Bibliografie tematiche / Solar cells – Design and construction

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Solar cells – Design and construction"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 26 gennaio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Solar cells – Design and construction"

Bhavnani, S. H. "Design and Construction of a Solar-Electric Vehicle". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 116, n. 1 (1 febbraio 1994): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2930061.

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Recent concerns relating to global warming caused by greenhouse gases, coupled with a growing awareness of the limited available resources of fossil fuels, have spurred an interest in alternative energy powered vehicles. This paper describes the analysis, development, and testing of an aerodynamic vehicle powered by photovoltaic cells. The primary components of the vehicle are the composite material body, the aluminum space frame, the wheel hubs and front suspension assembly, the drive train, and the electrical system. The frame was designed using finite element analysis with the components of the frame modeled as beam elements. The body, designed to have a very high strength-to-weight ratio, was of graphite/Kevlar/Nomex sandwich construction. Testing was carried out using the three-point bend test to determine the optimal sandwich cross-sectional configuration. The design of the front suspension, the wheel hubs, and the power transmission are also discussed. The electrical system, based on a monocrystalline photovoltaic cell assembly, and silver-zinc storage cells, is also described. Finally, results of the optimization routine developed are also described.

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Pavlovic, A., V. Mikhnych, M. Bertoldi e C. Fragassa. "Investigating encapsulation design strategy of photovoltaic cells in the case of a solar race car". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1214, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 012042. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1214/1/012042.

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Abstract The efficiency in converting solar energy into electricity is fundamental wherever photovoltaic panels are present, still more crucial in the design of racing solar vehicles. Even minimal reductions in conversion ratio, maintained for the long solar races, cause solar cars to lose race positions and competitiveness. Here we introduce a numerical-experimental study for choosing the best combination of materials to encapsulate cells in solar roofs. The tangible expectation is to improve the performance of the monocrystalline silicon cells used in our solar vehicle by maximizing heat dissipation to the environment. The operating temperature is in fact a determining factor for efficient conversion, with efficiency drops of the order of 5% every 10 °C. Different stratifications, some of which quite unusual in solar panel design, were compared by transient thermal simulations and experiments. Specifically, five alternatives were analyzed, varying in the presence and thickness of the encapsulation materials (ETFE, EVA and PET). The main scope of the work, however, was not choosing the best among several specific hypotheses, but the development of an accurate numerical model able to predict the behavior of the solar panel in conditions close to the expected ones. This model, in fact, has provided valuable help in optimizing the vehicle design by allowing to evaluate the effect of alternative materials and construction solutions in the cell’s construction housing structure.

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Bodnár, István, Dániel Koós, Patrik Iski e Ádám Skribanek. "Design and Construction of a Sun Simulator for Laboratory Testing of Solar Cells". Acta Polytechnica Hungarica 17, n. 3 (2020): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12700/aph.17.3.2020.3.9.

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Nanda, Rizki Aulia, Karyadi Karyadi, Fathan Mubina Dewadi, Amir Amir e Mohamad Rizkiyanto. "Archimedes' Principle Applied to Buoy Design for Measuring Purposes in Offshore Illumination Conditions". Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 3, n. 1 (8 agosto 2022): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v3i1.2692.

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Solar cells are becoming so common that every industry except PLN is already using them to produce alternative energy. The more solar cells used, the more light intensity meters are needed to calculate the amount of Illumination in a given area. This research entails constructing or implementing software, calculating the float's balance against the impact of waves, and determining how the float distributes load using the Archimedes principle. Electrical construction and chassis buoyancy are included in the design. When the density of water is greater than the density of the object, namely > objects (997 kg/m3 > 46.73 kg/m3), the variables obtained are the total weight of the buoy of 5,044 kg with the distribution of the object force of 49.43 N and the buoyant force of 1046.08 N. then this design produces the required buoyancy force when manufactured and used.

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Zhang, Shuaiqing. "Two-Terminal Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells: from Design to Commercial Prospect". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 27 (27 dicembre 2022): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v27i.3780.

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Tandem Solar Cells (TSCs) with multi-junction are capable to break the SQ limit and achieve high PCE through absorbing larger range of light wavelength by multiple absorber layers with different band gaps. Perovskite solar cells are ideal light absorbing materials for TSC because of its high PCE, high suitability with other absorbers, low cost and easy fabrication. Perovskite-based TSCs have so far outperformed single-junction devices in PCE, garnering considerable interest from both academia and material industry. In this review, the basic science of perovskite Tandem Solar Cells (PTSCs) is presented, as well as the construction and properties of PSC as a top cell. Then three main types of PTSCs are introduced: Perovskite/Si, Perovskite/CIGS, and Perovskite/Perovskite including their design, challenges and fabrication methods. Finally, the current status and future prospects for commercialization of PTSCs are also discussed. According to recent developments, PTSCs are considered to be one of the most promising solar cells. Research on PTSCs could contribute to the development of desirable clean energy sources in order to solve the energy crisis and environmental problems of human beings.

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Li, Qianqian, Zhongxing Jiang, Jingui Qin e Zhen Li. "Heterocyclic-Functionalized Organic Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells: Tuning Solar Cell Performance by Structural Modification". Australian Journal of Chemistry 65, n. 9 (2012): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch12126.

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Due to their high conversion efficiency and low cost of production, dye-sensitized solar cells based on organic dyes have attracted considerable attention. By utilizing various heterocycles as construction blocks for organic dyes, the performance of solar cells was optimized to exhibit good light-harvesting features and suppress interfacial recombinations. The aim of this review is to highlight recent progress in the molecular design of heterocyclic-functionalized organic dyes for efficient dye-sensitized solar cells, and special attention has been paid to the relationship between chemical structure and the photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells based on these dyes.

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Dzyuba, N., T. Kaverzneva, N. Leonova e I. Skripnik. "Protection Against Traffic Noise Acoustic Screens with Solar Cells". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, n. 3 (1 febbraio 2022): 032003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/3/032003.

