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1
Shih, Jeanne-Louise. "Zinc oxide-silicon heterojunction solar cells by sputtering". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112583.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Heterojunctions of n-ZnO/p-Si solar cells were fabricated by RF sputtering ZnO:Al onto boron-doped (100) silicon (Si) substrates. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) films were also deposited onto soda lime glass for electrical measurements. Sheet resistance measurements were performed with a four-point-probe on the glass samples. Values for samples evacuated for 14 hours prior to deposition increased from 7.9 to 10.17 and 11.5 O/□ for 40 W, 120 and 160 W in RF power respectively. In contrast, those evacuated for 2 hours started with a higher value of 22.5 O/□, and decreased down to 7.6 and 5.8 O/□. Vacuum annealing was performed for both the glass and the Si samples. Current-voltage measurements were performed on the ZnO/Si junctions in the dark and under illumination. Parameters such as open-circuit voltage, Voc; short-circuit current, Isc; fill factor, FF; and efficiency, eta were determined. A maximum efficiency of 0.25% among all samples was produced, with an I sc of 2.16 mA, Voc of 0.31V and a FF of 0.37. This was a sample fabricated at an RF power of 80 W. Efficiency was found to decline with vacuum annealing. Furthermore, interfacial state density calculated based on capacitance-voltage measurements showed an increase in the value with vacuum annealing. The results found suggest that the interface states may be due to an interdiffusion of atoms, possibly those of Zn into the Si surface. The Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) method was used to determine diffusion length to be at a value ∼40--80 mum and therefore a minority carrier lifetime calculated of 3 musec. It was also used to determine the surface recombination velocity (SRV) of the fractured surface of the Si bulk from the fabricated solar cells. An SRV of ∼500 cm/sec was determined from the fractured Si surface, at a point located at 30 and 20 mum away from the junction interface.
2
Sun, Yechuan, e 孙也川. "Improvement of polymer solar cells through device design". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47849940.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this thesis, fabrication of polymer solar cells through different device designs is presented and the resulted solar cell performance is discussed. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are chosen as the photoactive layer materials as this material combination has been widely used and well investigated. The known properties of P3HT and PCBM make systematical studies and modeling for the effect of device designs on the performance of polymer solar cells possible although this is beyond the scope of this thesis.
First, ITO electrodes were fabricated by sputtering and used as the transparent electrode for polymer solar cells. Properties of ITO film fabricated by different sputtering conditions were compared. Radio frequency (RF) sputtered ITO was found to exhibit the best transparency overall. This condition was further applied to the fabrication of ITO electrode for polymer solar cells with light trapping structures. Low temperature processed silicon oxide (SiOx) / titanium oxide (TiOx) periodic structures were fabricated by sol-gel method. Optical transmittance of the bottom electrode was altered by the presence of the reflective coating and thus the absorption in the photoactive layer was affected. By varying the number of layer pairs and thickness of each layer in the reflective coating, improvement of polymer solar cell performance was found by inserting reflective coating for optimized conditions. Finally, semi-transparent polymer solar cells with inverted structure were demonstrated using conductive polymer as the anode. The process in device preparation was vacuum-free and thus could be potentially useful in large-scale roll-to-roll fabrication.published_or_final_version
Physics
Master
Master of Philosophy
3
Rosenberg, Glenn Alan 1960. "Monolithic series connected solar cell array". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276950.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Single crystal silicon solar cells for use under high concentration sunlight presently exhibit the highest conversion efficiencies. The following paper represents further work done to improve the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells through improved design. Design features and processing to address the loss mechanisms encountered in silicon solar cells are discussed. An improved solar cell structure has resulted from this work along with a practical processing sequence. Experiments were performed to show the practicality of pattern formation on the walls of the V-groove structures using conventional photolithography and masking techniques. Also, new beam processing techniques are discussed to improve processing.
4
Chen, Lüzhou, e 陈绿洲. "Optical design of organic solar cells by 3-D modeling of device structures". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196035.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted intense attention in recent years due to their advantages of low cost, easy fabrication, and high flexibility compared to its inorganic counterparts. However, due to the conflicts between the short diffusion length of excitons and long absorption length of incident photons, the thickness of OSCs is typically thin, and thus power conversion efficiency (PCE) is generally lower than traditional silicon solar cells. Therefore, an exquisite design of light trapping schemes is essential to the PCE improvement. Generally, physical guideline of light trapping involves two main approaches: geometric optics methods and wave optics methods. The former aims at elongating optical path inside the photoactive layer and thus enhancing photon absorption. For organic thin film solar cells with typical active layer thickness of 100 nm-200 nm, which is in subwavelength scale, we cannot investigate light harvesting mechanism simply by the geometric optics methods and instead wave optics properties should be considered.
In this thesis, two different light trapping enhancement designs are proposed. In order to simulate these structures, we built up programs for absorption power calculation based on scattering matrix method (SMM) by rigorously solving Maxwell’s equations. It is worth to point out that, different from the widely-used calculation method by Absorption = 1-Transmission-Reflection, our algorithm can extract the net optical absorption of the active layer rather than the whole OSCs. This improvement is very important because metal absorption, which does not contribute to exciton generation, can be excluded from the result.
In Chapter 3, design of organic solar cell incorporating periodically arranged gradient type active layer is presented. This design can enhance light harvesting with patterned organic materials themselves (i.e. self-enhanced active layer design) to avoid degrading electrical performance in contrast to introducing inorganic concentrators into the active layers such as silicon and metallic nanostructures. Our numerical results show that the OSC with a self-enhanced active layer, compared with the conventional planar active layer configuration, has broadband and wide-angle range absorption enhancement due to better geometric impedance matching and prolonged optical path.
In Chapter 4, OSC with interstitial lattice patterned metal nanoparticles (NPs) is proposed, which can improve the light blocking of traditional square lattice patterned NPs structure and achieve broadband absorption enhancement. Compared to square lattice design, the plasmonic mode couplings between individual NPs in the interstitial lattice are more versatile and much stronger. Moreover, plasmonic modes can couple to the guided modes, resulting in large enhancement factor at some wavelengths. These works provide a theoretical foundation and engineering reference for high performance OSC designs.published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
5
Narasimha, Shreesh. "Understanding and application of screen-printed metallization, aluminum back surface fields, and dielectric surface passivation for high-efficiency silicon solar cells". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16453.
Testo completo
6
Zhang, Di, e 张笛. "Transparent electrode design and interface engineering for high performance organic solar cells". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/202360.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the growing needs for energy, photovoltaic solar cells have attracted increasing research interests owing to its potentially renewable, feasible and efficient applications. Compared to its inorganic counterparts, organic solar cell (OSC) is highly desirable due to the low-cost processing, light weight, and the capability of flexible applications. While rapid progress has been made with the conversion efficiency approaching 10%, challenges towards high performance OSCs remain, including further improving device efficiency, fully realizing flexible applications, achieving more feasible large-area solution process and extending the stability of organic device.
Having understood the key technical issues of designing high performance OSCs, we focus our work on (1) introducing flexible graphene transparent electrodes into OSCs as effective anode and cathode; (2) interface engineering of metal oxide carrier transport layers (CTLs) in OSCs through incorporating plasmonic metal nanomaterials ;(3)proposing novel film formation approach for solution-processed CTLs in OSCs in order to improve the film quality and thus device performance.
The detailed work is listed below:
1. Design of transparent graphene electrodes for flexible OSCs
Flexible graphene films are introduced into OSCs as transparent electrodes, which complement the flexibility of organic materials. We demonstrate graphene can function effectively as both the anode and cathode in OSCs:
a) Graphene anode: we propose an interface modification for graphene to function as anode as an alternative to using aconventional polymer CTL. Using the proposed interfacial modification, graphene OSCs show enhanced performance. Further analysis shows that our approach provides favorable energy alignment and improved interfacial contact.
b) Graphene cathode: efficient OSCs using graphene cathode are demonstrated, using a new composite CTL of aluminum-titanium oxide (Al-TiO2).We show that the role of Al is two-fold: improving the wettability as well as reducing the work function of graphene. To facilitate electron extraction, self-assembledTiO2is employed on the Al-covered graphene, which exhibits uniform morphology.
2. Incorporation of plasmonic nanomaterialsinto the metal oxide CTLinOSCs
By incorporating metallic nanoparticles (NPs) into the TiO2CTLin OSCs, we demonstrate the interesting plasmonic-electrical effect which leads to optically induced charge extraction enhancement. While OSCs using TiO2CTL can only operate by ultraviolet (UV)activation, NP-incorporated TiO2enables OSCs to perform efficiently at a plasmonic wavelength far longer than the UV light. In addition, the effciency of OSCs incorporated with NPs is notably enhanced. We attribute the improvement to the charge injection of plasmonically excited electrons from NPs into TiO2.
3. Formation of uniform TiO2CTLfor large area applications using a self-assembly approach
A solution-processed self-assembly method is proposed for forming large-area high-quality CTL films. Owing to the careful control of solvent evaporation, uniform film is formed, leading to enhanced OSC performance. Meanwhile, our method is capable of forming large-area films. This approach can contribute to future low-cost, large-area applications.published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy
7
Richards, Bryce Sydney Electrical Engineering & Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Novel uses of titanium dioxide for silicon solar cells". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20476.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films have a long history in silicon photovoltaics (PV) as antireflection (AR) coatings due to their excellent optical properties and low deposition cost. This work explores several novel areas where TiO2 thin films could be use to enhance silicon (Si) solar cell performance while reducing device fabrication costs. Amorphous, anatase and rutile TiO2 thin films are deposited using ultrasonic spraydeposition (USD) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) systems, both designed and constructed by the author. Initial experiments confirmed that no degradation in the bulk minority carrier lifetime (????bulk) occurred during high-temperature processing, although the stability of the USD-deposited TiO2 films was dependent on the furnace ambient. A major disadvantage of TiO2 AR coatings is that they afford little surface passivation. In this work, a novel method of achieving excellent surface passivation on TiO2-coated silicon wafers is presented. This involved growing a 6 nm-thick SiO2 layer at the TiO2:Si interface by oxidising the wafer after TiO2 film deposition. The increase in surface passivation afforded by the interfacial SiO2 layer results in a decrease in the emitter dark saturation current density (J0e) by nearly two orders of magnitude to 4.7 ??? 7.7 ??~ 10???14 A/cm2. This demonstrates the compatibility of the TiO2/SiO2 stack with high-efficiency solar cells designs. By varying the film deposition and annealing conditions, TiO2 refractive indices in the range of 1.726 ??? 2.633 (at ???? = 600 nm) could be achieved. Subsequently, a double-layer antireflection (DLAR) coating was designed comprised of low and high TiO2 refractive index material. The best experimental weighted average reflectance (Rw) achieved was 6.5% on a planar silicon wafer in air. TiO2 DLAR coatings are ideally suited to multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers, which do not respond well to chemical texturing. Modelling performed for a glass and ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulated buried-contact solar cell indicated that a TiO2 DLAR coating afforded a 7% increase in the short circuit current density, when compared to a standard, commercially-deposited TiO2 single-layer AR coating. Finally, it is demonstrated that chemical reactions with phosphorus prevent TiO2 from acting as a successful phosphorus diffusion barrier or dopant source. The applicability of TiO2 thin films to various silicon solar cell structures is discussed.
