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1
Pukish, Arsen, Yaroslav Adamenko e Mirela Coman. "PEDOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN TECHNOSOILS". Scientific Bulletin Series D : Mining, Mineral Processing, Non-Ferrous Metallurgy, Geology and Environmental Engineering 32, n. 1 (2018): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37193/sbsd.2018.1.10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article studies the correlation and regression analysis concentration of main ions in the soil. According to the research the empirical equations was received. The obtained dependencies can be used in the analytical studies of soil samples, modeling of salts dissemination in the soil, development of measures for the soil restoration, calculation of the needed amounts of subsidiary chemicals for saline soils restoration.
2
Beylich, Anneke, Hans-Rudolf Oberholzer, Stefan Schrader, Heinrich Höper e Berndt-Michael Wilke. "Evaluation of soil compaction effects on soil biota and soil biological processes in soils". Soil and Tillage Research 109, n. 2 (agosto 2010): 133–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2010.05.010.
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3
Baldrian, P. "Microbial enzyme-catalyzed processes in soils and their analysis". Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 9 (14 ottobre 2009): 370–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/134/2009-pse.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Currently, measuring enzyme activities in soils or other lignocellulose-based materials is technically feasible; this measurement is particularly suitable for evaluating soil processes of biopolymer (cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, chitin and others) degradation by microbes and for assessing cycling and mobilization of principal nutrients including nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. With some considerations, assay methods can provide reliable information on the concentration of enzymes in soil or the rates of enzyme-catalyzed processes. Enzyme analyses in recent studies demonstrated a high level of spatial variability of soil enzyme activity both in depth and in space. The vertical gradients of enzyme activities are most developed in forest soils. Furthermore, enzyme activity in soils is regulated by seasonally-dependent variables such as temperature, moisture and the input of fresh litter. While several enzymes are widely produced by different groups of soil microorganisms, some of them can be used as indicators of the presence or activity of specific microbial taxa.
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Nagare, R. M., P. Bhattacharya, J. Khanna e R. A. Schincariol. "Coupled cellular automata for frozen soil processes". SOIL Discussions 1, n. 1 (21 maggio 2014): 119–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-1-119-2014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Heat and water movement in variably saturated freezing soils is a tightly coupled phenomenon. Strong coupling of water and heat movement in frozen soils moves considerable amounts of water from warmer to colder zones. The coupling is a result of effects of sub-zero temperature on soil water potential, heat carried by water moving under pressure gradients, and dependency of soil thermal and hydraulic properties on soil water content. This makes water and heat movement in variably saturated soils a highly non-linear process in mathematical terms. This study presents a one-dimensional cellular automata (direct solving) model to simulate coupled heat and water transport with phase change in variably saturated soils. The model is based on first order mass and energy conservation principles. The water and energy fluxes are calculated using first order empirical forms of Buckingham–Darcy's law and Fourier's heat law, respectively. The water-ice phase change is handled by integrating along experimentally determined soil freezing curve (unfrozen water content and temperature relationship) obviating the use of apparent heat capacity term. This approach highlights a further subtle form of coupling one in which heat carried by water perturbs the water content – temperature equilibrium and exchange energy flux is used to maintain the equilibrium rather than affect temperature change. The model is successfully tested against analytical and experimental solutions. Setting up a highly non-linear coupled soil physics problem with a physically based approach provides intuitive insights into an otherwise complex phenomenon.
5
Andronov, E. E., E. A. Ivanova, E. V. Pershina, O. V. Orlova, Yu V. Kruglov, A. A. Belimov e I. A. Tikhonovich. "Analysis of soil microbiome indicators in processes of soil formation, organic matter transformation and processes involved with fine regulation of vegetative processes". Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin, n. 80 (1 settembre 2015): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2015-80-83-94.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
At the current stage of soil microbiology development the study of the entire complex of microorganisms inhabiting the soil became possible, which helps finding the optimal combination of factors resulting in the formation of soil fertility as well as the development of stable and stress resistant phytocenosis. Soil metagenome is the largest genetic depository for all purposes, from the soil formation processes - transformation of barren rock into a substrate for plant growth and development, to the temporary adaptations in the short-term interests of the plant. The investigation of genetic potential of soil metagenome and its mobilization are the main goals of this project. Such studies should be comprehensive and solve actual issues: 1) the study of the mechanisms of soil-forming processes and the analysis of the evolution of metagenomes due to the special features of pedogenesis; 2) investigation of microbiome participation in organic residues decomposition and efficient transformation of soil organic matter; 3) screening of the associative plant-protective and growth promoting microorganisms. The object for the analysis of microbiome evolutionary potential in the process of soil formation may be the technogenic dumps resulting from mining operations, which are chronosequences of soils of different ages. Samples of paleosols are also of particular interest in the evolutionary aspect of the analysis of the soil metagenome. The project is expected to reveal a group of soil microorganisms, which take the most active part in the formation of soil fertility and effectively implement growth-stimulating and protective functions for the plant. The data may be of value for both fundamental science and serve as a base for the design of environmentally friendly high-productive phytocenoses based on the use of the adaptive potential of soil microbiota.
6
Nagare, R. M., P. Bhattacharya, J. Khanna e R. A. Schincariol. "Coupled cellular automata for frozen soil processes". SOIL 1, n. 1 (14 gennaio 2015): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-103-2015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Heat and water movement in variably saturated freezing soils is a strongly coupled phenomenon. The coupling is a result of the effects of sub-zero temperature on soil water potential, heat carried by water moving under pressure gradients, and dependency of soil thermal and hydraulic properties on soil water content. This study presents a one-dimensional cellular automata (direct solving) model to simulate coupled heat and water transport with phase change in variably saturated soils. The model is based on first-order mass and energy conservation principles. The water and energy fluxes are calculated using first-order empirical forms of Buckingham–Darcy's law and Fourier's heat law respectively. The liquid–ice phase change is handled by integrating along an experimentally determined soil freezing curve (unfrozen water content and temperature relationship) obviating the use of the apparent heat capacity term. This approach highlights a further subtle form of coupling in which heat carried by water perturbs the water content–temperature equilibrium and exchange energy flux is used to maintain the equilibrium rather than affect the temperature change. The model is successfully tested against analytical and experimental solutions. Setting up a highly non-linear coupled soil physics problem with a physically based approach provides intuitive insights into an otherwise complex phenomenon.
