Articoli di riviste: "Soilihi"

1

Jones, Nick. "Soiling". Early Years Educator 2, n. 3 (luglio 2000): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/eyed.2000.2.3.15506.

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L., Sahana, Naveen Kumaar, Hans Peter Waldl, Prasun Kumar Das, Karthik Ramanathan, K. Balaraman e Indradip Mitra. "Impact of Soiling on Energy Yield of Solar PV Power Plant and Developing Soiling Correction Factor for Solar PV Power Forecasting". European Journal of Energy Research 1, n. 2 (14 luglio 2021): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejenergy.2021.1.2.7.

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Across the world, the geographical conditions are varied, and the characteristics of dust depend on the local environmental conditions. The solar power generators must incorporate the soiling losses in their estimation for power output and therefore a methodology was developed to estimate the soiling correction factor. After extensive research, a comprehensive review was presented on the effect of soiling on performance of PV plants along with case studies of soiling experiments around the world. A soiling experiment was designed to develop the soiling correction factor. A methodology to calculate the soiling correction factor, which can be implemented in any location, was developed by analyzing the data from the soiling experiment. The effect of rainfall, humidity and wind on soiling was analyzed and documented. The performance of one 20 kWp PV plant was monitored to study the effect of weather-related parameters on the performance. The soiling correction factor varied from -1.36% to 3.67% during the period between June 2018 and June 2019 in Chennai. It was observed that the average PV conversion efficiency of the 20-kW plant was 11.75% and the average PR was 75%. It was observed that the correlation between module temperature and DC power; between humidity and DC power; between GTI and DC power varied every month. The soiling factor developed could be incorporated into the short-term day ahead solar forecasting model. The developed methodology could be applied at the any large-scale solar power plant around the world for yield assessment, designing as well as operational forecasting purposes.

3

Sanz Saiz, Carlos, Jesús Polo Martínez e Nuria Martín Chivelet. "Influence of Pollen on Solar Photovoltaic Energy: Literature Review and Experimental Testing with Pollen". Applied Sciences 10, n. 14 (9 luglio 2020): 4733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144733.

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This work attempts to shed some light on the impact of organic soiling due to pollen on solar photovoltaic (PV) power generation. Apart from introducing several soiling-related pollen features, the previous works reporting soiling by pollen have been reviewed. Local observations from late winter to early spring showed that a rooftop PV system experienced both uniform and non-uniform soiling issues, which were mainly caused by pollen from nearby cypress specimens. In addition, this work publishes preliminary results regarding an artificial soiling test performed with pollen. In this test, soda lime float glass coupons were artificially soiled with fresh cypress pollen. A linear relationship was found between the pollen mass density (ρA) and the glass averaged transmittance (TAVE) for values up to 9.1 g/m2. In comparison with other artificial soiling tests performed with different soiling agents, the transmittance loss caused by pollen cypress deposition was relatively high and spectrally selective.

4

M. S. Pendke, P. Deshmukh, W. N. Narkhede B. W. Bhuibhar e M. Bhosle U. M. Khodke. "Studies on Effect of Sub-Soiling on Runoff, Soil loss and Soybean Yield Potential under Rainfed Condition". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 10, n. 12 (10 dicembre 2021): 147–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2021.1012.016.

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Marathwada region of Maharashtra state is basically a rainfed region. Soybean is a major crop grown particularly in kharif season. The monsoon behavior has become very uncertain during recent past. The rainfall, its uneven distribution and prolonged dry spells during kharif season affect the crop productivity particularly in Marathwada region. Therefore, effective management of rainwater for its in-situ conservation is the key point for sustaining productivity. Sub-soiling may be one of the technique for reducing runoff and soil loss and to increase the grain yield. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to study the effect of sub soiling on runoff and soil loss and also to increase the crop yield. It is concluded that subsoiling in alternate year or every year with horizontal spacing of 1.5 m or 2.0 m is found suitable with respect to yield advantage and reduction in runoff and soil loss. The minimum runoff and soil loss were observed under sub soiling at every year followed in sub soiling in alternate year whereas maximum runoff and soil loss were observed in sub soiling in once in three year. Among sub soiling spacing treatments, minimum runoff and soil loss were observed in sub soiling at 1.5 m spacing and sub soiling at 2.0 m spacing whereas maximum runoff and soil loss were observed in subs soiling at 3.0 m spacing.

5

Mohammad Didarul Islam, MD Aminul Islam e M. Ryyan Khan. "Effect of non-uniform soiling on solar panel output and revenue analyzed through controlled experiment". MIST INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 10 (29 dicembre 2022): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.47981/j.mijst.10(03)2022.346(21-28).

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Non-uniform soiling drastically decreases the power generation of PV panels. Different events are responsible for the non-uniform soiling on PV panels for example bird droppings, sand storms, or snowfall. In this study, we have achieved multiple-goals for analyzing the effect of non-uniform soiling on a PV module output. We also analyzed the revenue losses due to the non-uniform soiling in a PV power plant. Firstly, for observing the effect of non-uniform soiling an I-V scanner has been designed. Secondly, the designed I-V scanner has been used to observe the changes in the I-V characteristics curve of PV panels due to non-uniform soiling and shading conditions. In this study, we have conducted various controlled experiments by providing different shading conditions on the PV panel and observing the I-V curve changes. A correlation has been done with the various shadowing conditions like the bottom edge soiling condition of PV panels or bird-dropping. In a PV power plant, non-uniform soiling may occur at the edge of PV panels after cleaning intervention. Considering these scenarios, we have done an economic analysis for determining the effect of non-uniform soiling on the revenue of PV power plants. Finally, the relations between the cleaning cycle, performance loss factor, and solar cell area coverage with respect to revenue have been also discussed in this article.

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Geuder, N., e V. Quaschning. "Soiling of irradiation sensors and methods for soiling correction". Solar Energy 80, n. 11 (novembre 2006): 1402–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2006.06.001.

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7

Partin, John C., Susan K. Hamill, Janet E. Fischel e Jacqueline S. Partin. "Painful Defecation and Fecal Soiling in Children". Pediatrics 89, n. 6 (1 giugno 1992): 1007–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.89.6.1007.

