Articoli di riviste: "Soil nutrient"

1

Thomson, V. P., e M. R. Leishman. "Survival of native plants of Hawkesbury Sandstone communities with additional nutrients: effect of plant age and habitat". Australian Journal of Botany 52, n. 2 (2004): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03047.

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Australian soils are naturally low in nutrient concentrations, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). Native plants are well adapted to low-nutrient soils, and can be adversely affected when exposed to higher concentrations of nutrients. The Hawkesbury Sandstone soils in northern Sydney are naturally low in nutrients, but often receive additional nutrient input from urban stormwater run-off. Increases in soil nutrients in urban bushland are associated with the presence of exotic species, and the decline in the diversity of native species. This study tested the hypothesis that high concentrations of nutrients, in particular P, in the disturbed soils of urban bushland, reduce survival of native plants. We examined the survival of native species under five different nutrient concentrations that are typical of nutrient-enriched urban bushland soil, in two glasshouse experiments. The experiments examined both survival of seedlings and survival of 6-month-old plants. We used native species that are adapted to both nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich soils. In general, the survival of native plants decreased with increasing nutrient concentrations. At soil total-P concentrations >200 mg kg–1, most plants died. Seedlings were more sensitive to added nutrients than the 6-month-old plants. Species that were from higher-nutrient soil had consistently higher survival than species from low-nutrient soils, under the nutrient addition treatments. These results suggest that at high soil nutrient concentrations typical of stormwater-affected urban bushland, native plant species of low-nutrient soils will be unable to survive. If ecological restoration works are to be done in such areas, replanting with more mature plants from naturally high-nutrient habitats is likely to be the most successful. However, restoration of these areas may have limited success and they are likely to remain dominated by exotic plant species.

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Seman-Varner, R., R. McSorley e R. N. Gallaher. "Soil nutrient and plant responses to solarization in an agroecosystem utilizing an organic nutrient source". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 23, n. 2 (27 maggio 2008): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170507002001.

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AbstractSoil solarization is used to manage nematodes, pathogens and weeds, but relatively few studies have examined solarization effects on soil mineral nutrients, soil properties and plant tissue nutrients. This study was designed to optimize the duration of solarization treatment for the management of soil and plant nutrients and crop biomass in an agroecosystem utilizing an organic nutrient source. The experiment was a split-plot with treatment duration as the main effect and solarization as the sub-effect. Solarization treatments of 2-, 4- and 6-week durations began on sequential dates and concluded in mid-August. Immediately post-treatment, okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) seedlings were transplanted into subplots for tissue nutrient analysis. Freshly chopped cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] hay was applied to the soil surface directly around the okra seedlings as an organic nutrient source. Immediately following solarization treatment, concentrations of soil K and Mn were higher, while Cu and Zn concentrations were lower in solarized soils than in non-solarized soils. Soil pH was slightly lower in solarized plots. Concentrations of K, N, Mg and Mn in okra leaf tissue were higher in solarized plots than in non-solarized plots, but concentrations of P and Zn were lower in plants grown in solarized soil. Okra biomass was three and four times higher in the 4- and 6-week solarization treatments than in non-solarized treatments. Based on data from this experiment, 4- and 6-week durations of solarization were optimal for increasing crop biomass. The data indicate that solarization has significant effects on soil and plant nutrients. Results of the nutrient analyses suggest that the availability of nutrients from an organic source was not limited by solarization.

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Moore, James A., Mark J. Kimsey, Mariann Garrison-Johnston, Terry M. Shaw, Peter Mika e Jaslam Poolakkal. "Geologic Soil Parent Material Influence on Forest Surface Soil Chemical Characteristics in the Inland Northwest, USA". Forests 13, n. 9 (27 agosto 2022): 1363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091363.

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Successful fertilization treatments targeted to improve stand productivity while reducing operational complexities and cost depend on a clear understanding of soil nutrient availability under varying environmental conditions. Soil nutrient data collected from 154 forest sites throughout the Inland Northwest, USA were analyzed to examine soil nutrient characteristics on different geologic soil parent materials and to rank soil fertility. Results show that soil parent material explains significant differences in soil nutrient availability. Soils developed from volcanic rocks have the highest cation exchange capacity (CEC) and are relatively high in phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), boron (B), and copper (Cu), but generally poor in mineralizable nitrogen (MinN). Forest soils developed from plutonic rocks exhibit the lowest CEC and are low in MinN, K, Ca, Mg, S, and Cu, but higher in P. Some soils located on mixed glacially derived soils are low only in K, Ca, Mg, and Cu, but many mixed glacial soils are relatively rich in other nutrients, albeit the second lowest CEC. Soils developed from metasedimentary and sedimentary rocks are among those with lowest soil nutrient availability for P and B. Sulfur was found to have the highest concentrations in metasedimentary influenced soils and the least in sedimentary derived soils. Our results should be useful in designing site-specific fertilizer and nutrient management prescriptions for forest stands growing on soils developed from these major geologies within the Inland Northwest region of the United States.

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Ma, Qifu, Zed Rengel e Terry Rose. "The effectiveness of deep placement of fertilisers is determined by crop species and edaphic conditions in Mediterranean-type environments: a review". Soil Research 47, n. 1 (2009): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08105.

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Much of our knowledge of plant growth in response to soil nutrient supply comes from studies under homogeneous soil conditions. However, the adoption of reduced or nil tillage and shallow banding of fertilisers at the time of seeding causes spatially variable distribution and availability of soil nutrients in agricultural lands. Soil available nutrients, particularly the poorly mobile ones such as phosphorus (P), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and copper (Cu), stratify within the fertilised topsoil. In water-limited environments where the topsoil is prone to drying, soil nutrient stratification may influence nutrient availability and plant uptake because of impeded root growth or reduced diffusion of immobile nutrients to the root surface, or more likely a combination of both factors. Placing fertilisers deeper in the soil profile could increase nutrient acquisition and utilisation by plants as fertiliser nutrients are in the moist soil for a longer part of the growing season. However, the effectiveness of deep placement of fertilisers may also be determined by soil texture, tillage, fertilising history, nutrient mobility, and crop species. In Mediterranean-type climates of southern Australia, a yield response of winter crops to deep fertiliser mostly occurs on infertile sandy soils in low rainfall regions. This contrasts with the responses of winter and summer crops in northern Australia on soils with optimum-to-high nutrients but subjected to rapid and frequent drying of topsoil because of high temperatures and high evaporation demand during the growing season. The pattern of nutrient accumulation by crop species (indeterminate v. determinate) and the mobility of mineral nutrients in the phloem would also modify the effectiveness of deep-placed nutrients under drought. The complexity of plant responses to subsoil nutrition may suggest that before adopting deep fertiliser practice in a paddock it is essential to understand the effects of edaphic and climatic conditions, soil management, and plant–soil interactions in order to achieve maximum yield benefit.

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Comerford, N. B., W. P. Cropper, Jr., Hua Li, P. J. Smethurst, K. C. J. Van Rees, E. J. Jokela, H. Adégbidi e N. F. Barros. "Soil supply and nutrient demand (SSAND): A general nutrient uptake model and an example of its application to forest management". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, n. 4 (1 agosto 2006): 655–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-112.

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Models of soil nutrient bioavailability and uptake assist in nutrient management and lead to a better understanding of nutrient dynamics in the soil-plant system. SSAND (Soil Supply and Nutrient Demand) is a steady state, mechanistic nutrient uptake simulation model based on mass flow and diffusive supply of nutrients to roots. It requires user inputs for soil and plant parameters to calculate a nutrient’s concentration at the root surface and the subsequent uptake by a plant root and/or extrametrical mycorrhizal hyphae. It can be considered a sub-model linked to hydrological or plant growth models. SSAND provides a basis for simulating nutrient uptake under different soil-plant scenarios, including multiple soil compartments, net mineralization inputs, changing root growth, changing mycorrhizal hyphae growth, changing soil water content and multiple fertilizer events. It incorporates uptake from roots and mycorrhizal hyphae, including the potential competition between these entities. It should be useful for simulating the effects of climate change on soil nutrient bioavailability. It should also be a useful tool for managers in evaluating fertilizer regime options. Key words: Nutrient bioavailability, nutrient uptake modeling, phosphorus uptake, mycorrhizae, Spodosols, climate change

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Robson, AD, NE Longnecker e LD Osborne. "Effects of heterogeneous nutrient supply on root growth and nutrient uptake in relation to nutrient supply on duplex soils". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 32, n. 7 (1992): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9920879.

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Most duplex soils in Western Australia are characterised by multiple nutrient deficiencies. Applications of micronutrients, as well as the macronutrients phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen and sulfur, have been essential for crop and pasture production on these soils. Duplex soils are characterised by heterogeneity in the distribution of mineral nutrients with depth. Additionally, there is heterogeneity both vertically and horizontally in suitability of soil conditions for root growth. There are at least 2 consequences of this heterogeneity for the mineral nutrition of plants on duplex soils. First, there are important effects of localised nutrient supply on root growth and nutrient uptake. Second, identification of nutrient deficiencies by soil and plant analysis is complicated by variation in nutrient supply through time and with depth. These 2 consequences are examined.

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Entry, James A., e William H. Emmingham. "Influence of forest age on nutrient availability and storage in coniferous soils of the Oregon Coast Range". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1995): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-014.