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Abstract In connection with the growth of cities and the increase in building density, the problem of noise control in the city is becoming increasingly relevant. To protect residential areas from the noise of traffic flows in megacities, acoustic barriers with their own design features are widely used. These features can be based on a number of reasons: a complex noise picture, imperfection of noise insulation or noise absorption materials, high cost of execution, and other reasons. The article shows that the use of transport acoustic barriers with hoods, the design of which includes solar panels, can ensure the investment attractiveness of highway projects due to the potential profit from the use of solar energy. The efficiency of the use of solar cells in the construction of transport acoustic barriers is evaluated on the example of protection against exceeding the permissible noise of a section of territory near a major highway in St. Petersburg. The necessary noise measurements were carried out and a 3D model of the highway section was created with an acoustic barrier design that combines the function of noise reduction and solar energy generation. The selection of the tilt angle of the hood of the acoustic transport barrier was carried out (it was proposed to place solar panels on the hood), when the use of solar energy in the territory of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad region is sufficient to generate adequate electricity consumption in the period from April to September. To assess the effectiveness of the protective barrier, we used guidelines for protecting areas adjacent to highways from traffic noise from Rosavtodor for galleries and tunnels. The conducted assessments showed the prospects of using solar cells in the construction of transport acoustic barriers, as it is shown that even in geographical locations with relatively low solar activity, a useful effect can be obtained from the use of solar panels.

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Zhang, Lisha, Linlin Song, Qiwei Tian, Xingyu Kuang, Junqing Hu, Jianshe Liu, Jianmao Yang e Zhigang Chen. "Flexible fiber-shaped CuInSe2 solar cells with single-wire-structure: Design, construction and performance". Nano Energy 1, n. 6 (novembre 2012): 769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.07.022.

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Schoden, Fabian, Anna Katharina Schnatmann, Tomasz Blachowicz, Hildegard Manz-Schumacher e Eva Schwenzfeier-Hellkamp. "Circular Design Principles Applied on Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". Sustainability 14, n. 22 (17 novembre 2022): 15280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142215280.

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In a world with growing demand for resources and a worsening climate crisis, it is imperative to research and put into practice more sustainable and regenerative products and processes. Especially in the energy sector, more sustainable systems that are recyclable, repairable and remanufacturable are needed. One promising technology is dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). They can be manufactured with low energy input and can be made from non-toxic components. More than 70% of the environmental impact of a product is already determined in the design phase of a product, which is why it is essential to implement repair, remanufacturing and recycling concepts into the product design. In this publication, we explore appropriate design principles and business models that can be applied to DSSC technology. To realize this, we applied the concept of Circo Track, a method developed by the Technical University of Delft, to DSSCs and investigated which design concepts and business models are applicable. This method enables companies to transform a product that is disposed of after its useful life into one that can be used for longer and circulates in material cycles. The most important result is the description of a performance-based business model in which DSSCs are integrated into the customer’s building and green energy is provided as a service. During the operational phase, data is collected for product improvement and maintenance, and repair is executed when necessary. When the contract expires, it can be renewed, otherwise the modules are dismantled, reused, remanufactured or recycled.

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Li, Hongkun. "The Recent Progress and the state-of-art applications of Perovskite Solar Cells". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 5 (7 luglio 2022): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v5i.745.

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With the awareness of using clean and sustainable energy, the utilization of solar power is of great importance in human society. Following the trend, solar cells are required to have higher and higher power conversion efficiency. Contemporarily, perovskite materials, as a new type of materials for construction of solar cells, exhibits great potential to have high efficiency. This article focuses on the methods on improving power conversion efficiencies of perovskite solar cells and discusses the limitation of recent technologies and industrial applications, and the future prospect of perovskite solar cells. To be specific, all the methods are focusing on the selection of materials suitable for cells design, from CsSnI3 to lead-based organic materials, the efficiencies have increased significantly. The method of stacking perovskite solar cells to make tandem solar cells improved efficiencies among all the methods. Meanwhile, the toxicity, low stability and difficulties in large-scale application are the main limitations for perovskite solar cells. For the future studies, it is important to search for materials with low toxicity and high stability. The technology for improving efficiency of large-scale solar cells is also required. These results provide a guideline for the future study in perovskite solar cells.

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Tesi sul tema "Solar cells – Design and construction"

Shih, Jeanne-Louise. "Zinc oxide-silicon heterojunction solar cells by sputtering". Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112583.

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Heterojunctions of n-ZnO/p-Si solar cells were fabricated by RF sputtering ZnO:Al onto boron-doped (100) silicon (Si) substrates. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) films were also deposited onto soda lime glass for electrical measurements. Sheet resistance measurements were performed with a four-point-probe on the glass samples. Values for samples evacuated for 14 hours prior to deposition increased from 7.9 to 10.17 and 11.5 O/□ for 40 W, 120 and 160 W in RF power respectively. In contrast, those evacuated for 2 hours started with a higher value of 22.5 O/□, and decreased down to 7.6 and 5.8 O/□. Vacuum annealing was performed for both the glass and the Si samples. Current-voltage measurements were performed on the ZnO/Si junctions in the dark and under illumination. Parameters such as open-circuit voltage, Voc; short-circuit current, Isc; fill factor, FF; and efficiency, eta were determined. A maximum efficiency of 0.25% among all samples was produced, with an I sc of 2.16 mA, Voc of 0.31V and a FF of 0.37. This was a sample fabricated at an RF power of 80 W. Efficiency was found to decline with vacuum annealing. Furthermore, interfacial state density calculated based on capacitance-voltage measurements showed an increase in the value with vacuum annealing. The results found suggest that the interface states may be due to an interdiffusion of atoms, possibly those of Zn into the Si surface. The Electron Beam Induced Current (EBIC) method was used to determine diffusion length to be at a value ∼40--80 mum and therefore a minority carrier lifetime calculated of 3 musec. It was also used to determine the surface recombination velocity (SRV) of the fractured surface of the Si bulk from the fabricated solar cells. An SRV of ∼500 cm/sec was determined from the fractured Si surface, at a point located at 30 and 20 mum away from the junction interface.

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Sun, Yechuan, e 孙也川. "Improvement of polymer solar cells through device design". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2012. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B47849940.