7
Stonehouse, Bernard. "Biological processes in cold soils". Polar Record 35, n. 192 (gennaio 1999): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400026279.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThis paper presents a simple model of processes by which soils develop in polar and high-altitude regions. It reviews influences of seasonal freezing, permafrost, and vegetation on soil formation; discusses recently formulated concepts of disturbance and damage; and draws attention to developments in remediation, especially possibilities for encouraging natural soil regeneration and rehabilitation processes.
8
Lemega, Nadiya. "Degradation processes in the soils of the Kolodnytsia River basin". Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Geography, n. 51 (27 dicembre 2017): 193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vgg.2017.51.8858.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article presents the results of soil degradation studies of the Kolodnytsia River basin. The basin approach is applied in soil-geographical studies. The conditions for the formation of soils are studied depending on the morphometric characteristics of the river basin and soil-bearing rocks. The analysis of the causes of the spread of degradation processes of various species, which cause soil degradation, is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the anthropogenic factor of soil degradation, which began with the development of the territory by white Croats, that is, more than a thousand years ago. To study the degradation processes in the soils of the basin of the Kolodnytsia River, the following methods were used: comparative-geographic, comparative-profile, analytical, statistical, cartographic, basin, and catena. Field studies were conducted in the after-vegetation period. Soil erosion is the most widespread degradation process in the basin of the Kolodnytsia River, which is characterized by the destruction of the soil cover, the removal, transfer and redeposition of the soil mass. Over the past decades, erosion degradation has accelerated and taken on greater dimensions. Erosion degradation caused a decrease in the thickness of the genetic profile of soils, in weakly eroded varieties by 20 cm, in moderately eroded ones by 44 cm. In cultivated soils, the structural and aggregate state deteriorates. The content of agronomically valuable aggregates in the size of 10-0.25 mm in the humus-eluvial horizon of NOT soil under the forest is 52.6 %, under arable land – 25.3 %. The structural and aggregate composition of soils is characterized as satisfactory, the structural ratio is 1.10. Water erosion not only leads to a change in the morphological characteristics and physical properties of the soil, but also to loss of humus in the soil, nitrogen, phosphorus and other nutrients, a decrease in fertility and the like. To reduce soil degradation, it is necessary to minimize soil loading, improve the humus condition, and conserve moderately eroded soil. Key words: podzolic-soddy soils, degradation processes, water erosion, land conservation.
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Podvolotskaya, Guriyat, Sergey Belopukhov, Vitaly Savich, Andrey Sorokin e Nikolay Tyutrin. "Properties, processes and regimes of soil solutions and surface waters". E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 12022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017512022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil solutions and the surface waters are characterized by properties, processes and regimes. Soil solutions of different soils and their surface water have different biological activity and change the activity of dissolved stimulants and inhibitors. The object of the study are soil solutions of the main types of soils obtained in the model experiments with the ratio of soils: water equal to 1:1 and 1: 2, soil solutions and surface water in the flooding of soils with water for 1 week – 3 months. The research method consisted in the assessment of pH, Eh, activity of K, NO3, NH4, Ca, Mg by conventional methods, assessment of concentrations of water-soluble compounds extracted from soils by ionite membranes, in the assessment of biological activity of solutions using biotests. The following is suggested for additional evaluation: the using of cation and anion membranes, determination of interrelation between the properties of waters, equation of pair correlation and multiply regression. The informative value of the gradient of surface water concentrations at different distances from the floor of the reservoir, at different depths of the overwatered soils is shown. The mobility of Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn in soils and the content of their water-soluble forms depends on both pH and Eh, whose influence on the content of water-soluble forms of the considered cations shows the effects of synergy and antagonism. The rate of change in the composition of soil solutions during soil flooding depends on a combination of soil properties, temperature, and duration of flooding. Soil solutions of different soils and their surface waters have differentrates.
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Sultanov, Karim, Pavel Loginov, Sabida Ismoilova e Zulfiya Salikhova. "Wave processes in determining mechanical characteristics of soils". E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 04009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199704009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mechanical characteristics of soils under dynamic and static loads are determined in laboratory conditions on special devices. Dynamic loads in the devices are initiated by an impact on a soil sample. Under the impact the waves are initiated in soil; they significantly affect the stress-strain state of soil samples placed in the device. Depending on the parameters of the impact load in the device, in different sections of soil sample there arise the stress-strain states, different in quality and quantity. Mechanical characteristics of soil, determined by this stress-strain state, also differ. The effect of stress-strain state of soil on its mechanical characteristics can be estimated theoretically. The initiation of the wave process and dynamic stress-strain state in soil sample placed in the device can be theoretically examined in detail. In this regard, the wave problem is set, which corresponds to the statement of experiments on the device of dynamic loading of soil. The law of soil strain is taken as an elastic-viscoplastic one. Numerical solution of wave equations is obtained by the finite difference method. Based on the analysis of stress-strain state of soil in various sections, obtained by numerical calculations, the condition is derived under which the effect of wave processes on mechanical characteristics of soils is eliminated. This condition (formula) establishes the relationship between the wavelength, the velocity of wave propagation in soil, the thickness of the soil sample in the device and the duration of dynamic load.
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Vogelmann, Eduardo Saldanha, José Miguel Reichert, Juliana Prevedello e Gabriel Oladele Awe. "Hydro-physical processes and soil properties correlated with origin of soil hydrophobicity". Ciência Rural 43, n. 9 (29 luglio 2013): 1582–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-84782013005000107.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Hydrophobicity is the phenomenon where the soil has reduced wettability, usually associated with coating of soil particles by hydrophobic organic substances. This study aimed to provide a description of the hydrophobicity occurrence, highlight recent discoveries about the origin of phenomenon and discuss the main hydro-physical properties and chemical processes linked to the development of hydrophobic behavior in soils. Hydrophobicity is associated with other factors such as soil moisture, presence of some fungi species, particle size, soil pH and occurrence of burnings. The causative substances may be provided by local vegetation, through deposition or decomposition. The dependence and combination of different factors that influence hydrophobicity in soils lead to a spatial and temporal variability of the phenomenon, with negative consequences in the processes of infiltration and water percolation, affecting the three-dimensional distribution and dynamics of soil moisture. Thus, the occurrence of a hydrophobic character requires special attention, especially regarding soil use and management.