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A substantial fraction of the organic matter and plant essential nutrients in forest ecosystems are contained in the soil. The role of soils in nutrient storage and availability is an essential component of ecosystem function and stability. The top 10 cm of soil contains the highest concentration of nutrients. To determine the influence of forest age on nutrient storage and availability in riparian soils, we compared concentrations, storage, and extractability of plant nutrients in the litter layer and top 10 cm of mineral soil in old-, second-, and young-growth riparian forests. The analysis of variance for nutrient concentration, nutrient storage, or nutrients extracted in both the litter layer and top 10 cm of mineral soil showed no significant differences among sites or seasons for any nutrient; only differences among forest ages will be discussed. Concentrations of N, P, Mg, Mn, and Cu in forest litter did not differ by forest age, but concentrations of K, Ca, and B were significantly higher in old-growth forest litter than in the litter of second-or young-growth forests. In mineral soil, the concentrations of all nutrients were statistically equal for all forest ages. Old-growth forests stored significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater amounts of all nutrients measured in the litter layer, and greater amounts of N, P, and K in the mineral soil, than were stored in second- or young-growth forests. Greater amounts of P, B, and Zn were extracted from old-growth forest litter than from either second- or young-growth forest litter, and greater amounts of P, K, Mn, B, and Zn were extracted from old-growth mineral soil than from second- or young-growth mineral soil. The amount of each nutrient stored in the litter layer of the different-aged forests correlated curvilinearly with the amount of C in the litter layer of these forests; r2 ranged from 0.60 to 0.83. Also, the amount of N, K, and Ca stored in the mineral soil correlated curvilinearly with the amount of C in the soil; r2 ranged from 0.50 to 0.76.

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Wibiralske, Anne W., Roger Earl Latham e Arthur H. Johnson. "A biogeochemical analysis of the Pocono till barrens and adjacent hardwood forest underlain by Wisconsinan and Illinoian till in northeastern Pennsylvania". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 34, n. 9 (1 settembre 2004): 1819–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x04-047.

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We assessed soil and vegetation nutrient capital in the landscape mosaic of till barrens and hardwood forests on the Pocono Plateau in northeastern Pennsylvania. These shrublands, which contain an unusual abundance of rare species, occur primarily on Illinoian-aged glacial till, though some patches grow on Wisconsinan till. We hypothesized that barrens soil and vegetation contain smaller quantities of nutrients than forest soil and vegetation, and under the same vegetation, Illinoian till soils have a smaller nutrient content than Wisconsinan till soils. We measured pH, total C and N, and exchangeable Ca, Mg, K, and Al content of the soils and determined C, N, Ca, Mg, K, and P content of the vegetation. Litter and soil organic matter in the barrens have a higher C/N ratio than the forest. The Illinoian barrens Oa horizon is thicker and contains a greater quantity of exchangeable mineral nutrients than the other Oa horizons. Differences in vegetation nutrient capital strongly mirror differences in biomass. Our results show no strong association of parent material with soil or vegetation nutrient capital. Instead, they suggest that plant community characteristics, not soil nutrient availability, shape the landscape pattern of barrens and forest, particularly plant-driven positive feedbacks primarily involving fire frequency.

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Mylavarapu, R. S. "Diagnostic Nutrient Testing". HortTechnology 20, n. 1 (febbraio 2010): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.20.1.19.

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Recommendations made for nutrient applications have traditionally focused on economic yield and quality. However, present-day testing procedures and recommendations are required to simultaneously ensure economical and environmental sustainability of agricultural production systems. A soil test is a calibrated index relating crop response to applied nutrients. Any application rate devoid of an economical response in yield or quality is deemed unnecessary. Therefore, a soil test becomes the first step in any nutrient best management practice (BMP) development, implementation, and monitoring activity. Certain significant areas in Florida, such as calcareous soils, require development of calibrated soil tests rather urgently. Nutrient sufficiency of perennial crops and deficiency diagnostics can be gauged through in-season plant tissue testing. Nutrient delivery for correcting the deficiency through foliar sprays is not always effective, and may require multiple applications. Spectral reflectance methods show significant promise as an alternative to traditional wet chemistry analyses with regard to ease, costs, and speed with wider range of applications, including natural resources. Additional research is needed to develop this technology for field-scale applications. Current research is focusing on environmental nutrient management to include nutrient sources, application rates and timing, nutrient uptake efficiency, retention capacity of soils, estimating and minimizing nutrient losses to the environment, etc. Nutrient loss assessments tools such as the Florida phosphorus (P) index and bahia (Paspalum notatum) and citrus (Citrus spp.) tests for P are now being made possible in Florida through integration of soil and tissue testing methods. Development and improvements of such analytical methods and tools specific to Florida to include other nutrients, heavy metals, soil capacity, and ecosensitive regions, is vital to ensure sustainability to the state's tourism, agriculture, and urban-rural balance.

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Čekstere, Gunta, Anita Osvalde e Māris Laiviņš. "Mineral Nutrition of Young Ash in Latvia". Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 70, n. 3 (1 giugno 2016): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/prolas-2016-0022.

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Abstract The research objectives were: 1) to determine healthy young ash supply with nutrients and their concentrations in natural growth conditions; 2) to estimate nutrient balance and inter-correlations within a system “soil-plants”; and 3) to determine the potential effect of environmental conditions (forest type, plant phytosociological group, soil group, etc.) on nutrient accumulation in soil and leaves of young ash. The investigation was conducted in 28 different forest sites with young ash in Latvia. The results demonstrated that young ash grows well on a wide range of site types in terms of soil composition, forest type and phytosociological tree group. Although highly heterogeneous, soil in ash stands in Latvia can provide a sufficient supply of nutrients. Therefore, the nutrient status of healthy young ash leaves can be characterized as sufficient, although low levels of P, Zn, and K in leaves was found for most sites. Significant impact of soil group and forest type was found on nutrient composition of ash soil, while leaf nutrient concentrations were more dependent on the forest type and phytosociological tree group. The obtained results confirmed the ability of ash to accumulate nutrients within a certain range from soils of different fertility, organic matter content and soil reaction in Latvia.

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Havlin, John, e Ron Heiniger. "Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production". Agronomy 10, n. 9 (8 settembre 2020): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091349.

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Increasing crop productivity per unit of land area to meet future food and fiber demand increases both soil nutrient removal and the importance of replenishing soil fertility through efficient nutrient management practices. Significant progress in enhancing nutrient-use efficiency in production agriculture requires improved estimates of plant-available nutrients in the root zone, enhanced crop response to applied nutrients, and reduced offsite nutrient transport. This special issue, Soil Fertility Management for Better Crop Production, presents 15 manuscripts that advance our knowledge of interrelated soil, plant, and management factors important to increasing the nutrient availability and crop recovery of applied nutrients.

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Ardianti, Arini Ayu, Faris Nur Fauzi Athallah, Restu Wulansari e Kurniawan Sigit Wicaksono. "The relationship Between Soil Chemical Properties and Uptake of Tea Plant Nutrient in PTPN VI Jambi". Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 9, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2022): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2022.009.1.20.

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Healthy soil could support plant growth by optimizing the availability of nutrients. The availability of nutrients influences the health of tea plants. Nutrient deficiencies would affect the plant physiology that exhibits the plant withering. This study aimed to define the relationship between soil nutrient availability with plant nutrient uptake. This research was conducted by managing secondary data soil chemical properties, and tea plant nutrients analyzed statistically with Pearson correlation. This study only found a significant correlation between soil pH with P and Mg uptake. Correlation results between soil nutrient and plant nutrient uptake obtained a significantly negative correlation on soil pH with P and Mg nutrients with a correlation value of pH-P (r=-0.52), pH-Mg (r=-0.52). There was no correlation between other soil nutrients and plant nutrient uptake. The results of this study can be used to determine the dose of fertilization and the management recommendation of tea plants.

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Adomako, Michael Opoku, Sergio Roiloa e Fei-Hai Yu. "Potential Roles of Soil Microorganisms in Regulating the Effect of Soil Nutrient Heterogeneity on Plant Performance". Microorganisms 10, n. 12 (3 dicembre 2022): 2399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10122399.

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The spatially heterogeneous distribution of soil nutrients is ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems and has been shown to promote the performance of plant communities, influence species coexistence, and alter ecosystem nutrient dynamics. Plants interact with diverse soil microbial communities that lead to an interdependent relationship (e.g., symbioses), driving plant community productivity, belowground biodiversity, and soil functioning. However, the potential role of the soil microbial communities in regulating the effect of soil nutrient heterogeneity on plant growth has been little studied. Here, we highlight the ecological importance of soil nutrient heterogeneity and microorganisms and discuss plant nutrient acquisition mechanisms in heterogeneous soil. We also examine the evolutionary advantages of nutrient acquisition via the soil microorganisms in a heterogeneous environment. Lastly, we highlight a three-way interaction among the plants, soil nutrient heterogeneity, and soil microorganisms and propose areas for future research priorities. By clarifying the role of soil microorganisms in shaping the effect of soil nutrient heterogeneity on plant performance, the present study enhances the current understanding of ecosystem nutrient dynamics in the context of patchily distributed soil nutrients.

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Salvador, Simone Martini, Aline Aparecida Ludvichak, Dione Richer Momolli, Kristiana Fiorentin dos Santos, Catarine Barcellos Consensa, Mauro Valdir Schumacher e James Stahl. "Removal of nutrients due to biomass harvest of Eucalyptus urograndis in different soils: macronutrients". Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 16, n. 3 (17 maggio 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2671.

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Intensive management of forest stands can increase biomass production, as well as increase the removal of nutrients from the site. This study therefore sought to simulate different harvest intensities and to calculate the nutrient-use efficiency of Eucalyptus urograndis in different types of soil. The study was carried out in a plantation of seven-year-old hybrid E. urograndis in the city of Telêmaco Borba, Paraná, Brazil. The study site included two sub areas with sandy soil and clayey soil (Cambisols Inceptisol and Ferralsols Oxisols, respectively). Using biomass and nutrients stock data, nutrient removal was simulated under five different harvest scenarios. Nutrient-use efficiency was obtained from the relation between the amount of biomass and nutrients of each tree component. Harvesting the whole tree resulted in the removal of approximately 61% of the nutrients from the site in sandy soil, while in clayey soil 57% of the nutrients were removed. With harvesting of only the commercial stemwood, only 22% of the nutrients were removed from the sandy soil, and 21% from the clayey soil. Stemwood was the component that had the highest nutrient-use efficiency values for all the analyzed nutrients. In conclusion, to achieve nutritional sustainability of E. urograndis stands, the best harvesting system involves the removal of only commercial stemwood. For the production of stemwood, sandy soils have a greater biological efficiency of calcium and magnesium when compared to clayey soil.

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Swami, Sanjay. "Soil nutrient status under different agro-climatic zones of Jammu region, India". International Journal of Agricultural and Applied Sciences 1, n. 1 (30 giugno 2020): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.52804/ijaas2020.114.

