Tesi sul tema "Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)"

Cette thèse vise à optimiser l'allocation des ressources au sein des systèmes NOMA, en particulier les systèmes NOMA coopératifs en liaison descendante, dans des configurations de stations de base à antenne unique et à antennes multiples. L'objectif est de maximiser l'efficacité spectrale et énergétique, tout en proposant des schémas NOMA plus efficaces qui peuvent tirer parti des avantages du NOMA et répondre aux limitations des schémas actuellement considérés en termes de consommation d'énergie et de complexité des récepteurs. Dans la première contribution, un système NOMA coopératif basé sur le découpage du réseau est étudié pour accueillir à la fois des utilisateurs cellulaires et des paires de dispositifs à dispositifs (D2D) répondant aux exigences de communication mobile large bande améliorée (eMBB) et de communication ultra fiable à faible latence (URLLC). Le problème d'optimisation est formulé comme une maximisation du débit total avec trois variables d'optimisation : le regroupement des utilisateurs NOMA, l'admission sous-jacente des D2D et l'allocation des blocs de ressources. Le problème est décomposé en trois sous-problèmes. Une solution algorithmique séquentielle est proposée, commençant par le regroupement des utilisateurs, suivie de l'allocation des blocs de ressources, et enfin de l'admission des D2D. Les sous-problèmes de regroupement des utilisateurs et d'admission des D2D sont résolus à l'aide d'une solution de théorie de correspondance de type plusieurs-à-un à faible complexité. Le problème d'allocation des blocs de ressources est résolu par une approche heuristique. Dans la deuxième contribution, nous revisitons le compromis entre l'accès des utilisateurs et la complexité de l'annulation d'interférence successive (SIC) des récepteurs NOMA. À mesure que davantage d'utilisateurs partagent les mêmes ressources, l'interférence et la complexité de la SIC augmentent. Contrairement aux schémas NOMA conventionnels basés sur des paires, nous proposons un schéma NOMA coopératif chevauchant, où chaque utilisateur en bord de cellule peut partager des ressources avec plusieurs utilisateurs au centre de la cellule, même si les utilisateurs au centre de la cellule utilisent des ressources orthogonales entre eux. Cette approche améliore la connectivité des utilisateurs, renforce les performances des utilisateurs en bord de cellule et maintient une faible complexité de SIC. Le problème est formulé comme une maximisation de la satisfaction des Qualité de Service (QoS) des utilisateurs en bord de cellule et est résolu à l'aide d'un algorithme de théorie de correspondance de type plusieurs-à-plusieurs avec des stratégies d'échange et d'ajout/suppression. Dans la troisième contribution de la thèse, nous proposons un système hybride d'accès multiple par division spatiale (SDMA)/NOMA, pour s'adapter entre les utilisateurs accédant par NOMA et SDMA en fonction de leur consommation d'énergie. Dans le modèle de consommation d'énergie, contrairement à la littérature NOMA où la puissance est induite par les unités SIC au niveau du récepteur est négligée, nous introduisons un modèle de consommation d'énergie dynamique basé sur la puissance SIC. Le problème est formulé comme une maximisation de l'efficacité énergétique en optimisant la sélection du mode d'accès multiple, le beamforming de la station de base et l'allocation de puissance des utilisateurs. Cette approche empêche une surestimation de l'efficacité énergétique, entraînant une réduction de l'écart entre l'analyse théorique et la conception du système, ce qui est particulièrement critique pour les dispositifs NOMA contraints par l'énergie. Le problème est résolu en utilisant des approches d'approximation convexe successive (SCA), de programmation par différences convexes (DC) et de programmation semi-définie (SDP)
This thesis aims to optimize resources allocation within NOMA systems, particularly downlink cooperative NOMA systems, within single-antenna and multiple antenna base station (BS) configurations. This aims to maximize spectral and energy efficiency, and to propose more efficient NOMA schemes that can reap benefits of NOMA and address the limitations of currently considered NOMA schemes, in terms of power consumption and receiver complexity. In the first contribution, a network-slicing-based cooperative NOMA based system is investigated to accommodate both cellular users and device-to-device (D2D) pairs with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and Ultra reliable low latency communication (URLLC) services requirements. The optimization problem is formulated as sum-throughput maximization with three optimization variables: NOMA-users clustering, underlying D2D- admission, and resource blocks (RBs) allocation. The problem is decoupled into three sub-problems. A sequential algorithmic solution is proposed, starting by users clustering, followed by RBs allocation, and finally D2D admission. The users clustering and D2D admission sub-problems are solved using low-complexity many-to-one matching theory solution. The RBs allocation problem is solved using heuristics approach. In the second contribution, we revisit the trade-off between user access and the successive interference cancellation (SIC) complexity of NOMA receivers. As more users share the same resources, interference and SIC complexity escalate. Unlike conventional pairing-based NOMA schemes, we propose an overlapping cooperative NOMA scheme where each cell-edge user can share resources with multiple cell-center users, even if cell-center users are using orthogonal resources between each other. This approach enhances user connectivity, improves cell-edge user performance, and maintains low SIC complexity. The problem is formulated as maximization of Quality-of-Service (QoS) satisfaction of cell-edge users, and is solved using a many-to-many matching theory algorithm with swapping and add/remove strategies. In the third thesis contribution, we propose a hybrid Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)/NOMA system, to adapt the multiple access mode, either NOMA or SDMA, based on the power consumption. In the power consumption model, unlike NOMA literature, where power induced by SIC units at the receiver is overlooked, we introduce dynamic power consumption model based on the SIC power. The problem is formulated as maximizing energy efficiency by optimizing the multiple access mode selection, BS beamforming, and user power allocation. This approach prevents overestimation of energy efficiency, consequently, avoids gaps between its theoretical evaluation and practical system design, an aspect particularly critical for energy-constrained NOMA devices. The problem is solved using successive convex approximation (SCA), difference of convex (DC) programming and semidefinite programming (SDP) approaches