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In this thesis, fabrication of polymer solar cells through different device designs is presented and the resulted solar cell performance is discussed. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) are chosen as the photoactive layer materials as this material combination has been widely used and well investigated. The known properties of P3HT and PCBM make systematical studies and modeling for the effect of device designs on the performance of polymer solar cells possible although this is beyond the scope of this thesis. First, ITO electrodes were fabricated by sputtering and used as the transparent electrode for polymer solar cells. Properties of ITO film fabricated by different sputtering conditions were compared. Radio frequency (RF) sputtered ITO was found to exhibit the best transparency overall. This condition was further applied to the fabrication of ITO electrode for polymer solar cells with light trapping structures. Low temperature processed silicon oxide (SiOx) / titanium oxide (TiOx) periodic structures were fabricated by sol-gel method. Optical transmittance of the bottom electrode was altered by the presence of the reflective coating and thus the absorption in the photoactive layer was affected. By varying the number of layer pairs and thickness of each layer in the reflective coating, improvement of polymer solar cell performance was found by inserting reflective coating for optimized conditions. Finally, semi-transparent polymer solar cells with inverted structure were demonstrated using conductive polymer as the anode. The process in device preparation was vacuum-free and thus could be potentially useful in large-scale roll-to-roll fabrication.
published_or_final_version
Physics
Master
Master of Philosophy

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Rosenberg, Glenn Alan 1960. "Monolithic series connected solar cell array". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276950.

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Single crystal silicon solar cells for use under high concentration sunlight presently exhibit the highest conversion efficiencies. The following paper represents further work done to improve the efficiency of crystalline silicon solar cells through improved design. Design features and processing to address the loss mechanisms encountered in silicon solar cells are discussed. An improved solar cell structure has resulted from this work along with a practical processing sequence. Experiments were performed to show the practicality of pattern formation on the walls of the V-groove structures using conventional photolithography and masking techniques. Also, new beam processing techniques are discussed to improve processing.

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Chen, Lüzhou, e 陈绿洲. "Optical design of organic solar cells by 3-D modeling of device structures". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/196035.

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Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted intense attention in recent years due to their advantages of low cost, easy fabrication, and high flexibility compared to its inorganic counterparts. However, due to the conflicts between the short diffusion length of excitons and long absorption length of incident photons, the thickness of OSCs is typically thin, and thus power conversion efficiency (PCE) is generally lower than traditional silicon solar cells. Therefore, an exquisite design of light trapping schemes is essential to the PCE improvement. Generally, physical guideline of light trapping involves two main approaches: geometric optics methods and wave optics methods. The former aims at elongating optical path inside the photoactive layer and thus enhancing photon absorption. For organic thin film solar cells with typical active layer thickness of 100 nm-200 nm, which is in subwavelength scale, we cannot investigate light harvesting mechanism simply by the geometric optics methods and instead wave optics properties should be considered. In this thesis, two different light trapping enhancement designs are proposed. In order to simulate these structures, we built up programs for absorption power calculation based on scattering matrix method (SMM) by rigorously solving Maxwell’s equations. It is worth to point out that, different from the widely-used calculation method by Absorption = 1-Transmission-Reflection, our algorithm can extract the net optical absorption of the active layer rather than the whole OSCs. This improvement is very important because metal absorption, which does not contribute to exciton generation, can be excluded from the result. In Chapter 3, design of organic solar cell incorporating periodically arranged gradient type active layer is presented. This design can enhance light harvesting with patterned organic materials themselves (i.e. self-enhanced active layer design) to avoid degrading electrical performance in contrast to introducing inorganic concentrators into the active layers such as silicon and metallic nanostructures. Our numerical results show that the OSC with a self-enhanced active layer, compared with the conventional planar active layer configuration, has broadband and wide-angle range absorption enhancement due to better geometric impedance matching and prolonged optical path. In Chapter 4, OSC with interstitial lattice patterned metal nanoparticles (NPs) is proposed, which can improve the light blocking of traditional square lattice patterned NPs structure and achieve broadband absorption enhancement. Compared to square lattice design, the plasmonic mode couplings between individual NPs in the interstitial lattice are more versatile and much stronger. Moreover, plasmonic modes can couple to the guided modes, resulting in large enhancement factor at some wavelengths. These works provide a theoretical foundation and engineering reference for high performance OSC designs.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Narasimha, Shreesh. "Understanding and application of screen-printed metallization, aluminum back surface fields, and dielectric surface passivation for high-efficiency silicon solar cells". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/16453.

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Zhang, Di, e 张笛. "Transparent electrode design and interface engineering for high performance organic solar cells". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/202360.

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With the growing needs for energy, photovoltaic solar cells have attracted increasing research interests owing to its potentially renewable, feasible and efficient applications. Compared to its inorganic counterparts, organic solar cell (OSC) is highly desirable due to the low-cost processing, light weight, and the capability of flexible applications. While rapid progress has been made with the conversion efficiency approaching 10%, challenges towards high performance OSCs remain, including further improving device efficiency, fully realizing flexible applications, achieving more feasible large-area solution process and extending the stability of organic device. Having understood the key technical issues of designing high performance OSCs, we focus our work on (1) introducing flexible graphene transparent electrodes into OSCs as effective anode and cathode; (2) interface engineering of metal oxide carrier transport layers (CTLs) in OSCs through incorporating plasmonic metal nanomaterials ;(3)proposing novel film formation approach for solution-processed CTLs in OSCs in order to improve the film quality and thus device performance. The detailed work is listed below: 1. Design of transparent graphene electrodes for flexible OSCs Flexible graphene films are introduced into OSCs as transparent electrodes, which complement the flexibility of organic materials. We demonstrate graphene can function effectively as both the anode and cathode in OSCs: a) Graphene anode: we propose an interface modification for graphene to function as anode as an alternative to using aconventional polymer CTL. Using the proposed interfacial modification, graphene OSCs show enhanced performance. Further analysis shows that our approach provides favorable energy alignment and improved interfacial contact. b) Graphene cathode: efficient OSCs using graphene cathode are demonstrated, using a new composite CTL of aluminum-titanium oxide (Al-TiO2).We show that the role of Al is two-fold: improving the wettability as well as reducing the work function of graphene. To facilitate electron extraction, self-assembledTiO2is employed on the Al-covered graphene, which exhibits uniform morphology. 2. Incorporation of plasmonic nanomaterialsinto the metal oxide CTLinOSCs By incorporating metallic nanoparticles (NPs) into the TiO2CTLin OSCs, we demonstrate the interesting plasmonic-electrical effect which leads to optically induced charge extraction enhancement. While OSCs using TiO2CTL can only operate by ultraviolet (UV)activation, NP-incorporated TiO2enables OSCs to perform efficiently at a plasmonic wavelength far longer than the UV light. In addition, the effciency of OSCs incorporated with NPs is notably enhanced. We attribute the improvement to the charge injection of plasmonically excited electrons from NPs into TiO2. 3. Formation of uniform TiO2CTLfor large area applications using a self-assembly approach A solution-processed self-assembly method is proposed for forming large-area high-quality CTL films. Owing to the careful control of solvent evaporation, uniform film is formed, leading to enhanced OSC performance. Meanwhile, our method is capable of forming large-area films. This approach can contribute to future low-cost, large-area applications.
published_or_final_version
Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

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Richards, Bryce Sydney Electrical Engineering &amp Telecommunications Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Novel uses of titanium dioxide for silicon solar cells". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Electrical Engineering and Telecommunications, 2002. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/20476.