12
Maier, Martin, Valentin Gartiser, Alexander Schengel e Verena Lang. "Long Term Soil Gas Monitoring as Tool to Understand Soil Processes". Applied Sciences 10, n. 23 (3 dicembre 2020): 8653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10238653.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soils provide many functions as they represent a habitat for flora and fauna, supply water, nutrient, and anchorage for plant growth and more. They can also be considered as large bioreactors in which many processes occur that involve the consumption and production of different gas species. Soils can be a source and sink for greenhouse gases. During the last decades this topic attracted special attention. Most studies on soil-atmosphere gas fluxes used chamber methods or micro-meteorological methods. Soil gas fluxes can also be calculated from vertical soil gas profiles which can provide additional insights into the underlying processes. We present a design for sampling and measuring soil gas concentration profiles that was developed to facilitate long term monitoring. Long term monitoring requires minimization of the impact of repeated measurements on the plot and also minimization of the routine workload while the quality of the measurement needs to be maintained continuously high. We used permanently installed gas wells that allowed passive gas sampling at different depths. Soil gas monitoring set ups were installed on 13 plots at 6 forest sites in South West Germany between 1998 and 2010. Until now, soil gas was sampled monthly and analysed for CO2, N2O, CH4, O2, N2, Ar, and C2H4 using gas chromatography. We present typical time series and profiles of soil gas concentrations and fluxes of a selected site as an example. We discuss the effect of different calculation approaches and conclude that flux estimates of O2, CO2 and CH4 can be considered as highly reliable, whereas N2O flux estimates include a higher uncertainty. We point out the potential of the data and suggest ideas for future research questions for which soil gas monitoring would provide the ideal data basis. Combining and linking the soil gas data with additional environmental data promises new insights and understanding of soil processes.
13
de Jonge, L. W., P. Moldrup e P. Schjønning. "Soil Infrastructure, Interfaces and Translocation Processes in Inner Space (''Soil-it-is''): towards a road map for the constraints and crossroads of soil architecture and biophysical processes". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 6, n. 2 (25 marzo 2009): 2633–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-6-2633-2009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Soil functions and their impact on health, economy and the environment are evident at the macro scale but determined at the micro scale, based on interactions between soil micro-architecture and the transport and transformation processes occurring in the pore and particle networks and at their interfaces. Soil structure formation and its resilience to disturbance are highly dynamic features affected by management (energy input), moisture (matric potential), and solids composition and complexation (organic carbon, OC, and clay interactions). In this paper we review and put into perspective preliminary results of the newly started research program ''Soil-it-is'' on functional soil architecture. To identify and quantify biophysical constraints on soil structure changes and resilience, we claim that new paradigms are needed to better interpret processes and parameters measured at the bulk soil scale and their links to the seemingly chaotic soil inner space behavior at the micro scale (soil self-organization). As a first step, we revisit the soil matrix (solids phase) and pore system (water and air phases), constituting the complementary and interactive networks of soil infrastructure. For a field-pair with contrasting soil management, we suggest new ways of data analysis on measured soil-gas transport parameters at different moisture conditions to evaluate controls of soil matrix and pore network formation. Results imply that some soils form sponge-like pore networks (mostly healthy soils in terms of environmental functions), while other soils form pipe-like structures (poorly functioning soils), with the difference related to both complexation of organic matter and degradation of soil structure. The recently presented Dexter threshold (ratio of clay to organic carbon of 10 g g−1) is found to be a promising constraint for a soil's ability to maintain or regenerate functional structure. Next, we show the Dexter threshold may also apply to hydrological and physical-chemical interface phenomena including soil-water repellency and sorption of volatile organic vapors (gas-water-solids interfaces) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (water-solids interfaces). However, data for differently-managed soils imply that energy input, soil-moisture status, and vegetation (quality of eluded organic matter) may be equally important constraints together with the complexation and degradation of organic carbon in deciding functional soil architecture and interface processes. Finally, we envision a road map to soil inner space where we search for the main controls of particle and pore network changes and structure build-up and resilience at each crossroad of biophysical parameters, where, for example, complexation between organic matter and clay, and moisture-induced changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surface conditions can play a role. We hypothesize that each crossroad (e.g. between OC/clay ratio and matric potential) may initiate breakdown or activation of soil self-organization at a given time as affected by gradients in energy and moisture from soil use and climate. The road map may serve as inspiration for renewed and multi-disciplinary focus on functional soil architecture.
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Yamnova, I. A. "Salt and gypsum pedofeatures as indicators of soil processes". Dokuchaev Soil Bulletin 86 (15 dicembre 2016): 96–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.19047/0136-1694-2016-86-96-102.
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Rengasamy, Pichu. "Soil processes affecting crop production in salt-affected soils". Functional Plant Biology 37, n. 7 (2010): 613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp09249.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Salts can be deposited in the soil from wind and rain, as well as through the weathering of rocks. These processes, combined with the influence of climatic and landscape features and the effects of human activities, determine where salt accumulates in the landscape. When the accumulated salt in soil layers is above a level that adversely affects crop production, choosing salt-tolerant crops and managing soil salinity are important strategies to boost agricultural economy. Worldwide, more than 800 million hectares of soils are salt-affected, with a range of soils defined as saline, acidic–saline, alkaline–saline, acidic saline–sodic, saline–sodic, alkaline saline–sodic, sodic, acidic–sodic and alkaline–sodic. The types of salinity based on soil and groundwater processes are groundwater-associated salinity (dryland salinity), transient salinity (dry saline land) and irrigation salinity. This short review deals with the soil processes in the field that determine the interactions between root-zone environments and plant responses to increased osmotic pressure or specific ion concentrations. Soil water dynamics, soil structural stability, solubility of compounds in relation to pH and pE and nutrient and water movement all play vital roles in the selection and development of plants tolerant to salinity.