8
Whyburn, Gordon Patrick. "A simple organic solar cell". Pomona College, 2007. http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/u?/stc,21.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Finding renewable sources of energy is becoming an increasingly important component of scientific research. Greater competition for existing sources of energy has strained the world’s supply and demand balance and has increased the prices of traditional sources of energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas. The experiment discussed in this paper is designed to identify and build an inexpensive and simple method for creating an effective organic solar cell.
9
Hultmar, Oscar, Johan Paulsson e Jonathan Sundell. "Mechanical design and construction of solar panel experiment in stratospheric conditions". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356131.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This project will be a part of the LODESTAR experiment. LODESTAR is one of the experiments scheduled to fly on the REXUS/BEXUS 26 high altitude balloon flight. The primary objective of the experiment is to investigate the effects of cosmic radiation on CIGS solar cells. The objective of this project is to build a mechanical design that can fulfill all requirements set by the ESA user manual. The mechanical design will first be drawn in mechanical CAD, where the drawing will be constructed from the ESA requirements. Later the design will be simulated in order to choose appropriate materials and a design that can withstand all simulations. Lastly the design will be built according to the drawings and tested according to the simulations. The mechanical design withstood all the simulations and verification tests with no visual deformation, except for the simulation and verification of the drop test. Both the drop simulation and verification test resulted in deformation in one of the aluminium plates. Since this mechanical design is constructed to be used only once, small deformations is within the margin of error. The deformation resulted by the simulation and verification of the drop test matched with a high precision. This is a good confirmation of the results of the drop test. In conclusion, the executed tests gave very promising results. Therefor the design constructed fits all the requirements to travel with solar panels in stratospheric conditions.LODESTAR -BEXUS Project
10
Fisher, Kate School of Photovoltaic & Renewable Energy Engineering UNSW. "The pitfalls of pit contacts: electroless metallization for c-Si solar cells". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/29568.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis focuses on improving the adhesion of electroless metal layers plated to pit contacts in interdigitated, backside buried contact (IBBC) solar cells. In an electrolessly plated, pit contact IBBC cell, the contact grooves are replaced with lines of pits which are interconnected by the plated metal. It is shown, however, that electroless metal layers, plated by the standard IBBC plating sequence, are not adherent on pit contact IBBC solar cells. The cause of this adhesion problem is investigated by examining the adhesive properties of each of the metal layers in the electroless metallization sequence on planar test structures. This investigation reveals that Pd activation of heavily P diffused Si impedes Ni silicide growth and that, in the absence of a silicide at the Ni/Si interface, an electrolessly plated Cu layer will cause the underlying Ni layer to peel away from the substrate. It is also found that the Ni silicidation process itself intermittently causes the unreacted Ni to spontaneously peel away from the substrate. An electroless metallization sequence that results in thick, adhesive Cu deposits on planar < 100> surfaces is developed in this thesis. It is shown that this process leads to the formation of a Ni silicide on both n- and p- type, heavily diffused surfaces. Fully plated, pit contact IBBC solar cells were not able to be fabricated during the course of this work but it is reasonable to expect that the modified plating sequence developed in this work will result in the metal layers being adhesive on these cells.
11
Krygowski, Thomas Wendell. "A novel simultaneous diffusion technology for low-cost, high-efficiency silicon solar cells". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/22973.
Testo completo
12
Chen, Song. "Design, synthesis and characterization of A-D-A structural porphyrin small molecules for bulk heterojunction organic solar cell applications". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2017. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/477.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bulk heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ OSCs) have been recognized as one of the most promising next generation green technology alternatives to inorganic solar cells because of the low-cost, lightweight, flexibility. Specifically, the use of small molecules instead of polymers as donors in BHJ OSC have been developed very fast recently because small molecules can be facilely synthesized and easily purified, and have a determined molecular structure without batch-to-batch variations. To date, those among the most efficient small molecules were constructed as acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) structural configuration from electron-rich units such as benzodithiophene (BDT), dithienosilole (DTS), oligothiophene units, and electron-deficient units such as benzothiadiazole (BT), diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP), isoindigo (IID) and perylenediimide (PDI). Surprisingly, porphyrins were rarely studied either in polymers or π-conjugated small molecules as donor materials, though they have unique chemistry together with excellent photochemical and electrochemical properties, such as facile functionalization of the periphery and the variation of the central atom (metal ions), strong UV-visible absorption, ultrafast photoinduced charge separation in porphyrin-fullerene systems. In this research work, we design, synthesize and characterize new porphyrin-based small molecules with acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) configuration for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, and investigate their structure-property relationships, specifically the effect of peripheral and backbone alkyl side-chains, π-conjugated linkers as well as electron-deficient ending units on the charge mobility, film morphology and solar cell performances. In Chapter 1, a general review on the historic and recent development of BHJ OSCs was given first, including the major components and working principle of OSC, the versatile organic semiconductors and their performances in OSCs. In chapter 2, six A-D-A structural porphyrin small molecules were designed and synthesized, in which different peripheral alkyl substitutions are attached to the meso-position of porphyrin core (CS-I, CS-II, CS-III, CS-4, CS-5 and CS-6), and 3-ethylrhodanine is used as terminal group. Their UV-visible absorption in solid, energy level, blend film morphology, charge mobility and cell performance are dependent on the different peripheral substitutions. The active layer consists of these six small molecules as donor materials and PC71BM as the acceptor material with an optimized film thickness. Although all six molecules show similar optical spectrum in solutions, the introduction of linear alkyl side chains can promote thin-film nanostructural order, especially shown to shorten π-π stacking distances between backbones and increase the correlation lengths of both π-π stacking and lamellar spacing, leading to higher efficiency in this serial. Among them, the highest power conversion efficiency of 9.09% has been achieved by CS-4 based devices. In chapter 3, another two new A-D-A porphyrin small molecules (PTTR and PTTCNR) have been developed, which are similar in structure to CS-I, II and III, except that the linker is phenylethynyl in CS-I, II and III, whereas it is terthiophenylethynyl in PTTR and PTTCNR. The highest power conversion efficiency of 8.21% is achieved by PTTCNR, corresponding to a JSC of 14.30 mA cm−2, VOC of 0.82 V, and FF of 70.01%. The excellent device performances can be ascribed to the conjugated structure of porphyrin with 3,3''-dihexyl-terthiophene and the aliphatic 2-octylundecyl peripheral substitutions, which not only effectively increase the solar flux coverage between the conventional Soret and Q bands of porphyrin unit, but also optimize molecular packing through polymorphism associated with side-chain and the π-conjugated backbones, and form the blend films with [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) characteristics of bi-continuous, interpenetrating networks required for efficient charge separation and transportation.;In chapter 4, we designed and synthesized a new dimeric porphyrin donor molecule (CS-DP) containing A-π2-D-π1-D-π2-A architecture by coupling of two zinc porphyrin cores through ethynyl linker. Interestingly, it can harvests the photons up to deep near-infrared (NIR) region in the absorption spectrum. From the past decades, it has been found that developing donor molecules with the absorption spectral in NIR region is a challenging key factor to get the high performance BHJ OSCs. Solar cell devices employing CS-DP as a donor exhibit a highest power conversion efficiency of 8.23%, corresponding to JSC = 15.14 mA cm-2, VOC = 0.781 mV and FF = 69.8% under AM 1.5G solar radiation. The high efficiency of this molecule is attributed to a panchromatic IPCE action spectrum from 300 nm to 1000 nm. Also, this performance is best for the reported deep NIR organic solar cells based on single small molecule and PC71BM system so far. We envision that this new small bandgap dimeric porphyrin is very promising to use in ternary and multi-junction applications as well as NIR photodetectors. In chapter 5, a series of new A-D-A structural porphyrin small molecules (CS-10, CS-11 and CS-12) have been prepared, that contain the same meso-thienyl-thioalkyl substituted porphyrin core and 3-ethylrhodanine ending unit, but varies with different numbers of phenylethynyl linker. Using them as donors for solution-processed organic solar cells, the device based on CS-10 featuring single phenyl ethynyl π-linker exhibits high power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.0%. The results indicate that meso-thienyl-thioalkyl substitution and controlled π-linker length is beneficial to tune the optoelectronic properties, film morphology and consequently performance of porphyrin-based BHJ OSCs. In chapter 6, two symmetrical tetra-meso-substituted porphyrin molecules (ZnP and CuP) have been prepared in gram-scale through the direct condensation of pyrrole and 4-[bis(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]benzaldehyde. Its Zn(II) and Cu(II) complexes exhibit excellent thermal and electrochemical stability, specifically, high hole mobility and very favorable energetics for hole extraction that render them attractive for implementation as new hole transporting materials in organometallic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs). As expected, the use of ZnP as HTM in PSCs affords a competitive PCE of 17.78%, which is comparable to the most powerful HTM of Spiro-OMeTAD (18.59%) under the same working conditions. Meanwhile, the metal centers affect somewhat the photovoltaic performances that CuP as HTM produces a relative lower PCE of 15.36%. Notably, the perovskite solar cells employing ZnP show longer stability than that of Spiro-OMeTAD. Moreover, the two porphyrin-based HTMs can be prepared from relatively cheap raw materials with a facile synthetic route. The results demonstrate that ZnP and CuP can be a new class of HTMs for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest performance for porphyrin-based perovskite solar cells with PCE > 17%. The dissertation was completed with conclusions and outlooks in chapter 7.
13
Moushumy, Nazme A. "Silver (Ag) nanoparticle based masks for the development of antireflection subwavelength structures in GaAs and Si solar cells". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2013. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/862.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis focuses on the design and development of silver nanoparticles that can be used as masks for the development of antireflection subwavelength grating (SWG) structures. We particularly investigate the impact of silver thin film thickness and the effect of annealing temperature on the fabrication of silver nanoparticles of controlled size and spacing distributions. We also use these measured distributions to predict the performance of subwavelength grating structures developed using dry and isotropic etching of semiconductor substrates.
Silver (Ag) thin films of different thicknesses are deposited on Silicon (Si) and Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor substrates and annealed at different temperatures. Uniform nanoparticles with diameters around 200nm and spacing between nanoparticles as low as possible are our target as these parameters are suitable for the fabrication of antireflection SWG structures, having grating widths equal to the nanoparticle diameter and spacing equals to the spacing between nanoparticles. Experimental results demonstrate that by annealing the Ag thin films with different temperature profiles, it is feasible to develop Ag nanoparticles, of diameter around 200nm and spacing below 250nm, at most of the annealing temperatures investigated.
In addition, different subwavelength structures, developed by etching the Ag nanoparticles deposited on Si and GaAs substrates, are simulated using a Finite- Difference Time Domain (FDTD) software package. The simulation results show that substantial reduction in light reflection can be achieved by optimizing the height of the subwavelength structures through the control of the etching time.
14
Kamanzi, Janvier. "Thermal electric solar power conversion panel development". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2527.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (DTech (Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The world has been experiencing energy-related problems following pressuring energy demands which go along with the global economy growth. These problems can be phrased in three paradoxical statements: Firstly, in spite of a massive and costless solar energy, global unprecedented energy crisis has prevailed, resulting in skyrocketing costs. Secondly, though the sun releases a clean energy, yet conventional plants are mainly being run on unclean energy sources despite their part in the climate changes and global warming. Thirdly, while a negligible percentage of the solar energy is used for power generation purposes, it is not optimally exploited since more than its half is wasted in the form of heat which contributes to lowering efficiency of solar cells and causes their premature degradation and anticipated ageing. The research is geared at addressing the issue related to unsatisfactory efficiencies and anticipated ageing of solar modules. The methodology adopted to achieve the research aim consisted of a literature survey which in turn inspired the devising of a high-efficiency novel thermal electric solar power panel. Through an in-depth overview, the literature survey outlined the rationale of the research interest, factors affecting the performance of PVs as well as existing strategies towards addressing spotted shortcomings. While photovoltaic (PV) panels could be identified as the most reliable platform for sunlight-to-electricity conversion, they exhibit a shortcoming in terms of following the sun so as to maximize exposure to sunlight which negatively affects PVs’ efficiencies in one hand. On the other hand, the inability of solar cells to reflect the unusable heat energy present in the sunlight poses as a lifespan threat. Strategies and techniques in place to track the sun and keep PVs in nominal operational temperatures were therefore reviewed.