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Fecal soiling is a common complaint among school-age children. The fecal soiling is often accompanied by chronic constipation and so-called "idiopathic," "functional," or "psychogenic" megacolon, the cause of which is undetermined. The records of all children presenting to a pediatric gastroenterology clinic between 1981 and 1990 with difficult defecation were reviewed to determine the incidence of painful defecation and its relationship to chronic impaction and fecal soiling. There were 227 children; 74 were younger than 36 months of age and 153 were older than 36 months. Of the younger children, 86% presented with pain, 71% with impaction, and 97% with severe withholding. The younger children had painful defecation for a mean of 14 ± 9 (SD) months before presentation. Of the older children, 85% presented with fecal soiling, 57% with pain, and 73% with fecal impaction, and 96% exhibited withholding the older children had difficult defecation for a mean of 56 ± 42 months before presentation. Sixty-three percent of the children presenting with fecal soiling had a history of painful defecation beginning before 36 months of age. Painful defecation frequently precedes chronic fecal impaction and fecal soiling in American children. Early, effective treatment of painful defecation in infancy might reduce the incidence of chronic fecal impaction and fecal soiling in school-age children.

8

Hirohata, Takuya, Yasuyuki Ota e Kensuke Nishioka. "Effect of Anti-Soiling Coating on Performance of Fresnel Lens for Concentrator Photovoltaic Module". Applied Mechanics and Materials 372 (agosto 2013): 575–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.372.575.

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If the optical collector surfaces in concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems are soiled, a significant proportion of sunlight is scattered and definitively lost because the scattered rays cannot be focused onto the solar cell. In this study, we studied the influence of soiling on poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) substrates with and without super-hydrophilicity anti-soiling layer. After 5 months, the reduction rate of transmittance for the sample without anti-soiling coat was 7.1%. In contrast, that for the sample with anti-soiling coat could be suppressed to 4.2%. Moreover, the relationship between wind speed and accumulation of dust was discussed.

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Diniz, Antonia Sônia A. C., Tulio P. Duarte, Suellen A. C. Costa, Daniel Sena Braga, Vinicius Camatta Santana e Lawrence L. Kazmerski. "Soiling Spectral and Module Temperature Effects: Comparisons of Competing Operating Parameters for Four Commercial PV Module Technologies". Energies 15, n. 15 (27 luglio 2022): 5415. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15155415.

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The choice of a particular PV technology for best performance is sometimes based upon a single factor or single operating condition. However, many parameters have functionalities that oppose each under actual operating conditions. In this paper, the comparisons of different PV module technologies under moderate environmental conditions (Tropical Climate Zone, Belo Horizonte, Brazil) are explored based upon the two competing parameters of soiling-layer spectral effects and panel operating temperature. Specifically, low-bandgap PV technologies (e.g., Si or Cu(In,Ga)(SSe)2) are reported to have performances less affected by the absorption of incoming sunlight than higher-bandgap absorbers (e.g., a-Si:H or CdTe). However, the opposite is true for operating temperatures, with higher bandgaps having advantages under higher-temperature operating conditions. We present a simple comparative soiling-temperature model with experimental collaborative data to address the following question: What is the controlling parameter of the combination of soiling spectral effects and temperature on lower- and higher-bandgap module technologies? Temperature coefficients are measured for groups of modules for the four technologies having bandgaps ranging from 1.1 to 1.7 eV. Additional optical absorption for the soiling layers in the range of 300 nm to ~600 nm is confirmed by transmission measurements. The data from our soiling monitoring stations indicate that these potential spectral effects are based on consistent differences in soiling ratios and soiling rates. Some differences between the model predications and experimental observations are discussed. This paper reports temperature and soiling regions of “best-of-class” performances for these four commercial PV technologies in this climate region based upon the two competing parameters.

10

Loening-Baucke, Vera. "ENCOPRESIS AND SOILING". Pediatric Clinics of North America 43, n. 1 (febbraio 1996): 279–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0031-3955(05)70406-5.

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11

Sebina, Tiro. "Soiling Cultural Studies". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 7, n. 3-4 (2008): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156914908x370728.

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AbstractThis paper takes its cue from Leon Trotsky's formulation in Literature and Revolution that "Culture feeds on the sap of economics, and a material surplus is necessary, so that culture may grow, develop and become subtle" (Trotsky (1925) 1991:46). The discussion seeks to put Cultural Studies in its proper place by focusing on its materialist beginnings. The central concern of this deliberation is to underline the efficacy of insights proffered by materialist analyses of culture and cultural formations.

12

Vumbugwa, M., J. L. Crozier McCleland, E. E. Van Dyk, F. J. Vorster e T. J. Serameng. "Effects of current mismatch due to uneven soiling on the performance of multi-crystalline silicon module strings". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 31, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2020/v31i1a7571.

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Photovoltaic (PV) module operation is critical in PV systems for optimum generation of electrical power. Modules installed in the field suffer uneven soiling caused by bird droppings and dust build-up on their front surface. This study investigated the impact of partial shading caused by non-uniform soiling on the electrical characteristics of multi-crystalline silicon (mc-Si) modules and strings, and compared this with simulated I-V parameters. Light and heavy uneven soiling on mc-Si solar cells resulted in current mismatch which can be simulated. The effects of partial soiling on the I-V characteristics of mc-Si module strings were experimentally measured and agreed with the simulated results.

13

Chiteka, K., R. Arora, S. N. Sridhara e C. C. Enweremadu. "Cleaning cycle optimisation in non-tracking ground mounted solar PV systems using Particle Swarm Optimisation". International Journal for Simulation and Multidisciplinary Design Optimization 11 (2020): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/smdo/2020004.

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The effect of installation azimuth angle in the optimization of the cleaning cycle of a solar photovoltaic plant was experimentally investigated in this study. The optimum cleaning cycle was determined using Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm cognizance of the fact that different orientations have different soiling rates. Soiling rates on three different azimuth configurations were experimentally investigated and an exponential soiling loss model was developed for each configuration for use in the optimization problem. Azimuth angle differences of ±12.5% were found to have a significant influence on soiling of as much as 28.29% for the selected location. The North of North West configuration was found to be optimal as opposed to the generally accepted North configuration for maximum energy generation at a minimum cost of energy. This configuration generated 0.87% more energy at unit energy cost of $0.093 compared to the North configuration which had a minimum cost of $0.113. The optimized cleaning cycles were 35 days for the optimal configuration while the North configuration had an optimized cleaning cycle of 28 days. A 17.7% difference in the cost of energy was recorded due the influence of soiling. The study revealed that for minimizing the unit energy cost, it is necessary to take into effect the influence of soiling.

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Brahma, Honey, Shraiya Pant, Leonardo Micheli, Greg P. Smestad e Nabin Sarmah. "Effect of Environmental Factors on Photovoltaic Soiling: Experimental and Statistical Analysis". Energies 16, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2022): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010045.