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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films have a long history in silicon photovoltaics (PV) as antireflection (AR) coatings due to their excellent optical properties and low deposition cost. This work explores several novel areas where TiO2 thin films could be use to enhance silicon (Si) solar cell performance while reducing device fabrication costs. Amorphous, anatase and rutile TiO2 thin films are deposited using ultrasonic spraydeposition (USD) and chemical vapour deposition (CVD) systems, both designed and constructed by the author. Initial experiments confirmed that no degradation in the bulk minority carrier lifetime (????bulk) occurred during high-temperature processing, although the stability of the USD-deposited TiO2 films was dependent on the furnace ambient. A major disadvantage of TiO2 AR coatings is that they afford little surface passivation. In this work, a novel method of achieving excellent surface passivation on TiO2-coated silicon wafers is presented. This involved growing a 6 nm-thick SiO2 layer at the TiO2:Si interface by oxidising the wafer after TiO2 film deposition. The increase in surface passivation afforded by the interfacial SiO2 layer results in a decrease in the emitter dark saturation current density (J0e) by nearly two orders of magnitude to 4.7 ??? 7.7 ??~ 10???14 A/cm2. This demonstrates the compatibility of the TiO2/SiO2 stack with high-efficiency solar cells designs. By varying the film deposition and annealing conditions, TiO2 refractive indices in the range of 1.726 ??? 2.633 (at ???? = 600 nm) could be achieved. Subsequently, a double-layer antireflection (DLAR) coating was designed comprised of low and high TiO2 refractive index material. The best experimental weighted average reflectance (Rw) achieved was 6.5% on a planar silicon wafer in air. TiO2 DLAR coatings are ideally suited to multicrystalline silicon (mc-Si) wafers, which do not respond well to chemical texturing. Modelling performed for a glass and ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulated buried-contact solar cell indicated that a TiO2 DLAR coating afforded a 7% increase in the short circuit current density, when compared to a standard, commercially-deposited TiO2 single-layer AR coating. Finally, it is demonstrated that chemical reactions with phosphorus prevent TiO2 from acting as a successful phosphorus diffusion barrier or dopant source. The applicability of TiO2 thin films to various silicon solar cell structures is discussed.

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Whyburn, Gordon Patrick. "A simple organic solar cell". Pomona College, 2007. http://ccdl.libraries.claremont.edu/u?/stc,21.

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Finding renewable sources of energy is becoming an increasingly important component of scientific research. Greater competition for existing sources of energy has strained the world’s supply and demand balance and has increased the prices of traditional sources of energy such as oil, coal, and natural gas. The experiment discussed in this paper is designed to identify and build an inexpensive and simple method for creating an effective organic solar cell.

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Hultmar, Oscar, Johan Paulsson e Jonathan Sundell. "Mechanical design and construction of solar panel experiment in stratospheric conditions". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356131.

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This project will be a part of the LODESTAR experiment. LODESTAR is one of the experiments scheduled to fly on the REXUS/BEXUS 26 high altitude balloon flight. The primary objective of the experiment is to investigate the effects of cosmic radiation on CIGS solar cells. The objective of this project is to build a mechanical design that can fulfill all requirements set by the ESA user manual. The mechanical design will first be drawn in mechanical CAD, where the drawing will be constructed from the ESA requirements. Later the design will be simulated in order to choose appropriate materials and a design that can withstand all simulations. Lastly the design will be built according to the drawings and tested according to the simulations. The mechanical design withstood all the simulations and verification tests with no visual deformation, except for the simulation and verification of the drop test. Both the drop simulation and verification test resulted in deformation in one of the aluminium plates. Since this mechanical design is constructed to be used only once, small deformations is within the margin of error. The deformation resulted by the simulation and verification of the drop test matched with a high precision. This is a good confirmation of the results of the drop test. In conclusion, the executed tests gave very promising results. Therefor the design constructed fits all the requirements to travel with solar panels in stratospheric conditions.
LODESTAR -BEXUS Project

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Fisher, Kate School of Photovoltaic &amp Renewable Energy Engineering UNSW. "The pitfalls of pit contacts: electroless metallization for c-Si solar cells". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/29568.

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This thesis focuses on improving the adhesion of electroless metal layers plated to pit contacts in interdigitated, backside buried contact (IBBC) solar cells. In an electrolessly plated, pit contact IBBC cell, the contact grooves are replaced with lines of pits which are interconnected by the plated metal. It is shown, however, that electroless metal layers, plated by the standard IBBC plating sequence, are not adherent on pit contact IBBC solar cells. The cause of this adhesion problem is investigated by examining the adhesive properties of each of the metal layers in the electroless metallization sequence on planar test structures. This investigation reveals that Pd activation of heavily P diffused Si impedes Ni silicide growth and that, in the absence of a silicide at the Ni/Si interface, an electrolessly plated Cu layer will cause the underlying Ni layer to peel away from the substrate. It is also found that the Ni silicidation process itself intermittently causes the unreacted Ni to spontaneously peel away from the substrate. An electroless metallization sequence that results in thick, adhesive Cu deposits on planar < 100> surfaces is developed in this thesis. It is shown that this process leads to the formation of a Ni silicide on both n- and p- type, heavily diffused surfaces. Fully plated, pit contact IBBC solar cells were not able to be fabricated during the course of this work but it is reasonable to expect that the modified plating sequence developed in this work will result in the metal layers being adhesive on these cells.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Solar cells – Design and construction"

Kagōbutsu hakumaku taiyō denchi no saishin gijutsu: Recent development of thin film compound semiconductor photovoltaic cells. Tōkyō-to Chiyoda-ku: Shīemushī Shuppan, 2013.