15
Weber, J??rgen Wolfgang Photovoltaic & Renewable Engergy Engineering UNSW. "Design, construction and testing of a high-vacuum anneal chamber for in-situ crystallisation of silicon thin-film solar cells". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Photovoltaic and Renewable Engergy Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/24847.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thin-film solar cells on glass substrates are likely to have a bright future due to the potentially low costs and the short energy payback times. Polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si, grain size > 1 pm) has the advantage of being non-toxic, abundant, and long-term stable. Glass as a substrate, however, limits the processing temperatures to ~600??C for longer process steps. Films with large grain size can be achieved by solid phase crystallisation (SPC), and especially by solid phase epitaxy (SPE) on seed layers, using amorphous silicon deposited at low temperatures as a precursor film. With SPC and SPE, the amorphous silicon film is typically crystallised at ~600??C over hours. During this anneal at atmospheric pressure -depending on the properties of the amorphous silicon film- ambient gas can percolate the film and can negatively affect the crystallisation. In this work, a high-vacuum anneal chamber was designed and built to allow the in-situ crystallisation of amorphous silicon films deposited on glass in a PECVD cluster tool. An important aspect of the design was the comfortable and safe operation of the vacuum anneal chamber to enable unattended operation. This was realised by means of a state-of-the-art, programmable temperature controller and a control circuit design that incorporates various safety interlocks. The chamber interior was optimised such that a temperature uniformity of 2-3K across the sample area was achieved. The chamber was calibrated and tested, and SPC and SPE samples were successfully crystallised. In initial SPC crystallisation experiments with solar cell structures, after post-deposition treatments, a 1 -sun open-circuit voltage of 465 mV was obtained, similar to furnace-annealed samples. In initial experiments with SPE solar cell structures, difficulties regarding the characterisation of the unmetallised solar cells with the quasi-steady-state open-circuit voltage method (QSSVOC) were encountered after post-deposition hydrogen treatment. A possible explanation for these difficulties is the contact formation with the metal probes. Furthermore, limiting factors of the QSSVOC method for the characterisation of unmetallised cells with high contact resistance values were investigated and, additionally, the accuracyof the QSSVOC setup was improved in the low light intensity range.
16
Giatti, Brandon. "Optical Properties of Nanostructured Dielectric Coatings". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1940.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Solar cells have extrinsic losses from a variety of sources which can be minimized by optimization of the design and fabrication processes. Reflection from the front surface is one such loss mechanism and has been managed in the past with the usage of planar antireflection coatings. While effective, these coatings are each limited to a single wavelength of light and do not account for varying incident angles of the incoming light source. Three-dimensional nanostructures have shown the ability to inhibit reflection for differing wavelengths and angles of incidence. Nanocones were modeled and show a broadband, multi-angled reflectance decrease due to an effective grading of the index.
Finite element models were created to simulate incident light on a zinc oxide nanocone textured silicon substrate. Zinc oxide is advantageous for its ease of production, benign nature, and refractive index matching to the air source region and silicon substrate. Reflectance plots were computed as functions of incident angle and wavelength of light and compared with planar and quintic refractive index profile models. The quintic profile model exhibits nearly optimum reflection minimization and is thus used as a benchmark. Physical quantities, including height, width, density, and orientation were varied in order to minimize the reflectance. A quasi-random nanocone unit cell was modeled to better mimic laboratory results. The model was comprised of 10 nanocones with differing structure and simulated a larger substrate by usage of periodic boundary conditions. The simulated reflectance shows approximately a 50 percent decrease when compared with a planar model. When a seed layer is added, simulating a layer of non-textured zinc oxide, on which the nanocones are grown, the reflectance shows a fourfold decrease when compared with planar models. At angles of incidence higher than 75 degrees, the nanocone model outperformed the quintic model.
17
Panse, Pushkaraj. "Copper Gallium Diselenide Solar Cells: Processing, Characterization and Simulation Studies". [Tampa, Fla. : s.n.], 2003. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/SFE0000080.
Testo completo
18
Lambert, Darcy Erin. "Nanostructured Extremely Thin Absorber (ETA) Hybrid Solar Cell Fabrication, Optimization, and Characterization". PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/637.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Traditional sources of electrical energy are finite and can produce significant pollution. Solar cells produce clean energy from incident sunlight, and will be an important part of our energy future. A new nanostructured extremely thin absorber solar cell with 0.98% power conversion efficiency and maximum external quantum efficiency of 61% at 650 nm has been fabricated and characterized. This solar cell is composed of a fluorine-doped tin oxide base layer, n-type aluminum doped zinc oxide nanowires, a cadmium selenide absorber layer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) as a p-type layer, and thermally evaporated gold as a back contact. Zinc oxide nanowire electrodeposition has been investigated for different electrical environments, and the role of a zinc oxide thin film layer has been established. Cadmium selenide nanoparticles have been produced and optimized in-house and compared to commercially produced nanoparticles. Argon plasma cleaning has been investigated as a method to improve electronic behavior at cadmium selenide interfaces. The thermal anneal process for cadmium selenide nanoparticles has been studied, and a laser anneal process has been investigated. It has been found that the most efficient solar cells in this study are produced with a zinc oxide thin film, zinc oxide nanowires grown under constant -1V bias between the substrate material and the anode, cadmium selenide nanoparticles purchased commercially and annealed for 24 hours in the presence of cadmium chloride, and high molecular weight poly(3-hexylthiophene) spin-coated in a nitrogen environment.
19
Howells, Calvyn T. "Material and device design for organic photovoltaics". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6810.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis presents novel materials for photovoltaic conversion. The materials described are solution-processable organic semiconductors and have been used in the fabrication of organic photovoltaic cells (OPVs). The widely used PEDOT:PSS layer was investigated in P3HT and PTB7 photovoltaics. By doping, the efficiencies recorded were amongst the highest reported in the field using a conventional architecture. Two low band-gap BODIPY-based polymers were introduced and shown to have properties favourable for optoelectronics. Photovoltaics consisting solely of the polymers as the active component surpassed the performance expected without the use of an acceptor, indicating ambipolar behaviour, which was verified by charge carrier mobility measurements. When blended with an acceptor, the devices demonstrated a short-circuit current density similar to that of P3HT, a well-studied and successful OPV material. They also revealed a broad spectral response and were shown to operate as photodiodes. Two small molecules containing diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and BODIPY were introduced and characterised. The addition of thiophenes red shifted the absorption but did not result in a sufficient bathochromic shift. Instead, a propensity to aggregate limited the performance. PLQY measurements showed the aggregation to quench luminescence. The study demonstrated the importance of controlling aggregation for efficient devices. Two solution-processable small molecules with a germanium-bridged spiro centre were investigated, and the molecular, electrochemical and optical properties discussed. The small molecule with shorter conjugation length exhibited an interesting packing motif shown to be favourable for charge transport. The mobility measurements were an order of magnitude higher than those reported for sexithiophene, a small molecule analogue, and the same order of magnitude as P3HT. The two-dimensional charge transporting nature of the material was verified with two independent techniques: time of flight (TOF) and organic field-effect transistor (OFET) measurements. The mobility of the material was found to vary with annealing, a result of morphological changes. These were studied with optical, electron and scanning probe microscopies. By controlling the morphology with the implementation of a well-defined annealing method, it was possible to improve the performance of OFETs and planar-heterojunction OPVs. Solution-processed bulk-heterojunction OPVs were fabricated, characterised and optimised with Ge spiro molecules. A PCE similar to that of P3HT, 2.66 %, was achieved for the one, whilst a PCE of 1.60 % was obtained for the other. The results are encouraging, and there is scope for improvement by increasing the overlap between the absorption and solar spectrum, for example.
20
Davidsson, Oscar, e Marcus Obrelius. "Faktorer och aspekter att beakta vid solcellsinstallationer". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för byggteknik (BY), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86906.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Människans energianvändning måste förändras. Mer än 80 % av den primära energianvändningen är i dagsläget baserad på fossila bränslen. För att uppnå en mer hållbar klimatutveckling måste en större del av energianvändningen framställas av förnybara energikällor, exempelvis solenergi. Syftet med denna studie är att exemplifiera praktiska, tekniska, ekonomiska samt arkitektoniska faktorer och aspekter som bör tas i beaktande vid solcellsinstallationer i en bebyggelse. Genom en fallstudie undersöktes Sankt Sigfridområdet i Växjö. Fallstuiden avgränsades till fyra fastigheter med möjlig solcellsinstallation samt en möjlig solcellspark. Genom teoretiska utgångspunkter, studiebesök, observationer, solstudie samt tekniska- och ekonomiska beräkningar bedömdes solcellers möjliga elproduktion och potentiella besparing. Integreringsförslagen tog fram utifrån anskaffad teori och en surveyundersökning med utgångspunkt i hur byggnaders gestaltning påverkas vid en solcellsinstallation. Med dagens generösa statliga subventionsmedel finns möjlighet till en ekonomisk lönsamhet vid en solcellsinvestering, vilket återspeglas i resultatets besparingsberäkning. Fallstudien påvisar även komplexiteten vid solcellsinstallationer samt hur olika praktiska, tekniska, ekonomiska och arkitektoniska faktorer och aspekter komplicerar integreringen i en bebyggelse.The global energy use must change, more than 80 % of the primary energy use is currently based on fossil fuels. To achieve a more sustainable development, a larger part of the energy consumption must be produced from renewable energy sources, such as solar energy. The purpose of this study is to exemplify practical, technical, economical and architectural factors and aspects that should be taken into consideration regarding solar cell integration in buildings. Through a case study, the Sankt Sigfrid area in Växjö was examined and bounded to four properties with possible solar cell installation as well as a possible solar cell park. Through theory, study visits, observations, solar study as well as technical and economical calculations, the solar cells' possible electricity production and potential savings were demonstrated. The integration proposals were compiled through the obtained theory and a survey based on how the design of building objects is affected by a solar cell installation. With today's generous government subsidies, there is a possibility of economic profitability regarding solar cell investments, which is reflected in the profit calculation of the result. The case study also demonstrates the complexity of solar cell installations as well as how various practical, technical, economical, architectural factors and aspects complicate the integrations onto buildings.