16
Huang, Mingbin, S. Lee Barbour, Amin Elshorbagy, Julie D. Zettl e Bing Cheng Si. "Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered coarse soils". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 91, n. 2 (maggio 2011): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss09118.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Huang, M., Barbour, S. L., Elshorbagy, A., Zettl, J. D. and Si, B. C. 2011. Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered coarse soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 169–183. Infiltration and drainage processes in multi-layered soils are complicated by contrasting hydraulic properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performances of the hysteretic and non-hysteretic models to simulate the infiltration and drainage processes from three different natural soil profiles containing as many as 20 texturally different layers. Hydraulic properties were estimated from soil textures using pedotransfer functions and were calibrated and validated using measured water contents during infiltration and drainage phases, respectively. The results supported the use of the Arya-Paris pedotransfer function to estimate the wetting curve when contact angles are incorporated. The unique Kozeny-Carmen equation parameter was evaluated by optimizing the estimated saturated hydraulic conductivity. The calibrated numerical model (Hydrus-1D) accurately simulated soil water content profiles and water volumes during the infiltration and drainage phases. The mean error of prediction (MEP) between the measured and estimated soil water contents varied from –0.030 to 0.010 cm3 cm−3, and the standard deviation of prediction (SDP) from 0.003 to 0.057 cm3 cm−3. The simulation was improved for more heterogeneous soil profiles when hysteresis was taken into account. The measured and simulated results indicated that the soil profile with vertical heterogeneity in soil texture can store more water than the similar textured vertically homogeneous soils under drained conditions.
17
Brevik, Eric C. "Soils and Climate Change: Gas Fluxes and Soil Processes". Soil Horizons 53, n. 4 (2012): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sh12-04-0012.
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Kuhlman, M. I., e T. M. Greenfield. "Simplified soil washing processes for a variety of soils". Journal of Hazardous Materials 66, n. 1-2 (aprile 1999): 31–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(98)00212-x.
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Peth, S., J. Rostek, A. Zink, A. Mordhorst e R. Horn. "Soil testing of dynamic deformation processes of arable soils". Soil and Tillage Research 106, n. 2 (gennaio 2010): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2009.10.007.
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Lingineni, Suresh, e Vijay K. Dhir. "Modeling of Soil Venting Processes to Remediate Unsaturated Soils". Journal of Environmental Engineering 118, n. 1 (gennaio 1992): 135–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1992)118:1(135).
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Brouwers, H. J. H. "Soil pollution, processes and dynamics". Journal of Hazardous Materials 54, n. 1-2 (giugno 1997): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(97)89418-6.
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Wild, A., e S. Ross. "Soil Processes: A Systematic Approach." Journal of Applied Ecology 27, n. 1 (aprile 1990): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2403600.
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Loveland, P. "Soil pollution. Processes and dynamics". Geoderma 75, n. 1-2 (gennaio 1997): 150–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-7061(96)00082-1.
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Young, Scott. "Soil pollution, processes and dynamics". Environmental Pollution 94, n. 3 (1996): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-7491(97)84221-2.
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Amrhein, Christopher. "Rates of Soil Chemical Processes". Soil Science 155, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 71–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199301000-00013.
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JONES, ORDIE R. "Soil Processes and Water Quality". Soil Science 159, n. 6 (giugno 1995): 417–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199506000-00010.
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Lal, R., G. F. Hall e F. P. Miller. "Soil degradation: I. Basic processes". Land Degradation and Development 1, n. 1 (luglio 1989): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3400010106.
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Selim, H. M. "Soil Pollution: Processes and Dynamics". Soil Science 162, n. 12 (dicembre 1997): 953–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199712000-00010.
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Wessman, Carol A. "Remote sensing of soil processes". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 34, n. 1-4 (febbraio 1991): 479–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8809(91)90131-g.
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Willis, Guye H. "Soil processes and water quality". Field Crops Research 44, n. 1 (novembre 1995): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(95)90077-2.
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Mosier, A. R. "Soil processes and global change". Biology and Fertility of Soils 27, n. 3 (30 luglio 1998): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050424.
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Popov, Leonid, Gheorghe Ciudin e Serghei Rotaru. "Soil Degradation Processes from Pollution". Chemistry Journal of Moldova 7, n. 1 (giugno 2012): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2012.07(1).07.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Investigations found HCH and DDT residuals in bottom sediments from several reservoirs and lakes as well as the main rivers, Nistru and Prut (concentrations ranged between 0.2 and 15.8 ppb). The concentration of PCBs in the topsoil collected beneath the capacitors battery at the Vulcănesti substation reached a level of 7100 ppm which is exceeding the MAC by five orders of magnitude (!). With no exception, allowable concentrations of PCBs in soil were exceeded also on the territory of other investigated substations, with peaks registered at the Briceni substation (2545 ppm) and the Orhei substation (1959 ppm).
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Breemen, N. van. "Effects of redox processes on soil acidity." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 35, n. 3 (1 agosto 1987): 271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v35i3.16724.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Redox processes due to alternating aerobic and anaerobic conditions may give rise to strongly acidic or alkaline soils and waters. First, oxidized chemical components tend to be more acidic or less alkaline than their reduced counterparts. Second, and more important, redox processes often lead to the simultaneous formation of acidic (or potentially acidic) and alkaline substances with different mobility (dissolved or gaseous versus adsorbed or solid), so that one of the two substances can be exported, leaving a more acidic or more alkaline residue. Examples of acidification or alkalinization processes in wetlands based on these principles are: (1) formation of acid sulfate soils (transformation of seawater sulfate and sedimentary iron to immobile potential acidity (FeS2) and mobile alkalinity (HCO3-), followed by oxidation of FeS2 after the alkalinity has disappeared), (2) alkalinization of periodically flooded acid sulfate soils (formation of dissolved ferrous sulfate during reduction, and oxidation of the ferrous sulfate to ferric oxide and sulfuric acid at the soil surface, followed by drainage of the acid floodwater), (3) ferrolysis (immobilization of seasonally reduced ferric iron as exchangeable Fe2+, and removal of replaced bases by drainage, followed by oxidation of Fe2+ -clay to H+ -clay), and (4) soil alkalinization in closed depressions (reduction of sodium sulfate to sodium (hydrogen) carbonate and volatile H2S). (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)
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Taraqqi-A-Kamal, A., Christopher J. Atkinson, Aimal Khan, Kaikai Zhang, Peng Sun, Sharmin Akther e Yanrong Zhang. "Biochar remediation of soil: linking biochar production with function in heavy metal contaminated soils". Plant, Soil and Environment 67, No. 4 (30 marzo 2021): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/544/2020-pse.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The focus of this study is on the soil physicochemical, biological, and microbiological processes altered by biochar application to heavy metal (HM) contaminated soils. The aim is to highlight agronomical and environmental issues by which the restorative capacity of biochar might be developed. Literature shows biochar can induce soil remediation, however, it is unclear how soil processes are linked mechanistically to biochar production and if these processes can be manipulated to enhance soil remediation. The literature often fails to contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanisms by which biochar alters soil function. It is clear that factors such as biochar feedstock, pyrolysis conditions, application rate, and soil type are determinants in biochar soil functionality. These factors are developed to enhance our insight into production routes and the benefits of biochar in HM soil remediation. Despite a large number of studies of biochar in soils, there is little understanding of long-term effects, this is particularly true with respect to the use and need for reapplication in soil remediation.