This dissertation proposed a self-organizing medium access control protocol (MAC) for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The proposed MAC protocol, space division multiple access (SDMA), relies on sensor node position information and provides sensor nodes access to the wireless channel based on their spatial locations. SDMA divides a geographical area into space divisions, where there is one-to-one map between the space divisions and the time slots. Therefore, the MAC protocol requirement is the sensor node information of its position and a prior knowledge of the one-to-one mapping function. The scheme is scalable, self-maintaining, and self-starting. It provides collision-free access to the wireless channel for the sensor nodes thereby, guarantees delay-bounded communication in real time for delay sensitive applications. This work was divided into two parts: the first part involved the design of the mapping function to map the space divisions to the time slots. The mapping function is based on a uniform Latin square. A Uniform Latin square of order k = m2 is an k x k square matrix that consists of k symbols from 0 to k-I such that no symbol appears more than once in any row, in any column, or in any m x m area of main subsquares. The uniqueness of each symbol in the main subsquares presents very attractive characteristic in applying a uniform Latin square to time slot allocation problem in WSNs. The second part of this research involved designing a GPS free positioning system for position information. The system is called time and power based localization scheme (TPLS). TPLS is based on time difference of arrival (TDoA) and received signal strength (RSS) using radio frequency and ultrasonic signals to measure and detect the range differences from a sensor node to three anchor nodes. TPLS requires low computation overhead and no time synchronization, as the location estimation algorithm involved only a simple algebraic operation.

Capacity of current and future high data rate wireless communications depend significantly on how well changes in the wireless channel are predicted and tracked. Generally, this can be estimated by transmitting known symbols. However, this increases overheads if the channel varies over time. Given today’s bandwidth demand and the increased necessity for mobile wireless devices, the contributions of this research are very significant. This study has developed a novel and efficient channel tracking algorithm that can recursively update the channel estimation for wireless broadband communications reducing overheads, therefore increasing the speed of wireless communication systems.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 74 p. : ill. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 73-74).

Thesis (M.S. in Electrical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Tummala, Murali ; McEachen, John. "June 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on September 2, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-97). Also available in print.

The general objective of this proposed research is to design and develop signal acquisition and tracking algorithms for multiple input multiple output orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MIMO-OFDM) systems for fixed wireless access applications. The algorithms are specifically targeted for systems that work in time division multiple access and frequency division multiple access frame modes. In our research, we first develop a comprehensive system model for a MIMO-OFDM system under the influence of the radio frequency (RF) oscillator frequency offset, sampling frequency (SF) offset, RF oscillator phase noise, frequency selective channel impairments and finally the additive white Gaussian noise. We then develop the acquisition and tracking algorithms to estimate and track all these parameters. The acquisition and tracking algorithms are assisted by a preamble consisting of one or more training sequences and pilot symbol matrices. Along with the signal acquisition and tracking algorithms, we also consider design of the MIMO-OFDM preamble and pilot signals that enable the suggested algorithms to work efficiently. Signal acquisition as defined in our research consists of time and RF synchronization, SF offset estimation and correction, phase noise estimation and correction and finally channel estimation. Signal tracking consists of RF, SF, phase noise and channel tracking. Time synchronization, RF oscillator frequency offset, SF oscillator frequency offset, phase noise and channel estimation and tracking are all research topics by themselves. A large number of studies have addressed these issues, but usually individually and for single-input single-output (SISO) OFDM systems. In the proposed research we present a complete suite of signal acquisition and tracking algorithms for MIMO-OFDM systems along with Cramr-Rao bounds for the SISO-OFDM case. In addition, we also derive the Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimates of the parameters for the SISO-OFDM case. Our proposed research is unique from the existing literature in that it presents a complete receiver implementation for MIMO-OFDM systems and accounts for the cumulative effects of all possible acquisition and tracking errors on the bit error rate (BER) performance. The suggested algorithms and the pilot/training schemes may be applied to any MIMO OFDM system and are independent of the space-time coding techniques that are employed.

Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) is a multiple access transmission scheme that has been adopted in the 4th generation 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) of cellular systems. In fact, its relatively low peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) makes it ideal for the uplink transmission where the transmit power efficiency is of paramount importance. Multiple access among users is made possible by assigning different users to different sets of non-overlapping subcarriers. With the current LTE specifications, if an SC-FDMA system is operating at its full capacity and a new user requests channel access, the system redistributes the subcarriers in such a way that it can accommodate all of the users. Having less subcarriers for transmission, every user has to increase its modulation order (for example from QPSK to 16QAM) in order to keep the same transmission rate. However, increasing the modulation order is not always possible in practice and may introduce considerable complexity to the system. The technique presented in this thesis report describes a new way of adding more users to an SC-FDMA system by assigning the same sets of subcarriers to different users. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows the system to accommodate more users than conventional SC-FDMA and this corresponds to increasing the spectral efficiency without requiring a higher modulation order or using more bandwidth. During this work, special attentions wee paid to the cases where two and three source signals are being transmitted on the same set of subcarriers, which leads respectively to doubling and tripling the spectral efficiency. Simulation results show that by using the proposed technique, it is possible to add more users to any SC-FDMA system without increasing the bandwidth or the modulation order while keeping the same performance in terms of bit error rate (BER) as the conventional SC-FDMA. This is realized by slightly increasing the energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0) at the transmitters.

No
Antenna array technology has attracted the attention of the research community as a means to increase system capacity and improve the signal reception. Space division multiple access (SDMA) is a multi-access scheme based on the use of antenna arrays to separate users by exploiting their positions in space. Several works have been carried out to examine the improvement in the system capacity provided by SDMA. A theoretical model to determine the blocking probability for SDMA is derived. A closed-form linear system of equations is obtained whose numerical solution gives the blocking probability. The formulation is employed to assess the capacity gain improvement of a single-cell system under specific conditions. It is found from the results that SDMA is not efficient for low traffic loads, whereas it is so for high traffic.

碩士
國立交通大學
電子工程系所
96
The mobile WiMAX based on IEEE 802.16e standard which provides high speed transmission over large area has been adopted as one of the candidates of next generation communication systems. But, with higher demand of multi-media application, high date rates and high bandwidth are necessary for wireless transmission. Consequently, the Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) and Adaptive Antenna System (AAS) will be the solutions of future wireless system. In this thesis, we apply Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) mechanism enabled by AAS on mobile WiMAX to investigate the system level performance analysis when poor RF condition users are served with beamforming. Besides support poor users, we also consider the Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of mixed traffic services. As a result, we build a simulation platform for mobile WiMAX with basic Radio Resource Management (RRM) and SDMA-enabled MAC layer. We adopt a simple two stages scheduling algorithm for QoS guarantee and SINR enhancement for poor users. In the simulation result, the cell capacity can be increase significantly because of the reduction of outage probability. With beamforming, the co-channel interference is suppressed and SINR is enhanced under the same power budget so that the transmission quality is promoted. The simulation results also shows that when two stage scheduling algorithm for SDMA is applied, the system performance is still improved significantly under serious co-channel interference.

碩士
國立中正大學
通訊工程研究所
90
In mobile radio systems, multipath fading causes system performance degradation. In WCDMA system, a new technique, called Space Time block coding based Transmit antenna Diversity (STTD), is provided to overcome multipath fading and improve system performance and capacity. However, space time block decoding algorithms so far are designed for flat fading channels in the literature. In this paper we propose two new schemes, with zero forcing detector and orthogonal detector, for the multipath fading channels. We show that for dual antennas with STTD encoding, either zero forcing detector or orthogonal detector at the mobile gives better performance then single antenna system by computer simulation.