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Soiling significantly impacts PV systems’ performance, but this can be mitigated through optimized frequency and timing of cleaning. This experimental study focused on the conditions leading to soiling. It utilized a novel method to evaluate the effectiveness of different cleaning frequencies. The transmittance of horizontally mounted glass coupons exposed outdoors in a warm and humid location was measured weekly and these measurements were used (i) to evaluate the variability of soiling and its seasonal correlations with environmental factors using linear regression models and (ii) to assess the effectiveness of the different cleaning cycles using statistical (F- and t-test) analysis. The minimum transmittance loss occurred during the season with the most frequent rainfall, which acted as the dominant natural cleaning agent. The experimental campaign showed that rainfalls do not completely clean soiling; a minimum intensity threshold has to be achieved to have a cleaning effect. The threshold rainfall was the highest for the weekly cleaned glass coupon and lowest for a coupon that was never cleaned. Based on the statistical analysis, it is suggested that weekly cleanings during winter and post-monsoon seasons and monthly cleanings during pre-monsoon and southwest monsoon seasons are optimal for areas in the Köppen–Geiger Cwa climate classification category. The correlation between soiling and environmental parameters was found to be highly dependent on the season. It may therefore not be possible to develop a simple, universal predictive relationship for soiling losses. The presented methodology is applicable to additional locations, even outside of the study area of India, to contribute to the understanding and mitigation of soiling.

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Aïssa, Brahim, Rima J. Isaifan, Benjamin W. Figgis, Amir A. Abdallah, Dunia Bachour, Daniel Perez-Astudillo, Antonio Sanfilippo, Juan Lopez-Garcia e Veronica Bermudez Benito. "A Comprehensive Review of a Decade of Field PV Soiling Assessment in QEERI’s Outdoor Test Facility in Qatar: Learned Lessons and Recommendations". Energies 16, n. 13 (7 luglio 2023): 5224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16135224.

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Soiling of photovoltaic (PV) modules is a major issue due to its critical impact on PV performance and reliability, especially in the desert and arid regions such as the state of Qatar. Soiling frequently results in a severe reduction in PV power generation, which drastically affects the economical profitability of the PV plant, and therefore, must be mitigated. The most common way of mitigating PV soiling is surface cleaning. However, the latter could consequently increase the associated operation and maintenance (O&M) cost of the PV site. However, previous studies indicated that even if the best-optimized cleaning schemes are used, the actual global solar-power production can still be reduced by about 4%, which is associated with at least EUR 5 billion in annual revenue losses worldwide. This loss is expected to reach a conservative value of EUR 7 billion in 2023. Accordingly, investigating the interplayed physics phenomena related to the various soiling processes, the site-specific O&M costs, along with a techno-economical assessment of state-of-the-art soiling mitigation strategies (including innovative anti-soiling coating materials) is of paramount importance. The goal of this comprehensive report is to provide the solar community at large, and those focusing on the desert environment in particular, with real field measurements that provide key findings and challenges in addressing soiling research obtained from multiyear testing at the Outdoor Test Facility (OTF) field station, located in the desert environment of the city of Doha, in the state of Qatar.

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Sueto, Tsuyoshi, e Kensuke Nishioka. "Effect of Photocatalytic Coating on Concentrator Photovoltaic Module". Advanced Materials Research 747 (agosto 2013): 337–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.747.337.

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The anti-soiling layer was coated on the surface of Fresnel lens for concentrator photovoltaic. The anti-soiling layer was prepared by coating the acrylic urethane capping layer, the inorganic/organic nanograded intermediate layer, and the photocatalytic surface layer including modified WO3 and partial hydrolyzed tetraethyl orthosilicate. The adherent sand for the sample without coating was 0.023 g and that for the sample with coating was 0.008 g. The adhesion of sand was suppressed owing to the effect of the anti-soiling coating. The electrostatic potential for the sample without coating was 0.23 kV, and the value was much higher than that for the sample with coating. The electrostatic charge at the surface of sample was suppressed with the anti-soiling coating.

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Wette, Johannes, Aránzazu Fernández-García, Florian Sutter, Francisco Buendía-Martínez, David Argüelles-Arízcun, Itziar Azpitarte e Gema Pérez. "Water Saving in CSP Plants by a Novel Hydrophilic Anti-Soiling Coating for Solar Reflectors". Coatings 9, n. 11 (7 novembre 2019): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110739.

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In this work, results of the outdoor exposure campaign of a newly developed hydrophilic anti-soiling coating for concentrated solar thermal power (CSP) mirrors are presented. The material was exposed for nearly two years under realistic outdoor conditions and the influence of two different cleaning techniques was evaluated. Mirror samples were analyzed during exposure and their reflectance and cleanliness were measured. The performance of the anti-soiling coated mirror samples was compared to conventional uncoated silvered-glass mirrors. The coatings showed appropriate anti-soiling and easy-to-clean behavior, with a mean cleanliness gain of 1 pp and maximum values under strong soiling conditions of up to over 7 pp. Cleanliness of the coated samples stayed higher throughout the whole campaign before and after cleaning, resulting in lower soiling rate compared to the reference material. Taking into account these values and supposing a threshold for cleaning of 96%, the number of cleaning cycles could be decreased by up to 11%. Finally, the coated material showed negligible degradation, not exceeding the degradation detected for the reference material.

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Redondo, Marta, Carlos A. Platero, Antonio Moset, Fernando Rodríguez e Vicente Donate. "Soiling Modelling in Large Grid-Connected PV Plants for Cleaning Optimization". Energies 16, n. 2 (12 gennaio 2023): 904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16020904.

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Soiling of PV modules is an issue causing non-negligible losses on PV power plants, between 3 and 4% of the total energy production. Cleaning is the most common way to mitigate soiling. The impact of the cleaning activity can be significant, both in terms of cost and resources consumption. For these reasons, it is important to monitor and predict soiling profiles and establish an optimal cleaning schedule. Especially in locations where raining is irregular or where desert winds carry a high concentration of particles, it is also important to know how precipitation and dust events affect the soiling ratio. This paper presents a new model based on environmental conditions that helps the decision-making process of the cleaning schedule. The model was validated by the analysis of five large grid-connected PV plants in Spain over two years of operation, with a total power of 200 MW. The comparison between the model and soiling sensors at the five locations was included. Excellent results were achieved, the mean difference between sensors and model being 0.71%.