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Vögt, Michael. Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Heterosolarzellen auf der Basis von WSe2-Einkristallen. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1992.

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Kōmuten, Takenaka. Taiyō denchi ittaigata gaisōzai oyobi chokuryū kyūden ni yoru jiritsugata enerugī jukyū shisutemu no gijutsu kaihatsu: Itaku gyōmu seika hōkokusho. [Tōkyō-to Kōtō-ku]: Takenaka Kōmuten, 2014.

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Build your own solar panel. Wheelock, VT: Wheelock Mountain Publications, 2000.

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Zimmermann, Josef Ludwig. Eine Methodik zur Gestaltung berührungslos arbeitender Handhabungssysteme. München: Herbert Utz Verlag, 2011.

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Späh, Richard. Herstellung und Charakterisierung von Dioden und Solarzellen der Übergangsmetallchalkogenide WSe2, MoSe2, ZrSe3 und ZrS3. Konstanz: Hartung-Gorre, 1986.

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service), ScienceDirect (Online, a cura di. Cu(InGa)Se2 based thin film solar cells. London: Academic, 2009.

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Lin, Ching-Fuh. Organic, inorganic, and hybrid solar cells: Principles and practice. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2012.

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Yamaguchi, Masafumi, e Laurentiu Fara. Advanced solar cell materials, technology, modeling, and simulation. Hershey PA: Engineering Science Reference, 2012.

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Basin, A. S. Poluchenie kremnievykh plastin dli͡a solnechnoĭ ėnergetiki: Metody i tekhnologii. Novosibirsk: In-t teplofiziki SO RAN, 2000.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Solar cells – Design and construction"

Marek, Peter L. "Construction of Solar Cells". In Springer Theses, 117–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00636-9_6.

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Bainglass, Edan, Sajib K. Barman e Muhammad N. Huda. "Photovoltaic Materials Design by Computational Studies: Metal Sulfides". In Solar Cells, 123–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36354-3_5.

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Barnes, John R. "Batteries, Fuel Cells, and Solar Cells". In Robust Electronic Design Reference Book, 227–68. New York, NY: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-7830-7_13.

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Mil’shtein, Samson, e Dhawal Asthana. "Design of Heterojunction Cascaded Solar Cells". In Harvesting Solar Energy, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93380-7_1.

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Monfort, Olivier, Olivier Monfort, Panagiotis Lianos e Gustav Plesch. "Design of Bismuth Vanadate-Based Materials: New Advanced Photoanodes for Solar Hydrogen Generation". In Photoelectrochemical Solar Cells, 219–49. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119460008.ch6.

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Dimroth, Frank. "III-V Solar Cells - Materials, Multi-Junction Cells - Cell Design and Performance". In Photovoltaic Solar Energy, 371–82. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118927496.ch34.

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Pudasaini, Pushpa Raj, e Arturo A. Ayon. "Design Guidelines for High Efficiency Plasmonics Silicon Solar Cells". In High-Efficiency Solar Cells, 497–514. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01988-8_16.

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Gao, Jiadong, e Changping Guan. "New Concept of Solar Cells Design". In Proceedings of ISES World Congress 2007 (Vol. I – Vol. V), 2491–95. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75997-3_504.

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Adhikary, Prajwal, Jing Li e Qiquan Qiao. "Design Considerations for Efficient and Stable Polymer Solar Cells". In Solar Cell Nanotechnology, 1–40. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118845721.ch1.

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Chatterjee, Aniruddha, e D. P. Hansora. "Fuel Cells: Construction, Design, and Materials". In Organic-Inorganic Composite Polymer Electrolyte Membranes, 399–420. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52739-0_16.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Solar cells – Design and construction"

Barros, Janneth Banegas, Giovanny Quinde e Lorena Eulalia Enderica Izquierdo. "Analysis of housing construction and design techniques considering biosecurity parameters to mitigate the risk of contagation in the context of COVID-19". In PROCEEDINGS OF THE 10TH WORKSHOP ON METALLIZATION AND INTERCONNECTION FOR CRYSTALLINE SILICON SOLAR CELLS. AIP Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0107152.

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Chappell, Ryan D., Michael J. Congdon e Jesse J. French. "Design, Construction, and Testing of a Small Scale Solar Chimney for Nomadic Herdsmen". In ASME 2012 6th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2012-91194.

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The basic solar chimney concept remains largely unchanged since being proposed nearly a century ago. The air inside a collector heats up, and becomes less dense and begins rising toward the center of the collector as the covering is sloped upward towards a centrally located chimney. Heat and air flow increases as it moves toward the chimney. When a turbine is placed in this chimney, electricity can be generated from the air flow. Using previously published research [1] on small scale solar chimneys, the authors designed and fabricated a small scale solar chimney. Performance variables were optimized to achieve peak performance and theoretical electrical output. The solar chimney was designed to achieve low material cost, and minimal maintenance effort without the use of heavy machinery. The solar chimney designed by the authors was constructed and tested for implementation in remote regions where land space is practically unrestricted and electrical power is desired for lighting and communication. The project team conducted an assessment of one likely location for this solar chimney in Northern Mongolia during the summer of 2011. There are nomadic people groups who do not have electrical power but have vast amounts of land at their disposal. The solar chimney is a potential source of electricity for these people groups, as it was also designed to be transportable, lightweight, and inexpensive.

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Winter, Björn Oliver, Lathom Louco, Kelly Kissock, Paul Mariadass e Malcolm Daniels. "Design and Construction of a Solar Thermal Refrigeration System for Patna, India". In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18243.

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This paper describes the design and construction of a solar thermal adsorption refrigerator in Patna, Bihar, India. After a brief description of the local situation and planning prerequisites the reasons for choosing an ethanol based adsorption system are explained. The following sections are focused on the description of the design and the theory behind the system. Lastly, practical aspects that arose during the construction of the first prototype are mentioned.

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Weber, Bernd, Jessica A. Fernández Valdespino, David García, M. Dolores Durán, Iván G. Martínez Cienfuegos e Eduardo Rincón. "Design, Analysis and Construction of a Low Cost Air Heater for Residential Uses". In ASME 2015 9th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2015 Power Conference, the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology, and the ASME 2015 Nuclear Forum. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2015-49236.