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In the North Western Himalayas, particularly Jammu region, where 85% of people depend on agriculture and allied sectors, 70% of agriculture is rain-fed. Various factors, especially land use pattern and variations in climatic conditions affect the soil fertility and nutrient contents. However, information on essential nutrients in the soil across the region is meager. An attempt has been made to study the soil nutrient status under different agro-climatic zones of Jammu region. Seven hundred seventy surface soil samples (0-15 cm) from sub-tropical, intermediate and temperate zones of Jammu region were collected and analyzed for soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), organic carbon (OC), CaCO3, CEC, available macro nutrients (N, P, K, S) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn). The results indicated large variation within the soils of each zone. The amount of all the available nutrients was more in the soils of temperate zone than those of other zones. The soils of sub-tropical zones were low in available N, P, S and Zn and to some extent in K. Organic matter content, clay and silt content of the soil vis-à-vis cation exchange capacity were found to be the main factors controlling the available nutrient content of the studied soils.

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Bremer, E., J. J. Miller e T. Curtis. "Placement of ion-exchange membranes for monitoring nutrient release from flooded soils". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 98, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2018): 709–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjss-2018-0082.

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Placement of Plant Root Simulator (PRS®) probes (ion-exchange membranes in a plastic support) may strongly influence nutrient supply measurements and their relationship to nutrient loss to overlying water due to gradients in ion activity and redox potential with depth. A laboratory study was conducted with two soils contrasting in potential nutrient loss (manured vs. unamended control) to determine the impact of probe placement (vertical, horizontal, and flat on the soil surface) on nutrient supply rate. The supply rates of the redox-sensitive nutrients Mn and Fe were generally 1–2 orders of magnitude lower for PRS probes placed on the soil surface than buried vertically. In contrast, the supply rate of P and K varied by 1–2 orders of magnitude between soils, but placement impacts were modest or absent. The ratio between manured and control soils in water P concentration was identical to that of soil P supply rate determined with PRS probes placed flat on the soil surface. All placements were effective in demonstrating the increased potential for loss of P and K from the manured soil, but only measurements from PRS probes placed on the soil surface were closely related to loss of the redox-sensitive nutrients Mn and Fe.

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Hayes, Emma, Suzanne Higgins, Josie Geris e Donal Mullan. "Grassland Reseeding: Impact on Soil Surface Nutrient Accumulation and Using LiDAR-Based Image Differencing to Infer Implications for Water Quality". Agriculture 12, n. 11 (4 novembre 2022): 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12111854.

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Long-term phosphorus (P) accumulation in agricultural soils presents a challenge for water quality improvement. P is commonly elevated in soils managed for intensive livestock production due to repeated overapplication of slurry and fertilisers. High legacy nutrient accumulations result in poor water quality via transport pathways such as surface runoff, subsurface drainage, and soil erosion. To achieve environmental water quality targets, improved management strategies are required for targeting and reducing excess agricultural P sources. Reseeding of old swards is known to improve grassland productivity and enhance overall soil health. However, soil disturbance associated with reseeding could have positive and negative impacts on other soil functions that affect the nutrient balance (including improved microbial activity, but also increasing the potential for sediment and nutrient losses). This study investigates the impact of reseeding and inversion tillage in addressing soil surface nutrient surpluses and identifies potential trade-offs between production, environment (through soil erosion and associated sediment and nutrient losses), and soil health. At a study site in the Blackwater catchment in Northern Ireland, we collected high-resolution (35 m) gridded soil samples pre- and post-reseeding for nutrient analyses and combined this with GIS-based interpolation. We found that decreases in sub-field scale surface nutrient content (0–7.5 cm depth) occurred following tillage and reseeding, but that this was spatially variable. In addition, the magnitude of changes in nutrient content was variable between P and other sampled nutrients. LiDAR-based image differencing indicated variability in the magnitude of soil erosion and sediment loss also at sub-field scale. Information on the identified deposition and erosion zones (from LiDAR analysis) was combined with mass wasting data to determine accumulation rates and losses of nutrients in-field and confirmed some of the identified patterns in soil surface nutrient content changes post-reseeding. We conclude that while inversion tillage and reseeding are essential agricultural practices, environmental trade-offs exist through potential nutrient and sediment losses. LiDAR-based image differencing was found to be a useful tool in helping to quantify these risks. Quantifying sediment and nutrient losses as a result of inversion tillage and reseeding induced soil erosion aids in understanding potential trends in water quality statuses.

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Schoenau, J. J., e J. G. Davis. "Optimizing soil and plant responses to land-applied manure nutrients in the Great Plains of North America". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, n. 4 (1 agosto 2006): 587–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-115.

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Animal manures are recognized as valuable sources of plant nutrients in cropping systems and also play a role in soil improvement through the input of organic matter. Using recent research examples from Saskatchewan and Colorado, this paper covers beneficial management practices for effective recycling of manure nutrients applicable to the Great Plains region of North America. Challenges in using animal manures as fertilizers include low nutrient content per unit weight, variability and availability of nutrient content, and a balance of available nutrients that often does not meet the relative nutrient requirements of the crop. Examples of imbalances that may arise requiring special management considerations include low available N content relative to available P for many solid manures, and low available S relative to N for some liquid manures. Application decisions are best supported by manure and soil analyses, with nutrient balance issues addressed by rate adjustments and the addition of supplemental commercial fertilizer to avoid deficiency or loading of specific nutrients. Placement of manure into the soil by injection or incorporation is desirable in that nutrient losses by volatilization and runoff are reduced and crop recovery is increased. Balancing the rate of nutrient application with crop requirement and removal over time is key to avoiding nutrient loading on soils receiving repeated applications of manure. Key words: Manure management, nutrient cycling, beneficial management practices, Great Plains

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Muneer, Muhammad Atif, Xiaoman Huang, Wei Hou, Yadong Zhang, Yuanyang Cai, Muhammad Zeeshan Munir, Liangquan Wu e Chaoyuan Zheng. "Response of Fungal Diversity, Community Composition, and Functions to Nutrients Management in Red Soil". Journal of Fungi 7, n. 7 (12 luglio 2021): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7070554.

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Soil fungi play a critical role in plant performance and soil nutrient cycling. However, the understanding of soil fungal community composition and functions in response to different nutrients management practices in red soils remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the responses of soil fungal communities and functions under conventional farmer fertilization practice (FFP) and different nutrient management practices, i.e., optimization of NPK fertilizer (O) with soil conditioner (O + C), with lime and mushroom residue (O + L + M), and with lime and magnesium fertilizer (O + L + Mg). Illumina high-throughput sequencing was used for fungal identification, while the functional groups were inferred with FUNGuild. Nutrient management practices significantly raised the soil pH to 4.79–5.31 compared with FFP (3.69), and soil pH had the most significant effect (0.989 ***) on fungal communities. Predominant phyla, including Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Mortierellomycota were identified in all treatments and accounted for 94% of all fungal communities. The alpha diversity indices significantly increased under nutrients management practices compared with FFP. Co-occurrence network analysis revealed the keystone fungal species in the red soil, i.e., Ascomycota (54.04%), Basidiomycota (7.58%), Rozellomycota (4.55%), and Chytridiomycota (4.04%). FUNGuild showed that the relative abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and ectomycorrhizal fungi was higher, while pathogenic fungi were lower under nutrient management practices compared with FFP. Our findings have important implications for the understanding of improvement of acidic soils that could significantly improve the soil fungal diversity and functioning in acidic soils.

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Stewart Jr., C. Neal, e Erik T. Nilsen. "Drosera rotundifolia growth and nutrition in a natural population with special reference to the significance of insectivory". Canadian Journal of Botany 70, n. 7 (1 luglio 1992): 1409–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-177.

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The impact of nutrient addition on growth and nutrient accumulation in Drosera rotundifolia was studied in a field population. Experiments were performed by exclosing insects and (or) adding phosphorus and (or) nitrogen to soil. Drosera rotundifolia did not significantly benefit from insect capture nutritionally or energetically in native or nutritionally enhanced soils. Added nutrients to the soil or supplemental foliar insect feeding decreased phosphorus retention in hibernacula by 50%. Nutrient additions reduced D. rotundifolia vegetative growth in both N and P addition treatments. In addition, allocation to reproduction (inflorescences) decreased by 98% when N was added to the soil. Phosphorus retention in hibernacula was especially high in plots in which no nutrients were added via the soil or by insect applications. Although not statistically significant, flower stalk density and floral biomass were greater where insects were available to plants. The data from this study indicate that insectivory has little impact on growth of field grown D. rotundifolia. This species is adapted to low nutrient availability and nutrient enhancement reduces growth. Indices of nutrient retention suggest that phosphorus is conserved more than nitrogen and therefore may be an important limiting nutrient. Key words: insectivory, nitrogen, phosphorus, sundew.

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21

Nguyen, Trung-Ta, e Petra Marschner. "Addition of a fine-textured soil to compost to reduce nutrient leaching in a sandy soil". Soil Research 51, n. 3 (2013): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13105.

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Compost addition to soil can increase nutrient availability, but if added to sandy soils, nutrients can be rapidly leached. Clay added to compost could increase nutrient retention and reduce nutrient leaching due to binding to the clay. An incubation experiment was conducted to assess the effect of addition of a fine-textured soil (34% clay) to garden waste compost on nutrient availability and leaching in a sandy soil. The sandy soil was non-amended or amended with compost only, at a rate 27.3 g kg–1, or with a mixture of compost and 5% or 20% (w/w) of fine-textured soil. Two additional treatments included sandy soil amended with only the fine-textured soil at rates similar to those added with compost. Soil, compost, and fine-textured soil were mixed and packed to a bulk density of 1.22 g cm–3. Soil respiration was measured over 23 days. On days 1, 5, and 23, the soils were leached with 50 mL reverse-osmosis water, and the following parameters were measured in the leachate: water-soluble organic carbon (OC), inorganic nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P); water-soluble OC and available N and P were measured in the soil after leaching. Compost increased nutrient availability and leaching compared with the non-amended control. Addition of the fine-textured soil to compost reduced cumulative respiration and N and P leaching, with the effect more pronounced at 20% (w/w). Addition of the fine-textured soil alone had no effect on nutrient availability and leaching because of the low nutrient concentration in this soil. This study showed that addition of fine-textured soil to compost can reduce N and P leaching, which could enhance and prolong the positive effects of compost on soil fertility.