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Njoku, H. O., K. M. Ifediora, P. A. Ozor e J. M. Dzah. "Typical performance reductions in pv modules subject to soiling in a tropical climate". Nigerian Journal of Technology 39, n. 4 (24 marzo 2021): 1158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v39i4.24.

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Soiling severely hinders the ability of solar photovoltaic (PV) modules to absorb incident solar radiation, causing significant deterioration of module performances. In this study, the thermal profiles and the electrical power outputs of PV modules were evaluated in order to establish the impact of soiling under tropical field conditions. Two case-study PV installations in the Universityof Nigeria were considered. Assessments of the PV systems, undertaken both when soiled and after they had been cleaned, involved the measurement of electrical power outputs and the acquisition of infrared (IR) thermograms. It was found that soiling had noticeable impacts on both module surface temperature distributions and their power outputs. The IR images, which showed spatial distributions of module surface temperatures, revealed the occurrence of hotspots on the modules when soiled. Furthermore, as a result of soiling, up to four-fold declines in module electrical efficiencies were observed. These declines were more significant in theground-mounted PV system at the University Staff Primary School compared to the roofmounted system at the University Energy Research Centre. Simple cleaning of the modules led to the disappearance of hotspots and significant improvements in output, showing that it is an effective means of maintaining PV modules performance and recovering the performance potentials lost due to soiling. Keywords: solar PV, PV soiling, infrared thermography, module failure, PV performance

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Khan, Muhammad Zahid, Ahmed Abuelseoud, Katja Lange, Guido Willers, Mohammed A. Bahattab, Mark Mirza, Hussam Qasem, Volker Naumann, Ralph Gottschalg e Klemens Ilse. "Correlation between laboratory and outdoor soiling experiments with anti-soiling coatings". Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 269 (giugno 2024): 112751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2024.112751.

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Lamb, George E. R. "A New Carpet Soiling Test". Textile Research Journal 62, n. 6 (giugno 1992): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/004051759206200603.

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With the addition of a soil feeder, a laboratory carpet walker has been adapted to provide controlled soiling to evaluate carpet soil resistance. The degree of soiling is measured with a Hunter ColorQuest spectrocolorimeter.

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Babin, Markus, Daniel Álvarez Mira, Yashaswa Surya Aryan, Marina García-Agúndez Blanco, Peter Behrensdorff Poulsen e Sune Thorsteinsson. "Optical Transmission Losses of a TiO2-based Anti-soiling Coating for Use in Outdoor Photovoltaic Applications". Journal of Photocatalysis 2, n. 4 (novembre 2021): 297–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2665976x02666211022150845.

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Background: Soiling can be a major challenge for photovoltaic (PV) installations, depending on their location, as it reduces transmission and can lead to significant losses. Anti-soiling coatings have been demonstrated to reduce soiling losses and thereby increase PV power production. Objective: This article investigates the applicability of a titanium-dioxide-based anti-soiling coating developed by Photocat under the name “ShineOn” for use with PV installations. The main parameter examined is the optical transmission losses, as this directly translates to performance losses during non-soiled operations. Methods: Measurements of transmittance are carried out using both indoor laboratory setups as well as outdoor PV installations, including measurements of the short-circuit current (Isc), incidence angle modifier (IAM) and spectral transmittance. Investigated samples include both full-sized modules and custom-made mini-modules containing a single solar cell. Results: Both indoor and outdoor measurements show minor transmission losses in the range of 0.3 to 0.6 % and negligible effects on the IAM. Additionally, observations indicate that samples should be coated after lamination, as losses for samples coated before lamination are slightly higher. Conclusion: As the transmission losses due to the ShineOn coating are small and no additional angular- dependent losses were observed, the coating is deemed not to be detrimental for PV applications. Proper assessment of the usefulness requires investigations of the anti-soiling properties, for example, through test installations in regions with high soiling rates.

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Surmacki, Adrian. "Natural soiling has a small effect on structurally-based plumage coloration". Animal Biology 61, n. 4 (2011): 441–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157075511x596918.

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AbstractPlumage coloration is an important trait used by birds in mate choice decisions and is often an indicator of social status. The two main types of color-producing mechanisms in feathers are pigment deposition (pigmentary coloration) or the coherent scattering of light reflected from keratin microstructure (structural coloration). External factors acting on the feather surface are also hypothesized to affect structural coloration. Because preening is an energy and time demanding behavior, color variation caused by soiling deposition is generally assumed to strengthen the condition signaling function of plumage coloration. To date, studies using artificial soiling have confirmed those hypotheses. However, information about how natural soiling affects plumage color are still scarce. In this paper, I investigated the effect of natural soiling on structurally-based feather color of blue tits Cyanistes caeruleus. As a method, I applied mechanical cleaning that functionally mimicked natural preening. Removal of soiling caused a decrease of ultraviolet (UV) chroma in males and decrease in brightness in females. According to visual contrast modeling, only changes in brightness should be perceived by birds. Further, more efficient chemical cleaning resulted in a significant increase in brightness in both sexes, presumably due to preen wax removal. These results suggest that the impact of natural feather soiling is not likely to modify structural coloration signaling. One possible explanation is that, under natural conditions, the amount of soil accumulating on feathers is too small to affect coloration.

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Bukarica, Svetlana, Smiljana Marinkovic, Vesna Zrnic-Pekovic, Dusanka Dobanovacki, Vladimir Borisev e Jelena Likic. "Clinical evaluation of fecal continence after posterior sagittal anorectoplasty in anorectal abnormalities". Medical review 57, n. 5-6 (2004): 284–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0406284b.

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Introduction Posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSAKP) was introduced in 1982, by Repa and de Vries, as a new surgical procedure for patients with anorectal malformations. It was supposed to provide better chance for normal fecal continence. Meterial and methods Between 1991 and 2000, 50 patients with anorectal abnormalities underwent PSARP. In 43 patients PSARP was primary operation and in 7 it was a secondary procedure. At the time of study patients were not younger than 3, and not older than 13 years. Patients and their parents were interviewed, and fecal continence was graded as follows: voluntary bowel contractions, soiling less than once a week, soiling more than once a week, daily soiling and constipation. Results Amongst patients who underwent primary surgical correction, 74% had voluntary bowel contractions. Babies with perineal fistula, rectal atresia and stenosis presented with best results in term of voluntary bowel contractions (100%), as with vestibular fistula, ten of eleven patients. Only 18% of patients (atresia without fistula, vestibular fistula and bulbourethral fistula) had soiling. Patients with perineal fistula and rectal atresia and stenosis 40% were totally continent (voluntary bowel movements without soiling). The most frequent sequel was constipation, which appeared in 48%, without coincidence with frequency of soiling. The problem of constipation was surprisingly more frequent in patients with expected better prognosis in fecal continence. Conclusion Although PSARP offers a good esthetic result, only two third of patients have voluntary bowel movements and in about half there exists a problem with constipation, with necessary further treatment.