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In order to meet global challenges to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the implementation of solar systems for residential purposes is an emergent task. Commonly liquid-based solar systems are used to heat up shower and pool water. More recently space heating systems have become part of sustainable buildings. An alternative could be a solar system that uses air as energy carrier. This study analyses the retrofit of such a system into a 40-year-old building. Starting from the analysis of the energy demand of a selected room, a solar air heater was designed, simulated and evaluated experimentally. The solar efficiency of the constructed collector reached 60%.

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Gonzalez, Antonio, Jonathan Stevens, Miguel Valeriano-Cabrera, Omar Mina-Blanco, Ricardo Aguiar, Nabila Nan Bousaba e Abasifreke Aba Ebong. "Design and Construction of Automated Electroluminescent Imaging System for Solar Cell Series Resistance Analyses". In SoutheastCon 2019. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/southeastcon42311.2019.9020547.

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Azarbayjani, Mona, Valentina Cecchi e Brett Tempest. "Process and Lessons-Learned From an Interdisciplinary Collaboration in the Design and Construction of a Net-Zero Energy Solar House". In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6738.

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This paper reviews the development process of a net-zero-energy modular house, called UrbanEden, which was the UNC-Charlotte entry to the 2013 US Department of Energy Solar Decathlon competition. It reports the collaboration of students and faculty from various colleges and schools at UNC-Charlotte working towards delivering a net-zero energy house for the competition held in October in Irvine California. The study presents the participation of students involved in various phases of schematic design, design development and construction. It also identifies the composition and organization of students through the two-year progress and how it evolved throughout the process. The paper also reviews the curriculum integration in school of Architecture with Engineering. The lessons learned from the process will be discussed.

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Gardner, Wilson, Jin-Soo Kim, Robbie McNaughton, Wes Stein e Daniel Potter. "Mechanical Stress Optimisation in a Directly Illuminated Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Solar Receiver". In ASME 2016 Power Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2016-59664.

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CSIRO is constructing a solar thermal driven high temperature supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) Brayton cycle test facility, which includes an absorber tube based solar receiver, at the CSIRO National Solar Energy Centre in Newcastle, Australia. The sCO2 facility is capable of producing high temperature CO2 at 700° Celsius. In this paper the mechanical challenges of designing a sCO2 solar receiver are presented. The design is an optimization of the impact of having a high thermal gradient through the absorber tube wall as a result of high heat transfer and the effect of containing sCO2 under high pressure inside the absorber tube. The first drives the design toward needing a thin tube wall to reduce the thermal gradient stress, whereas the high pressure drives the absorber tube toward needing a thick wall. It is worth noting that the thermal stress being considered here are those within the tube wall thickness only and not about the effects of thermal expansion along the length. The contradictory nature of these two drivers resulted in an iterative approach to choosing the receiver’s optimal absorber tube size with nine options investigated and compared for optimal mutual design conditions for pipe wall stresses cause by internal pressure and thermal gradient. This led to choosing the smallest available pipe size of 3/8 inch considering the available high heat resistant and high strength materials and conventional construction techniques for seamless pipe. Going to smaller diameters would require eliminating pipe sizes from the selection and restricting the availability to standard tube sizes, and also eliminating the high heat resistant and high strength materials from the selection. The other factor in the design decision was to consider the constructability of an absorber tube based receiver that will allow conventional pipe fit up and welding techniques. Ultimately, the sCO2 operating conditions still produced pipe wall stress high enough to limit the life of the solar receiver in the order of 1,000 hours due to high temperature material creep. This outcome is suitable for short lived experimental work but may not be suitable for commercial long lived projects. Building a commercially viable sCO2 solar receiver would require the selection of costly very high strength and creep resistant materials, or a receiver design that allows economic replacement of parts during the plant life, or the development of alternative receiver designs and construction techniques.

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Zeng, Zheng, Rick Hurt e Robert F. Boehm. "The 2013 University of Nevada Las Vegas Solar Decathlon House: Strategy, Design, Simulation and Results". In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6458.

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The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has posed the challenge to the homebuilding industry to make available cost-effective net-zero energy homes for all Americans by 2030. University of Nevada Las Vegas’s DesertSol was the 2nd place winner in the U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon 2013. This paper identifies the implementation of integrative design during the planning and programming phases of the project, and the ways such practice benefited the team and the contractors. This paper also describes the unique approaches and simulation methods for the whole building design. The team designed a high performance whole building system that dramatically reduced the overall energy loads through careful detailing of the entire building envelope, efficient equipment and lighting, and onsite renewable generation with both solar photovoltaic (PV) and solar thermal systems. Building Information Management (BIM) software was used collaboratively and iteratively among the multi-discipline team throughout the 2 year research, design and build phases. Furthermore, this paper also discusses the optimization of project cost and affordability versus building performance criteria. Each individual system was modeled using specific software or developed codes. NREL’s BEopt was used for identifying the cost-optimal packages for the whole building energy analysis, by inputting discrete parametric options, reflecting realistic construction materials and practices. Data collected during the Solar Decathlon event was a validation that the systems were functional and performed as simulated. Continuing data monitoring of the home at its permanent Las Vegas location will validate the modeled long-term performance of this house.

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Dubey, Swapnil, C. S. Soon, Sin Lih Chin e Leon Lee. "Performance Analysis of Innovative Top Cooling Thermal Photovoltaic (TPV) Modules Under Tropics". In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59075.