21
Mat-Teridi, Mohd. "Construction of photosensitised semiconductor cathodes". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/10286.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recent studies suggest that the performance of dye-sensitised solar cells (DSC) has appeared to have reached a limit, therefore solar cells based on semiconductor materials, such as extremely thin absorber (ETA) solar cells and tandem solar cells are currently the subject of intense research in the framework of low-cost photovoltaic devices as sources of harvesting sunlight to generate electricity. Generally, semiconductor solar cells have been divided into two different types, namely anodic and cathodic type solar cells. Extensive research and development work has been focused on anodic semiconductor sensitised solar cells to date. In contrast, the cathodic semiconductor sensitised solar cells have received no attention which is very surprising. Developing the cathodic semiconductor sensitised solar cell concept is very important in the development of tandem solar cells as well as other new solar cell configurations. The main reason for the lack of research in this area was due to the rarity of p-type semiconductor materials, which made it difficult to find suitable materials to match the energy band edges for cathodic semiconductor sensitised solar cells (CSSC) as well as solid-state cathodic semiconductor solar cells (SS-CSSC). The primary aim of this thesis was to construct cathodic semiconductor sensitised solar cells as well as their solid-state analogues (SS-CSSC). The work conducted within this doctoral study presents state-of-art materials and thin film processing/preparation methods, their characterisation and developing CSSCs and SS-CSSCs employing such films in cascade configurations. No reports have been published in the literature on SS-CSSC to date. The first stage of this thesis is focused on optimising the morphology and the texture (porosity) of the CuI and NiO semiconductor photocathode, by the introduction of new deposition methods namely, pulsed-electrodeposition (PED) and Aerosol-Assisted Deposition (AAD) and Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapour Deposition (AACVD). The electrodes prepared by employing the methods mentioned above and controlling the deposition parameters systematically, we have achieved significant improvement in the film morphology and the texture of the deposited films. The resulting electrodes showed excellent improvement in the photoelectrochemical performance which made it suitable for application in construction of both CSSC and SS-CSSC. The photoelectrochemical performance of the electrodes can be seen clearly through the photocurrent density data. For the case of bare CuI, the PEC performance of electrode prepared by the AAD and PED compared against that of continuous-electrodeposition (ED) electrodes. The photocurrent density achieved for the electrodes prepared by AAD and PED was reported around 175 and 75 µAcm-2 respectively which are way higher than the ED case. At the second stage of this study, the work focused on fabrication and characterisation of the CSSCs. Cathodic sensitised PEC solar cells (CuI/Cu2S/(Eu2+/Eu3+) and NiO/Cu2S/(I3-/I-)) were fabricated by deposition of p-Cu2S on the texture controlled CuI and NiO photocathodes. The morphological properties of the photocathode, in particular layer thickness, particle size and film porosity, play an important role in the PEC performance of CSSCs. Optimisation of these parameters led to increased adsorption of the Cu2S light harvester on the photocathode s surface. As a result, the charge injection from Cu2S to the wide band gap photocathode material (CuI and NiO) was significantly improved. Due to this, the CSSC performance showed significant improvement as semiconductor sensitised cathodic solar cells (CSSC). The IPCE and photocurrent density of the CSSC achieved in this study was around (19 and 7 %) and (1 and 0.5 mAcm-2) for the CuI/Cu2S and NiO/Cu2S electrodes respectively. Finally, the SS-CSSC has been fabricated by employing n-Fe2O3 electron transport layer. The construction of SS-CSSC for the first time using the n-Fe2O3 electron transport layer (CuI/Cu2S/Fe2O3 and NiO/Cu2S/Fe2O3) allowed us to study the materials, optical and photoelectrochemical properties of this device. Under AM 1.5 illumination, the SS-CSSC shows a photocurrent density of 6 and 9 µAcm-2 for CuI/Cu2S/Fe2O3 and NiO/Cu2S/Fe2O3 solar cells, respectively. The results of this work indicated low performance for both SS-CSSC compared to CSSC results, due to the lack of adsorption between the absorber and Fe2O3 electrode. However, this study proved the concept of SS-CSSC based on semiconductor material, which is valuable for the future work of cathodic semiconductor sensitised solar cells as well as solid-state tandem solar cells.
22
Dang, Hongmei. "Nanostructured Semiconductor Device Design in Solar Cells". UKnowledge, 2015. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ece_etds/77.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We demonstrate the use of embedded CdS nanowires in improving spectral transmission loss and the low mechanical and electrical robustness of planar CdS window layer and thus enhancing the quantum efficiency and the reliability of the CdS-CdTe solar cells. CdS nanowire window layer enables light transmission gain at 300nm-550nm. A nearly ideal spectral response of quantum efficiency at a wide spectrum range provides an evidence for improving light transmission in the window layer and enhancing absorption and carrier generation in absorber. Nanowire CdS/CdTe solar cells with Cu/graphite/silver paste as back contacts, on SnO2/ITO-soda lime glass substrates, yield the highest efficiency of 12% in nanostructured CdS-CdTe solar cells. Reliability is improved by approximately 3 times over the cells with the traditional planar CdS counterpart. Junction transport mechanisms are delineated for advancing the basic understanding of device physics at the interface. Our results prove the efficacy of this nanowire approach for enhancing the quantum efficiency and the reliability in window-absorber type solar cells (CdS-CdTe, CdS-CIGS and CdS-CZTSSe etc) and other optoelectronic devices.
We further introduce MoO3-x as a transparent, low barrier back contact. We design nanowire CdS-CdTe solar cells on flexible foils of metals in a superstrate device structure, which makes low-cost roll-to-roll manufacturing process feasible and greatly reduces the complexity of fabrication. The MoO3 layer reduces the valence band offset relative to the CdTe, and creates improved cell performance. Annealing as-deposited MoO3 in N2 reduces series resistance from 9.98 Ω/cm2 to 7.72 Ω/cm2, and hence efficiency of the nanowire solar cell is improved from 9.9% to 11%, which efficiency comparable to efficiency of planar counterparts. When the nanowire solar cell is illuminated from MoO3-x /Au side, it yields an efficiency of 8.7%. This reduction in efficiency is attributed to decrease in Jsc from 25.5mA/cm2 to 21mA/cm2 due to light transmission loss in the MoO3-x /Au electrode. Even though these nanowire solar cells, when illuminated from back side exhibit better performance than that of nanopillar CdS-CdTe solar cells, further development of transparent back contacts of CdTe could enable a low-cost roll-to-roll fabrication process for the superstrate structure-nanowire solar cells on Al foil substrate.
23
Lentz, Levi (Levi Carl). "Rational design of hybrid organic solar cells". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92219.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 113-117).
In this thesis, we will present a novel design for a nano-structured organic-inorganic hybrid photovoltaic material that will address current challenges in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic-based solar cell materials. Utilizing first principles Density Functional Theory (DFT), we show that layered inorganic phosphates and tradition organic dyes can be combined to form a new class of bulk heterojunction photovoltaic with high electron and hole mobilities with low exciton recombination, potentially enabling very high efficiency with existing organic-based solar-cell molecules. We will discuss the physical origin of these properties and investigate several approaches for engineering the electronic structure of these materials. By using these methods, it will be possible to engineer the transport and optical properties of these materials, with potential applications beyond photovoltaics in areas from organic electronics to photoactuators.
by Levi Lentz.
S.M.
24
Yang, Fengjiu. "Architecture design for highly efficient perovskite solar cells". Kyoto University, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/244572.
Testo completo
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De, Abreu Mafalda Jorge Alexandre. "Advanced rear contact design for CIGS solar cells". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-257846.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The current trend concerning the thinning of solar cell devices is mainly motivated by economic aspects, such as the cost of the used rare-earth elements, and by the requirements of emergent technologies. The introduction of ultra-thin absorber layers results in a reduction of used materials and thus contributes to a more cost-effective and time-efficient production process.However, the use of absorber layers with thicknesses below 500nm gives rise to multiple apprehensions, including concerns regarding light management and the absorber’s quality.Therefore, this experimental work presents a novel solar cell architecture that aims to tackle the issues of optical and electrical losses associated with ultra-thin absorber layers. To that end, a Hafnium Oxide (H f O2) rear side passivation layer was introduced in-between the copper indium gallium (di)selenide Cu(In, Ga)Se2, CIGS-based absorber layer and the Molybdenum (Mo) back contact. Then, the proposed Potassium Fluoride (KF) alkali treatment successfully established point contacts on the ALD-deposited oxide layer, resulting in a passivation effect with minimum current blockage.The established cell architecture showed significant improvements regarding both open circuit voltage (Open-Circuit Voltage (Voc)) and efficiency when compared to unpassivated reference devices. The used solar cell simulator (SCAPS) attributes the observed improvements to a reduced minority carrier recombination velocity at the rear side of the device. Moreover, the provided photoluminescence (PL) results report a higher peak intensity and lifetime for passivated devices.Furthermore, the overlay of the given external quantum efficiency (EQE) spectra with the performed simulations show that the HfO2 passivation layer improves the optical reflection from the rear contact over a wavelength interval ranging from 500 to 1100 nm, resulting in a short circuit current (Jsc) improvement. An increased quantum efficiency observed throughout almost the entire measurement range, confirms that the enhance in Jsc is also due to electronic effects.Here, a produced solar cell device including a 3nm-thick HfO2 rear passivation layer and a 500nm-thick 3-stage CIGS absorber, achieved a conversion efficiency of 9.8%.Further, the approach of combining an innovative rear surface passivation layer with a fluoride-based alkali treatment resulted in the development and successful characterisation of a 1-stage, 8.6% efficient solar cell. Such result, mainly due to a short circuit current (Jsc) enhancement, supports the introduction of more straightforward production steps, which allows a more cost-effective and time-efficient production process. The produced device consisted of a 500nm-thick CIGS absorber, rear passivated with an ultra-thin (2nm) HfO2 layer combined with a 0.6M KF treatment.Den nuvarande trenden när det gäller solcellsanordningar huvudsakligen motiveras av ekonomiska aspekter, såsom kostnaden för att använda sällsynta jordartsmetaller, och av kraven i ny teknik. Införandet av ultratunna absorptionsskikt resulterar i en minskning av använda material och bidrar därmed till en mer kostnadseffektiv och tidseffektiv produktionsprocess.Användningen av absorptionsskikt med tjocklekar under 500 nm ger emellertid upphov till flera bekymmer, beträffande ljushantering och absorptorkvalitet.Därför presenterar detta experimentella arbete en ny solcellarkitektur som syftar till att ta itu med frågorna om optiska och elektriska förluster förknippade med ultratunna absorberlager. För detta ändamål infördes ett Hafnium Oxide (H f O2) bakre sidopassiveringsskikt mellan kopparindiumgallium (di) selenid Cu(In, Ga)Se2, CIGSbaserat absorberande skikt och Molybdenum (Mo) kontakt. Sedan upprättade den föreslagna kaliumfluorid (KF) alkali-behandlingen framgångsrikt punktkontakter på det ALD-avsatta oxidskiktet, vilket resulterade i en passiveringseffekt med minimal strömblockering.Den etablerade cellarkitektur visade signifikanta förbättringar avseende både öppna kretsspänningen (Voc) och effektivitet i jämförelse med opassiverad referensanordningar. Den använda solcellsimulatorn (SCAPS) tillskriver de observerade förbättringarna till en minskad minoritetsbärares rekombinationshastighet på enhetens baksida. Dessutom de tillhandahålls fotoluminescens (PL) resultat rapporterar en högre toppintensitet och livslängd för passive enheter.Dessutom visar överläggningen av det givna externa kvantitetseffektivitetsspektrumet (EQE) med de utförda simuleringarna att passiveringsskiktet HfO2 förbättrar den optiska reflektionen från den bakre kontakten över ett våglängdsintervall från 500 till 1100 nm, vilket resulterar i i en kortslutningsström (Jsc) förbättring. En ökad kvantverkningsgrad observerats i nästan hela mätområdet, bekräftar att öka i Jsc är också på grund av elektroniska effekter.Här, en producerad solcellsanordning innefattande en 3 nm-tjock HfO2 bakre passiveringsskikt och ett 500 nm-tjock 3-stegs CIGS absorber, uppnått en omvandlingseffektivitet på 9.8%.Vidare resulterade tillvägagångssättet att kombinera ett innovativt bakre ytpassiveringsskikt med en fluoridbaserad alkalibehandling i utvecklingen och framgångsrik karaktärisering av en 1-stegs, 8.6% effektivitet solcell. Ett sådant resultat, främst på grund av en kortslutningsström (Jsc) förbättring, stöder införandet av mer enkla produktionssteg, vilket möjliggör en mer kostnadseffektiv och tidseffektiv produktionsprocess. Den framställda anordningen bestod av ett 500 nm-tjock CIGS absorber, bakre passiverad med en ultra-tunn (2 nm) HfO2-skikt kombineras med en 0.6M KF behandling.