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Ghosh, S., J. N. Roy e C. Chakraborty. "A model to determine soiling, shading and thermal losses from PV yield data". Clean Energy 6, n. 2 (1 aprile 2022): 1137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac014.

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Abstract Apart from being a clean source of energy, photovoltaic (PV) power plants are also a source of income generation for its investors and lenders. Therefore, mitigation of system losses is crucial for economic operation of PV plants. Combined losses due to soiling, shading and temperature in PV plants go as high as 50%. Much of these losses are unaccounted initially, which can jeopardize the economic viability of PV projects. This paper aims to provide a model to determine losses due to soiling, shading and temperature using quantities like irradiance, cell temperature, DC power and current, which are readily available in PV yield data captured by the remote monitoring system, without involving any additional sensors or equipment. In this study, soiling, shading and thermal losses were calculated using PV yield data obtained from a 30-kWp PV plant located in Kharagpur, India. The results showed soiling and shading losses as high as 25.7% and 9.7%, respectively, in the month of December. Soiling loss was verified by measuring transmittance loss of coupon glasses installed in the vicinity of the plant. Shading loss was verified by shadow simulation using an architectural tool (SketchUp). Array thermal loss obtained using the proposed methodology was found to be in line with the estimated value obtained from PVsyst simulation. Additionally, using time-series data, the energy losses corresponding to soiling, shading and temperature effects were calculated by a numerical-integration technique. The monetary loss due to these energy losses thus obtained provides criteria for deciding when to mitigate the sources of these losses.

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Oehler, Gizelle C., Fabiana Lisco, Farwah Bukhari, Soňa Uličná, Ben Strauss, Kurt L. Barth e John M. Walls. "Testing the Durability of Anti-Soiling Coatings for Solar Cover Glass by Outdoor Exposure in Denmark". Energies 13, n. 2 (7 gennaio 2020): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13020299.

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The presence of soiling on photovoltaic modules reduces light transmission through the front cover glass to the active absorber, thereby reducing efficiency and performance. Current soiling mitigation techniques are expensive and/or ineffective. However, anti-soiling coatings applied to the solar cover glass have the potential to reduce soiling for long periods of time without continuous maintenance. This paper reports the performance of two transparent hydrophobic coatings (A and B) exposed to the outdoor environment of coastal Denmark for 24 weeks. A comparison was made between the performance of coated and uncoated glass coupons, periodically cleaned coupons, and accelerated laboratory tests. Although initial results were promising, water contact angle and transmittance values were found to decline continuously for all coated and uncoated coupons. Surface blisters, film thickness reduction, changes in surface chemistry (fluorine loss), and abrasion damage following cleaning were observed. Coupons cleaned every 4 weeks showed a restoration in transmittance. Cycles of light rainfall and evaporation combined with a humid and salty environment led to cementation occurring on all coupons. The development of an abrasion-resistant, super-hydrophobic coating with a low roll-off angle and high water contact angle is more likely to provide an anti-soiling solution by reducing the build-up of cementation.

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&NA;. "Childhood Constipation and Soiling". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 9, n. 1 (luglio 1989): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198907000-00032.

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&NA;. "Childhood Constipation and Soiling". Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 9, n. 1 (luglio 1989): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005176-198909010-00032.

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Silver, Evril. "Family therapy and soiling". Journal of Family Therapy 18, n. 4 (novembre 1996): 415–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6427.1996.tb00061.x.

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Terrat, Marie-Noëlle, e Robert Joumard. "The measurement of soiling". Science of The Total Environment 93 (aprile 1990): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(90)90101-y.

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Olm, Dale D., e Katherine A. Houpt. "Feline house-soiling problems". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20, n. 3-4 (agosto 1988): 335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-1591(88)90057-3.

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32

Hoffmann, Brian A., Alan E. Timmcke, J. Byron Gathright, Terry C. Hicks, Frank G. Opelka e David E. Beck. "Fecal seepage and soiling". Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 38, n. 7 (luglio 1995): 746–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02048034.

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Leight, Howard S. "Soiling resistant banded earplug". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, n. 3 (settembre 1994): 1948. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410182.

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Radonjic, Ivana, e Tomislav Pavlovic. "Investigation of the energy efficiency of horizontally mounted solar module soiled with CaCo3". Facta universitatis - series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 15, n. 2 (2017): 57–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fupct1702057r.

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Soiling is a term used to describe the deposition of dust (dirt) on solar modules, which reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the solar cells. Deposition of dust on solar modules can make the operation of the entire PV system - more difficult and, therefore, lead to the generation of less electric energy. Soiling of solar modules also influences solar modules parameters (short-circuit current, open-circuit voltage, maximum power, fill factor and efficiency). This paper presents the results of the investigation on the impact different quantities of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) deposition have on the energy efficiency of horizontally mounted solar modules. The short-circuit current, power and efficiency decrease with increasing the mass of CaCO3 deposited on the horizontally mounted solar module. The open-circuit voltage and fill factor very slightly increase with increasing the mass of CaCO3 deposited on the horizontally mounted solar module. Upon soiling with 1 g of calcium carbonate, the solar module efficiency decreased by 4.6% in relation to the clean solar module, upon soiling with 2 g of calcium carbonate it decreased by 6.0%, and upon soiling with 3 g of calcium carbonate it decreased by 12.9% in relation to the clean solar module. It can be concluded that the power and energy efficiency of the solar module decrease due to the increased amount of calcium carbonate.

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Tateo, Alessandra, Claire Ricci-Bonot, Martina Felici, Martina Zappaterra, Leonardo Nanni Costa, Katherine Houpt e Barbara Padalino. "Litter Management Practices and House-Soiling in Italian Cats". Animals 13, n. 14 (22 luglio 2023): 2382. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13142382.