碩士
國立中山大學
資訊工程學系研究所
91
Typically, MAC protocols for mobile ad hoc networks assume omnidirectional antennas, and use of directional antennas offers many advantages, such as range extension, reduced co-channel interference, increased the degree of spatial reuse, improved the throughput of networks, and reduced the transmission power. There are many wireless ad hoc MAC protocol have been proposed. However, these protocols do not provide significant improvement of network performance because they can’t let nodes to support multiple simultaneous transmissions or receptions ability. In this paper, we proposed a newly designed MAC protocols, we used adaptive beam-forming system to reduce the co-channel interference problem, and our proposed MAC protocol will enable nodes with multiple simultaneous transmissions and receptions ability. The handshake mechanism of proposed MAC protocol is that used receiver initialize handshake mechanism such as MACA/BI. We changed the Ready-to-Receive (RTR) control packet, which was used to poll neighbor nodes to be a dual-used control packet, Ready-to-Receive-Transmission (RTRT). Our simulation results will show that our proposed MAC protocol do exploit the advantage of space division multiple access that significantly reduced the problem of poor networks throughput which caused by bottleneck nodes in wireless ad hoc networks.

The industry of wireless digital communications has matured since the 1970s with the introduction of cellular technology, to the present rollout of fourth generation infrastructure. The discovery and refining of technology such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), code division multiple access (CDMA) and later multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques has set the stage for the current and future high capacity broadband wireless cellular networks. A number of organisations have developed standards for wireless communication technologies, most notably the Third Generation Partnership Project with the Long Term Evolution series of standards and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) with its IEEE 802 series of standards. This work aims to contribute to the afore mentioned field of research by amalgamating three key technologies into a wireless communication system. The methodology adopted has centred on orthogonality with the utilisation of OFDM, CDMA employing completely orthogonal complementary codes and MIMO techniques. OFDM provides a reduced complexity means for managing multipath environments by taking advantage of the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm for modulation and demodulation. Furthermore the cyclic rotation scheme applied to the orthogonal complete complementary codes allows the use of spread spectrum technology without the inherent rate loss while providing multiple access. The recent advances in multiple antenna communication technology have led to the development of two branches in the field. The first of these was the introduction of the spatial multiplexing concept which increases the system capacity and the second was the development of many diversity achieving spatial coding techniques. Of the diversity achieving techniques orthogonal space-time block codes (OSTBC) are most notable due to their linear detectability. The performance of two communication systems has been evaluated through simulation. Both employ the multi carrier CDMA based on the cyclically rotated complete complementary codes however the fundamental difference between them is the spatial coding. Spatial multiplexing and OSTBCs have been utilised with a matrix algebraic framework description unifying both. The spatial multiplexed signals are detected with a non-linear sphere decoder and the OSTBC data is detected linearly. The results have shown that the systems achieve the expected diversity orders in flat fading conditions. The OSTBC system achieves added gains in multipath conditions due to the spread spectrum coding. The codes provide multiple access as well as extract added multipath diversity that would otherwise be unavailable. Interestingly, both systems were unaffected by Doppler since perfect channel state information was assumed and the spreading was performed in frequency domain.
Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
lk2014
Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering
MEng
Unrestricted

Personal wireless communications networks have flourished over the last decade as advances in digital cellular technology have made them more accessible to the general public. Third Generation Cellular Communication systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA) as the multiple access technique, show great scope for improvement in terms of capacity, through the use of advanced signal processing techniques. Two of the leading areas that encompass these techniques are space-time processing (smart antennas) and multiuser detection (MUD). Space-time-MUD (ST-MUD) is a relatively new field that hopes to bring together these two techniques. The focus of this thesis is ST -MUD in the context of a multi-carrier direct sequence CDMA (MC-DS-CDMA) communications system, which is one of the adopted multiple access techniques for the upcoming third generation cellular communications systems. The concepts of MUD and smart antennas are discussed, and their performance enhancing capabilities are demonstrated. The use of vector channel models and their role in modelling the propagation phenomena of the communications channel in terms of the space, time and frequency domains is also illustrated. A ST-MUD receiver architecture is presented, and the performance of the architecture with a minimum mean square error (MMSE) decision criterion is analysed in a frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel. The analysis results are verified via simulation. Three subspace MUD techniques are adapted for ST -MUD, and the joint space-frequency- multi path MMSE solution on these subspaces is given. Simulation results are used to quantify their relative performance. The relevance and applications of the subspace techniques are elaborated.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2001.

