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1
Hatton, Thomas J., Neil R. Viney, E. A. Catchpole e Neville J. De Mestre. "The Influence of Soil Moisture on Eucalyptus Leaf Litter Moisture". Forest Science 34, n. 2 (1 giugno 1988): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/34.2.292.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract An experiment was carried out to test the assumption that surface soil moisture affects fine dead fuel moisture. A randomized block design was used to test the response in Eucalyptus leaf moisture to two levels of soil moisture over a range of exposures to the sun, wind, and soil surface. Soil moisture clearly influenced daily leaf fuel moisture minima and maxima. The effect on daily minima was most pronounced for the bottom of the litter layer, which was shielded from the sun and wind and in contact with the soil. The effect of soil moisture on daily fuel moisture maxima was most pronounced for exposed samples. The responses in fuel moisture due to exposure and soil moisture were compared with fine fuel moistures predicted by three fuel moisture models. The various treatment combinations of soil moisture and exposure produced fuel moistures that varied too widely for any of the tested fuel moisture models to be consistently most accurate. For. Sci. 34(2):292-301.
2
Richter, H., A. W. Western e F. H. S. Chiew. "The Effect of Soil and Vegetation Parameters in the ECMWF Land Surface Scheme". Journal of Hydrometeorology 5, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2004): 1131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-362.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and climate models are sensitive to evapotranspiration at the land surface. This sensitivity requires the prediction of realistic surface moisture and heat fluxes by land surface models that provide the lower boundary condition for the atmospheric models. This paper compares simulations of a stand-alone version of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) land surface scheme, or the Viterbo and Beljaars scheme (VB95), with various soil and vegetation parameter sets against soil moisture observations across the Murrumbidgee River catchment in southeast Australia. The study is, in part, motivated by the adoption of VB95 as the operational land surface scheme by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology in 1999. VB95 can model the temporal fluctuations in soil moisture, and therefore the moisture fluxes, fairly realistically. The monthly model latent heat flux is also fairly insensitive to soil or vegetation parameters. The VB95 soil moisture is sensitive to the soil and, to a lesser degree, the vegetation parameters. The model exhibits a significant (generally wet) bias in the absolute soil moisture that varies spatially. The use of the best Australia-wide available soils and vegetation information did not improve VB95 simulations consistently, compared with the original model parameters. Comparisons of model and observed soil moistures revealed that more realistic soil parameters are needed to reduce the model soil moisture bias. Given currently available continent-wide soils parameters, any initialization of soil moisture with observed values would likely result in significant flux errors. The soil moisture bias could be largely eliminated by using soil parameters that were derived directly from the actual soil moisture observations. Such parameters, however, are only available at very few point locations.
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Reardon, James, Gary Curcio e Roberta Bartlette. "Soil moisture dynamics and smoldering combustion limits of pocosin soils in North Carolina, USA". International Journal of Wildland Fire 18, n. 3 (2009): 326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf08085.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Smoldering combustion of wetland organic soils in the south-eastern USA is a serious management concern. Previous studies have reported smoldering was sensitive to a wide range of moisture contents, but studies of soil moisture dynamics and changing smoldering combustion potential in wetland communities are limited. Linking soil moisture measurements with estimates of the sustained smoldering limits of organic soils will improve our understanding of changes in ground fire potential over time. Seasonal soil moisture trends were monitored in six North Carolina coastal plain pocosin sites from January 2005 to November 2007. Measurements of the root-mat upper soil horizons were sampled at 2-week intervals while measurements of lower horizon muck (sapric) soil moisture contents and watertable depths were made with automated data logging equipment. The watertable and soil moisture responses were influenced by seasonal and yearly differences in precipitation and hydrologic factors. The maximum estimated probabilities of sustained smoldering were highest in the fall of 2007 and lowest in 2006. Watertable depth was not a consistent predictor of the smoldering combustion potential in the upper organic soil horizons. Maximum Keetch–Byram Drought Index values on all sites were between 500 and 662 during 2005 and 2007 and these values were not consistent with measured soil moistures.
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Rahman, Mohammad Mahfuzur, e Minjiao Lu. "Characterizing Soil Moisture Memory by Soil Moisture Autocorrelation". Journal of Water Resource and Hydraulic Engineering 4, n. 1 (15 gennaio 2015): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5963/jwrhe0401007.