26
Moh, Lionel C. H. (Lionel Chuan Hui). "Enhancing materials for fuel cells and organic solar cells through molecular design". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111251.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2017.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
In an effort to make alternative energy competitive to fossil fuels, research in improving efficiencies of solar cells and fuel cells have grown rapidly over the last few decades. One prominent strategy to improving the efficiencies in these devices focuses on engineering materials with customized molecular structure for enhancements in specific properties. Herein, new organic materials are designed and synthesized to enhance selected properties for applications in fuel cells and solar cells. In chapter 1, triptycene poly(aryl ethers) are synthesized and characterized for enhancing ion conductivity of ion exchange membranes in fuel cells. Triptycene motif is incorporated to increase charge density and fractional free volume in the membranes. In Chapter 1.2, sulfonated triptycene poly(ether ether ketone) (S-tripPEEK) is synthesized and studied for proton exchange membranes (PEM). Increasing fractional free volume in the membrane results in high water uptake at relative humidity (RH) from 10 %RH to 90 %RH and higher proton mobility in the membranes. S-tripPEEK membranes show proton conductivities of 334 mS/cm at 85 °C at 90 %RH and 0.37 mS/cm at 85 °C at 20 %RH as compared to 18.9 mS/cm and 0.0014 mS/cm observed in commercially available Nafion117[superscript TM] membranes. In Chapter 1.3, methylimidazolium triptycene poly(ether sulfone)s (MeIm-tripPES) are made for alkaline anion exchange membranes (AAEM) and are found to have ion conductivities of 104 mS/cm at 80 °C in water. Controlled nanophase separation with increased domain size contributed by the triptycene moiety lead to the high observed conductivities. However, the methylimidazolium functional groups on the membranes are not stable to alkaline conditions in the operation of a fuel cell. In Chapter 2, dithiolodithiole (C₄S₄) heterocycle was synthesized and studied as a new building block for organic photovoltaic materials. As an electron-rich fused-ring motif, C₄S₄ is expected to be a more effective electron donor. Comparison with analogous thiophene derivatives shows that C4S4 moiety raises the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) by 0.7 - 1.0 eV, suggesting a stronger electron donating character than thiophene. Furthermore, crystal structures of C4S4 molecules show planarity in the molecule which further reduces the bandgap.
by Lionel C. H. Moh.
Ph. D.
27
Mbambisa, Gcineka. "Polymeric-bimetallic oxide nanoalloy for the construction of photovoltaic cells". University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4364.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDResearch in renewable energy has become a focal point as a solution to the energy crisis. One of renewable forms of energy is solar energy, with the main challenge in the development of the solar cells being the high cost. This has led to the exploration of the use of organic molecules to construct solar cells since it will lead to lowered costs of construction. The focus of this research is on the synthesis and characterisation of the polyaniline derivatives materials and zinc gallate for application in the construction of hybrid solar cells with [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as an acceptor. The polyaniline (PANi) and doped polyaniline derivatives, polyaniline phenathrene sulfonic acid (PANi-PSA), poly[ortho-methyl aniline] phenanthrene sulfonc acid (POMA-PSA) poly[ortho-methyl aniline] anthracene sulfonc acid (POMA-ASA) were produced via chemical synthetic procedures. The zinc gallate (ZnGa2O4) was also produced using a chemical method. The vibrational and electronic spectra of the polymers and zinc gallate were interrogated independently and dependently. Electronic transitions due to charge defects (polarons and bipolarons) were observed for the polymers that are doped. The PANi was the one with the lowest band gap of 2.4 eV with the POMA-ASA having the widest bandgap of 3.0 eV. The XRD and TEM analysis of the polymers revealed characteristics that show that the PANi has the highest level of crystallinity and the POMA-ASA displayed the least level of crystallinity. The electronic data, XRD, TEM data led to the conclusion that the conductivity of the polymers is decreasing in the following sequence, PANi > PANi-PSA > POMA-PSA > POMA-ASA. The photoluminescence of the polymers alone and with the nanoparticles was investigated in solution and on an ITO coated glass substrate. Photoluminescence was observed for the polymers due to relaxation of the exciton and also from the formation of excimers. The relaxation due to the exciton was observed at higher energy levels, while the one that is as a result of the excimer formation was seen at lower energy levels. Enhancement of the peak due to the excimer was observed when the compound is mixed with the nanoparticles in solution. When the analysis was done on the ITO coated glass substrate, it was found that zinc gallate does not lead to quenching of the emission of the polymers; hence it can not be used as an acceptor in this particular system. The electrochemical behaviour of the polyaniline derivatives was investigated using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Interaction of the polymers with the PCBM (acceptor) was investigated using UV-visible absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. It was able to quench the photoluminescence of the polymers. Hence it was used as an acceptor in the construction of the photovoltaic cells. The polymers alone and with the nanoparticles were used in the formation of bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells with PCBM as an acceptor. The photovoltaic behaviour was investigated and PANi was the one that displayed the highest efficiency.
28
Hudson, Joshua M. "Photophysical studies of silver(I), platinum(II), palladium(II), and nickel(II) complexes and their use in electronic devices". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5165/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation deals with two major topics that involve spectroscopic studies of (a) divalent group 10 metals and (b) silver(I)-phosphine complexes. The scope of the work involved the delineation of the electronic structure of these complexes in different environments and their use in electronic devices. The first topic is a look at the luminescence of tetrahedral silver(I)-phosphine complexes. Broad unstructured emissions with large Stokes shifts were found for these complexes. Computational analysis of the singlet and triplet state geometries suggests that this emission is due to a Jahn-Teller type distortion. The second topic represents the major thrust of this research, which is an investigation into the electronic structure of M(diimine)X2 (M= Pt(II), Pd(II), or Ni(II); X = dichloro, or dithiolate ligands) complexes and their interactions with an electron acceptor or Lewis acid. Chapter 3 assesses the use of some of these complexes in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs); it is shown that these complexes may lead to a viable alternative to the more expensive ruthenium-based dyes that are being implemented now. Chapter 4 is an investigation into donor/acceptor pairs involving this class of complexes, which serves as a feasibility test for the use of these complexes in organic photo-voltaics (OPVs) and thin-film field-effect transistors (OTFTs). The mixing of a donor Pt molecule with an electron deficient nitrofluorenone gives rise to new absorption bands in the NIR region. Computational studies of one of the solids suggest that these complexes may have metallic behavior. Chapter 5 demonstrates association in solution, previously unobserved, for Pt(diimine)Cl2 complexes. This chapter is an investigation into the effects of the association mode for this class of complexes on the absorption and emission properties. One of the complexes was used as the emitter in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The results of this study show that these complexes have tunable absorption and emission energies that are concentration dependant. The concentration dependence of the absorption and emission energies is utilized in the OLED device where association enhances the performance.
29
Jain, Nikhil. "Design of III-V Multijunction Solar Cells on Silicon Substrate". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/33048.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With looming energy crisis across the globe, achieving high efficiency and low cost solar cells have long been the key objective for photovoltaic researchers. III-V compound semiconductor based multijunction solar cells have been the dominant choice for space power due to their superior performance compared to any other existing solar cell technologies. In spite of unmatched performance of III-V solar cells, Si cells have dominated the terrestrial market due to their lower cost. Most of the current III-V solar cells are grown on Ge or GaAs substrates, which are not only smaller in diameter, but are also more expensive than Si substrate. Direct integration of high efficiency III-V solar cells on larger diameter, cheaper and readily available Si substrate is highly desirable for increased density, low-cost and lightweight photovoltaics. However, the polar-on-nonpolar epitaxy, the thermal mismatch and the 4% lattice mismatch makes the direct growth of GaAs on Si challenging, rendering the metamorphic cell sensitive to dislocations.
The focus of this work is to investigate and correlate the impact of threading dislocation density on the performance of lattice-mismatched single-junction (1J) GaAs and dual-junction (2J) InGaP/GaAs solar cells on Si substrate. Utilizing our calibrated dislocation-assisted modeling process, we present the design methodology to optimize the structure of 2J InGaP/GaAs solar cell on Si substrate. Our modeling results suggest an optimistic future for integrating III-V solar cell technology on Si substrate and will be useful for future design and prediction of metamorphic III-V solar cell performance on Si substrate.Master of Science
30
Granero, Secilla Pedro. "Design and modelling of interdigitated and nanostructured polymer solar cells". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/294597.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Des de l'aparició de les cèl·lules solars orgàniques (CSO), hi ha hagut una intensa recerca per a aconseguir fer-les tan rentables com les contaminants fonts d'energia tradicionals. Una solució prometedora és el mètode de la heterounió interdigitada, que permet obtenir dispositius amb una extensa interfície Donador-Acceptador per a una correcta dissociació d'excitons. L'avantatge que aquest mètode té sobre el de la heterounió de tipus bulk és que permet que hi hagin camins directes sense interrupció per a la recol·lecció de portadors lliures als elèctrodes. En aquesta tesi hem desenvolupat un procediment numèric complet per a simular les diferents etapes del procés de conversió fotovoltaica a les CSO. Aquest model està basat en el mètode d'elements finits, el qual ens pot aportar informació de cada magnitud en funció de la posició. Aplicant aquest model de simulació, hem realitzat un estudi sistemàtic de CSO interdigitades per a poder predir quines característiques geomètriques seran més apropiades per a optimitzar-les i com augmentar la seva eficiència. El model ha sigut validat amb resultats experimentals, obtinguts en les nostres instal·lacions utilitzant el mètode de síntesi assistit per plantilles amb alúmina anòdica nanoporosa. Finalment, el procediment també ha sigut adaptat i aplicat en d'altres tipus de dispositius i estructures per a demostrar que pot funcionar correctament en altres situacions a banda de les CSO interdigitades. Aquestes han sigut: reproduir resultats experimentals de cèl·lules solars hibrides amb un elèctrode nanostructurat de TiO2, i reproduir l'efecte plasmònic en piràmides de nanoesferes d'or.Desde la aparición de las células solares orgánicas (CSO), ha habido una intensa búsqueda para conseguir hacerlas tan rentables como las contaminantes fuentes de energía tradicionales. Una solución prometedora es el método de la heterounió interdigitada, el cual permite obtener dispositivos con una extensa interface Donador-Aceptador para una correcta disociación de excitones. La ventaja de este método sobre el de la heterounió de tipo bulk es que permite caminos directos sin interrupción para la recolección de los portadores libres. En esta tesis hemos desarrollado un procedimiento numérico completo para simular las etapas del proceso de conversión fotovoltaica en las CSO. Este modelo está basado en el método de elementos finitos, el cual nos aporta datos de cada magnitud en función de la posición. Aplicando este modelo de simulación, hemos realizado un estudio sistemático de CSO interdigitadas para poder predecir que características geométricas serán más apropiadas para optimizarlas y aumentar su eficiencia. El modelo ha sido validado con resultados experimentales, obtenidos en nuestras instalaciones utilizando el método de síntesis asistido por plantillas con alúmina anódica nanoporosa. Finalmente, el procedimiento también ha sido aplicado a otro tipo de dispositivos y estructuras para demostrar que puede funcionar correctamente en otros casos a parte del de las CSO interdigitadas. Estos han sido: reproducir resultados experimentales de células solares hibridas con un electrodo nanoestructurado de TiO2, y reproducir el efecto plasmónico en pirámides de nanoesferas de oro.