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Yan, Jing, Nathaniel A. Bogie e Teamrat A. Ghezzehei. "Root uptake under mismatched distributions of water and nutrients in the root zone". Biogeosciences 17, n. 24 (17 dicembre 2020): 6377–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-6377-2020.

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Abstract. Most plants derive their water and nutrient needs from soils where the resources are often scarce, patchy, and ephemeral. It is not uncommon for plant roots to encounter mismatched patches of water-rich and nutrient-rich regions in natural environments. Such an uneven distribution of resources necessitates plant reliance on strategies for exploring and acquiring nutrients from relatively dry patches. We conducted a laboratory study that elucidates the biophysical mechanisms that enable this adaptation. The roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings were laterally split and grown in two adjacent, hydraulically disconnected pots, which permitted precise control of water and nutrient applications to each compartment. We observed that the physical separation of water-rich and nutrient-rich compartments (one received 90 % water and 0 % nutrients and the other received 10 % water and 100 % nutrients) does not significantly stunt plant growth and productivity compared to two control treatments (control 1: 90 % water and 100 % nutrients versus 10 % water and 0 % nutrients; control 2: 50 % water and 50 % nutrients in each compartment). Specifically, we showed that soil dryness does not reduce nutrient uptake, vegetative growth, flowering, and fruiting compared to control treatments. We identified localized root proliferation in nutrient-rich dry soil patches as a critical strategy that enabled nutrient capture. We observed nocturnal rewetting of the nutrient-rich but dry soil zone (10 % water and 100 % nutrients) but not in the nutrient-free and dry zone of the control experiment (90 % water and 100 % nutrients). We interpreted the rewetting as the transfer of water from the wet to dry zones through roots, a process commonly known as hydraulic redistribution (HR). The occurrence of HR likely prevents the nutrient-rich soil from drying due to permanent wilting and the subsequent decline of root functions. Sustaining rhizosphere wetness is also likely to increase nutrient mobility and uptake. Lack of HR in the absence of nutrients suggests that HR is not entirely a passive, water-potential-gradient driven flow. The density and size of root hairs appeared to be higher (qualitative observation) in the nutrient-rich and dry compartments than in the nutrient-free and dry compartments. We also observed organic coating on sand grains in the rhizosphere of the nutrient-rich and dry compartments. The observations are consistent with prior observations that root hairs and rhizodeposition aid rhizosphere wetting. These findings were synthesized in a conceptual model that explains how plants of dry regions may be adapted to mismatched resources. This study also suggests that separating the bulk of applied nutrients from the frequently irrigated soil region can increase nutrient use efficiency and curtail water pollution from intensive agricultural systems.

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23

Olander, Lydia P., Mercedes M. Bustamante, Gregory P. Asner, Everaldo Telles, Zayra Prado e Plínio B. Camargo. "Surface Soil Changes Following Selective Logging in an Eastern Amazon Forest". Earth Interactions 9, n. 4 (1 aprile 2005): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/ei135.1.

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Abstract In the Brazilian Amazon, selective logging is second only to forest conversion in its extent. Conversion to pasture or agriculture tends to reduce soil nutrients and site productivity over time unless fertilizers are added. Logging removes nutrients in bole wood, enough that repeated logging could deplete essential nutrients over time. After a single logging event, nutrient losses are likely to be too small to observe in the large soil nutrient pools, but disturbances associated with logging also alter soil properties. Selective logging, particularly reduced-impact logging, results in consistent patterns of disturbance that may be associated with particular changes in soil properties. Soil bulk density, pH, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), δ13C, δ15N, and P fractionations were measured on the soils of four different types of logging-related disturbances: roads, decks, skids, and treefall gaps. Litter biomass and percent bare ground were also determined in these areas. To evaluate the importance of fresh foliage inputs from downed tree crowns in treefall gaps, foliar nutrients for mature forest trees were also determined and compared to that of fresh litterfall. The immediate impacts of logging on soil properties and how these might link to the longer-term estimated nutrient losses and the observed changes in soils were studied. In the most disturbed areas, roads and decks, the authors found litter biomass removed and reduced soil C, N, P, particularly organic P, and δ13C. Soils were compacted and often experienced reducing conditions in the deck areas, resulting in higher pH, Ca, and Mg. No increases in soil nutrients were observed in the treefall gaps despite the flush of nutrient-rich fresh foliage in the tree crown that is left behind after the bole wood is removed. Observed nutrient losses are most likely caused by displacement of the litter layer. Increases in soil pH, Ca, and Mg occur in areas with reducing conditions (decks and roads) and may result from Fe reduction, freeing exchange sites that can then retain these cations. Calculations suggest that nutrient inputs from crown foliage in treefall gaps are probably too small to detect against the background level of nutrients in the top soils. The logging disturbances with the greatest spatial extent, skids and gaps, have the smallest immediate effect on soil nutrients, while those with the smallest spatial extent, roads and decks, have the largest impact. The changes observed 3–6 months after logging were similar to those measured 16 yr after logging, suggesting some interesting linkages between the mechanisms causing the immediate change and those maintaining these changes over time. The direct impacts on soil properties appear less important than the loss of nutrients in bole wood in determining the sustainability of selective logging. Medium-to-low intensity selective logging with a sufficiently long cutting cycle may be sustainable in these forests.

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24

Sarcinelli, Tathiane Santi, Carlos Ernesto Gonçalves Reynaud Schaefer, Elpídio Inácio Fernandes Filho, Reginaldo Gonçalves Mafia e Andreza Viana Neri. "Soil modification by termites in a sandy-soil vegetation in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest". Journal of Tropical Ecology 29, n. 5 (28 agosto 2013): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467413000497.

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Abstract:Termites play a critical role in the regulation of soil processes, for example, water retention, nutrient cycling, and the formation and maintenance of soil structure. There is a consensus that mound-building termites modify physical and chemical soil properties in clay soils, but there is limited investigation into their influence for sandy soils in the Brazilian Atlantic rain forest. We tested the hypotheses that the termitosphere effectively improves properties of sandy soil, and that the role of termite soil particle selection is of greater importance in soils with higher sand concentration and lower nutrient status. The work was conducted in three vegetation physiognomies: woodland, savanna and grassland. In the woodland physiognomy we sampled in the border and in the interior, totalling four studied areas. We described a soil profile and collected five samples of termitaria and surface soil in each area. Also, in three 100-m2 plots allotted in each area, termite-mound density and volume were estimated, and termites were collected for taxonomic identification. Soil samples were submitted to physical and chemical analysis, and regression models were employed to analyse termite particle selection ability in different soil conditions. In most areas, the concentrations of nutrients, organic carbon and clay-size particles were significantly higher in termite mounds than in surface soils. On a weight basis, termite mounds had up to 32 times more nutrients, 12 times more organic carbon, and five times more clay than surrounding soils, however, aluminium toxicity was lower in termite mounds. Regression models demonstrated that the role of termites in soil particle selection is of greater ecological importance with decreasing soil nutrient status and increasing sand concentration. Therefore, termites greatly improve soil properties, representing truly ecosystem engineers in sandy soils, with an average soil turnover by mound-building activity reaching 10.5 m3 ha−1.

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25

Sun, Mengjiao, Enqing Hou, Jiasen Wu, Jianqin Huang, Xingzhao Huang e Xiaoniu Xu. "Spatial Patterns and Drivers of Soil Chemical Properties in Typical Hickory Plantations". Forests 13, n. 3 (15 marzo 2022): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13030457.

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Soil nutrients play critical roles in regulating and improving the sustainable development of economic forests. Consequently, an elucidation of the spatial patterns and drivers of soil nutrients in these forests is fundamental to their management. For this study, we collected 314 composite soils at a 0–30 cm depth from a typical hickory plantation in Lin’an, Zhejiang Province, China. We determined the concentrations of macronutrients (i.e., soil organic carbon, available potassium, available phosphorus, available sulfur, and hydrolyzed nitrogen) and micronutrients (i.e., soil available boron, iron, manganese, zinc, and copper) of the soils. We employed random forest analysis to quantify the relative importance of factors affecting soil nutrients to predict the concentrations, which could then be extrapolated to the entire hickory region. Random forest models explained 43–80% of the variations in soil nutrient concentrations. The mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and altitude were key predictors of soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations. Moreover, slope and parent material were important predictors of soil nutrients concentrations. Distinct spatial patterns of soil nutrient concentrations were driven by climate, parent material, and topography. Our study highlights the various environmental controls over soil macronutrient and micronutrient concentrations, which have significant implications for the management of soil nutrients in hickory plantations.

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26

MAHENDRAPPA, M. K., N. W. FOSTER, G. F. WEETMAN e H. H. KRAUSE. "NUTRIENT CYCLING AND AVAILABILITY IN FOREST SOILS". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, n. 4 (1 novembre 1986): 547–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-056.

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Abstract (sommario):

Nutrient availability in different forest soils must be known before increased wood production can be sustained either by adding supplemental nutrients or by judicious silvicultural operations to optimize the linkage between the variable nutrient requirements of forest crops. This is complicated by the variable availability of nutrients on forest sites during crop development. Forest crops unlike agricultural crops have long rotation periods which make it difficult to apply agricultural methods of estimating potentially available nutrients directly to forest soils. Presented in this review are (i) various approaches used in forestry to estimate the nutrient supplying potential of different sites, (ii) factors affecting nutrient availability, and (iii) evidence to suggest that nutrient cycling processes in forest ecosystems are important factors affecting tree growth. It is suggested that data from chemical analyses of soil samples collected at specific times and sites should be used with caution for both practical decision making and simulation modelling purposes. Key words: Nitrogen, phosphorus, litterfall, throughfall, stemflow, mineralization

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27

Fernandes, Geraldo W., Luiz H. O. Rodarte, Daniel Negreiros e Augusto C. Franco. "Aspectos nutricionais em Baccharis concinna (Asteraceae), espécie endêmica e ameaçada da Serra do Espinhaço, Brasil". Lundiana: International Journal of Biodiversity 8, n. 2 (30 agosto 2008): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.35699/2675-5327.2007.23186.