Testo completo
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Yi, Xiaobo, Ji Luo, Pengyan Wang, Xiao Guo, Yuanjie Deng, Tao Du, Haijun Wang, Cuicui Jiao, Guofu Yuan e Mingan Shao. "Spatial and Temporal Variations in Soil Moisture for a Tamarisk Stand under Groundwater Control in a Hyper-Arid Region". Water 15, n. 19 (28 settembre 2023): 3403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15193403.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In hyper-arid regions, soil moisture’s role in ecohydrological processes can differ significantly from that in arid or semi-arid ecosystems. We investigated the spatial–temporal dynamics of soil moisture and its relationship with groundwater depths in a 200 m × 300 m phreatophytic tamarisk stand in the lower basin of the Tarim River, a hyper-arid zone in China. Soil moisture profiles, from the surface to the water table, were derived using drilling and oven-drying techniques. Over a three-year period, the soil moisture at multiple depths was continuously monitored in a specific plot using nine frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors. Our results indicate a correlation between horizontal variations in soil moisture and groundwater depths (GWDs). Nevertheless, anomalies in this correlation were observed. Variations in horizontal soil moisture were strongly influenced by the clay content in the soil, with finer soils retaining more moisture. Despite varying GWDs, soil moisture profiles remained consistent, with no distinct correlation between them. Soil moisture exhibited stability across layers, with noticeable changes only adjacent to the water table. These results imply that in hyper-arid environments, soil texture primarily governs soil moisture distribution. However, the limited spatial and temporal scopes in our dataset, constrained by the region’s inhospitable conditions, necessitate further investigation. Future work should prioritize amalgamating diverse data sources to devise a region-specific soil moisture model for in-depth analysis of hyper-arid regions.
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Tužinský, L. "Soil moisture in mountain spruce stand". Journal of Forest Science 48, No. 1 (17 maggio 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/11854-jfs.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mountain forests are among the main components of natural environment in Slovakia. They grow mainly in areas with cold climate, on poor soils with unfavorable reaction, often very acidic (pH in H<sub>2</sub>O < 4.5) and with nutrient deficit. Immissions and acid rain attack forests to a great extent. Global climate changes also represent a new threat. Extremes in air temperatures, excessive amounts of precipitation or on the other hand the lack of water from precipitation, torrential rains or long-lasting drought periods are recorded as a result of a higher amount of heat energy accumulation from the greenhouse effect. Spruce forests are most endangered. Spruce with its root system concentrated in the upper soil layers, where also the highest amount of toxic elements accumulates, suffers more and more from dry and warm periods and it begins to wither due to drought. The occurrence of hydropedological cycles with a low or insufficient supply of available water in the soil is most frequent during summer (July, August). If the soil water potential values approach the value of the wilting point, an expressive decrease in transpiration is observed during the day, whereas its daily course is also suppressed. Gradual soil drying up from the upper layers towards the deepest ones of the physiological profile of soil represents a change in soil moisture stratification, especially after moistening the upper layers of soil with water from atmospheric precipitation. The deeper soil layers need not be re-saturated in such a case. Under drought the whole physiological profile of soil dries up in a relatively short time. Trees are exposed to a strong physiological stress in such conditions and after longlasting drought periods they can get into the state of total exhaustion.
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Li, Xin, Yudong Lu, Xiaozhou Zhang, Rong Zhang, Wen Fan e Wangsheng Pan. "Influencing Factors of the Spatial–Temporal Variation of Layered Soils and Sediments Moistures and Infiltration Characteristics under Irrigation in a Desert Oasis by Deterministic Spatial Interpolation Methods". Water 11, n. 7 (17 luglio 2019): 1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11071483.
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Soil moisture is the main limiting factor for crop growth and the sustainable development of oases in arid desert areas. Therefore, the temporal and spatial variation and infiltration laws of oasis soil moisture should be studied. The objective of this study is to reveal the influencing factors of the spatial–temporal variation of layered soil and sediment moisture and infiltration characteristics under irrigation in desert oases. Hydraulic conductivities were measured using the double-ring infiltrometer, while the regional and site soil moistures were measured and calibrated using weighted method and neutron moisture meter. Deterministic spatial interpolation methods, including multiquadric radial basis function, inverse distance weighted, and local polynomial regression isogram, were adopted to map the regional distribution of hydraulic conductivities, spatial soil moistures, and spatial–temporal isogram of the point site soil moistures in Yaoba Oasis, respectively. Results showed that the leading influencing factors of the (1) regional spatial soil moisture were soil and sediment permeability, stream link direction, microclimate, and dewfalls; (2) spatial layered soil and sediment moistures were microclimate and dew condensation; and (3) spatial–temporal variation at the point site profiles were soil texture, water requirement, and preferential flow. Under irrigation, soil moisture increased significantly, in which the maximum increase was 10.8 times the original state, while the recharging depth substantially increased up to 580 cm with the preferential flow. The spatial–temporal variation of the soil moisture under irrigation indicated that the best irrigation frequency should be 15 days per time. Moreover, the infiltration process can be divided into the preferential flow, piston flow, and balanced infiltration stages.