Since the advent of organic solar cells (OSC), there has been an intense search to make them at least as profitable as traditional polluting energy sources. One promising solution is the interdigitated heterojunction approach. This method provides devices with a widespread Donor-Acceptor interface for a proper exciton dissociation. The advantage over the bulk heterojunction approach is that the interdigitated cells provide uninterrupted direct paths for charge carrier collection to the electrodes. In this thesis we have developed a complete numerical procedure to simulate the different steps of the photovoltaic conversion process in organic solar cells. This model is based on the finite element method, which can give us information of every magnitude as a function of the position. By applying this numerical simulation model, a systematic study of interdigitated OSC has been done to predict which geometrical characteristic will be better to optimize this kind of devices and how to increase their efficiency. The model has been validated with experimental results of real devices, obtained in our facilities by using the template-assisted synthesis method with nanoporous anodic alumina templates. Finally, the simulation procedure has also been adapted and applied to other devices and structures to demonstrate that it can work correctly not only for the case of interdigitated full organic solar cells. The simulation model has been applied to two situations: to reproduce experimental results of hybrid solar cells with a nanostructured TiO2 electrode, and to reproduce the plasmonic effect in gold nanospheres pyramids.
31
Sheng, Xing Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Thin-film silicon solar cells : photonic design, process and fundamentals". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/105936.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2012.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 153-159).
The photovoltaic technology has been attracting widespread attention because of its effective energy harvest by directly converting solar energy into electricity. Thin-film silicon solar cells are believed to be a promising candidate for further scaled-up production and cost reduction while maintaining the advantages of bulk silicon. The efficiency of thin-film Si solar cells critically depends on optical absorption in the silicon layer since silicon has low absorption coefficient in the red and near-infrared (IR) wavelength ranges due to its indirect bandgap nature. This thesis aims at understanding, designing, and fabricating novel photonic structures for efficiency enhancement in thin-film Si solar cells. We have explored a previously reported a photonic crystal (PC) based structure to improve light absorption in thin-film Si solar cells. The PC structure combines a dielectric grating layer and a distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) for effcient light scattering and reflection, increasing light path length in the thin-film cell. We have understood the operation principles for this design by using photonic band theories and electromagnetic wave simulations. we discover that this DBR with gratings exhibit unusual light trapping in a way different from metal reflectors and photonic crystals. The light trapping effects for the DBR with and without reflector are numerically investigated. The self-assembled anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) technique is introduced to non- lithographically fabricate the grating structure. We adjust the AAO structural parameters by using different anodization voltages, times and electrolytes. Two-step anodization is employed to obtain nearly hexagonal AAO pattern. The interpore periods of the fabricated AAO are calculated by fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis. We have also demonstrated the fabrication of ordered patterns made of other materials like amorphous Si (a-Si) and silver by using the AAO membrane as a deposition mask. Numerical simulations predict that the fabricated AAO pattern exhibits light trapping performance comparable to the perfectly periodic grating layer. We have implemented the light trapping concepts combining the self-assembled AAO layer and the DBR in the backside of crystalline Si wafers. Photoconductivity measurements suggest that the light absorption is improved in the near-IR spectral range near the band edge of Si. Furthermore, different types of thin-film Si solar cells, including a-Si, mi- crocrystalline Si ([mu]-Si) and micromorph Si solar cells, are investigated. For demonstration, the designed structure is integrated into a 1:5 [mu]m thick [mu]c-Si solar cell. We use numerical simulations to obtain the optimal structure parameters for the grating and the DBR, and then we fabricate the optimized structures using the AAO membrane as a template. The prototype devices integrating our proposed backside structure yield a 21% improvement in efficiency. This is further verified by quantum efficiency measurements, which clearly indicate stronger light absorption in the red and near-IR spectral ranges. Lastly, we have explored the fundamental light trapping limits for thin-film Si solar cells in the wave optics regime. We develop a deterministic method to optimize periodic textures for light trapping. Deep and high-index-contrast textures exhibit strong anisotropic scattering that is outside the regime of validity of the Lambertian models commonly used to describe texture-induced absorption enhancement for normal incidence. In the weak ab- sorption regime, our optimized surface texture in two dimensions (2D) enhances absorption by a factor of 2.7[pi]n, considerably larger than the classical [pi]n Lambertian result and exceeding by almost 50% a recent generalization of Lambertian model for periodic structures in finite spectral range. Since the [pi]n Lambertian limit still applies for isotropic incident light, our optimization methodology can be thought of optimizing the angle/enhancement tradeoff for periodic textures. Based on a modified Shockley-Queisser theory, we conclude that it is possible to achieve more than 20% efficiency in a 1:5 [mu]m thick crystalline Si cell if advanced light trapping schemes can be realized.
by Xing Sheng.
Ph. D.
32
Flanagan, Arlen. "Design, construction and evaluation of a multi layered solar distillation prototype /". Click here to view, 2009. http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/braesp/1/.
Testo completo
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Lau, Anthony Ka-Pong. "Development of a design procedure for greenhouse solar heating systems". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28853.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The techniques of computer modeling and simulations are used to develop a design procedure for greenhouse solar heating systems.
In this study a flexible computer program was written based on mathematical models that describe the various subsystems of the solar heating system that uses the greenhouse as the solar collector. Extensive simulation runs were carried out for predicting system thermal performance, and subsequently correlations were established between dimensionless variables and long term system performance.
The combined greenhouse thermal environment - thermal storage model along with the empirical relationships and the values of constants approximated in the simulation yielded reasonably accurate computed results compared to observed data. The computer model was then applied to predict the system behaviour using long-term average climatological data as forcing functions. A parametric study was made to investigate the effects of various factors pertinent to greenhouse construction and thermal energy storage characteristics on system performance. The key performance indices were defined in terms of the 'total solar contribution' and the 'solar heating fraction'.
Correlations were developed between monthly solar load ratio and total solar contribution, and between total solar contribution and solar heating fraction. The result is a simplified design method that covers a number of alternative design options. It requires users to obtain monthly average climatological data and determine the solar heating fraction in a sequence of computational steps.
A crop photosynthesis model was used to compute the net photosynthetic rate of a greenhouse tomato canopy; the result may be used to compare crop performance under different aerial environments in greenhouses equipped with a solar heating system. This research program had attempted to generate technical information for a number of design alternatives, and as design optimization of greenhouse solar heating is subject to three major criteria of evaluation: thermal performance, crop yield and cost, recommendations were put forward for future work on economic analysis as the final step required for selecting the most cost effective solution for a given design problem.Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies
Graduate
34
Marín, Sáez Julia. "Design, Construction and Characterization of Holographic Optical Elements for Building-Integrated Concentrating Photovoltaics". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Lleida, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669230.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
El principal objectiu d'aquesta tesi és el disseny, construcció i caracterització d'un sistema de concentració solar format per dues lents cilíndriques hologràfiques i una cèl•lula fotovoltaica de silici per integració arquitectònica en façanes. L'ús d'Elements Òptics Hologràfics (EOHs) en lloc d'elements refractius o miralls suposa avantatges com la selectivitat cromàtica i la facilitat d'integració en façanes. D'altra banda, cal fer seguiment en una direcció.
Els EOHs han estat dissenyats de manera que s'acobla l'espectre solar amb la resposta espectral de la cèl•lula per obtenir una concentració òptica màxima en el rang espectral desitjat i per tant, corrent elèctrica màxima. S'ha desenvolupat un algoritme de traçat de raigs basat en la Teoria d'Ones Acoblades per analitzar local i globalment EOHs i sistemes hologràfics. Les simulacions han estat validades amb resultats experimentals de EOHs registrats a fotopolímer Bayfol HX. També s'han estudiat EOHs que operen en el règim de transició entre el règim de Bragg i el de Raman-Nath, observant els avantatges que ofereix per a aplicacions d'il•luminació amb espectre ample.El principal objetivo de esta tesis es el diseño, construcción y caracterización de un sistema de concentración solar formado por dos lentes cilíndricas holográficas y una célula fotovoltaica de Silicio para integración arquitectónica en fachada. El uso de Elementos Ópticos Holográficos (EOHs) en lugar de elementos refractivos o espejos supone ventajas como la selectividad cromática y la facilidad de integración en fachada. Por otro lado, es necesario realizar seguimiento en una dirección. Los EOHs han sido diseñados de forma que se acopla el espectro solar con la respuesta espectral de la célula para obtener una concentración óptica máxima en el rango espectral deseado y por lo tanto, corriente eléctrica máxima. Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo de trazado de rayos basado en la Teoría de Ondas Acopladas para analizar local y globalmente EOHs y sistemas holográficos. Las simulaciones han sido validadas con resultados experimentales de EOHs registrados en fotopolímero Bayfol HX. También se han estudiado EOHs que operan en el régimen de transición entre el régimen de Bragg y el de Raman-Nath, observándose las ventajas que ofrece para aplicaciones de iluminación con espectro ancho.
The main objective of this thesis is the design, construction and characterization of a solar concentrating system formed by two cylindrical holographic lenses and a Silicon PV cell for the scope of façade building integration. The use of Holographic Optical Elements (HOEs) instead of refractive or reflective elements implies advantages such as chromatic selectivity and ease of integration on a façade. On the other hand, tracking is necessary in one direction. The HOEs have been designed to couple the solar spectrum with the spectral response of the PV cell in order to provide maximal optical concentration on the target spectral range and therefore maximal electrical current. A ray-tracing algorithm based on Coupled Wave Theory has been developed to locally and globally analyze HOEs and holographic systems. Simulations have been validated with experimental results of HOEs recorded on Bayfol HX photopolymer. HOEs operating in the transition regime between the Bragg regime and Raman-Nath regime have also been studied, showing the promising advantages it offers for broadband spectrum illumination applications.
35
Sana, Peyman. "Design, fabrication and analysis of high efficiency multicrystalline silicon solar cells". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/15039.
Testo completo
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Chuang, Chia-Hao Marcus. "Toward efficient and stable quantum dot solar cells : design and characterization". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104105.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, 2016.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 155-167).