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Abstract (sommario):

The growth and development of a given plant species under its natural environment is highly influenced by the nutrient availability in the soil. Although much is known about the nutritional requirements of agricultural species, the knowledge on the nutritional needs of wild species and their correlation with the available nutrients and physico-chemical properties of the soil is still rudimentary. This knowledge is crucial for the development of conservation and management of species under extinction threats. Baccharis concinna Barroso (Asteraceae) is a dioecious shrub, endemic and threatened species originally described for two disjunct areas in the Espinhaço mountains in southeast Brazil. The goal of this study was to describe the physico-chemical properties of the soils in which the plant is found and to perform the first analysis of the nutrient content in the shoot tissues of this species in an attempt to find possible positive correlations between soil and tissue nutrient availability. Six populations of B. concinna in Serra do Cipó, MG were studied. At each site we sampled soils and collected shoot samples of three male and three female plants for the nutritional analysis. The soils under B. concinna were acid, nutrient poor and with a high content of aluminium. Nutrient content in the soil and in the tissues varied among the populations sampled. No relationship was found between the availability of nutrients in the soil and that in the B. concinna tissues. These results indicate that B. concinna may be a species without strong nutritional requirements that adapt well on soils with low nutritional quality. Keywords: dioecy, plant development, plant nutrition, plant soil relationship, Serra do Cipó.

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28

Vista, S. P., T. B. Ghimire, T. S. Rai, B. S. Kutu e B. K. Karna. "Assessment and Mapping soil fertility status of Potato Super Zone, Kavrepalanchowk". International Journal of Agricultural Invention 3, n. 02 (27 novembre 2018): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2018.3.2.1.

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Potato is a staple food crop in high hills and mountains and a major vegetable throughout the country and one of the most important cash generating crops in Nepal. With the efforts undertaken by research and extension sectors, its productivity has significantly increased in last twenty years. However, this is not sufficient for increasing population of the country. Considering its potentiality for income, employment, industrial products, export and processing, appropriate technologies are urgent.Soil fertility evaluation is the most basic decision making tool for the sustainable soil nutrient management. Soil fertility studies and mapping is an effective way to diagnose soil status and recommend as per the need of the nutrient to particular crop in the area. This research aims to assess and prepare soil nutrient map of potato super zone, Kavrepalanchowk in Nepal. The specific objectives of the research were to assess soil texture, pH and organic matter status and simultaneously prepare soil fertility map of the potato super zone. A total of 202 soil samples were collected and nutrients were analyzed using standard procedure in the soil laboratory. Composite soil samples were collected from 6 to 10 different spots of the area at 0-20 cm depth by using soil auger. The GPS location of each soil sampling point was noted. The soil sampling point of each zone was determined by studying various aspects (area, slope, colour, texture, etc.) of the study area. Based on the nutrient status, nutrient maps were prepared and presented. Soil fertility maps were prepared by observing the critical nutrients required for the specific crops and by giving those nutrients certain ranking based on the nutrients role for the crop. The soil of Potato super zone was mostly found to be silty loam, moderately acidic (pH 5.9), medium in organic matter content (2.67%) and total nitrogen (0.13%), high in available phosphorus content (56 kg/ha) and available potassium (356kg/ha). There is also sandy loam, loam and silty clay loam types of soil in the area. Soil fertility maps were prepared by setting criteria based on nutrient status that were tested in the laboratory and on the basis of nutrients that are critical for each crops of the super zones. Vegetable super zone soil was found having medium (50%) and high (30%) fertility status. Based on the soil analysis report, it could be concluded that the soils of potato super zone is fair enough for cultivating potato crop at the moment.

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29

Zhu, Xianliang, Jianmin Tang, Huizhen Qin, Kundong Bai, Zongyou Chen, Rong Zou, Shengyuan Liu, Quanguang Yang, Xiao Wei e Shengfeng Chai. "Contrasting Adaptation Mechanisms of Golden Camellia Species to Different Soil Habitats Revealed by Nutrient Characteristics". Agronomy 12, n. 7 (23 giugno 2022): 1511. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12071511.

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Abstract (sommario):

Golden Camellia species are highly specific to certain soil environments. Most species are only native to calcareous soils in karst regions, except for a few that grow only in acidic soils. Our aim is to elucidate the adaptation mechanisms of the species of calcareous-soil golden Camellia (CSC) and acidic-soil golden Camellia (ASC) to habitat soils through plant–soil nutrient characteristics and their relationships. We investigated 30 indices for soils and plants. Compared with ASC, CSC had more fertile soil, while their plant tissues exhibited stronger Ca, P, and Mn and weaker K storage, which may be important mechanisms for adapting to habitat soils. However, ASC showed a higher biological absorption coefficient (BAC) for nutrients, which may contribute to the adaptation of ASC to relatively barren acidic soils. Both CSC and ASC showed much higher BAC and accumulation of Ca than other nutrients. We also found that the concentrations of nutrients in the different tissues varied considerably between species. Correlation analysis revealed 135 significant relationships between the 30 indices, with the soil pH and soil Ca levels being the most important factors influencing the nutrient uptake network. This information helps in understanding the adaptation mechanisms of karst plants to habitat soils.

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30

Bagale, Suman. "Nutrient Management for Soybean Crops". International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (6 settembre 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3304634.

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Abstract (sommario):

Soybean is one of the most important pulse crops in the world which supplies most of the protein and oil requirements. The efficient production of soybean crops is a constraint, with several biotic factors, abiotic factors, and crop management practices. Nutrient management is one of the important aspects for achieving higher production of crops. Effective nutrient management helps to assure the required nutrients needed for the plant without causing a significant decrease in the yield of crops. In addition to this, managing the nutrient efficiently helps the crop to cope with several types of biotic and abiotic stress. For soybean crop, altogether fifteen nutrients are needed, which comprises six macronutrients, namely, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and sulfur, which are required relatively in large amounts, and nine micronutrients which include iron, boron, zinc, cobalt, copper, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, and chlorine. These nutrients can be supplied to the plants through soil incorporation or foliar spray of commercially available fertilizers. Nutrient requirements for soybean crops vary in concentration, and deviations can cause nutrient deficiency or toxicity in soybean crops. Nutrient availability to soybean crops depends on the available nutrients in the soil solution, the form of available soil nutrients, mode of uptake of nutrients, its interaction with other soil nutrients, soil chemistry, and method of fertilizer application. This review article explores essential nutrients for sustainable soybean production in relation to the role and functions of nutrients, required concentration, and visual syndrome shown during deficiency, including findings from several researches. The review article is aimed to guide soybean farmers for effective nutrient management and academicians in reviewing the literature in soybean nutrient management.

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31

Wei, Yuanyuan, Rujing Wang, Junqing Zhang, Hongyan Guo e Xiangyu Chen. "Partition Management of Soil Nutrients Based on Capacitive Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detection". Agriculture 13, n. 2 (28 gennaio 2023): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020313.

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Abstract (sommario):

A method based on capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D), which has been proven effective for the rapid detection of available soil potassium content, was firstly proposed to apply to soil nutrient detection. By combining a detection signal spectrum analysis, geographic information system (GIS) data, and a cluster analysis, a soil nutrient management system to match the detection device was developed. This system included six modules: soil sample information management, electrophoresis analysis, quantitative calculation, nutrient result viewing, cluster analysis, and nutrient distribution map generation. The soil samples, which were collected from an experimental field in Xuchang City of Henan Province, were analyzed using the C4D and flame photometer methods. The results showed that the detection results for the soil samples obtained via the two methods were in good agreement. C4D technology was feasible for the detection of the soil available nutrients and had the advantages of a high timeliness, low sample volume, and low pollution. The soil nutrient management system adopted the hierarchical clustering method to classify the grid cells of the experimental field according to the nutrient detection results. A soil nutrient distribution map displayed the spatial difference in nutrients. This paper provides a systematic solution for soil nutrient zone management that includes nutrient detection, signal analysis, data management for the nutrient zone, and field nutrient distribution map generation to support decision making in variable fertilization.

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Ogeh, Joseph Sunday, e Rotimi Rufus Ipinmoroti. "The Status of Micronutrients and Sulphur in some Plantation Crops at Different Ages in an Alfisol of Southern Nigeria". JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 19, n. 2 (20 aprile 2015): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2014.v19i2.53-58.

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Abstract (sommario):

A study was conducted to assess nutrient dynamics of soils under old and young cocoa, coffee and cashew plantations and the leaf nutrient contents of the crops at Uhonmora, Edo State, Nigeria for proper cultural and soil fertility management of the plantations. Soil and crop leaf samples were collected from each plantation using random sampling technique. The samples were analyzed using standard procedures for sand, silt, clay, pH (H2O), electrical conductivity (EC), total N, available P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC). Leaf samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na. Data were compared with the corresponding soil and foliar critical nutrient values for each crop. Results indicated that the soils were texturally sandy clay loam and acidic. The soils varied in their nutrient contents, with soil P for the old cocoa, young coffee and cashew plantations far below critical values. The young cashew plot was low in N content but adequate for other plots. However, the soil ECEC increased with increase in calcium contents. Leaf N was below critical for all the crops. Leaf K was low for cocoa and coffee plants, leaf Ca was low for the young cashew plants, while leaf Mg was low for the young cocoa and old cashew. The high soil Mg/K ratio of 8.7- 22.3 as against the established value of 2.0 might have resulted in gross nutrient imbalance which must have affected the absorption and utilization of other nutrients. Hence, adequate soil N did not translate to availability of same to the crops. The ECEC showed that the soil needs to be improved upon for sustainable productivity. Soil nutrient content variation across the plantations with age of establishment will necessitate the need for consistent routine soil nutrient assessment for proper and balanced soil nutrient supply to the crops, for healthy crop growth and optimum yield. Management practices of soil surface mulching using organic wastes and cover crops under compatible cropping systems are needed for successful plot establishment and better growth performance of the young seedlings.Keywords: Alfisol,different ages, leaf nutrient content, micronutrient, plantation crops, soil nutrient content, soil [How to Cite: Joseph SO and RR Ipinmoroti. 2014. The Status of Micronutrient and Sulphur in Some Plantation Crops of Different Ages in an Alfisol in Southern Nigeria. J Trop Soils 19(2): 63-68. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.2.63]

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Ipinmoroti, Rotimi Rufus, e Joseph Sunday Ogeh. "Soil Nutrient Dynamics under Old and Young Cocoa, Coffee and Cashew Plantations at Uhonmora, Edo State, Nigeria". JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 19, n. 2 (21 aprile 2015): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2014.v19i2.75-80.