Cheung Shun Keung.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-83).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- The Problem --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Overview of CDMA --- p.2
Chapter 1.3 --- Problems Encountered in Direct-Sequence (DS)CDMA --- p.3
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Multipath Fading Scenario in DS-CDMA Cellular Mo- bile Communication --- p.3
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Near-Far Problem --- p.4
Chapter 1.4 --- Delimitation and Significance of the Thesis --- p.5
Chapter 1.5 --- Summary --- p.7
Chapter 1.6 --- Scope of the Thesis --- p.8
Chapter 2 --- Literature Review of Blind Space-Time Processing in a wire- less CDMA Receiver --- p.9
Chapter 2.1 --- General Background Information --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Time Model of K-User Chip-Synchronous CDMA --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Dispersive Channel Modelling --- p.10
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Combination of K-user CDMA Time Model with the Slow Frequency-Selective Fading Channel Model to form a completed Chip-Synchronous CDMA Time Model --- p.13
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Spatial Channel Model with Antenna Array [9] --- p.15
Chapter 2.1.5 --- Joint Space-Time Channel Model in Chip-Synchronous CDMA --- p.19
Chapter 2.1.6 --- Challenges to Blind Space-Time Processing in a base- station CDMA Receiver --- p.23
Chapter 2.2 --- Literature Review of Single-User-Type Detectors used in Blind Space-Time DS-CDMA RAKE Receivers --- p.25
Chapter 2.2.1 --- A Common Problem among the Signal Processing Schemes --- p.28
Chapter 3 --- "Novel ""Self-Decorrelation"" Technique" --- p.29
Chapter 3.1 --- "Problem with ""Blind"" Space-Time RAKE Processing Using Single- User-Type Detectors" --- p.29
Chapter 3.2 --- "Review of Zoltowski & Ramos[10,11,12] Maximum-SINR Single- User-Type CDMA Blind RAKE Receiver Schemes" --- p.31
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Space-Time Data Model --- p.31
Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Blind Element-Space-Only (ESO) RAKE Receiver with Self-Decorrelation Pre-processing Applied --- p.32
Chapter 3.3 --- Physical Meaning of Self-Decorrelation Pre-processing --- p.35
Chapter 3.4 --- Simulation Results --- p.38
Chapter 4 --- """Fractional Self-Decorrelation"" Pre-processing" --- p.45
Chapter 4.1 --- The Blind Maximum-SINR RAKE Receivers in Chen et. al.[l] and Wong et. al.[2] --- p.45
Chapter 4.2 --- Fractional Self-Decorrelation Pre-processing --- p.47
Chapter 4.3 --- The Blind Element-Space-Only (ESO) RAKE Receiver with Fractional Self-Decorrelation Pre-processing Applied --- p.50
Chapter 4.4 --- Physical Meaning of Fractional Self-Decorrelation Pre-processing --- p.54
Chapter 4.5 --- Simulation Results --- p.55
Chapter 5 --- Complexity Analysis and Schematics of Proposed Techniques --- p.64
Chapter 5.1 --- Computational Complexity --- p.64
Chapter 5.1.1 --- Self-Decorrelation Applied in Element-Space-Only (ESO) RAKE Receiver --- p.64
Chapter 5.1.2 --- Fractional Self-Decorrelation Applied in Element-Space- Only (ESO) RAKE Receiver --- p.67
Chapter 5.2 --- Schematics of the Two Proposed Techniques --- p.69
Chapter 6 --- Summary and Conclusion --- p.74
Chapter 6.1 --- Summary of the Thesis --- p.74
Chapter 6.1.1 --- The Self-Decorrelation Pre-processing Technique --- p.75
Chapter 6.1.2 --- The Fractional Self-Decorrelation Pre-processing Tech- nique --- p.76
Chapter 6.2 --- Conclusion --- p.78
Chapter 6.3 --- Future Work --- p.78
Bibliography --- p.80
Chapter A --- Generalized Eigenvalue Problem --- p.84
Chapter A.1 --- Standard Eigenvalue Problem --- p.84
Chapter A.2 --- Generalized Eigenvalue Problem --- p.84