This thesis focuses on the optical and electronic properties of lead sulfide (PbS) quantum dots (QDs) for the development of QD solar cells. Near-infrared active PbS QDs composed of earth-abundant elements have emerged as promising candidates for photovoltaic applications because of the solution-processability and a tunable energy bandgap that covers the optimal bandgap range for single and multi-junction solar cells. However, despite rapid progress, previous QD solar cells still show unsatisfactory efficiency and stability. In this thesis work, room-temperature solution-processed ZnO/PbS solar cells with high efficiencies and unprecedented air-stability have been successfully demonstrated. The major limiting factors in present QD solar cells and potential routes to further improving the device performance have also been elucidated. Owing to the versatile surface chemistry and high surface-to-volume ratio of QDs, the surface ligands play crucial roles in determining the optoelectronic properties. In this work, taking advantage of tunable electronic energy levels in QDs with different ligands, a new device architecture for solar cells has been designed. The architecture employs layers of QDs serving complementary functions, one as the main light absorbing layer and another as an electron-blocking/hole extraction layer. The device shows improved performance as a result of the relative band alignment between these QD layers, as confirmed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. A device with this architecture reached a certified efficiency of 8.55 %, breaking previous record efficiencies of QD solar cells. The device stability has been significantly improved in this work by identifying two key factors that limit the device stability. One key factor is the choice of ligands. It was found that iodide-passivated QDs are stable in air, while organic ligand passivated QDs are prone to oxidation. Another important factor is the removal of the commonly used MoO3 interfacial layer, which gradually develops an unfavorable band alignment in the device with air exposure time. Understanding these degradation mechanisms leads to a successful demonstration of air-stable QD solar cells. The devices not only show high efficiency but also exhibit excellent long-term stability in air for more than 150 days without any encapsulation. The origins of the large open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficit, a primary limiting factor in present QD solar cells, have also been investigated through a combination of device physics and spectroscopic studies. Radiative sub-bandgap states with emission peak ~0.23 eV lower than the band-edge emission are found in QD solar cells. This energy difference is consistent with the below-bandgap activation energy for diode current generation obtained from current-voltage characteristics at different temperatures. It is concluded that the VOC of present QD solar cells is mainly limited by the sub-bandgap states rather than the interfaces between QDs and other materials. The origin of sub-bandgap states was further found to be most likely from undercharged Pb atoms on the QD surface (off-stoichiometry). Lastly, based on the findings in this thesis work, possible future directions that could further improve the efficiency of QD solar cells are discussed.
by Chia-Hao Marcus Chuang.
Ph. D.
37
James, Keith Edward. "The Effects of Phosphonic Acids in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". PDXScholar, 2016. http://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/2951.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Novel methods for the construction of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) were developed. A thin dense underlayer of TiO2 was applied on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) glass using as a precursor Tyzor AA-105. Subsequently a mesoporous film of P-25 TiO2 was applied by spreading a suspension uniformly over the surface of the underlayer and allowing the plate to slowly dry while resting on a level surface. After sintering at 500° C slides were treated with TCPP as a sensitizing dye and assembled into DSSCs. A novel method was used to seal the cells; strips of Parafilm® were used as spacers between the electrodes and to secure the electrodes together. The cells were filled with a redox electrolyte and sealed by dipping into molten paraffin.
A series of phosphonic acids and one arsonic acid were employed as coadsorbates in DSSCs. The coadsorbates were found to compete for binding sites, resulting in lower levels of dye adsorption. The resulting loss of photocurrent was not linear with the reduction of dye loading, and in some cases photocurrent and efficiency were higher for cells with lower levels of dye loading.
Electrodes were treated with coadsorbates by procedures including pre-adsorption, simultaneous (sim-adsorption), and post-adsorption, using a range of concentrations and treatment times and a variety of solvents. Most cells were tested using an iodide-triiodide based electrolyte (I3I-1) but some cells were tested using electrolytes based on a Co(II)/Co(III) redox couple (CoBpy electrolytes). Phosphonic acid post-adsorbates increased the Voc of cells using CoBpy electrolytes but caused a decrease in the Voc of cells using I3I-1 electrolyte. Phosphonic acids as sim-adsorbates resulted in a significant increase in efficiency and Jsc, and they show promise as a treatment for TCPP DSSCs.
38
Fernandez-Munoz, Raul. "Design of solar power plant with coupled thermal storage". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16722.
Testo completo
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Uluoglu, Arman. "Solar-hydrogen Stand-alone Power System Design And Simulations". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611884/index.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this thesis, solar-hydrogen Stand-Alone Power System (SAPS) which is planned to be built for the emergency room of a hospital is designed. The system provides continuous, off-grid electricity during the whole period of a year without any external electrical power supply. The system consists of Photovoltaic (PV) panels, Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) based electrolyzers, PEM based fuel cells, hydrogen tanks, batteries, a control mechanism and auxiliary equipments such as DC/AC converters, water pump, pipes and hydrogen dryers. The aim of this work is to investigate the optimal system configuration and component sizing which yield to high performance and low cost for different user needs and control strategies. TRNSYS commercial software is used for the overall system design and simulations.
Numerical models of the PV panels, the control mechanism and the PEM electrolyzers are developed by using theoretical and experimental data and the models are integrated into TRNSYS. Overall system models include user-defined components as well as the default software components. The electricity need of the emergency room without any shortage is supplied directly from the PV panels or by the help of the batteries and the fuel cells when the solar energy is not enough. The pressure level in the hydrogen tanks and the overall system efficiency are selected as the key design parameters. The major component parameters and various control strategies affecting the hydrogen tank pressure and the system efficiency are analyzed and the results are presented.
40
Ropp, Michael Eugene. "Design issues for grid-connected photovoltaic systems". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/13456.
Testo completo
41
Hua, Yong. "Design and synthesis of new organic dyes for highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs)". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/71.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has attracted increasing interest as a promising hybrid organic-inorganic solar cell. At the heart of the device is a photosensitizer, which is anchored onto a wide-bandgap semiconducting metal oxide. It harvests solar light and transfers the energy via electron transfer to a suitable material (e.g. TiO2) to produce electricityas opposed to chemical energy in plant. The topic of this thesis focuses on the design and synthesis of metal-free organic dyes for applications in DSSCs. Specific attention has been paid to the correlation between the molecular structures and physical properties, as well as their performances in DSSCs. Chapter 1 presents the major components and working principle of DSSC, following by a brief overview of the development of organic dyes and their application in DSSCs. In chapter 2, we have designed two types of new phenothiazine-based dyes to investigate the positioning effect a donor group on the cell performance. The structural features of a donor aryl group at the C(7) position of phenothiazine core extend the π-conjugation of the chromophore and efficiently suppress the dye aggregation on TiO2 film. As a result, Type 1 dyes have better light harvesting properties in contact with TiO2 films, and give much better photovoltaic performance than Type 2 dyes. Chapter 3 presents the synthesis and characterization of a series of simple phenothiazine-based dyes, in which, a linear electron-rich (4-hexyloxy)phenyl group at C(7) of the phenothiazine periphery as the donor, and an alkyl chain with different length at N(10). The dye molecules show a linear shape which is favorable for the formation of a compact dye layer on the TiO2 surface, while their butterfly conformations can sufficiently inhibit molecular aggregation. Moreover, the alkyl substituents with different chain length at N(10) could further optimize the performance through complete shielding the surface of TiO2 from the Iˉ/I3ˉ electrolyte. Under simulated AM 1.5G irradiation, the PT-C6 based DSSC produces a short-circuit photocurrent of 15.32 mAcm−2, an open-circuit photovoltage of 0.78 V, a fill factor of 0.69, corresponding to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.18%. Moreover, we designed a stepwise approach for co-adsorption of the organic dye PT-C6 with a porphyrin dye (ZnP) for DSSCs. Upon optimization, the device made of the PT-C6 + ZnP system yielded Jsc = 19.36 mA cm-2, Voc =0.735 V, FF = 0.71 and η = 10.10%. In chapter 4, we further developed five organic dyes appended with T, TT, E, ET, or EE (T and E denote thiophene and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), respectively) on the C(7) atom of phenothiazine core as electron donors. We have also analyzed the structure-performance corelations of dye molecules in the aspect of dye aggregation, electron injection, dye regeneration and interfacial charge recombination of electrons with electrolytes and/or oxidized dye molecules, through DFT calculation, impedance analysis and transient photovoltage studies. In chapter 5, we extended our studies by using phenothiazine as a building block to construct 3D bulky organic dyes. We systematically investigated the influence of 3D bulky substituents on dye aggregation and charge recombination, as well as photovoltaic performance of DSSCs. The molecular design strategy demonstrates that high Voc can be realized by employing 3D-phenothiazine dyes featuring a bulky substituent, such as, hexylcarbazole and dihexylfluorene units. Impressively, the co-adsorbent-free DSSCs based on dye TP3 exhibits a photovoltaic performance with efficiency up to 8.00 %. In order to realize a panchromatic absorption and further enhance the energy conversion efficiency of DSSCs, we also designed a stepwise approach for co-adsorption of the organic dye TP3 with a NIR dye YR6 for co-sensitized DSSCs. Upon optimization, the device made of the TP3 + YR6 system yielded Jsc = 19.18 mA cm-2, Voc =0.721 V, FF = 0.712 and η = 9.84 %. The power-conversion efficiency is the highest reported efficiency for a squaraine dye-based co-sensitized panchromatic DSSCs. From chapters 6 and 7, a series of new simple panchromatic dyes based on thiadiazolo[3,4-c]pyridine (PyT) have been designed for panchromatic DSSCs. These new organic dyes exhibit broad absorption spectrum in the range of 300~850 nm and high molar extinction coefficients. The electrochemical analyses demonstrate that the incorporation of the auxiliary electron-deficient thiadiazole[3,4-c]pyridine unit can fine-tune the HOMO and LUMO energy levels and red-shift the absorption spectra to NIR region. The overall conversion efficiencies of liquid-electrolyte DSSCs based on these sensitizers range from 0.46 to 6.30 %. We draw some conclusions in chapter 8 together with the outlooks in DSSCs
42
Levy, Michael Yehuda. "Design, experiment, and analysis of a photovoltaic absorbing medium with intermediate levels". Diss., Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/24703.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Committee Chair: Honsberg, Christiana; Committee Co-Chair: Citrin, David; Committee Member: Doolittle, Alan; Committee Member: First, Phillip; Committee Member: Ralph, Stephen; Committee Member: Rohatgi, Ajeet
43
Schultz, Ross Dane. "On the design of concentrator photovoltaic modules". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1015766.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
High concentration photovoltaics (HCPV) promise a more efficient, higher power output than traditional photovoltaic modules. This is achieved by concentrating sunlight onto a small 1 cm2 triple junction (CTJ) InGaP/InGaAs/Ge cell by using precision optics. In order to achieve high performance, careful and informed design decisions must be made in the development of a HCPV module . This project investigated the design of a HCPV module and is divided into sections that concentrate on the optical design, thermal dissipation and electrical characterization of a concentration triple junction cell. The first HCPV module (Module I) design was based on the Sandia III Baseline Fresnel module which comprised of a Fresnel lens and truncated reflective secondary as the optical elements. The parameters of the CTJ cell in Module I increased with increased concentration. This included the short circuit current, open circuit voltage, power and efficiency. The best performance achieved was at 336 times operational concentration which produced 10.3 W per cell, a cell efficiency of 38.4 percent, and module efficiency of 24.2 percent Investigation of the optical subsystem revealed that the optics played a large role in the operation of the CTJ cell. Characterization of the optical elements showed a transmission loss of 15 percent of concentrated sunlight for the irradiance of which 66 percent of the loss occurred in wavelength region where the InGaP subcell is active. Characterization of the optical subsystem indicated regions of non-uniform irradiance and spectral intensity across the CTJ cell surface. The optical subsystem caused the InGaP subcell of the series monolithic connected CTJ cell to be current limiting. This was confirmed by the CTJ cell having the same short circuit current as the InGaP subcell. The performance of the CTJ cell decreased with an increase in operational temperature. A form of thermal dissipation was needed as 168 times more heat needs to be dissipated when compared to a flat plate photovoltaic module. The thermal dissipation was achieved by passive means with a heat sink which reduced the operational temperature of the CTJ cell from 50 oC to 21 oC above ambient. Cell damage was noted in Module I due to bubbles in the encapsulation epoxy bursting from a high, non-uniform intensity distribution. The development of the second module (Module II) employed a pre-monitoring criteria that characterized the CTJ cells and eliminated faulty cells from the system. These criteria included visual inspection of the cell, electroluminescence and one sun current-voltage (I-V) characteristic curves. Module II was designed as separate units which comprised of a Fresnel lens, refractive secondary, CTJ cell and heatsink. The optimal configuration between the two modules were compared. The CTJ cells in module II showed no form of degradation in the I-V characteristics and in the detected defects. The units under thermal and optical stress showed a progressive degradation. A feature in the I-V curve at V > Vmax was noted for the thermally stressed unit. This feature in the I-V curve may be attributed to the breakdown of the Ge subcell in the CTJ cell. Based on the results obtained from the two experimental HCPV modules, recommendations for an optimal HCPV module were made.