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Abstract (sommario):

A study was conducted to assess nutrient dynamics of soils under old and young cocoa, coffee and cashew plantations and the leaf nutrient contents of the crops at Uhonmora, Edo State, Nigeria for proper cultural and soil fertility management of the plantations. Soil and crop leaf samples were collected from each plantation using a random sampling technique. The samples were analyzed using standard procedures for sand, silt, clay, pH (H2O), electrical conductivity (EC), total N, available P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and Effective Cation Exchange Capacity (ECEC). Leaf samples were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg and Na. Data were compared with the corresponding soil and foliar critical nutrient values for each crop. Results indicated that the soils were texturally sandy clay loam and acidic. The soils varied in their nutrient contents, with soil P for the old cocoa, young coffee and cashew plantations far below critical values. The young cashew plot was low in N content but adequate for other plots. However, the soil ECEC increased with the increasing of calcium contents. Leaf N was below critical for all the crops. Leaf K was low for cocoa and coffee plants, leaf Ca was low for the young cashew plants, while leaf Mg was low for the young cocoa and old cashew. The high soil Mg/K ratio of 8.7- 22.3 as against the established value of 2.0 might have resulted in gross nutrient imbalance which must have affected the absorption and utilization of other nutrients. Hence, adequate soil N did not translate the same availability to the crops. The ECEC showed that the soil needs to be improved upon for sustainable productivity. Soil nutrient content variation across the plantations with age of establishment will necessitate the need for consistent routine soil nutrient assessment for proper and balanced soil nutrient supply to the crops, for healthy crop growth and optimum yield. Management practices of soil surface mulching using organic wastes and cover crops under compatible cropping systems are needed for successful plot establishment and better growth performance of the young seedlings.Key words: Nutrient dynamics, plantation crops, rehabilitation, soil fertility management [How to Cite: Rotimi RI and JS Ogeh. 2014. Soil Nutrient Dynamics under Old and Young Cocoa, Coffee and Cashew Plantations at Uhonmora, Edo State, Nigeria. J Trop Soils 19(2): 85-90. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2014.19.2.85] [Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2014.19.2.85]

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34

Grant, Cynthia, Noura Ziadi, Bernard Gagnon, Don Flaten e Jeff Schoenau. "Integrating knowledge of nutrient forms and dynamics into improved nutrient management practices: Atribute to Régis Simard". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, n. 2 (1 maggio 2009): 133–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07095.

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Abstract (sommario):

Régis Simard and his colleagues developed a research program focussing on the agronomic and environmental impacts of nutrients in agricultural systems. The success of this program resulted from an integrated approach, linking assessment of nutrient availability to an understanding of nutrient dynamics in the soil, and applying this understanding to development of improved management practices for a variety of nutrient sources. Research into nutrient availability conducted by Régis and his co-workers led to improvements in quantification of nutrient supply, using traditional soil analysis with batch chemical extraction as well as ionic exchange membranes (IEMs) and electro-ultrafiltration (EUF). Ion exchange membranes are now used as a tool in routine soil fertility assessments and in agronomic and environmental research to study nutrient ion release rates. Additionally, intensive analytical techniques, such as sequential extraction and X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) were developed and used to characterize the forms and relative availability of soil nutrients for plant uptake or environmental effects. Characterization of nutrient pools improved understanding of nutrient dynamics in the soil, allowing a more accurate assessment of the agronomic value and environmental risk of nutrients applied to agricultural systems. Building on this knowledge, Régis and his colleagues developed improved methods of utilizing manures, composts, paper mill sludge (PMS) and liming by-products, effectively diverting nutrients from the waste stream into a resource for crop production. This paper describes the contributions of Régis and his colleagues to the improvement of agronomically and environmentally sustainable nutrient management practices, based on an integrated research approach that provided a clear understanding nutrient availability and soil nutrient dynamics. Key words: Chemical extraction, integrated nutrient management, ion exchange membranes, paper mill sludge, soil phosphorus, soil potassium

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Begum, Kalpana, Abdul Halim Farhad Sikder, Sayma Khanom, Md Faruque Hossain e Zakia Parveen. "Nutrient uptake by plants from different land types of Madhupur soils". Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Research 28, n. 2 (22 febbraio 2016): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsr.v28i2.26782.

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Abstract (sommario):

Three different soil series such as Gerua, Kalma and Khilgaon were identified in three different land types (high, medium high and medium low land). Soil and plant samples were collected from each land type following a catena. Soil samples were collected from surface, subsurface and substratum in each soil series and plant samples were collected from each soil series to examine how the soil characteristics affect nutrient uptake by plants. The uptake of N, P, S and Zn increased from Gerua to Kalma soil and decreased to Khilgaon. K uptake increased from Gerua to Khilgaon soils. The concentration of Fe, Mn and Cu decreased at first and then increased that were opposite to the status of N, P, S and Zn. The uptake of P and Mn were positively correlated (r2 = 0.845**, r2 = 0.767*) and the uptake of K and Fe were negatively correlated (r2 = 0.951**, r2 = 0.676*) with the soil nutrients. This indicates the variation in nutrient concentration influenced by different factors in the catena. The uptake of nutrients by plants varied significantly within the catena. Macro and micronutrients were accumulated by the plants and the soils studied in the experiment did not show any nutrient deficiency or any metal contamination.Bangladesh J. Sci. Res. 28(2): 113-121, Dec-2015

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Silver, W. L., T. Perez, A. Mayer e A. R. Jones. "The role of soil in the contribution of food and feed". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, n. 1834 (4 agosto 2021): 20200181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2020.0181.

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Soils play a critical role in the production of food and feed for a growing global population. Here, we review global patterns in soil characteristics, agricultural production and the fate of embedded soil nutrients. Nitrogen- and organic-rich soils supported the highest crop yields, yet the efficiency of nutrient utilization was concentrated in regions with lower crop productivity and lower rates of chemical fertilizer inputs. Globally, soil resources were concentrated in animal feed, resulting in large inefficiencies in nutrient utilization and losses from the food system. Intercontinental transport of soil-derived nutrients displaced millions of tonnes of nitrogen and phosphorus annually, much of which was ultimately concentrated in urban waste streams. Approximately 40% of the global agricultural land area was in small farms providing over 50% of the world's food and feed needs but yield gaps and economic constraints limit the ability to intensify production on these lands. To better use and protect soil resources in the global food system, policies and actions should encourage shifts to more nutrient-efficient diets, strategic intensification and technological improvement, restoration and maintenance of soil fertility and stability, and enhanced resilience in the face of global change. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The role of soils in delivering Nature's Contributions to People’.

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37

SINGH, SANDEEP. "Nutrient management in salt affected soils for sustainable crop production". ANNALS OF PLANT AND SOIL RESEARCH 24, n. 2 (1 maggio 2022): 182–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10147.

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ABSTRACT Soil salinity and sodicity are the global problems and pose a serious threat to agriculture sustainability. The distribution of salt affected soils exist mostly under arid and semi-arid climates where rainfall is inadequate to leach salts from/out of the root zone. These soils have poor fertility, generally with low availability of nitrogen, calcium, zinc, iron and manganese. Therefore, judicious nutrients management on the principle of INM in these soils is as important as their reclamation. In these soils, crops respond differently to applied nutrients due to their diverse chemical composition impacting precipitation-dissolution reactions and adsorption-desorption kinetics. Nutrient transformation and loss mechanisms of applied nutrients are also affected by the magnitude of soil salinity and sodicity. The paper aims at discussing efficient nutrient management in salt affected soils for sustainable crop production.

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Hansen, N. E., D. M. Vietor, C. L. Munster, R. H. White e T. L. Provin. "Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Constructed Soils Amended with Compost". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/542873.

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Composted organic materials used to stabilize roadside embankments in Texas promote rapid revegetation of soils disturbed by construction activities. Yet, adding compost to soil may increase total and soluble plant nutrients available for loss in runoff water. Composted municipal biosolids and dairy manure products were applied to soils in Texas according to prescribed Texas Department of Transportation specifications for stabilizing roadside soils. The specifications included a method for incorporating compost into soils prior to seeding or applying a compost and woodchip mix over a disturbed soil and then seeding. Applying compost and woodchips over the soil surface limited sediment losses (14 to 32 fold decrease) compared to incorporating compost into the soil. Yet, the greatest total phosphorus and nitrogen losses in runoff water occurred from soils where the compost and woodchip mix was applied. The greatest losses of soluble phosphorus also occurred when the compost and woodchip mix was applied. In contrast, nitrate-nitrogen losses in runoff were similar when compost was incorporated in the soil or applied in the woodchip mix. Compost source affected the nutrient losses in runoff. While the composted municipal biosolids added greater nutrient loads to the soil, less nutrient loss in runoff occurred.

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39

May, Geoffrey M., e Marvin P. Pritts. "Phosphorus, Zinc, and Boron Influence Yield Components in `Earliglow' Strawberry". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 118, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.118.1.43.