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de Jonge, L. W., P. Moldrup e P. Schjønning. "Soil Infrastructure, Interfaces & Translocation Processes in Inner Space ("Soil-it-is"): towards a road map for the constraints and crossroads of soil architecture and biophysical processes". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 13, n. 8 (19 agosto 2009): 1485–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-13-1485-2009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Soil functions and their impact on health, economy, and the environment are evident at the macro scale but determined at the micro scale, based on interactions between soil micro-architecture and the transport and transformation processes occurring in the soil infrastructure comprising pore and particle networks and at their interfaces. Soil structure formation and its resilience to disturbance are highly dynamic features affected by management (energy input), moisture (matric potential), and solids composition and complexation (organic matter and clay interactions). In this paper we review and put into perspective preliminary results of the newly started research program "Soil-it-is" on functional soil architecture. To identify and quantify biophysical constraints on soil structure changes and resilience, we claim that new approaches are needed to better interpret processes and parameters measured at the bulk soil scale and their links to the seemingly chaotic soil inner space behavior at the micro scale. As a first step, we revisit the soil matrix (solids phase) and pore system (water and air phases), constituting the complementary and interactive networks of soil infrastructure. For a field-pair with contrasting soil management, we suggest new ways of data analysis on measured soil-gas transport parameters at different moisture conditions to evaluate controls of soil matrix and pore network formation. Results imply that some soils form sponge-like pore networks (mostly healthy soils in terms of agricultural and environmental functions), while other soils form pipe-like structures (agriculturally poorly functioning soils), with the difference related to both complexation of organic matter and degradation of soil structure. The recently presented Dexter et al. (2008) threshold (ratio of clay to organic carbon of 10 kg kg−1) is found to be a promising constraint for a soil's ability to maintain or regenerate functional structure. Next, we show the Dexter et al. (2008) threshold may also apply to hydrological and physical-chemical interface phenomena including soil-water repellency and sorption of volatile organic vapors (gas-water-solids interfaces) as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (water-solids interfaces). However, data for differently-managed soils imply that energy input, soil-moisture status, and vegetation (quality of eluded organic matter) may be equally important constraints together with the complexation and degradation of organic carbon in deciding functional soil architecture and interface processes. Finally, we envision a road map to soil inner space where we search for the main controls of particle and pore network changes and structure build-up and resilience at each crossroad of biophysical parameters, where, for example, complexation between organic matter and clay, and moisture-induced changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic surface conditions can play a role. We hypothesize that each crossroad (e.g. between organic carbon/clay ratio and matric potential) may control how soil self-organization will manifest itself at a given time as affected by gradients in energy and moisture from soil use and climate. The road map may serve as inspiration for renewed and multi-disciplinary focus on functional soil architecture.
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Parfitt, R. L. "Allophane and imogolite: role in soil biogeochemical processes". Clay Minerals 44, n. 1 (marzo 2009): 135–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.2009.044.1.135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe literature on the formation, structure and properties of allophane and imogolite is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the seminal contributions by Colin Farmer. Allophane and imogolite occur not only in volcanic-ash soils but also in other environments. The conditions required for the precipitation of allophane and imogolite are discussed. These include pH, availability of Al and Si, rainfall, leaching regime, and reactions with organic matter. Because of their excellent water storage and physical properties, allophanic soils can accumulate large amounts of biomass. In areas of high rainfall, these soils often occur under rain forest, and the soil organic matter derived from the forest biomass is stabilized by allophane and aluminium ions. Thus the turnover of soil organicmatter in allophanicsoils is slower than that in non-allophanicsoils. The organic matter appears to be derived from the microbial by-products of the plant material rather than from the plant material itself. The growth of young forests may be limited by nitrogen supply but growth of older forests tends to be P limited. Phosphorus is recycled through both inorganic and organic pathways, but it is also strongly sorbed by Al compounds including allophane. When crops are grown in allophanic soils, large amounts of labile P are required and, accordingly, these soils have to be managed to counteract the large P sorption capacity of allophane and other Al compounds, and to ensure an adequate supply of labile P. Because of their physical and chemical properties, allophanic soils are excellent filters of heavy metals and pathogens.