44
Cabau, Parra Lydia. "Design and Synthesis of Small Molecules for Organic and Grätzel Solar Cells". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/320183.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
El creixement de la població i dels nous països emergents fa que el consum energètic es dispari. Tota la població depèn d’aquest consum i com a conseqüència es depèn de les reserves de combustibles fòssils disponibles.
Una de les fonts d’energia no esgotable i que proveu a la terra d’una gran quantitat d’energia es el Sol. Aquesta Energia ja està sent explotada amb la utilització de panells solars basades en silici. No obstant degut al seu alt cost de fabricació no poden competir amb les fonts d’energia ja existents. Per tant, noves investigacions en alternatives han estat àmpliament estudiades.
Unes de les alternatives que han estat àmpliament estudiades durant aquests anys han estat les cel·les sensitivitzades amb colorant (DSSC) i les cel·les orgàniques (OPV). Les bases i el funcionament d’aquests dos tipus de dispositius es mostren en el capítol 1.
El principal estudi d’aquesta tesis es centra en el disseny i la síntesis de nous colorants per aquest tipus de dispositius. Aquests colorants tenen un paper molt important en aquests dispositius i moltes vegades la seva eficiència deriva de l’estructura d’aquests colorants degut a les reaccions que es produeixen en els dispositius.
En el Capítol 3 i 4 es presenta el disseny de dos tipus de colorants pel que fa a les cel·les sensitivitzades amb colorant (DSSC). En el capítol 3 es tracta de noves molècules orgàniques amb estructura D-π-A àmpliament estudiades com a alternativa als complexes de ruteni. En el capítol 4 les molècules sintetitzades també per DSSC són una família de porfirines, les quals són les que actualment estan mostrant més eficiència.
Per una altra banda en el capítol 5 s’ha sintetitzat també una porfirina però en aquest cas per estudiar la seva aplicabilitat en les cel·les solars orgàniques (OPV).El Crecimiento de la población I de nuevos países emergentes hace que el consume energético se dispare. Toda la población depende de este consume I como consecuencia se depende de las reservas de combustibles fósiles disponibles. Una de las Fuentes de energía no agotable y que suministra a la tierra de una gran cantidad de energía es el Sol. Esta energía ya está siendo explotada con la utilización de paneles solares basados en Silicio. Sin embargo, debido a su elevado coste de fabricación no pueden competir con fuentes de energía ya existentes. Por lo tanto, nuevas investigaciones en alternativas han estado estudiadas. Una de las alternativas que han sido más estudiadas son las Celdas sensitibizadas con colorante (DSSC) i las Celdas Orgánicas (OPV). Las bases y su funcionamiento se muestran en el capítulo 1. El principal estudio de esta tesis se centra en el diseño y la síntesis de nuevos colorantes para estos tipos de dispositivos. Estos colorantes tienen un papel muy importante en estos dispositivos y muchas veces su eficiencia deriva de la estructura del colorante debido a reacciones que se producen en el dispositivo. En el Capítulo 3 y 4 se presenta el diseño de dos tipos de colorantes para las celdas sensitibizadas con colorante. En el Capítulo 3 se muestran moléculas orgánicas con estructura D--A que han sido ampliamente estudiadas como alternativa a los complejos de rutenio. En el capítulo 4 una familia de porfirinas ha sido sintetizada debido a los prometedores resultados mostrados siendo en la actualidad las moléculas que dan más eficiencia. En el Capítulo 5 en cambio se ha sintetizado una porfirina, pero en este caso para estudiar su aplicabilidad en las celdas orgánicas (OPV)
The population is growing and the consumption of energy is dramatically increasing. All the population depends on this energy and are using fossil fuels available. One of this renewable source that gives to the earth a huge amount of energy is the sun. This source is exploited nowadays with photovoltaic devices based in silicon. However due to their high cost of production is not an alternative comparing with the existent sources. For this reason scientists of the entire world are working hard in the development of alternative devices in order to reduce the cost, decrease the contamination and increase the efficiencies among others. Some of alternatives that have been widely studied during the last years have been the Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) and Organic Solar Cells (OPV). Basic principles of these devices are showed in Chapter 1. Principally the study of this thesis was focused in the design and synthesis of new sensitizers for these devices. These sensitizers play an important role in these devices and many times their structure depends on the efficiency of the device. In Chapter 3 and 4 the design and synthesis of two kinds of sensitizers and their applicability in DSSC is showed. In chapter 3 the sensitizers are organic dyes with a structure of D-π-A widely studied as alternative to the ruthenium complexes. In chapter 4 another family of sensitizers have been synthesized and also their applicability in DSSC has been studied. In this chapter the molecules are a family of porphyrins that are the molecules that nowadays are showing the most efficiency. On the other hand in Chapter 5 a new porphyrin has been synthesized but in this case to study their applicability in Organic solar Cells (OPV)
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Karlsson, Karl Martin. "Design, Synthesis and Properties of Organic Sensitizers for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kemi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-33190.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis gives a detailed description of the design and synthesis of new organic sensitizers for Dye sensitized Solar Cells (DSCs). It is divided in 7 chapters, where the first gives an introduction to the field of DSCs and the synthesis of organic sensitizers. Chapters 2 to 6 deal with the work of the author, starting with the first publication and the other following in chronological order. The thesis is completed with some concluding remarks (chapter 7). The DSC is a fairly new solar cell concept, also known as the Grätzel cell, after its inventor Michael Grätzel. It uses a dye (sensitizer) to capture the incident light. The dye is chemically connected to a porous layer of a wide band-gap semiconductor. The separation of light absorption and charge separation is different from the conventional Si-based solar cells. Therefore, it does not require the very high purity materials necessary for the Si-solar cells. This opens up the possibility of easier manufacturing for future large scale production. Since the groundbreaking work reported in 1991, the interest within the field has grown rapidly. Large companies have taken up their own research and new companies have started with their focus on the DSC. So far the highest solar energy to electricity conversion efficiencies have reached ~12%. The sensitizers in this thesis are based on triphenylamine or phenoxazine as the electron donating part in the molecule. A conjugated linker allows the electrons to flow from the donor to the acceptor, which will enable the electrons to inject into the semiconductor once they are excited. Changing the structure by introducing substituents, extending the conjugation and exchanging parts of the molecule, will influence the performance of the solar cell. By analyzing the performance, one can evaluate the importance of each component in the structure and thereby gain more insight into the complex nature of the dye sensitized solar cell.QC 20110505
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Duran, Claudia [Verfasser]. "Bifacial Solar Cells: High Efficiency Design, Characterization, Modules and Applications / Claudia Duran". Konstanz : Bibliothek der Universität Konstanz, 2012. http://d-nb.info/102641542X/34.
Testo completo
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Elani, U. "The design, fabrication and assessment of interdigitated back contact silicon solar cells". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.354744.
Testo completo
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Buchhauser, David 1950. "Design, construction, and testing of a microprocessor controlled tracking and scanning solar spectroradiometer". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276567.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A versatile solar spectroradiometer has been designed which is capable of measuring direct solar radiation, the solar aureole, and sky radiance far from the sun. An active tracker consisting of a quadrant detector, telescope and stepper-motor driven alt-azimuth mount is used to position the spectroradiometer by computer control for solar tracking and almucantur scans. An internally baffled telescope designed to suppress stray light is employed as the optical receiver, and a photodiode serves to convert the collected flux to an electrical signal. A digitally controlled gain-switching transimpedance amplifier is used to scale the photodiode output to accommodate the large signal range encountered between measuring direct solar radiation and sky radiance well away from the sun. Example measurements are presented which demonstrate the system's capabilities.
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Tegeder, Troy Dixon. "Development of an Efficient Solar Powered Unmanned Aerial Vehicle with an Onboard Solar Tracker". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2007. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/856.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Methods were developed for the design of a solar powered UAV capable of tracking the sun to achieve maximum solar energy capture. A single-axis solar tracking system was designed and constructed. This system autonomously rotated an onboard solar panel to find the angle of maximum solar irradiance while the UAV was airborne. A microcontroller was programmed and implemented to control the solar tracking system. A solar panel and an efficient airframe capable of housing the solar tracking system was designed and constructed. Each of these subsystems was tested individually with either ground or flight tests. Ultimately, the final assembled system was tested. These tests were used to determine where and when a UAV with an onboard solar tracker would be advantageous over a conventional solar powered UAV with PV cells statically fixed to its wings. The final UAV had a wingspan of 3.2 meters, a length of 2.6 meters, and weighed 4.1 kilograms. Its solar panel provided a maximum power output of 37.7 watts. The predicted system performance, airframe drag, and system power requirements were validated with a battery powered flight test. The UAV's analytical model predicted the drag to be 41% lower than the actual drag found from flight testing. Full system functionality was verified with a solar powered flight test. The results and analysis of the system tests are presented in this thesis. The net energy increase from the solar tracking UAV over a conventional solar powered UAV for the duration of a day is dependent on season and geographical location. The solar tracking UAV that was developed was found to have a maximum net energy gain of 34.5% over a conventional solar powered version of the UAV. The minimum net energy gain of the solar tracking UAV was found to be 0.8%.
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Andresen, Inger. "A Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Method for Solar Building Design". Doctoral thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Architecture and Fine Art, 2000. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-451.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The background for this thesis is based on the assumption that the success of solar buildings relies on the assessment and integration of all the different design objectives, called criteria. These criteria are often quite complicated to deal with (e.g. environmental loading) and may be conflicting. The different design issues and the many different available energy technologies call for different areas of expertise to be involved in the design of solar buildings. This makes it difficult to evaluate the overall “goodness” of a proposed design solution. Also, the communication between design professionals and the client becomes complicated.
The goal of this work was therefore to produce a means for the design team and clients to be able to better understand and handle holistic solar design. A first hypothesis was that a structured approach for evaluating design alternatives might be a means to this end.
In order to specify an approach that would fit into the building design process, an analysis of design process theory and building design practice was carried out (chapter 2). Also, special solar design issues were investigated. This analysis resulted in the following conclusions:
· Most building design processes start out with no clearly defined goals or criteria of success. The design criteria are refined and discovered through evaluation and feedback on alternative design proposals.
· Design involves a lot of subjective value judgements, and decisions are often based on experience, “gut feeling”, or intuition. Design options are evaluated based on quantitative and qualitative performance measures. There exists no objective optimal design solution.
· It is possible to identify some main activities that are common to most design processes. These are categorized into 4 main tasks: problem formulation, generation of alternatives, performance prediction and evaluation. The activities are very much overlapping and dependent on each other.
· Decision-making in design happens mainly through evaluation of proposed design solutions.