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The main effects and interactions of soil-applied P, B, and Zn on yield and its components were examined in the field at two pH levels with `Earliglow' strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.). Applied nutrients had significant effects on several yield components, but responses depended on the levels of other nutrients or the soil pH At a soil pH of 5.5, yield responded linearly to B and quadratically to P. At pH 6.5, P interacted with B and Zn. Fruit count per inflorescence was the yield component most strongly associated with yield followed by individual fruit weight. However, these two yield components responded differently to soil-applied nutrients. Foliar nutrient levels generally did not increase with the amount of applied nutrient, but often an applied nutrient had a strong effect on the level of another nutrient. Leaf nutrient levels were often correlated with fruit levels, but foliar and fruit levels at harvest were not related to reproductive performance. Our study identifies some of the problems inherent in using foliar nutrient levels to predict a yield response and demonstrates how plant responses to single nutrients depend on soil chemistry and the presence of other nutrients.

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Olego, Miguel Ángel, Mateo Cuesta Lasso, Miguel Javier Quiroga, Fernando Visconti, Roberto López e Enrique Garzón-Jimeno. "Effects of Leonardite Amendments on Vineyard Calcareous Soil Fertility, Vine Nutrition and Grape Quality". Plants 11, n. 3 (28 gennaio 2022): 356. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030356.

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Vineyard calcareous soils are usually low in organic matter, which makes them prone to physical, chemical, and biological degradation. Besides, these soils are also usually poor in various nutrients in plant-available form, e.g., iron. To make up for this lack of soil fertility, on the one hand, manures, and on the other, iron chelates are usually used. However, the soil application of these materials is not free from problems, and other amendments based on leonardites could be advantageously used as an alternative. Therefore, two organic amendments, one leonardite alone (1 Mg/ha), and the other leonardite (1 Mg/ha) plus ferrous sulphate heptahydrate (0.5 Mg/ha), were tested for three years in a commercial vineyard calcareous plot under Mediterranean climate. The effects of these amendments on soil fertility, plant nutrient contents, and berry quality were studied against a control of bare soil by means of a fully randomized trial with three repetitions per treatment. Soil organic matter (SOM) increased as a consequence of both leonardite treatments, but much more than expected on the basis of a simple mass transfer from the amendments. With the ferrous-sulphate-heptahydrate-supplemented leonardite, the increase in SOM was noticeably higher. This is explained on the basis of nutrient quantity and intensity-pH-related effects, which increased soil nutrient plant-availability and presumably enhanced vine root growth. In response to the higher plant availability of nutrients, the petiole nutrient concentrations were observed to increase under the leonardite treatments. However, only a trend to increase potassium in petioles and in grape must, linked to a decrease of grape must pH, was observed in harvest quality under the leonardite treatments. Leonardite and adequately supplemented leonardite seem to have potential for increasing SOM contents and nutrient plant-availability, thus improving the soil fertility of vineyard calcareous soils.

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Aguirre-Monroy, A. M., J. C. Santana-Martínez e J. Dussán. "Lysinibacillus sphaericusas a Nutrient Enhancer during Fire-Impacted Soil Replantation". Applied and Environmental Soil Science 2019 (12 marzo 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3075153.

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Over the past ten years, more than twenty fires have affected the El Noviciado estate located in Cerro Majuy, Colombia, leading to a loss of soil nutrients and infertility.Lysinibacillus sphaericus, a Gram-positive, mesophilic, and spore-forming bacterium, can be used in soil amendment in the replantation processes, given its ability to fix nitrogen, and nitrify, and solubilize phosphorus, increasing soil nutrients used for plant growth. In this study, we evaluated the soil-amendment potential ofL. sphaericusby monitoring the nutrient content of a selected fragment of soil in the El Noviciado estate. For this purpose, we added a mixture ofL. sphaericusOT4b.31, OT4b.49, CBAM5, III(3)7, and 2362 strains and determined the ammonium, nitrites, nitrates, phosphorus, and indole acetic acid concentrations in soil.Alnus acuminatasbsp.acuminata, a native model plant known for its restoration effect, was used for replantation. Results indicated that soils with addedL. sphaericuspresented significant differences in ammonium, nitrites, nitrates, phosphorus, and indole acetic acid concentrations when compared to control soils. Further, results showed no significant differences between soil that had been pre-inoculated in greenhouse and soil directly inoculated in field. We propose thatL. sphaericuscould be a good nutrient enhancer and plant growth promoter that can be used for the amendment of fire-impacted soils and replantation treatments.

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42

Matula, J. "A relationship between multi-nutrient soil tests (Mehlich 3, ammonium acetate, and water extraction) and bioavailability of nutrients from soils for barley". Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 4 (5 maggio 2009): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/29/2009-pse.

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The aim of the paper was to test the universality of three multi-nutrient soil tests after a radical intervention in soil chemistry by gypsum treatment on a variable set of 36 soils. Pot experiments with barley in a growth chamber were conducted to determine the bioavailability of K, Mg, P, Mn and B from soils. There were no marked differences in correlations between soil tests and the plant in K, Mg and P. But in the case of Mn and B Mehlich 3 test was not in appropriate agreement with the plant. Shortcoming of water extraction is missing information of capacity character for the derivation of the fertilizer recommendations on heterogeneous soils. The highest universality of NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate soil test was proved in all studied nutrients (K, Mg, P, Mn, B) in relation to the plant. Determination of the CEC value that extends the information of capacity character is a part of this soil test. The CEC value contributes to a more sophisticated approach to interpretation for the fertilizer recommendations.

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Abishek, R., R. Santhi, S. Maragatham, S. R. Venkatachalam, D. Uma e A. Lakshmanan. "Post-harvest soil nutrient prediction in hybrid castor (Ricinus communis l.) Cropping sequence using a multivariate analysis technique". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 14, n. 3 (16 settembre 2022): 946–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3713.

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In the era of precision agriculture, the fertilizer prescription based on the soil fertility status is much required. Analyzing the soil after each crop is necessary for fertilizer recommendation and developing an alternative technique to forecast the soil available nutrient value rather than analyzing the soil. Multiple linear regression (MLR) equation was developed using filed experiment data to predict the soil available nutrient in castor cropping sequence. The post-harvest soil available nutrient was considered as the dependent variable and the initially available soil nutrient values, fertilizer added, yield and nutrient uptake of castor as an independent variable. In general, the post-harvest soil nutrient model's prediction accuracy was notable and had a coefficient of determination of less than 0.90. By calculating the RMSE (root means square error), R2 value, the ratio performance to deviation (RPD) and, RE (relative error) the performance of the MLR model was confirmed.Using the validated model, post-harvest soil available nutrients were predicted and compared with laboratory tested soil available nutreints. It turned out that the established model is more precisely effective and equally precise. Fertilizer recommendation could be made to subsequent crop after hybrid castor using the predicted soil available nutrients.

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Adak, Tarun, e G. Pandey. "Estimating soil nutrient index vis-a-vis mango orchard productivity of Lucknow region, Uttar Pradesh, India". Tropical Plant Research 7, n. 3 (31 dicembre 2020): 622–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22271/tpr.2020.v7.i3.077.

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Soil nutrient index was developed in mango orchard soils for which a sum of 88 soil samples were recently collected from the root zone depth (0–30 cm) of 22 fixed mango orchards of Lucknow region of Uttar Pradesh, India. Analysis of data indicated orchards had wider contents in nutrients in soil and foliar parts. Developed soil nutrient index concluded that mango orchard soils were categorized as low SOC, N and K, whereas P designated in medium rating. In case of available micronutrients, Zn, Fe and Mn falls under medium rating while Cu in low rating. Productivity analysis showed 4.92 to 8.68 t ha-1 with majority of the orchards had production from 6 to ≤8.0 t ha-1. Such lower productivity is linked to low to medium soil nutrients. The study showed for ensuring better productivity, proper nutrition management systems should be adopted by the growers.

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Zhao, Wenfei, Xiaoyu Cao, Jiping Li, Zhengchang Xie, Yaping Sun e Yuanying Peng. "Novel Weighting Method for Evaluating Forest Soil Fertility Index: A Structural Equation Model". Plants 12, n. 2 (15 gennaio 2023): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020410.

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Understanding nutrient quantity and quality in forest soils is important for sustainable management of forest resources and maintaining forest ecosystem services. In this study, six soil nutrient indicators, including soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) were measured in five different aged stands of Chinese fir forests in subtropical China. A structural equation model (SEM) was developed based on these soil nutrients indicators in order to better evaluate the soil fertility index (SFI) in these studied forests. The results show that soil nutrient contents changed with the soil depth in different age groups. The SOM decreased in a specific order: over mature > mature > near mature > middle > young stands. The TN content of the soil gradually decreased with increased soil depth throughout all age groups. The SEM indicated that the TN had the highest weight of 0.4154, while the TP had the lowest weight at 0.1991 for estimating the SFI. The weights of other indicators (AN, SOM, AP, and AK) ranged 0.2138–0.3855 in our study. The established SEM satisfied the fitness reference values and was able to accurately describe the forest soil nutrient status through the SFI. The overall SFI values were significantly higher in over mature stands than in young-aged stands and in topsoil than in deeper soil in all examined forests. Soil TN, AP, and AK were the most important nutrient indicators to the evaluation of the SFI in the study sites. The results confirmed that the SEM was suitable to estimate the weights of the SFI and better describe the soil nutrient status in forests. Our research provides an innovative approach to assess a soil nutrient status and soil fertility and provides a scientific basis for accurate implementation of soil nutrient assessment in forest ecosystems.

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46

Gronwald, M., A. Don, B. Tiemeyer e M. Helfrich. "Effects of fresh and aged chars from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization on nutrient sorption in agricultural soils". SOIL 1, n. 1 (18 giugno 2015): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soil-1-475-2015.