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Barbosa Ferreira, Maiara, Aline Maria Sales Solano, Elisama Vieira dos Santos, Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle e Soliu O. Ganiyu. "Coupling of Anodic Oxidation and Soil Remediation Processes: A Review". Materials 13, n. 19 (27 settembre 2020): 4309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13194309.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, due to industrial modernization and agricultural mechanization, several environmental consequences have been observed, which make sustainable development difficult. Soil, as an important component of ecosystem and a key resource for the survival of human and animals, has been under constant contamination from different human activities. Contaminated soils and sites require remediation not only because of the hazardous threat it possess to the environment but also due to the shortage of fresh land for both agriculture and urbanization. Combined or coupled remediation technologies are one of the efficient processes for the treatment of contaminated soils. In these technologies, two or more soil remediation techniques are applied simultaneously or sequentially, in which one technique complements the other, making the treatment very efficient. Coupling anodic oxidation (AO) and soil remediation for the treatment of soil contaminated with organics has been studied via two configurations: (i) soil remediation, ex situ AO, where AO is used as a post-treatment stage for the treatment of effluents from soil remediation process and (ii) soil remediation, in situ AO, where both processes are applied simultaneously. The former is the most widely investigated configuration of the combined processes, while the latter is less common due to the greater diffusion dependency of AO as an electrode process. In this review, the concept of soil washing (SW)/soil flushing (SF) and electrokinetic as soil remediation techniques are briefly explained followed by a discussion of different configurations of combined AO and soil remediation.
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Ubalde, J. M., X. Sort e R. M. Poch. "HOW SOIL FORMING PROCESSES DETERMINE SOIL-BASED VITICULTURAL ZONING". Journal of soil science and plant nutrition 11, n. 1 (2011): 100–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-95162011000100009.
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Kravchenko, Alexandra N., e Andrey K. Guber. "Soil pores and their contributions to soil carbon processes". Geoderma 287 (febbraio 2017): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2016.06.027.
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Vasu, Duraisamy, Surendra Kumar Singh, Pramod Tiwary, Padikkal Chandran, Sanjay Kumar Ray e Veppangadu Perumal Duraisami. "Pedogenic processes and soil–landform relationships for identification of yield-limiting soil properties". Soil Research 55, n. 3 (2017): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr16111.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Knowledge of soil–landform relationships helps in understanding the dominant pedogenic processes causing variations in soil properties within and between landforms. In this study, we investigated how major pedogenic processes in three landform positions of the semi-arid Deccan Plateau (India) have led to current plant yield-limiting soil properties. For this, we characterised 26 pedons from three landforms – piedmont, alluvial plain and valley – and performed factor analysis on the dataset. As the frequency distribution of the dataset was highly skewed for most of the soil properties, landform-wise partition and log-transformation were performed before studying soil variability within landforms. Results indicated that two factors explained 56, 71 and 64% of variability in soil properties in piedmonts, alluvial plains and valleys, respectively. The major soils in lower piedmonts (Typic Haplustalfs and Typic Rhodustalfs) were spatially associated with Vertisols (Sodic Haplusterts) occurring in alluvial plains and valleys. The soil properties in alluvial plains and valleys (Vertic Haplustepts, Sodic Haplusterts and Typic Ustifluvents) were modified due to regressive pedogenic processes. These soils were characterised by high pH (8.5–9.8), exchangeable sodium percentage (16.5–46.6) and poor saturated hydraulic conductivity (<1cmh–1). Subsoil sodicity induced by the presence of pedogenic calcium carbonate impaired the hydraulic conductivity. Subsoil sodicity and poor saturated hydraulic conductivity were identified as major yield-limiting soil properties. The relationships found between specific soil properties, surface and subsurface horizons, and position in the landscape helped to determine the dominant pedogenic processes and how these influenced current soil properties and their effects on crop yield.
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Kobza, Jozef, Gabriela Barančíková, Jarmila Makovníková, Boris Pálka, Ján Styk e Miloš Širáň. "Current State and Development of Land Degradation Processes Based on Soil Monitoring in Slovakia". Agriculture (Pol'nohospodárstvo) 63, n. 2 (1 agosto 2017): 74–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/agri-2017-0007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Current state and development of land degradation processes based on soil monitoring system in Slovakia is evaluated in this contribution. Soil monitoring system in Slovakia is consistently running since 1993 year in 5-years repetitions. Soil monitoring network in Slovakia is constructed using ecological principle, taking into account all main soil types and subtypes, soil organic matter, climatic regions, emission regions, polluted and non-polluted regions as well as various land use. The result of soil monitoring network is 318 sites on agricultural land in Slovakia. Soil properties are evaluated according to the main threats to soil relating to European Commission recommendation for European soil monitoring performance as follows: soil erosion and compaction, soil acidification, decline in soil organic matter and soil contamination. The most significant change has been determined in physical degradation of soils. The physical degradation was especially manifested in compacted and the eroded soils. It was determined that about 39% of agricultural land is potentially affected by soil erosion in Slovakia. In addition, slight decline in soil organic matter indicates the serious facts on evaluation and extension of soil degradation processes during the last period in Slovakia. Soil contamination is without significant change for the time being. It means the soils contaminated before soil monitoring process this unfavourable state lasts also at present.