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Baskoro, Dwi Putro Tejo, e Suria Darma Tarigan. "Soil Moisture Characteristics on Several Soil Types". Jurnal Ilmu Tanah dan Lingkungan 9, n. 2 (1 ottobre 2007): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jitl.9.2.77-81.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil water availability is one of the important factors injluencing plant growth. Soil that can store more water in alonger time can support a better plant growth. This study was aimed to evaluate the dynamics of soil water of four differentsoils with different characteristics. Four soils classes are clayey textured soils-Red Yellowish Podsolik Jasinga, Clayeytextured soils-Latosol Darmaga, . Sandy Textured soil-Regosol Sindang Barang, and highly organic mater content soi/sAndosolSukamantri. The result showed that at every-suction analyzed, Andosol Sukamantri had consistently highest watercontent while Regosol Sindang Barang was consistently lowest. Similar tendency wasfoundfor available water capacity. Theresult also showed that moisture content at Regosol decrease more rapidly than those of the other three soils. The time need to reach likely constant moisture content is variable with soil type; lowest at Regosol Sindangbarang (45 hours after completely saturated and drained) followed by Podsolik Jasinga (73 hours), Latosol darmaga (74 hours) and Andosol Sulcamatri (76 hours).
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Eckertová, Terézia, Karol Holý, Monika Müllerová, Ivan Sýkora e Jozef Masarik. "EMANATION OF RADON-222 FROM DIFFERENT SOIL TYPES AND SOIL GROUPS". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 198, n. 9-11 (agosto 2022): 771–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncac132.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In this paper, we deal with measurement of 222Rn emanation coefficient (Ke) of soils using an accumulation method. We created a database of Ke values of dried soils for various soil types and soil groups, classified by the size of soil particles. For 18 different soil samples we obtained the Ke values in range 0.083–0.234. The analysis of radon emanation dependence on moisture for seven of these samples shows two different trends which were related to soil texture (clays or sands). Soils with predominant sandy particles prove weak dependence on moisture and Ke values from minimum value (at zero moisture) do not increase much (max 15% increase on every 5% of moisture), for soils with majority of clayey particles the moisture can affect the Ke more significantly (increase up to 60%).
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Hamad, Asal Mahmud, e Mahmood Gazey Jassam. "A Comparative Study for the Effect of Some Petroleum Products on the Engineering Properties of Gypseous Soils". Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences 29, n. 3 (15 ottobre 2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjes.29.3.7.
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Gypseous soils are considered problematic soils because the soil cavities happen during receiving the water or this type of soil and solving gypsum materials and contract in a soil volume. In this study, three types of gypseous soils are used; soil1, soil2, and soil3 with gypsum content (28.71%, 43.6%, and 54.88%) respectively, petroleum products (engine oil, fuel oil, and kerosene) are added to the soils with percentages (3%, 6%, 9%, and 12%) for each product. The result showed that specific gravity, liquid limit, optimum moisture content (O.M.C), and maximum dry density decreased with an increased percentage of product for all types of products. The direct shear (dry and soaked case) results show that increasing the (angle of internal friction and the soil cohesion) for soil1, soil2, and soil3 by adding engine oil and fuel oil. Still, when the soils were treated with kerosene, the angle of internal friction increased while cohesion decreased. The collapse potential for the treated soils increases with increasing gypsum content for all petroleum products. The collapse potential (CP) for (soil1) decreased by 47% when using 6% of the engine oil, 48.8% when using 9% of the fuel oil, and 55% when using 9% of the kerosene. The same percentage of the petroleum products (engine oil, fuel oil, and kerosene) decrease the collapse potential for (soil2), (47%, 46%, and 50%) respectively and decrease the collapse potential for (soil 3), (51%, 47.7%, and 52%) respectively. In the unconfined compressive test applied on (soil1) using maximum density, the results show that the soil strength increased (26% and 10%) when using 6% and engine oil and fuel oil, respectively, while the soil strength decreased by 29% when treated with 9% of kerosene.
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Silva, Wininton M. da, Aloísio Bianchini e Cesar A. da Cunha. "Modeling and correction of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density". Engenharia Agrícola 36, n. 3 (giugno 2016): 449–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1809-4430-eng.agric.v36n3p449-459/2016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT This study aimed to describe the behavior of models for adjusting data of soil penetration resistance for variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density. The study was carried out in Lucas do Rio Verde, MT, Brazil in a typic dystrophic red-yellow Latosol (Oxisol) containing 0.366 kg kg−1 of clay. Soil penetration resistance measurements were conducted in the soil moistures of 0.33 kg kg−1, 0.28 kg kg−1, 0.25 kg kg−1 and 0.22 kg kg−1. Soil penetration resistance behavior due to variations in soil moisture and soil bulk density was assessed by estimating the soil resistance values by non-linear models. There was an increase of the soil penetration resistance values as soil was losing moisture. For the same edaphic condition studied, small differences in the data of soil bulk density affect differently the response of soil resistance as a function of moisture. Both soil bulk density and soil moisture are essential attributes to explain the variations in soil penetration resistance in the field. The good representation of the critical soil bulk density curve as a limiting compression indicator requires the proper choice of the restrictive soil resistance value for each crop.