The rapid growth of wireless subscribers and services as well as the increased use of internet services, suggest that wireless internet access will increase rapidly over the next few years. This will require the provision of high data rate wireless communication services. However the problem of a limited and expensive radio spectrum coupled with the problem of the wireless fading channel makes it difficult to provide these services. For these reasons, the research area of high data rate, bandwidth efficient and reliable wireless communications is currently receiving much attention. Concatenated codes are a class of forward error correction codes which consist of two or more constituent codes. These codes achieve reliable communications very close to the Shannon limit provided that sufficient diversity, such as temporal or spatial diversity, is available. Space-time trellis codes (STTCs) merge channel coding and transmit antenna diversity to improve system capacity and performance. The main focus of this dissertation is on STTCs and concatenated STTCs in quasi-static and rapid Rayleigh fading channels. Analytical bounds are useful in determining the behaviour of a code at high SNRs where it becomes difficult to generate simulation results. A novel method is proposed to analyse the performance of STTCs and the accuracy of this analysis is compared to simulation results where it is shown to closely approximate system performance. The field of concatenated STTCs has already received much attention and has shown improved performance over conventional STTCs. It was recently shown that double concatenated convolutional codes in AWGN channels outperform simple concatenated codes. Motivated by this, two double concatenated STTC structures are proposed and their performance is compared to that of a simple concatenated STTCs. It is shown that double concatenated STTCs outperform simple concatenated STTCs in rapid Rayleigh fading channels. An analytical model for this system in rapid fading is developed which combines the proposed analytical method for STTCs with existing analytical techniques for concatenated convolutional codes. The final part of this dissertation considers a direct-sequencejslow-frequency-hopped (DSj SFH) code division multiple access (CDMA) system with turbo coding and multiple transmit antennas. The system model is modified to include a more realistic, time correlated Rayleigh fading channel and the use of side information is incorporated to improve the performance of the turbo decoder. Simulation results are presented for this system and it is shown that the use of transmit antenna diversity and side information can be used to improve system performance.
Thesis (M.Sc.Eng.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

Research Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is envisaged by the automotive and the ICT industries as the future technology to enhance the safety and reliability of traffic systems as well as to improve the comfort level of road users. A number of applications such as cooperative awareness, traffic management and user entertainment could be supported by the inter-vehicle ad hoc communication networks. To efficiently support these applications in an ad hoc network, reliable packet communication architecture is necessary. Using the VANET architecture, a multi-service ad hoc network could be developed by employing packet broadcast techniques. A multiservice ad hoc network imposes stringent packet transmission requirements for most traffic types, introducing number of challenges such as packet collisions due to hidden nodes, multi-path fading and the packet broadcast storm. In this research, several efficient multi-service packet transmission techniques have been developed and evaluated for future road traffic applications in VANETs.