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There are about 10.1 million domestic cats in Italy, but information on cats’ litter management and house-soiling prevalence is scant. This study described cats’ and cat owners’ profiles, litter management practices, and whether cats show house-soiling, also comparing between professionals (i.e., breeders) and amateurs (i.e., pet owners). A cross-sectional online survey sought respondents’ housing, family, and cat details, as well as other pet details, litter details, and whether the cats showed house-soiling. Data for a total of 3106 cats were obtained. Italian cats lived mainly in apartments, along with other cats or dogs. Italians owned mostly adult European breed cats, to whom they provided covered litter boxes filled with clumping substrates, scooped daily, and completely replaced weekly. Litter cleaning was more frequent when cats were owned for financial purposes (i.e., breeders) rather than for companionship, but more space was provided for pets than for breeding cats. The recalled prevalence of elimination problems (16.7%) was lower compared to other studies, with cats mainly eliminating urine (54.6%) on objects in squatting posture (35.2%). Overall, this research increased our understanding of cat litter management in Italy. These findings could fill a gap in the knowledge regarding litter management and house-soiling incidences in Italy. Further studies to investigate possible risk factors for house-soiling are needed.

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Nannoni, Eleonora, André J. A. Aarnink, Herman M. Vermeer, Inonge Reimert, Michaela Fels e Marc B. M. Bracke. "Soiling of Pig Pens: A Review of Eliminative Behaviour". Animals 10, n. 11 (3 novembre 2020): 2025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10112025.

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This is a comprehensive review on the pigs’ normal eliminatory behaviour (i.e., defaecation and urination) and pen soiling. This review is aimed primarily at solving issues with pen soiling in current systems, and ultimately at the future design of a well-functioning pig toilet, which we intend to elaborate on in a subsequent publication. In this paper, first, normal elimination is described in relation to what is known about its phylogeny, ontogeny, causation, and function, i.e., according to Tinbergen’s four why questions concerning animal behaviour. Then, pen soiling is described as if it were a medical disorder, highlighting its importance, aetiology, symptoms, diagnosis, pathogenesis, treatment, and prevention. Due to its negative consequences in terms of animal welfare, health, workload, and environmental emissions, possible methods to address pen soiling in current systems are described. Probably, pigs do not choose a specific place to eliminate but rather choose the most comfortable place for resting, and avoid eliminating there. We identified four main strategies to reduce pen soiling: (1) reducing the suitability of the designated elimination area to be used for other functions, especially resting or thermoregulation; (2) improving the suitability of other functional areas in the pen to be used for their specific function, such as resting and activity; (3) reducing the suitability of other functional areas to be used for elimination; and (4) improving the suitability of the elimination area for elimination. These prevention strategies and the encompassing disease framework provide a structured approach to deal with pen soiling in existing systems and to support the future design, development, and implementation of a well-functioning pig toilet that can help to achieve some of the main goals of modern pig production, namely reducing environmental emissions as well as substantially improving pig welfare.

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Hameed, Mohammed Adnan, David Daßler, Qais Matti Alias, Roland Scheer e Ralph Gottschalg. "Economic Consequences Based on Reversible and Irreversible Degradation of PV Park in the Harsh Climate Conditions of Iraq". Energies 17, n. 11 (30 maggio 2024): 2652. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en17112652.

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Photovoltaic (PV) system reliability and durability investigations are essential for industrial maturity and economic success. Recently, PV systems received much interest in Iraq due to many reasons—for instance, power shortage, global warming and pollution. Despite this interest, the precise economic implications of PV system reliability in harsh climates like Iraq remain uncertain. This work assesses the economic implications of PV system component reliability and soiling in Iraq using field experience and historical data. This study identifies the most common failure modes of PV systems installed in Iraq and similar climatic regions, and also ranks their severity. Simulations explore scenarios of PV module degradation rates, inverter lifetimes, soiling rates, and cleaning intervals, revealing that soiling has the most detrimental effect, with cleaning frequency leading to Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) losses of over 30%, depending on the location. Inverter lifetime contributes to LCOE losses between 4 and 6%, depending on the PV system’s location. This study also evaluates the impact of tilt angle as a mitigation strategy for reducing soiling loss and its economic implications, finding that installing PV modules at higher tilt angles could reduce the economic impact of soiling by approximately 4.4%. Additionally, the optimal cleaning strategy identified is fully automated dry cleaning with robots, outperforming other strategies economically. Overall, the findings highlight that the LCOE in Iraq is relatively high compared to the global weighted average for utility-scale PV systems, primarily due to high soiling and degradation rates. The LCOE varies within the country, influenced by different degradation rates. This study aims to assist PV stakeholders in Iraq and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region in accurately estimating solar bankability; moreover, increasing reliability by minimizing the technical and financial risks by considering key parameters specific to these regions.

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Simal Pérez, Noelia, Joaquín Alonso-Montesinos e Francisco Javier Batlles. "Estimation of Soiling Losses from an Experimental Photovoltaic Plant Using Artificial Intelligence Techniques". Applied Sciences 11, n. 4 (8 febbraio 2021): 1516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041516.

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Fossil fuels and their use to generate energy have multiple disadvantages, with renewable energies being presented as an alternative to this situation. Among them is photovoltaic solar energy, which requires solar installations that are capable of producing energy in an optimal way. These installations will have specific characteristics according to their location and meteorological variables of the place, one of these factors being soiling. Soiling generates energy losses, diminishing the plant’s performance, making it difficult to estimate the losses due to deposited soiling and to measure the amount of soiling if it is not done using very economically expensive devices, such as high-performance particle counters. In this work, these losses have been estimated with artificial intelligence techniques, using meteorological variables, commonly measured in a plant of these characteristics. The study consists of two tests, depending on whether or not the short circuit current (Isc) has been included, obtaining a maximum normalized root mean square error (nRMSE) lower than 7%, a correlation coefficient (R) higher than 0.9, as well as a practically zero normalized mean bias error (nMBE).

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Rosalina, Ina, e Sjarif Hidayat. "Konstipasi dan Faktor Risikonya pada Sindrom Down". Sari Pediatri 6, n. 1 (6 dicembre 2016): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.14238/sp6.1.2004.10-5.

