciej Sassek et al. "Cord Blood Spexin Level in Mothers with Obesity—Forecast of Future Obesity?" Children 10, n. 9 (6 settembre 2023): 1517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children10091517.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin (SPX) is a peptide that plays an important role in the regulation of food intake and body weight (BW) by the effect on carbohydrate-lipid metabolism. However, the role of SPX in fetal life, in children, and in adolescent metabolism is limited. Therefore, we decided to check whether obesity affects the concentration of SPX in the mother’s peripheral blood (MB) and umbilical cord blood (UCB). Using MB and UCB sera on the day of delivery obtained from 48 women (24 non-obese and 24 obese) and commercially available Elisa kits and colorimetric assays, we determined changes in SPX and the relationship between SPX concentration and other metabolic and anthropometric markers (body weight and BMI) on the day of delivery and in children at the age of 36 months. We found lower concentrations of SPX in MB (p < 0.05) and UCB (p < 0.01) derived from obese women (BMI > 30) and a moderate linear correlation (r = 0.4429; p < 0.01) between SPX concentrations in MB and UCB. We also noted that the concentration of SPX is not correlated with the child’s body weight on the day of birth (r = −0.0128). However, there is a relationship between SPX at birth and body weight at 3 years of age (r = −0.3219; p < 0.05). Based on the obtained results, it can be assumed that spexin is one of the factors modulating the child’s metabolism already in the fetal period and can be considered a potential marker of future predisposition to obesity. However, confirmation of this thesis requires additional research.

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Kołodziejski, Paweł A., Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Marcin Hejdysz, Maciej Sassek, Natalia Leciejewska, Kamil Ziarniak, Jakub Bień, Piotr Ślósarz, Marta Kubiś e Sebastian Kaczmarek. "Effect of Fasting on the Spexin System in Broiler Chickens". Animals 11, n. 2 (17 febbraio 2021): 518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11020518.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin (SPX) is a highly conservative peptide hormone containing 14 amino acids and was discovered in 2007 by bioinformatics methods. However, nothing is yet known about its role in the metabolism of birds, including broilers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term fasting (2, 4, and 8 h) on the concentration of SPX in blood serum and the expression levels of the genes encoding this peptide (SPX1) and its receptors, GALR2 and GALR3, in the tissues involved in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism (muscles, adipose tissue, and liver). We also analyzed the mRNA expression of these genes in various chicken tissues. Moreover, we studied the correlation between the serum level of SPX and other metabolic parameters (insulin, glucagon, glucose, triglycerides, and cholesterol). Using RT-qPCR, we found that SPX1, GALR2, and GALR3 are expressed in all investigated tissues in broiler chicken. Moreover, using a commercially available radio-immunoassay, we noted an increase of the SPX level in blood serum after 4 and 8 h of fasting compared to nonfasted animals (p < 0.05). This increase was positively correlated with glucagon concentration (r = 0.341; p < 0.05) and negatively with glucose concentration (r = −0.484; p < 0.01). Additionally, we discovered that in the short term, food deprivation leads to the expression regulation of SPX1, GALR2, and GLAR3 in tissues associated with metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. The obtained results indicate that SPX is involved in the regulation of metabolism in broiler chickens.

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DARAKCI SALTIK, Özge, e Ayhan BOZKURT. "Structure and functions of spexin as a new neuroendocrine signal". Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine 39, n. 3 (30 agosto 2022): 893–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.52142/omujecm.39.3.56.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin (SPX ) is a recently discovered endogenous peptide consisting of 14 amino acids. It was found that SPX, kisspeptin (KISS), and galanin (GAL) peptides belong to the same gene family and are also endogenous ligands of GAL2 and GAL3 receptors. The amino acid sequence of the SPX peptide is relatively conserved in vertebrates and invertebrates. The mRNA and protein of SPX are highly expressed both in peripheral organs and in the peripheral/central nervous system of mammals, birds, and fishes. Many biological roles of SPX has been found in non- mammal/mammals, including food intake, energy metabolism, reproduction, nociception, gastrointestinal motility, stress, and endocrine functions. This review collectively mentions the peptide structure of SPX, its receptors and distribution in tissues, and the biological activities of SPX on various organs.

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36

Fang, Penghua, Ran Ge, Yuqing She, Juan Zhao, Jing Yan, Xizhong Yu, Yu Jin, Wenbin Shang e Zhenwen Zhang. "Adipose tissue spexin in physical exercise and age-associated diseases". Ageing Research Reviews 73 (gennaio 2022): 101509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2021.101509.

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37

LIU, RUI. "248-LB: Spexin Promotes Insulin Secretion and ß-Cell Proliferation". Diabetes 69, Supplement 1 (giugno 2020): 248—LB. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db20-248-lb.