Τα μελλοντικά ασύρματα δίκτυα και συστήματα επικοινωνιών αναμένεται να παρέχουν αξιόπιστα υπηρεσίες δεδομένων με απαιτήσεις ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων οι οποίες κυμαίνονται από λίγα kbps μέχρι μερικά Mbps και εξαιτίας του υψηλού κόστους του φάσματος συχνοτήτων, αυτά τα συστήματα χρειάζεται να είναι εξαιρετικά αποτελεσματικά όσον αφορά στη χρησιμοποίηση του φάσματος. Συγκεκριμένα, η εφαρμογή τεχνικών μετάδοσης δεδομένων οι οποίες βασίζονται σε MIMO και OFDMA θεωρείται ως μια πολλά υποσχόμενη λύση για να ικανοποιήσει αυτές τις απαιτήσεις. Από την άλλη μεριά, τα συστήματα MIMO-OFDMA είναι εύκαμπτα και φασματικά αποτελεσματικά αλλά ο αξιοσημείωτα μεγάλος αριθμός υποφορέων και ο συνυπολογισμός της διάστασης χώρου καθιστούν την κατανομή ραδιοπόρων πολύ πολύπλοκη. Στην πραγματικότητα, η βέλτιστη κατανομή ραδιοπόρων η οποία μεγιστοποιεί το συνολικό ρυθμό μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών είναι συχνά πάρα πολύ πολύπλοκη για πρακτικές εφαρμογές. Συνεπώς, απαιτούνται υποβέλτιστες σχετικά αποτελεσματικές και χαμηλής πολυπλοκότητας στρατηγικές κατανομής ραδιοπόρων ώστε να κατανείμουν τους ραδιοπόρους συχνότητας, ισχύος και χώρου του συστήματος στους χρήστες του συστήματος. Η παρούσα ΔΔ διαπραγματεύεται στρατηγικές κατανομής ραδιοπόρων στην κατερχόμενη και στην ανερχόμενη ζεύξη συστημάτων OFDMA, στην κατερχόμενη ζεύξη συστημάτων MISO-OFDMA και στην κατερχόμενη ζεύξη συστημάτων MIMO-OFDMA στοχεύοντας στη μεγιστοποίηση του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών εγγυώντας οι ρυθμοί μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών να τηρούν μια προκαθορισμένη αναλογία μεταξύ τους ή να ξεπερνούν προκαθορισμένους ελάχιστους ρυθμούς μετάδοσης δεδομένων. Στο πλαίσιο της επίλυσης του προβλήματος της μεγιστοποίησης του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών με ανεκτή πολυπλοκότητα για κάθε μία από τις προαναφερθείσες περιπτώσεις, προτείνονται νέοι υποβέλτιστοι αλγόριθμοι. Στην κατερχόμενη ζεύξη των συστημάτων SISO, στόχος είναι η μεγιστοποίση του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών με περιορισμό στη συνολική διαθέσιμη ισχύ και με αναλογικούς ρυθμούς μετάδοσης δεδομένων μεταξύ των χρηστών. Η προτεινόμενη μέθοδος, η οποία είναι αποτελεσματική όσον αφορά στην πολυπλοκότητα, αποτελείται από τρεις αλγόριθμους: έναν αλγόριθμο ο οποίος προσδιορίζει τον αριθμό των υποφορέων για κάθε χρήστη, έναν αλγόριθμο κατανομής υποφορέων διαιρώντας τους χρήστες σε δύο ομάδες και τον αλγόριθμο water-filling. Οι πρώτοι δύο αλγόριθμοι αναθέτουν τους διαθέσιμους υποφορείς στους χρήστες του συστήματος και ο τρίτος αλγόριθμος κατανέμει τη διαθέσιμη ισχύ με βέλτιστο τρόπο για μεγιστοποίηση του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων. Στην ανερχόμενη ζεύξη των συστημάτων SISO, στόχος είναι η μεγιστοποίηση του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών με περιορισμό στην ισχύ κάθε χρήστη και σε ελάχιστους ρυθμούς μετάδοσης δεδομένων μεταξύ των χρηστών. Η προτεινόμενη τεχνική, η οποία είναι αποτελεσματική όσον αφορά στην πολυπλοκότητα, αποτελείται από τρεις αλγόριθμους: έναν αλγόριθμο ο οποίος προσδιορίζει τον αριθμό των υποφορέων για κάθε χρήστη, έναν αλγόριθμο κατανομής υποφορέων διαιρώντας τους χρήστες σε δύο ομάδες και τον αλγόριθμο water-filling. Οι πρώτοι δύο αλγόριθμοι αναθέτουν τους διαθέσιμους υποφορείς στους χρήστες του συστήματος και ο τρίτος αλγόριθμος κατανέμει τη διαθέσιμη ισχύ. Στην κατερχόμενη ζεύξη των συστημάτων MISO αναπτύσσονται τρεις αλγόριθμοι επιλογής χρηστών και κατανομής πόρων για πολυχρηστικά συστήματα κατερχόμενης ζεύξης οι οποίοι είναι λιγότερο πολύπλοκοι από άλλες προσεγγίσεις και ενσωματώνουν τη δικαιοσύνη. Στους πρώτους δύο αλγόριθμους επιβάλλονται αναλογικοί περιορισμοί μεταξύ των ρυθμών μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών και στον τρίτο αλγόριθμο περιορισμοί στους ελάχιστους ρυθμούς μετάδοσης δεδομένων λαμβάνονται υπόψη. Επίσης, πραγματοποιείται επέκταση του αλγόριθμου μεγιστοποίησης του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων με αναλογικούς περιορισμούς δικαιοσύνης σε ΣΚΚ και για μείωση της πολυπλοκότητας οι υποφορείς ομαδοποιούνται σε τεμάχια. Τα αποτελέσματα της προσομοίωσης επιβεβαιώνουν την αποτελεσματικότητα τους στη διανομή του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων δίκαια μεταξύ των χρηστών αλλά και ότι σε ΣΚΚ επιτυγχάνονται μεγαλύτεροι συνολικοί ρυθμοί μετάδοσης δεδομένων. Τέλος, στην κατερχόμενη ζεύξη των συστημάτων MIMO, το πρόβλημα διατυπώνεται με στόχο τη μεγιστοποίηση του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών με περιορισμό στη συνολική διαθέσιμη ισχύ και ελέγξιμο εύρος ζώνης στο σύστημα εισάγοντας την παράμετρο α. Αφού αυτό το πρόβλημα βελτιστοποίησης πρέπει να εκτελεστεί σε πραγματικό χρόνο, προτείνεται ένας αλγόριθμος αποδοτικός, υποβέλτιστος και αποτελεματικός όσον αφορά στην πολυπλοκότητα ο οποίος παρουσιάζει λογική απώλεια όσον αφορά στην περίπτωση χωρίς περιορισμούς όπου ο μόνος στόχος είναι η μεγιστοποίηση του συνολικού ρυθμού μετάδοσης δεδομένων και εντυπωσιακό όφελος συγκρινόμενος με τη στατική τεχνική TDMA. Πέραν της θεωρητικής ανάλυσης των παραπάνω αλγόριθμων, ο προσομοιωτικός κώδικας που δημιουργήθηκε βασισμένος σε ρεαλιστικές υποθέσεις και απλουστεύσεις, μάς έδωσε τα αποτελέσματα εκείνα τα οποία μετρούν το συνολικό ρυθμό μετάδοσης δεδομένων των χρηστών ο οποίος παρέχεται από κάθε έναν από τους προαναφερθέντες αλγόριθμους και εξετάζουν την πιθανή καταλληλότητα για χρήση τους σε συγκεκριμένα περιβάλλοντα. Τα τελικά συμπεράσματα είναι ότι τα συστήματα MIMO-OFDMA είναι ικανά να προσφέρουν πραγματικές ευρυζωνικές υπηρεσίες πάνω από το ασύρματο κανάλι επικοινωνίας.