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Abstract. Leaching of nutrients from agricultural soils causes major environmental problems that may be reduced with amendments of chars derived from pyrolysis (pyrochars) or hydrothermal carbonization (hydrochars). Chars are characterized by a high adsorption capacity – i.e. they may retain nutrients such as nitrate and ammonium. However, the physicochemical properties of the chars and hence their sorption capacity likely depend on feedstock and the production process. We investigated the nutrient retention capacity of pyrochars and hydrochars from three different feedstocks (digestates, Miscanthus, woodchips) mixed into different soil substrates (sandy loam and silty loam). Moreover, we investigated the influence of char degradation on its nutrient retention capacity using a 7-month in situ field incubation of pyrochar and hydrochar mixed into soils at three different field sites. Pyrochars showed the highest ability to retain nitrate, ammonium and phosphate, with pyrochar from woodchips being particularly efficient in nitrate adsorption. Ammonium adsorption of pyrochars was controlled by the soil type of the soil–char mixture. We found some ammonium retention on sandy soils, but no pyrochar effect or even ammonium leaching from the loamy soil. The phosphate retention capacity of pyrochars strongly depended on the pyrochar feedstock with large phosphate leaching from digestate-derived pyrochar and some adsorption capacity from woodchip-derived pyrochar. Application of hydrochars to agricultural soils caused small, and often not significant, effects on nutrient retention. In contrast, some hydrochars did increase the leaching of nutrients compared to the non-amended control soil. We found a surprisingly rapid loss of the chars' adsorption capacity after field application of the chars. For all sites and for hydrochar and pyrochar, the adsorption capacity was reduced by 60–80 % to less or no nitrate and ammonium adsorption. Thus, our results cast doubt on the efficiency of char applications to temperate zone soils to minimize nutrient losses via leaching.

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Gronwald, M., A. Don, B. Tiemeyer e M. Helfrich. "Effects of fresh and aged biochars from pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization on nutrient sorption in agricultural soils". SOIL Discussions 2, n. 1 (14 gennaio 2015): 29–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/soild-2-29-2015.

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Abstract. Leaching of nutrients from agricultural soils causes major environmental problems that may be reduced with biochar amendments to the soils. Biochars are characterised by a high adsorption capacity, i.e., they may retain nutrients such nitrate and ammonium. However, biochar properties strongly depend on feedstock and the production process. We investigated the nutrient retention capacity of biochars derived from pyrolysis (pyrochar) as well as from hydrothermal carbonization (hydrochar; produced at 200 and 250 °C) from three different feedstocks (digestates, Miscanthus, woodchips) mixed into different soil substrates (sandy loam and silty loam). Moreover, we investigated the influence of biochar degradation on its nutrient retention capacity using a seven-month in-situ field incubation of pyrochar and hydrochar. Pyrochars showed the highest ability to retain nitrate, ammonium and phosphate, with pyrochar from woodchips being particularly efficient in nitrate adsorption. Ammonium adsorption of pyrochars was controlled by the soil type of the soil-biochar mixture. We found some ammonium retention on sandy soils, but no pyrochar effect or even ammonium leaching from the loamy soil. The phosphate retention capacity of pyrochars strongly depended on the pyrochar feedstock with large phosphate leaching from digestate-derived pyrochar and some adsorption capacity from woodchip-derived pyrochar. Application of hydrochars to agricultural soils caused small, and often not significant, effects on nutrient retention. In contrast, some hydrochars did increase the leaching of nutrients compared to the non-amended control soil. We found a surprisingly rapid loss of the biochars' adsorption capacity after field application of the biochars. For all sites and for hydrochar and pyrochar, the adsorption capacity was reduced by 60–80% to less or no nitrate and ammonium adsorption. Thus, our results cast doubt on the efficiency of biochar applications to temperate zone soils to minimize nutrient losses via leaching.

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Coonan, Elizabeth C., John A. Kirkegaard, Clive A. Kirkby, Craig L. Strong, Martin R. Amidy e Alan E. Richardson. "Soil carbon dynamics following the transition of permanent pasture to cereal cropping: influence of initial soil fertility, lime application and nutrient addition". Crop and Pasture Science 71, n. 1 (2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19197.

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Soil organic matter (SOM) in agricultural soils is generally lower in cultivated and intensively managed cropping soils than in pasture soils. Cultivation during the transition from pasture to crop leads to a loss of SOM, which may affect soil functionality and subsequent agricultural productivity. However, it is unclear how management practices influence SOM dynamics following this transition. We investigated the impact of initial soil fertility and application of lime and nutrients (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S)) on changes in soil carbon (C) during the transition from a permanent pasture to a crop. The pasture was managed over 20 years with fertiliser to generate soils with initial high and low fertility (referred to as P2 and P0, respectively), based on soil C, N, P and S concentrations. Prior to sowing, pasture residue was incorporated with three treatments applied: control, lime, and lime + nutrient. Two successive crops of triticale (Triticale (× Triticosecale)) were then grown. The P0 and P2 soils were again cultivated in March 2018 with incorporation of the triticale stubble residue (9 Mg ha–1) in each of the three soil treatments. After the two successive cereal crops, higher whole-soil C stocks were retained in the P2 than the P0 soils (difference of 2.1 Mg C ha–1 compared with an initial difference in stocks of 2.4 Mg C ha–1), with smaller loss of whole-soil C in P2 soils receiving the lime and lime + nutrient treatments than in the P2 control (average 10.3%, 10.0% and 20.2% loss of total C, respectively, relative to initial levels of soil C). Loss of C from the more active >0.4-mm fraction as a proportion of total C loss was higher in the first year with incorporation of legume-based pasture residue than in the second year with incorporation of C-rich, nutrient-poor crop residue (56% and 18% of the loss of C from the whole soil was from the >0.4-mm fraction in the first and second year, respectively). In P2 soil, loss of C was smaller in the more stable <0.4-mm fraction in the lime and lime + nutrient treatments than in the control (average loss of 9.6%, 11.2% and 17.6%, respectively). By contrast, in the low-fertility (P0) soil, loss of C was greater in the <0.4-mm fraction in the lime treatment than in the control (12.3% and 3.4% loss, respectively) unless supplementary nutrients were added at the time of cultivation (7.0% loss). Narrowing of nutrient ratios (C:N and C:S) in the P0 whole soil over time suggested that the loss of soil C was associated with increased microbial processing of C in the coarse-fraction soil. Taken together, the results demonstrate that loss of C from the pasture soils after cultivation was lower for soil with initially higher soil fertility when lime was applied, and that for soils with lower initial fertility, application of nutrients in addition to those for crop growth reduced C mineralisation induced by lime application.

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Pihlblad, Johanna, Louise C. Andresen, Catriona A. Macdonald, David S. Ellsworth e Yolima Carrillo. "The influence of elevated CO₂ and soil depth on rhizosphere activity and nutrient availability in a mature Eucalyptus woodland". Biogeosciences 20, n. 3 (2 febbraio 2023): 505–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-20-505-2023.

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Abstract. Elevated carbon dioxide (eCO2) in the atmosphere increases forest biomass productivity but only where soil nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), are not limiting growth. eCO2, in turn, can impact rhizosphere nutrient availability. Our current understanding of nutrient cycling under eCO2 is mainly derived from surface soil, leaving mechanisms of the impact of eCO2 on rhizosphere nutrient availability at deeper depths unexplored. To investigate the influence of eCO2 on nutrient availability in soil at depth, we studied various C, N, and P pools (extractable, microbial biomass, total soil C and N, and mineral-associated P) and nutrient cycling processes (enzyme activity and gross N mineralisation) associated with C, N, and P cycling in both bulk and rhizosphere soil at different depths at the Free Air CO2 enrichment facility in a native Australian mature Eucalyptus woodland (EucFACE) on a nutrient-poor soil. We found decreasing nutrient availability and gross N mineralisation with depth; however, this depth-associated decrease was reduced under eCO2, which we suggest is due to enhanced root influence. Increases in available PO43-, adsorbed P, and the C : N and C : P ratio of enzyme activity with depth were observed. We conclude that the influences of roots and of eCO2 can affect available nutrient pools and processes well beyond the surface soil of a mature forest ecosystem. Our findings indicate a faster recycling of nutrients in the rhizosphere, rather than additional nutrients becoming available through soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition. If the plant growth response to eCO2 is reduced by the constraints of nutrient limitations, then the current results would call to question the potential for mature tree ecosystems to fix more C as biomass in response to eCO2. Future studies should address how accessible the available nutrients at depth are to deeply rooted plants and if fast recycling of nutrients is a meaningful contribution to biomass production and the accumulation of soil C in response to eCO2.

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Anderson, Wendy B., e William G. Eickmeier. "Nutrient resorption in Claytonia virginica L.: implications for deciduous forest nutrient cycling". Canadian Journal of Botany 78, n. 6 (1 giugno 2000): 832–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b00-056.

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According to the vernal dam hypothesis, spring ephemeral herbs temporarily sequester large nutrient pools in deciduous forests prior to canopy closure and return the nutrients to the soil following senescence of aboveground tissues. However, many species resorb nutrients from their leaves back to belowground tissues during senescence, and the degree of resorption is often associated with soil nutrient availability. Species that store large proportions of their absorbed nutrients between years are not participating in the temporary sequestering and rapid recycling of nutrients implied by the vernal dam. We investigated the extent to which Claytonia virginica L. sequestered and returned nutrients to the soil in response to nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability. We tested the effect of nutrient availability on nutrient use efficiency, resorption efficiency, and resorption proficiency (% nutrient in senescent leaves) of Claytonia. Nutrient additions significantly decreased N but not P use efficiency of Claytonia, particularly as the growing season progressed. Nutrient additions also significantly reduced N resorption efficiency from 80 to 47% and decreased P resorption efficiency from 86 to 56%. N and P resorption proficiencies were also significantly lower in senesced leaves of fertilized plants: N concentrations were 2.33% when unfertilized and 4.13% when fertilized, while P concentrations were 0.43% when unfertilized versus 0.57% when fertilized. When unfertilized, Claytonia was more efficient at resorption compared with other spring herbs, but similar to other species when fertilized. However, Claytonia was much less proficient in resorbing nutrients than other reported plants, because senescent tissues maintained substantially higher concentrations of N and P, particularly when fertilized. In conclusion, Claytonia, an important spring ephemeral species, exhibits physiological responses that emphasize its role in the vernal dam by its temporary sequestration and substantial, rapid return of nutrients in deciduous forests. Adding nutrients to the site increases the total mass and the relative proportion of nutrients that Claytonia returns to the soil rather than sequestering between seasons, which ultimately increases nutrient recycling rates within the entire system.Key words: Claytonia virginica, nutrient response, resorption efficiency, nutrient cycling, spring ephemerals, vernal dam.

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