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The main focus area of this research paper to efficiently remove the heat generated during conversion of solar energy into electricity using photovoltaic (PV) module. The photovoltaic conversion efficiency of commercial available PV module varies in the range of 8%–20% depending on the type of solar cell materials used for the module construction, e.g. crystalline silicon, thin film, CIGS, organic, etc. During the conversion process, only a small fraction of the incident solar radiation is utilize by PV cells to produce electricity and the remaining is converted into waste heat in the module which causes the PV cell temperature to increase and its efficiency to drop. This thermal energy could be extract using air or water as a heat removal fluid to utilize in heating applications. The purpose of a solar photovoltaic module is to convert solar energy into electricity. The hybrid combination of photovoltaic module and thermal collector called Photovoltaic-thermal (PVT) module. Such PVT module combines a PV, which converts electromagnetic radiation (photons) into electricity, with a solar thermal module, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. Cooling of cells either by natural or forced circulation can reduce the PV cell temperature. The simultaneous cooling of the PV cells maintains their PV efficiency at a satisfactory level and offers a better way of utilizing solar energy by generating thermal energy as well. PVT system has higher overall efficiency as compared to separate PV and thermal collector. The heat output of a PVT module can be used for space heating or production of domestic hot water. This paper presents an innovative design of top cooling Thermal Photovoltaic (T-PV) module and its performance under outdoor weather condition of Singapore. T-PV collector is designed to flow fluid over the top of PV panel through a very narrow gap between the solar lens. This process improves heat removal process from PV panel, and hence, improves the electrical output of PV panel as compared to other PVT collector available in the market. By flowing the water from top of the PV panel will also provide better thermal efficiency. A T-PV collector system with storage tank, sensors, pump, flow meters, data logger and controls, have been installed at test-site located in Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore. Performance analysis of T-PV collector system has been evaluated under the tropical climatic conditions of Singapore. It was found that T-PV module could produce additional electrical power as compared to standard PV panel of same capacity by operating at lower temperature. In addition to electricity, T-PV panel also generate the hot water up to 60 deg C at an average thermal efficiency of 41% for usage in residential and commercial buildings. The average thermal energy output was 3.1 kWh/day on typical day’s basis.

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Golob, Matthew, Sheldon Jeter, Said I. Abdel-Khalik, Dennis Sadowski, Hany Al-Ansary e Abdelrahman Elleathy. "Development and Design Prototype 300 kW-Thermal High-Temperature Particle Heating Concentrator Solar Power System Utilizing Thermal Energy Storage". In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6679.

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The advantages of high temperature central receiver particle heating solar heat supply systems in concentrator solar power (CSP) have been recognized in recent years. The use of particulate as the collection medium provides two critical advantages: (1) Ordinary particulate minerals and products will allow higher collection temperatures approaching 1000°C compared with conventional molten salts, which are limited to around 650°C, and (2) the low cost high temperature particulate material can also be used as the storage medium in a highly cost effective thermal energy storage (TES) system. The high operating temperature allows use of high efficiency power conversion systems such as supercritical steam in a vapor power cycle or supercritical carbon dioxide in a Brayton cycle. Alternatively, a lower cost gas turbine can be used for the power conversion system. High conversion efficiency combined with inexpensive TES will yield a highly cost effective CSP system. The 300 kW-th prototype is being constructed as a solar heat supply system only, deferring the power conversion system for later demonstration in a larger integrated CSP system. This paper describes the general design and development efforts leading to construction of the 300 kW prototype system located in the Riyadh Techno Valley development near King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, which is the first sizeable solar heat supply system purposely designed, and constructed as a particle heating system. An important component in a particle heating system is the particle heating receiver (PHR), which should be durable and efficient while remaining cost-effective. A critical enabling technology of the PHR being implemented for this project was invented by researchers on our team. In our version of the PHR, the particulate flows downwards through a porous or mesh structure where the concentrated solar energy is absorbed. The porous structure will reduce the speed of the falling particulate material allowing a large temperature rise on a single pass. The new design will also increase the absorption of solar energy and mitigate convective heat loss and particle loss. Other innovative aspects of this design include low cost thermal energy storage bins and a cost effective particle to working fluid heat exchanger. Certain features of these design elements are subjects of ongoing patent applications. Nevertheless, the overall design and the development process of the prototype system is presented in this paper.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Solar cells – Design and construction"

Kweon, K. Construction of Solar Cells from Colloidal Nanocrystals through Electrophoretic Deposition. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), ottobre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1572619.

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Rohatgi, A., S. Ringel e A. Smith. Research on design and fabrication of high-efficiency solar cells. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6973690.

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Himpsel, Franz J. Design of Molecular Solar Cells via Feedback from Soft X-ray Spectroscopy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), giugno 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1184334.

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Katzman, Daniel B. Design and Optimization of Copper Indium Gallium Selenide Thin Film Solar Cells. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1009063.

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Aldrich, Robb. Wisdom Way Solar Village: Design, Construction, and Analysis of a Low Energy Community. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1219751.

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Aldrich, R. Wisdom Way Solar Village: Design, Construction, and Analysis of a Low Energy Community. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1050129.

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Long, R. C. The design, construction, and monitoring of photovoltaic power system and solar thermal system on the Georgia Institute of Technology Aquatic Center. Volume 1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/656880.

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Aspuru-Guzik, Alan. Towards 3rd generation organic tandem solar cells with 20% efficiency: Accelerated discovery and rational design of carbon-based photovoltaic materials through massive distributed volunteer computing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), novembre 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1330957.

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Brown Horowitz, Sigal, Eric L. Davis e Axel Elling. Dissecting interactions between root-knot nematode effectors and lipid signaling involved in plant defense. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7598167.bard.

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Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogynespp., are extremely destructive pathogens with a cosmopolitan distribution and a host range that affects most crops. Safety and environmental concerns related to the toxicity of nematicides along with a lack of natural resistance sources threaten most crops in Israel and the U.S. This emphasizes the need to identify genes and signal mechanisms that could provide novel nematode control tactics and resistance breeding targets. The sedentary root-knot nematode (RKN) Meloidogynespp. secrete effectors in a spatial and temporal manner to interfere with and mimic multiple physiological and morphological mechanisms, leading to modifications and reprogramming of the host cells' functions, resulted in construction and maintenance of nematodes' feeding sites. For successful parasitism, many effectors act as immunomodulators, aimed to manipulate and suppress immune defense signaling triggered upon nematode invasion. Plant development and defense rely mainly on hormone regulation. Herein, a metabolomic profiling of oxylipins and hormones composition of tomato roots were performed using LC-MS/MS, indicating a fluctuation in oxylipins profile in a compatible interaction. Moreover, further attention was given to uncover the implication of WRKYs transcription factors in regulating nematode development. In addition, in order to identify genes that might interact with the lipidomic defense pathway induced by oxylipins, a RNAseq was performed by exposing M. javanicasecond-stage juveniles to tomato protoplast, 9-HOT and 13-KOD oxylipins. This transcriptome generated a total of 4682 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Being interested in effectors, we seek for DEGs carrying a predicted secretion signal peptide. Among the DEGs including signal peptide, several had homology with known effectors in other nematode species, other unknown potentially secreted proteins may have a role as root-knot nematodes' effectors which might interact with lipid signaling. The molecular interaction of LOX proteins with the Cyst nematode effectors illustrate the nematode strategy in manipulating plant lipid signals. The function of several other effectors in manipulating plant defense signals, as well as lipids signals, weakening cell walls, attenuating feeding site function and development are still being studied in depth for several novel effectors. As direct outcome of this project, the accumulating findings will be utilized to improve our understanding of the mechanisms governing critical life-cycle phases of the parasitic M. incognita RKN, thereby facilitating design of effective controls based on perturbation of nematode behavior—without producing harmful side effects. The knowledge from this study will promote genome editing strategies aimed at developing nematode resistance in tomato and other nematode-susceptible crop species in Israel and the United States.