Future wireless communication networks and systems are expected to reliably provide data services with data rate requirements ranging from a few kbps up to some Mbps and, due to the high costs of frequency spectrum, these systems also need to be extremely efficient in terms of the spectrum usage. In particular, the application of transmission schemes based on OFDMA and on MIMO is considered as a promising solution to meet these requirements. On the one hand, MIMO-OFDMA systems are flexible and spectrally efficient but the considerably large number of subcarriers and the inclusion of the space dimension make the RRA in such systems very complex. In fact, the optimum RRA that maximizes the sum of the users' data rates is often too complex for practical application. Consequently, suboptimal rather efficient and low-complexity RRA strategies are required in order to allocate the frequency, power, and space radio resources of the system to the users of the system. This doctoral thesis deals with RRA strategies in the downlink and uplink of OFDMA systems, the downlink of MISO-OFDMA systems, and the downlink of MIMO-OFDMA systems aiming at the maximization of the sum of the users' data rates guaranteeing proportional data rates or minimum data rates among users. In order to solve the problem of maximizing the sum of the users' data rates with affordable complexity in each one of the aforementioned cases, new suboptimal algorithms are proposed. In the SISO downlink the objective is to maximize the sum of the users' data rates subject to constraints on the total available power and proportional data rates among users. The proposed method, which is also complexity effective, consists of three algorithms; an algorithm that determines the number of subcarriers for each user, a subcarrier allocation algorithm by dividing the users in two groups and the water-filling algorithm. The first two algorithms assign the available subcarriers to the users of the system and the third one allocates the available power optimally in order to maximize the sum of the users' data rates. In the SISO uplink the objective is to maximize the sum of the users' data rates subject to constraints on per user power and minimum data rates among users. The proposed scheme, which is also complexity effective, consists of three algorithms; an algorithm that determines the number of subcarriers for each user, a subcarrier allocation algorithm by dividing the users in two groups and the water-filling algorithm. The first two algorithms assign the available subcarriers to the users of the system and the third one allocates the available power. In the MISO downlink three user selection and resource allocation algorithms for multiuser downlink systems are developed that are less complex than other approaches and incorporate fairness. In the first two algorithms proportional constraints among the users' data rates are imposed and in the third algorithm minimum data rate constraints are taken into account. The proposed algorithm that maximizes the sum of the users' data rates with proportional data rate constraints is also applied to DAS and subcarriers are grouped to chunks. Simulation results sustain their effectiveness in distributing the sum data rate fairly and flexibly among users and that in DAS higher sum of the users' data rates are obtained. Finally, in the MIMO downlink the problem is formulated in order to maximize the sum of the users' data rates subject to total available power constraint with controllable bandwidth introducing system parameter α. Since this optimization should be performed in real time, an efficient, suboptimal and complexity effective algorithm is proposed which shows reasonable loss with respect to the unconstrained case where the only target is the maximization of the sum data rate and impressive profit compared to static TDMA scheme. Apart from the theoretical analysis of the above algorithms, simulation code, which was created based on realistic assumptions and simplifications, gave us results which measure the sum of the users' data rates that provide each one of the aforementioned algorithms and examine the possible appropriateness for use in specific environments. The final concluding results are that MIMO-OFDMA systems are able to offer real broadband services over the wireless communication channel.