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Konstipasi adalah keterlambatan atau kesulitan buang air besar yang terjadi 1 sampai 2kali per minggu atau lebih dari 3 hari secara berturut-turut. Angka kejadian konstipasipada anak bervariasi antara 2-20%, pada umumnya merupakan suatu gejala dari penyakit.Kegagalan dalam proses defekasi merupakan penyebab utama dari konstipasi dan hipotonimerupakan salah satu keadaan yang mengakibatkan terjadinya konstipasi tersebut.Sindrom Down merupakan kelainan kromosom yang dapat mengakibatkan terjadinyahipotoni pada seluruh sistem muskuloskeletal termasuk pada saluran cerna. Penelitianini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase sindrom Down yang menderita konstipasidan hubungan dengan faktor risikonya. Diagnosis sindrom Down ditegakkan berdasarkanpemeriksaan genetik di rumah sakit Hasan Sadikin, dibagi dalam tipe aberasi penuh dantipe mosaik. Pada subyek diberikan kuesioner terstruktur yang berisi pertanyaan yangberhubungan dengan konstipasi dan faktor risikonya, 50 kuesioner kembali ke peneliti.Subyek berusia 3 - 10 tahun ( 27 wanita dan 23 pria), konstipasi ditemukan pada 32%.Aberasi penuh lebih banyak yang menderita konstipasi (35%) dibanding dengan mosaik(25%). Encopresis ditemukan pada 30% pasien sedangkan soiling pada 26% pasien.Baik encopresis maupun soiling lebih banyak ditemukan pada tipe mosaik ( 58,5%;38%) dibanding aberasi penuh ( 26,7% ; 25%). Nyeri perut dan nyeri saat buang airbesar berhubungan dengan kejadian konstipasi (r:0,5, p:0,002 ; r:0,56, p:0,002). Aktifitasberlebihan dan soiling berhubungan dengan kejadian encopresis (r: 0.49, p:0,001; r:0,44,p:0,005). Gangguan saluran kemih dan pemakaian obat obatan berhubungan dengankejadian soiling (r: 0,38, p: 0,02; r:0,32, p:0,04). Kesimpulan, hampir setengah darisindrom Down mengalami konstipasi, encopresis dan soiling; sedangkan tidak jelas faktorrisiko mempengaruhi terjadinya konstipasi pada anak sindrom Down.

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Zhou, Jicheng, Li Yu, Ayipaiyili Yuetikuer, Linzhao Hao e Bingchun Jiang. "Comparative Analysis of Edge Soiling Resilience: Full-Cell vs. Half-Cell Photovoltaic Modules in Different Mounting Orientations". Journal of Engineering 2023 (2 novembre 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5572523.

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The performance of distributed PV systems is often hindered by edge soiling, mainly due to the challenges associated with centralized cleaning. In recent years, half-cell modules have gained popularity over conventional full-cell modules due to their potential for improved performance. However, limited research has been conducted to compare the effects of edge soiling on full-cell and half-cell modules, particularly in various mounting orientations. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of methods that integrate simulation and experimentation to analyze the characteristics of shaded PV modules. This study aims to optimize module selection and mounting orientation to mitigate the impact of edge soiling. Simulated models and experimental setups were developed for both full-cell and half-cell modules in both landscape and portrait orientations. The results reveal that the degree of shading correlates with the ratio of shaded substrings within a module. In addition, module performance can be significantly enhanced by altering the mounting orientation. Specifically, the findings demonstrate that half-cell modules outperform full-cell modules when mounted in the portrait orientation. However, in the landscape orientation, the advantage of half-cell modules diminishes. Remarkably, the choice of mounting orientation is found to be contingent on the severity of edge soiling for half-cell modules. This work significantly contributes to the understanding of shading effects in PV systems and offers practical guidance for optimizing distributed PV systems against edge soiling.

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Hussain, Naveed, Nadia Shahzad, Tanzeela Yousaf, Adeel Waqas, Ahad Hussain Javed, Sheheryar Khan, Majid Ali e Rabia Liaquat. "Designing of homemade soiling station to explore soiling loss effects on PV modules". Solar Energy 225 (settembre 2021): 624–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2021.07.036.

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Jamil, Wan Juzaili, Hasimah Abdul Rahman e Kyairul Azmi Baharin. "Experiment-based Study on the Impact of Soiling on PV System’s Performance". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, n. 2 (1 aprile 2016): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.9606.

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Soiling refers to the accumulation of dust on PV modules which plays a small but significant role in degrading solar photovoltaics system efficiency. Its effect cannot be generalized because the severity is location and environment dependent. Currently, there are limited studies available on the soiling effect in the hot and humid Malaysian tropical climate. This paper presents an experimental-based approach to investigate the effect of soiling on PV module performance in a tropical climate. The experiment involved a full day exposure of a polycrystalline PV module in the outdoors with accelerated artificial dust loading and an indoor experiment for testing variable dust dimensions. The findings show that for the worst case, the module’s output can be reduced by as much as 20%.

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Jamil, Wan Juzaili, Hasimah Abdul Rahman e Kyairul Azmi Baharin. "Experiment-based Study on the Impact of Soiling on PV System’s Performance". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 6, n. 2 (1 aprile 2016): 810. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v6i2.pp810-818.

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Abstract (sommario):

Soiling refers to the accumulation of dust on PV modules which plays a small but significant role in degrading solar photovoltaics system efficiency. Its effect cannot be generalized because the severity is location and environment dependent. Currently, there are limited studies available on the soiling effect in the hot and humid Malaysian tropical climate. This paper presents an experimental-based approach to investigate the effect of soiling on PV module performance in a tropical climate. The experiment involved a full day exposure of a polycrystalline PV module in the outdoors with accelerated artificial dust loading and an indoor experiment for testing variable dust dimensions. The findings show that for the worst case, the module’s output can be reduced by as much as 20%.

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Ka, Eul, Seungeun Go, Minjin Kwak, Jeong-Hun Kim e Aziz Nasridinov. "Solar Power Generation Forecasting via Multimodal Feature Fusion (Student Abstract)". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, n. 21 (24 marzo 2024): 23530–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i21.30459.

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Solar power generation has recently been in the spotlight as global warming continues to worsen. However, two significant problems may hinder solar power generation, considering that solar panels are installed outside. The first is soiling, which accumulates on solar panels, and the second is a decrease in sunlight owing to bad weather. In this paper, we will demonstrate that the solar power generation forecasting can increase when considering soiling and sunlight information. We first introduce a dataset containing images of clean and soiled solar panels, sky images, and weather information. For accurate solar power generation forecasting, we propose a new multimodal model that aggregates various features related to weather, soiling, and sunlight. The experimental results demonstrated the high accuracy of our proposed multimodal model.

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Ritter, Kenneth Ritter, Albert McBride e Terrence Chambers. "Soiling Comparison of Mirror Film and Glass Concentrating Solar Power Reflectors in Southwest Louisiana". Sustainability 13, n. 10 (20 maggio 2021): 5727. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13105727.