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38

Kolodziejski, Pawel A., Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek, Maciej Micker, Marek Skrzypski, Tatiana Wojciechowicz, Patryk Szwarckopf, Kinga Skieresz-Szewczyk, Krzysztof W. Nowak e Mathias Z. Strowski. "Spexin: A novel regulator of adipogenesis and fat tissue metabolism". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1863, n. 10 (ottobre 2018): 1228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.08.001.

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39

Liu, Yang, Li Sun, Linqun Zheng, Mengqi Su, He Liu, Ying Wei, Dan Li et al. "Spexin protects cardiomyocytes from hypoxia-induced metabolic and mitochondrial dysfunction". Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 393, n. 1 (8 agosto 2019): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00210-019-01708-0.

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40

Heijman, Jordi, e Dobromir Dobrev. "Spexin Hormone Signaling and Atrial Fibrillation: The Knowns and Unknowns". Circulation 150, n. 2 (9 luglio 2024): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.124.070016.

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41

Aksu, Oguzhan, Ummugulsum Can, Selma Ozlem Celikdelen, Betul Cigdem Yortanli, Muhammet Cemal Kizilarslanoglu e Ayse Gunay. "Evaluation of spexin levels in euthyroid patients with Hashimoto thyroiditis and its relation to autoimmunity". Medicine 103, n. 43 (25 ottobre 2024): e40321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000040321.

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Abstract (sommario):

Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) is chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Cytokines and chemokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, and interleukin-1 beta originating from immune cells are involved in the etiopathogenesis of HT. Spexin (SPX) is a recently identified novel peptide hormone consisting of 14 amino acids and has been demonstrated in follicle epithelial cells in thyroid tissue. SPX has been shown to affect the inflammatory response and play a role in its regulation in various diseases. There is a need for markers for diagnosis and treatment of HT patients with negative antibody levels. We found that there is no study in the literature that investigates the HT and the role of spexin in this inflammatory process. Forty-five patients aged 18 to 70 years with HT or newly diagnosed HT and 42 healthy subjects as the control group were included in the study. Patients in the HT group were divided into 3 categories according to ultrasound findings. Mild heterogeneity was called grade 1 (G1), moderate heterogeneity was called grade 2 (G2), and high heterogeneity was called grade 3 (G3). Laboratory parameters and anthropometric measurements of all patients participating in the study were performed, and SPX was measured by the ELISA method. There was no significant difference between the HT and control groups in terms of SPX levels (P = .27). In HT subgroup analysis, SPX levels were found to be borderline statistically significantly higher in the G2 group, where antibody levels were higher compared to other groups (P = .061). In our study, we evaluated SPX levels in HT patients, which has never been done before in the literature. We found high SPX levels in HT patients with high antibody levels. Multicenter studies with high case series, especially at the tissue level, are needed to fully explain the role of SPX in HT immunoetiopathogenesis and to understand immune-checkpoint pathways more clearly.

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Simsir, Coskun, Muberra Namli Kalem, Ziya Kalem, Turgut Var, Batuhan Bakirarar, Bugra Coskun e Bora Coskun. "Circulating Spexin levels in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, n. 10 (26 settembre 2019): 4056. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20194380.

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Abstract (sommario):

Background: Several previous studies suggest that SPX plays a role in appetite control and body weight and blood glucose regulation. The aim of this study to determine SPX levels in healthy pregnancies and in gestational diabetes (GDM) and to investigate the association of SPX levels with weight gain and lipid and glucose metabolism in subjects with and without GDM.Methods: A total of 44 women with GDM and 44 women without GDM were randomly enrolled who applied for GDM screening during the 24-28th week of pregnancy. Demographics, blood glucose and lipid profiles and Spexin levels were compared between groups.Results: The mean age, BMI, and weight gain during pregnancy were higher in the GDM group. The LDL cholesterol, Hba1c, SPX and glucose levels in response to OGTT were higher in the GDM group. The SPX levels were correlated with Hba1c and blood glucose levels after OGTT, and were not correlated with the age, BMI, weight gain during pregnancy, lipid parameters, and fasting blood glucose levels in the whole study population.Conclusions: SPX levels were higher in the GDM group compared with non-GDM group and SPX levels were correlated with HbA1c levels and post-OGTT glucose levels but not with fasting glucose levels.

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Lai, Qi, Yanhua Ma, Jin Bai, Min Zhuang, Shaofei Pei, Ni He, Junlin Yin et al. "Mechanisms for Bile Acids CDCA- and DCA-Stimulated Hepatic Spexin Expression". Cells 11, n. 14 (10 luglio 2022): 2159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells11142159.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin (SPX) is a novel peptide involved in glucose and lipid metabolism and suppresses hepatic total bile acid levels by inhibiting hepatic cholesterol 7α-hydroxylase 1 expression. As important mediators for glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism, the effects of bile acids on SPX expression is yet to be understood. By using SMMC7721 and BEL-7402 cell lines, we screened the effects of bile acids and found that chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) and deoxycholic acid (DCA) can stimulate SPX gene transcription. Both CDCA and DCA were able to stimulate SPX mRNA expression in the liver but not colon and ileum in mice. In SMMC7721 and BEL-7402 cells, CDCA- and DCA-induced SPX promoter activity was mimicked by bile acid receptor FXR and TGR5 activation and suppressed by FXR and TGR5 silencing. Adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activators significantly increased SPX promoter activity whereas the inhibitors for AC/CAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway attenuated CDCA- and DCA-induced SPX transcription. Thus, CDCA and DCA stimulate SPX expression at the hepatic level through FXR and TGR5 mediated AC/cAMP/PKA and MAPK cascades.