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Ficht, Thomas, Gary Splitter, Menachem Banai e Menachem Davidson. Characterization of B. Melinensis REV 1 Attenuated Mutants. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580667.bard.

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Brucella Mutagenesis (TAMU) The working hypothesis for this study was that survival of Brucella vaccines was directly related to their persistence in the host. This premise is based on previously published work detailing the survival of the currently employed vaccine strains S19 and Rev 1. The approach employed signature-tagged mutagenesis to construct mutants interrupted in individual genes, and the mouse model to identify mutants with attenuated virulence/survival. Intracellular survival in macrophages is the key to both reproductive disease in ruminants and reticuloendothelial disease observed in most other species. Therefore, the mouse model permitted selection of mutants of reduced intracellular survival that would limit their ability to cause reproductive disease in ruminants. Several classes of mutants were expected. Colonization/invasion requires gene products that enhance host-agent interaction or increase resistance to antibacterial activity in macrophages. The establishment of chronic infection requires gene products necessary for intracellular bacterial growth. Maintenance of chronic infection requires gene products that sustain a low-level metabolism during periods characterized little or no growth (1, 2). Of these mutants, the latter group was of greatest interest with regard to our originally stated premise. However, the results obtained do not necessarily support a simplistic model of vaccine efficacy, i.e., long-survival of vaccine strains provides better immunity. Our conclusion can only be that optimal vaccines will only be developed with a thorough understanding of host agent interaction, and will be preferable to the use of fortuitous isolates of unknown genetic background. Each mutant could be distinguished from among a group of mutants by PCR amplification of the signature tag (5). This approach permitted infection of mice with pools of different mutants (including the parental wild-type as a control) and identified 40 mutants with apparently defective survival characteristics that were tentatively assigned to three distinct classes or groups. Group I (n=13) contained organisms that exhibited reduced survival at two weeks post-infection. Organisms in this group were recovered at normal levels by eight weeks and were not studied further, since they may persist in the host. Group II (n=11) contained organisms that were reduced by 2 weeks post infection and remained at reduced levels at eight weeks post-infection. Group III (n=16) contained mutants that were normal at two weeks, but recovered at reduced levels at eight weeks. A subset of these mutants (n= 15) was confirmed to be attenuated in mixed infections (1:1) with the parental wild-type. One of these mutants was eliminated from consideration due to a reduced growth rate in vitro that may account for its apparent growth defect in the mouse model. Although the original plan involved construction of the mutant bank in B. melitensis Rev 1 the low transformability of this strain, prevented accumulation of the necessary number of mutants. In addition, the probability that Rev 1 already carries one genetic defect increases the likelihood that a second defect will severely compromise the survival of this organism. Once key genes have been identified, it is relatively easy to prepare the appropriate genetic constructs (knockouts) lacking these genes in B. melitensis Rev 1 or any other genetic background. The construction of "designer" vaccines is expected to improve immune protection resulting from minor sequence variation corresponding to geographically distinct isolates or to design vaccines for use in specific hosts. A.2 Mouse Model of Brucella Infection (UWISC) Interferon regulatory factor-1-deficient (IRF-1-/- mice have diverse immunodeficient phenotypes that are necessary for conferring proper immune protection to intracellular bacterial infection, such as a 90% reduction of CD8+ T cells, functionally impaired NK cells, as well as a deficiency in iNOS and IL-12p40 induction. Interestingly, IRF-1-/- mice infected with diverse Brucella abortus strains reacted differently in a death and survival manner depending on the dose of injection and the level of virulence. Notably, 50% of IRF-1-/- mice intraperitoneally infected with a sublethal dose in C57BL/6 mice, i.e., 5 x 105 CFU of virulent S2308 or the attenuated vaccine S19, died at 10 and 20 days post-infection, respectively. Interestingly, the same dose of RB51, an attenuated new vaccine strain, did not induce the death of IRF-1-/- mice for the 4 weeks of infection. IRF-1-/- mice infected with four more other genetically manipulated S2308 mutants at 5 x 105 CFU also reacted in a death or survival manner depending on the level of virulence. Splenic CFU from C57BL/6 mice infected with 5 x 105 CFU of S2308, S19, or RB51, as well as four different S2308 mutants supports the finding that reduced virulence correlates with survival Of IRF-1-/- mice. Therefore, these results suggest that IRF-1 regulation of multi-gene transcription plays a crucial role in controlling B. abortus infection, and IRF-1 mice could be used as an animal model to determine the degree of B. abortus virulence by examining death or survival. A3 Diagnostic Tests for Detection of B. melitensis Rev 1 (Kimron) In this project we developed an effective PCR tool that can distinguish between Rev1 field isolates and B. melitensis virulent field strains. This has allowed, for the first time, to monitor epidemiological outbreaks of Rev1 infection in vaccinated flocks and to clearly demonstrate horizontal transfer of the strain from vaccinated ewes to unvaccinated ones. Moreover, two human isolates were characterized as Rev1 isolates implying the risk of use of improperly controlled lots of the vaccine in the national campaign. Since atypical B. melitensis biotype 1 strains have been characterized in Israel, the PCR technique has unequivocally demonstrated that strain Rev1 has not diverted into a virulent mutant. In addition, we could demonstrate that very likely a new prototype biotype 1 strain has evolved in the Middle East compared to the classical strain 16M. All the Israeli field strains have been shown to differ from strain 16M in the PstI digestion profile of the omp2a gene sequence suggesting that the local strains were possibly developed as a separate branch of B. melitensis. Should this be confirmed these data suggest that the Rev1 vaccine may not be an optimal vaccine strain for the Israeli flocks as it shares the same omp2 PstI digestion profile as strain 16M.

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