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Moody, Philip W., Simon D. Speirs, Brendan J. Scott e Sean D. Mason. "Soil phosphorus tests I: What soil phosphorus pools and processes do they measure?" Crop and Pasture Science 64, n. 5 (2013): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13112.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The phosphorus (P) status of 535 surface soils from all states of Australia was assessed using the following soil P tests: Colwell-P (0.5 m NaHCO3), Olsen-P (0.5 m NaHCO3), BSES-P (0.005 m H2SO4), and Mehlich 3-P (0.2 m CH3COOH + 0.25 m NH4NO3 + 0.015 m NH4F + 0.013 m HNO3 + 0.001 m EDTA). Results were correlated with soil P assays selected to estimate the following: soil solution P concentration (i.e. 0.01 m CaCl2 extractable P; Colwell-P/P buffer index); rate of P supply to the soil solution (i.e. P released to FeO-impregnated filter paper); sorbed P (i.e. Colwell-P); mineral P (i.e. fertiliser reaction products and/or soil P minerals estimated as BSES-P minus Colwell-P); the diffusive supply of P (i.e. P diffusing through a thin gel film, DGT-P); and P buffer capacity (i.e. single-point P buffer index corrected for Colwell-P, PBICol). Across all soils, Colwell-P and BSES-P were highly correlated with FeO-P (r = 0.76 and 0.58, respectively). Colwell-P was moderately correlated with mineral P (r = 0.24), but not solution P. Olsen-P and Mehlich-P were both highly correlated with FeO-P (r = 0.80 and 0.78, respectively) but, in contrast to Colwell-P and BSES-P, also showed moderate correlations with soil solution P (r = 0.29 and 0.34, respectively) and diffusive P supply (r = 0.31 and 0.49, respectively). Correlation coefficients with mineral P were r = 0.29 for Olsen-P and r = 0.17 for Mehlich-P. Soils were categorised according to their pH, clay activity ratio, content of mineral P and CaCO3 content, and the relationships between the empirical soil P tests examined for each soil category. Olsen-P and Colwell-P were correlated across all soil categories (r range 0.66–0.90), and a widely applicable linear equation was obtained for converting one soil test to the other. However, the correlations between other soil tests varied markedly between soil categories and it was not possible to develop such widely applicable conversion equations. Multiple step-up linear regressions were used to identify the key soil properties affecting soil solution P, P buffer capacity, and diffusive P supply, respectively. For all soil categories, solution P concentration (measured by CaCl2-P) increased as rate of P supply (measured as FeO-P) increased and P buffer capacity decreased. As an assay of sorbed P, Colwell-P alone did not significantly (P > 0.05) explain any of the variability in soil solution P, but when used in the index (Colwell-P/P buffer index), it was highly correlated (r = 0.74) with CaCl2-P. Soil P buffer capacity was dependent on different properties in different soil categories, with 45–65% of the variation in PBI accounted for by various combinations of Mehlich-Al, Mehlich-Fe, total organic C, clay content, clay activity ratio, and CaCO3 content, depending on soil category. The diffusive supply of P was primarily determined by rate of P supply (measured as FeO-P; r range 0.34–0.49), with significant (P < 0.05) small improvements due to the inclusion of PBICol and/or clay content, depending on soil category. For these surface soil samples, key properties of pH, clay activity ratio, clay content, and P buffer capacity varied so widely within individual Australian Soil Orders that soil classification was not useful for inferring intrinsic surface soil P properties such as P buffer capacity or the relationships between soil P tests.
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Liu, Q., P. Loganathan, M. J. Hedley e M. F. Skinner. "Root processes influencing phosphorus availability in volcanic soils under young Pinus radiata plantations". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, n. 8 (1 agosto 2006): 1913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-083.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Phosphorus (P) availability was investigated in rhizosphere soils under 4- to 5-year-old, second-rotation Pinus radiata D. Don and understorey grass (browntop, Agrostis capillaris L.) in two P-deficient Andosols (a Pumice Soil and an Allophanic Soil). Pinus radiata rhizosphere had more soil organic matter, greater mycorrhizal hyphal length density, higher acid phosphatase activity, and more concentrated dissolved organic carbon than bulk soil or the rhizosphere of grass species in one or both soils. Concentrations of resin P and organic P in the P. radiata rhizosphere were higher than those in the grass rhizosphere and bulk soils, suggesting that P. radiata rhizosphere processes have a greater potential to accumulate organic P and mobilize soil P than understorey grass rhizosphere processes. This effect was less marked in the Allophanic Soil than in the Pumice Soil, probably because of the higher P-fixing capacity and lower plant-available P concentrations in the Allophanic Soil.
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Shao, Yaping, Klaus Fraedrich e Masahide Ishizuka. "Modelling Soil Moisture in Hyper-Arid Conditions". Boundary-Layer Meteorology 179, n. 2 (21 gennaio 2021): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00596-9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn most land-surface models, the evolution of soil moisture is governed by soil-hydraulic processes. In hyper-arid soils, these processes break down, but soil moisture continues to show clear temporal variations, suggesting that other processes may be at work. We hypothesize that moisture in such soils varies due to evaporation in the soil and to vapour fluxes at the air–soil interface. To test this, we include vapour exchange between the air and soil in a land-surface model, apply the model to a desert site, and compare the simulated and observed soil moisture. The good agreement between the simulations and observations confirms our hypothesis. Using the model results, we examine the interactions between the soil-moisture and soil-vapour phases and influences of the soil-vapour phase on the surface energy balance.
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Smaga, I. S. "Diagnostic problems of elementary soil processes and profile-differentiated soils of the Precarpathian region". Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 17, n. 1-2 (16 maggio 2016): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041604.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Present condition, scientific concepts and ways of further development of diagnosis problem of elementary soil processes and genetic nature profiled-differentiated gleyed soils of the Pre-Carpathian region, known as brownish-podzolic, brownsoil-podzolic and sod-podzolic, based on stable indicators of soil properties are studied. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation nature of the soil profile of the studied soils is founded. The aim of research was to develop criteria for the diagnosis of elementary soil processes and genetic nature profiled-differentiated soil deposits of Ciscarpathia and discovering of the parameters of the relevant indicators of soil properties. The soil profile with his characteristic set of genetic horizons and morphological characteristics can result from taking place of both various set (kit) of ESP and of varying intensity of individual processes (complex ESP). Formation of genetic soil type is caused by the course of the profile forming (main) process with the possible participation of several (related) processes. An important condition for the diagnostic determination of profile-differentiated soils in the Ciscarpathia is the search for reliable diagnostic criteria for basic elementary soil processes (ESP) which play a crucial role in the genesis and determine their macromorphological characteristics: lessivage, podzolisation, gleying and eluvial-gleying processes. Diagnostic criteria of the elluvial processes resulted in gross chemical composition of the soil (molecular ratio), particle size distribution (loss sludge) and mineralogy silt fraction (montmorillonite content) were tested. The criteria for establishing genetic origin of the Pre-Carpathian soils, podzolization and eluvial-gley processes detection and their possible parameters were suggested. Followed the impact of the prevailing development of individual creating profile elementary soil processes (podzolization, eluvial-gley and gleying) by laboratory simulation modeling of soil regimes that are conducive to them (washing, water stagnant and contrast) for evaluative indicators of acid-base soil buffer and made the conclusions about the possibility of these processes isolation. Eluvial-illuvial differentiation of Ciscarpathia typical soils is coursed by passage of profile forming process of podzolisation (acid hydrolysis, podzolic) and related from the group of eluvial - eluvial-gleying process and lessivage. They are diagnosed by the gross grain and chemical composition of the soil and the content of montmorillonite. Brown soil forming processes have a significant impact on the formation of humus status and physical and chemical properties of the studied soil. Substantiated differences forming the group composition of humus and fractional composition of humic acids of soils formed underbrownsoil formation processes from the sod soils type (the ratio of humic acids to fulvic acid, gumatcalcium content, optical density of humic substances). Advantages and disadvantages of using quantitative identification criteria - profile humus accumulation factor in the genetic diagnosis of soil type are analyzed. In the conditions of wash and contrasting modes of moisture, causing the priority development processes of podzolisation and gleye- eluvial respectively a similar trend of formation of acid-base buffer capacity of soil and similar parameters of evaluating indicators within the soil profile are observed. It is impossible to separate the processes of podzolisation and gleye- eluvial using the indicators of acid-base buffering. Describing of profile structure, morphological and genetic traits of genetic horizons, the profile distribution of acid-base buffering indicators (even without the use of criteria based on gross chemical and grain composition and content of clay minerals) help to clear identify brownish-podzolic gley soils of Ciscarpathia.