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Yu, Mei, Mengyuan Wang, Shiyu Han, Long Han, Yue Kan, Juan Zhao, Xizhong Yu et al. "Spexin ameliorates skeletal muscle insulin resistance through activation of GAL2 receptor". European Journal of Pharmacology 917 (febbraio 2022): 174731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174731.

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45

Türkel, İbrahim, Gülsün Memi e Burak Yazgan. "Impact of spexin on metabolic diseases and inflammation: An updated minireview". Experimental Biology and Medicine 247, n. 7 (22 gennaio 2022): 567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15353702211072443.

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Abstract (sommario):

Spexin (SPX) is a 14 amino acid length peptide hormone which was discovered using bioinformatic tools. It is extensively expressed in central and peripheral tissues and secreted into circulation in response to metabolic stress. Recent studies revealed that SPX acts as a multifunctional peptide in various metabolic processes such as body weight, food intake, energy balance, glucose and lipid metabolism, lipid storage, salt–water balance, and arterial blood pressure. Endogenous SPX is sensitive to metabolic changes, and circulating levels of SPX have been shown to be reduced in chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Moreover, in fish and rodent models, systemic SPX treatment has positive effects on metabolism including reduced food intake, fat mass, lipid accumulation, and inflammation, improved insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and organ functions which are underlying mechanisms in diseases. Taken together, these findings suggest that SPX is a potential drug target for the development of new pharmacological strategies to cure metabolic diseases. This review focuses on metabolo-protective properties of SPX and discusses novel insights into the biology and mechanism of SPX in the pathogenesis of diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic syndrome, polycystic ovary syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, and kidney diseases, which are considerable global health problems.

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46

Pałasz, Artur, Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek, Łukasz Filipczyk, Katarzyna Bogus, Ewa Rojczyk, John Worthington, Marek Krzystanek e Ryszard Wiaderkiewicz. "Escitalopram affects spexin expression in the rat hypothalamus, hippocampus and striatum". Pharmacological Reports 68, n. 6 (dicembre 2016): 1326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pharep.2016.09.002.

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47

Gambaro, Sabrina Eliana, María Guillermina Zubiría, Alejandra Paula Giordano, Andrea Estefanía Portales, Ana Alzamendi, Martín Rumbo e Andrés Giovambattista. "“Spexin improves adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage recruitment in obese mice”". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids 1865, n. 7 (luglio 2020): 158700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbalip.2020.158700.

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48

Pałasz, Artur, Aleksandra Suszka-Świtek, Andrzej Kaśkosz, Danuta Plewka, Katarzyna Bogus, Łukasz Filipczyk, Iwona Błaszczyk et al. "Spexin-expressing neurons in the magnocellular nuclei of the human hypothalamus". Journal of Chemical Neuroanatomy 111 (gennaio 2021): 101883. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101883.

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49

Sassek, Maciej, Pawel A. Kolodziejski, Dawid Szczepankiewicz e Ewa Pruszynska-Oszmalek. "Spexin in the physiology of pancreatic islets—mutual interactions with insulin". Endocrine 63, n. 3 (28 settembre 2018): 513–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12020-018-1766-2.

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50

Kołodziejski, Paweł A., Ewa Pruszyńska-Oszmałek, Tatiana Wojciechowicz, Maciej Sassek, Natalia Leciejewska, Mariami Jasaszwili, Maria Billert et al. "The Role of Peptide Hormones Discovered in the 21st Century in the Regulation of Adipose Tissue Functions". Genes 12, n. 5 (17 maggio 2021): 756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050756.

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Abstract (sommario):

Peptide hormones play a prominent role in controlling energy homeostasis and metabolism. They have been implicated in controlling appetite, the function of the gastrointestinal and cardiovascular systems, energy expenditure, and reproduction. Furthermore, there is growing evidence indicating that peptide hormones and their receptors contribute to energy homeostasis regulation by interacting with white and brown adipose tissue. In this article, we review and discuss the literature addressing the role of selected peptide hormones discovered in the 21st century (adropin, apelin, elabela, irisin, kisspeptin, MOTS-c, phoenixin, spexin, and neuropeptides B and W) in controlling white and brown adipogenesis. Furthermore, we elaborate how these hormones control adipose tissue functions in vitro and in vivo.

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