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Soiling effects influence the output of solar thermal plants, significantly causing unwanted transmittance, reflectance, and absorbance losses. Research is needed to identify what type of reflective surfaces are best suited for semitropical climates, such as the southeastern United States. This paper initially presents a review of several concentrating solar power (CSP) reflector testbeds used to analyze the soiling effects of various reflective materials. A soiling testbed is developed for this study that comprised six sets of reflective surfaces mounted at a fixed tilt of 30 degrees: three sets of thin-film surfaces and three sets of glass types. Two generations of 3M solar mirror film (SMF), 3M SMF 1100 and 3M SMF 2020, were used along with Konica Minolta SMF, silvered Corning Willow Glass, a dichroic cold mirror, and a standard mirror. Results show that the 3M SMF 2020 and Konica Minolta SMF performed the best during regular cleaning intervals, whereas the silvered Corning Willow Glass gave the best performance if only cleaned naturally. The other glass types showed the least average loss due to soiling throughout this study but gave the lowest performance for specular reflection.

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Yeon, SC, HN Erb e KA Houpt. "A retrospective study of canine house soiling: diagnosis and treatment". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 35, n. 2 (1 marzo 1999): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/15473317-35-2-101.

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A retrospective study was conducted to determine the relative frequency and type of elimination problem seen in dogs at a university referral practice and to evaluate the efficacy of the suggested treatments. Cases presented to the Animal Behavior Clinic at Cornell University between 1987 and 1996 were reviewed. Of 1,173 cases, 105 (9%) were house-soiling cases. Of these cases, the authors obtained outcome information from 70. Within the diagnosis of house soiling, incomplete housebreaking (n=59; 84%) were the most frequent referral cases, of which 48 cases (81%; 95% confidence interval, 69% to 90%) improved. Separation anxiety was considered the second most common underlying cause (n=27; 39%), of which 85% (n=23; 95% confidence interval, 66% to 96%) improved. Behavior modification was the most often suggested treatment (n=58), with 48 (83%) cases improving. Behavior modification consisted of accompanying the dog to the preferred elimination area, rewarding the dog for eliminating there, and punishing the dog only when caught in the act of house soiling. These results suggest that correct house training, behavior modification involving positive reinforcement, and appropriate punishment are essential to diminish house-soiling problems in dogs.

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Soriano, VS, FO Stamm, CA Taconeli e CFM Molento. "To dock or not to dock? Faecal soiling measurement in sheep". Animal Welfare 29, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.1.081.

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Faecal soiling is one of the welfare indicators in the AWIN welfare assessment protocol for sheep (Ovis aries) and is measured by dag scores. Studies on dag scoring for ewes with docked and undocked tails have given rise to contradictory results. The aim of this study was to compare faecal soiling between ewes with docked and undocked tails and evaluate inter-rater reliability for faecal soiling of ewes. This study was conducted on a farm in Southern Brazil and included 66 undocked and 94 docked ewes. Dag score was recorded by three assessors on a scale of 1 to 5. There was no significant difference on faecal soiling for docked compared to undocked ewes and the median dag score was 3 (1–5). Repeatability amongst assessors by intra-class correlation coefficient of dag scores on docked and undocked ewes was 0.49 and 0.40, respectively; however, these repeatabilities showed no significant differences. The modest repeatability between three assessors on dag scoring indicates caution as regards the use of faecal soiling as an indicator and suggests a need for further studies. The best field results may be obtained by increasing the assessment sample to at least 160 ewes or by raising the number of assessors to five to promote better inter-observer repeatability. Results suggest that taildocking did not promote cleanliness on the breech area. Considering the negative impact on welfare, it seems reasonable to reverse the burden of proof and desist from recommending tail-docking in the absence of clear scientific evidence of any benefit.

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Nikolaos D, Papadopoulos, Vourna Paraskevi, Xafakis S e Vourna Polyxeni. "Contemporary considerations of the utility of self-cleaning coatings for solar power installations-The SolarSkin system". Applied Chemistry and Materials Science 1, n. 1 (13 settembre 2023): 001–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17352/acms.000001.

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Soiling of conventional Photovoltaic (PV) modules and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) mirrors significantly affects the efficiency of the system. Although there are several soiling mitigation strategies, none of them has been widely adopted, since effectiveness in real field conditions is often disputed. Anti-soiling coatings are perhaps the most promising solution for solar power projects since they combine low cost and effectiveness. These are broadly categorized into hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Hydrophilic coatings perform better in arid climates, whereas hydrophobic coatings have a wider spectrum of functionality. Most of them however suffer from various drawbacks, such as poor durability and transmittance which restrict the extent of benefits. In addition, there are only a few reliable technologies that can be retrofitted to existing installations. Predicting the efficiency of a given anti-soiling coating in a specific plant is difficult, therefore, the objective of this work was to identify those parameters that are critical to their performance in real outdoor conditions. Focus was given to the drawbacks of current hydrophobic coating systems and the requirements that a modern anti-soiling coating should satisfy in order to be implemented as an effective after-market solution to degraded solar systems. A prominent example of cutting-edge, high-performing self-cleaning technology, i.e. the SolarSkin system developed by BFP Advanced Technologies, is additionally presented. The latter can renovate deteriorated solar collectors, increase the energy yield of the system, and protect it from weathering effects over its expected operational lifecycle. Potential increment of the system’s efficacy as well as maintenance savings are also briefly discussed.

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Goossens, Dirk. "Soiling of Photovoltaic Modules: Size Characterization of the Accumulated Dust". Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 7, n. 3 (maggio 2019): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2019.7.3.505.

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Mauludiyah, Ulin Nuri. "CHALLENGE BOARD SEBAGAI MEDIA UNTUK MENURUNKAN PERILAKU BUANG AIR BESAR DI CELANA (SOILING) PADA ANAK". Jurnal Psikologi TALENTA 5, n. 2 (28 marzo 2020): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.26858/talenta.v5i2.11738.

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The study aims to lower bowel behavior in the pants (soiling) of children. The subject is 9 year old boy. Researchers intervene using the challenge board as a medium to lower the behavior. The Challenge board is a medium that is developed by the rules of the response cost technique. This therapy is preceded by providing explanation to the subject about how to defecate well and correctly. Then proceed by making a deal that the behavior of defecation in the pants (soiling) must be changed, before enters in the stage of completing the given challenges. The method used in research is qualitative with a case study approach. The results of this study show that the use of the Challenge Board is effective to lower bowel behavior in the pants (soiling) on the subject.

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