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Kou, Yongping, Kai Wei, Chaonan Li, Yansu Wang, Bo Tu, Junming Wang, Xiangzhen Li e Minjie Yao. "Deterministic processes dominate soil methanotrophic community assembly in grassland soils". Geoderma 359 (febbraio 2020): 114004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114004.
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Guicharnaud, R., O. Arnalds e G. I. Paton. "Short term changes of microbial processes in Icelandic soils to increasing temperatures". Biogeosciences 7, n. 2 (17 febbraio 2010): 671–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-671-2010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Temperature change is acknowledged to have a significant effect on soil biological processes and the corresponding sequestration of carbon and cycling of nutrients. Soils at high latitudes are likely to be particularly impacted by increases in temperature. Icelandic soils experience unusually frequent freeze and thaw cycles compare to other Arctic regions, which are increasing due to a warming climate. As a consequence these soils are frequently affected by short term temperature fluctuations. In this study, the short term response of a range of soil microbial parameters (respiration, nutrient availability, microbial biomass carbon, arylphosphatase and dehydrogenase activity) to temperature changes was measured in sub-arctic soils collected from across Iceland. Sample sites reflected two soil temperature regimes (cryic and frigid) and two land uses (pasture and arable). The soils were sampled from the field frozen, equilibrated at −20 °C and then incubated for two weeks at −10 °C, −2 °C, +2 °C and +10 °. Respiration and enzymatic activity were temperature dependent. The soil temperature regime affected the soil microbial biomass carbon sensitivity to temperatures. When soils where sampled from the cryic temperature regime a decreasing soil microbial biomass was detected when temperatures rose above the freezing point. Frigid soils, sampled from milder climatic conditions, where unaffected by difference in temperatures. Nitrogen mineralisation did not change with temperature. At −10 °C, dissolved organic carbon accounted for 88% of the fraction of labile carbon which was significantly greater than that recorded at +10 °C when dissolved organic carbon accounted for as low as 42% of the labile carbon fraction.
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Quideau, S. A., M. J. B. Swallow, C. E. Prescott, S. J. Grayston e S. W. Oh. "Comparing soil biogeochemical processes in novel and natural boreal forest ecosystems". Biogeosciences 10, n. 8 (27 agosto 2013): 5651–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5651-2013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Emulating the variability that exists in the natural landscape prior to disturbance should be a goal of soil reconstruction and land reclamation efforts following resource extraction. Long-term ecosystem sustainability within reclaimed landscapes can only be achieved with the re-establishment of biogeochemical processes between reconstructed soils and plants. In this study, we assessed key soil biogeochemical attributes (nutrient availability, organic matter composition, and microbial communities) in reconstructed, novel, anthropogenic ecosystems, covering different reclamation treatments following open-cast mining for oil extraction. We compared the attributes to those present in a range of natural soils representative of mature boreal forest ecosystems in the same area of Northern Alberta. Soil nutrient availability was determined in situ with resin probes, organic matter composition was described with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and soil microbial community structure was characterized using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Significant differences among natural ecosystems were apparent in nutrient availability and seemed more related to the dominant tree cover than to soil type. When analyzed together, all natural forests differed significantly from the novel ecosystems, in particular with respect to soil organic matter composition. However, there was some overlap between the reconstructed soils and some of the natural ecosystems in nutrient availability and microbial communities, but not in organic matter characteristics. Hence, our results illustrate the importance of considering the range of natural landscape variability and including several soil biogeochemical attributes when comparing novel, anthropogenic ecosystems to the mature ecosystems that constitute ecological targets.
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Quideau, S. A., M. J. B. Swallow, C. E. Prescott, S. J. Grayston e S. W. Oh. "Comparing soil biogeochemical processes in novel and natural boreal forest ecosystems". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, n. 4 (30 aprile 2013): 7521–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-7521-2013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Emulating the variability that exists in the natural landscape prior to disturbance should be a goal of soil reconstruction and land reclamation efforts following resource extraction. Long-term ecosystem sustainability within reclaimed landscapes can only be achieved with the re-establishment of biogeochemical processes between reconstructed soils and plants. In this study, we assessed key soil biogeochemical attributes (nutrient availability, organic matter composition, and microbial communities) in reconstructed, novel, anthropogenic ecosystems covering different reclamation treatments following open-cast mining for oil extraction. We compared the attributes to those present in a range of natural soils representative of mature boreal forest ecosystems in the same area of northern Alberta. Soil nutrient availability was determined in situ with resin probes, organic matter composition was described with 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and soil microbial community structure was characterized using phospholipid fatty acid analysis. Significant differences among natural ecosystems were apparent in nutrient availability and seemed more related to the dominant tree cover than to soil type. When analyzed together, all natural forests differed significantly from the novel ecosystems, in particular with respect to soil organic matter composition. However, there was some overlap between the reconstructed soils and some of the natural ecosystems in nutrient availability and microbial communities, but not in organic matter characteristics. Hence, our results illustrate the importance of considering the range of natural landscape variability, and including several soil biogeochemical attributes when comparing novel, anthropogenic ecosystems to the mature ecosystems that constitute ecological targets.
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HENDRICKS, DAVID M. "Solute Processes". Soil Science 146, n. 1 (luglio 1988): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198807000-00011.
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