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Yang, Kun, Toshio Koike, Ichirow Kaihotsu e Jun Qin. "Validation of a Dual-Pass Microwave Land Data Assimilation System for Estimating Surface Soil Moisture in Semiarid Regions". Journal of Hydrometeorology 10, n. 3 (1 giugno 2009): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jhm1065.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This study examines the capability of a new microwave land data assimilation system (LDAS) for estimating soil moisture in semiarid regions, where soil moisture is very heterogeneous. This system assimilates the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) 6.9- and 18.7-GHz brightness temperatures into a land surface model (LSM), with a radiative transfer model as an observation operator. To reduce errors caused by uncertainties of system parameters, the LDAS uses a dual-pass assimilation algorithm, with a calibration pass to estimate major model parameters from satellite data and an assimilation pass to estimate the near-surface soil moisture. Validation data of soil moisture were collected in a Mongolian semiarid region. Results show that (i) the LDAS-estimated soil moistures are comparable to areal averages of in situ measurements, though the measured soil moistures were highly variable from site to site; (ii) the LSM-simulated soil moistures show less biases when the LSM uses LDAS-calibrated parameter values instead of default parameter values, indicating that the satellite-based calibration does contribute to soil moisture estimations; and (iii) compared to the LSM, the LDAS produces more robust and reliable soil moisture when forcing data become worse. The lower sensitivity of the LDAS output to precipitation is particularly encouraging for applying this system to regions where precipitation data are prone to errors.
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Campora, Marina, Anna Palla, Ilaria Gnecco, Rossella Bovolenta e Roberto Passalacqua. "The laboratory calibration of a soil moisture capacitance probe in sandy soils". Soil and Water Research 15, No. 2 (11 marzo 2020): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/227/2018-swr.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Determining and mitigating landslide risk is a technical-scientific objective, particularly for the protection and proper territorial management and planning. The slope stability depends on the pore pressure distribution, which is influenced by the saturation front propagation through the unsaturated zone, whose monitoring is useful to understand any possible instabilities. Such monitoring may be undertaken by sensors based on the measurement of the relative dielectric permittivity. Reliable relationships between the measurement and the soil moisture are necessary. The main objective of this study is to assess a laboratory calibration protocol for a specific capacitance sensor (Drill & Drop, Sentek Sensor Technologies). Two monogranular sands have been selected for the calibration purpose. The laboratory tests were performed under three relative density values (D<sub>R</sub> equal to 40%, 60% and 80%) for seven volumetric water content values (θ<sub>v</sub> ranging from 0.00% to 36.26%). Based on the experimental measurements, the soil-specific calibration curves were determined at an assigned relative density value; in particular, a simple power law is adopted to describe the probe’s reading as a function of the volumetric water content. The results point out that the relative density values slightly affect the tests, thus, the soil-specific calibration curves are derived based on a simple regression analysis fitting the whole set of the laboratory tests validated for each sand. The calculated coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.96÷0.99) and root mean square error (RMSE = 1.4%÷2.8%) values confirm the goodness of fit. In order to propose more general fitting curves, suitable for both the investigated sands, multiple linear regressions are performed by considering θ<sub>v</sub> and the mean grain size, D<sub>50</sub> as independent variables; again, the R<sup>2</sup> and RMSE values equal to 0.97 and 2.41%, respectively, confirm the suitability of the calibration curve. Finally, the laboratory calibration curves are compared with the manufacturer-supplied curves, thus, enhancing the need for the soil-specific calibration.
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Usowicz, Bogusław, Wojciech Marczewski, Jerzy B. Usowicz, Mateusz I. Lukowski e Jerzy Lipiec. "Comparison of Surface Soil Moisture from SMOS Satellite and Ground Measurements". International Agrophysics 28, n. 3 (29 luglio 2014): 359–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/intag-2014-0026.
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Abstract Soil moisture datasets at various scales are needed for sustainable land use and water management. The aim of this study was to compare soil moisture ocean salinity satellite and in situ soil moisture data for the Podlasie and Polesie regions in Eastern Poland. Both regions have similar climatic and topographic conditions but are different in land use, vegetation, and soil cover. The test sites were located on agricultural fields on sandy soils and natural vegetation on marshy soils that prevail in the Podlasie and Polesie regions, respectively. The soil moisture ocean salinity soil moisture data were obtained from radiometric measurements (1.4 GHz) and the ground soil moisture from sensors at a depth of 5 cm during the years 2010-2011. In general, temporal patterns of soil moisture from both satellite and ground measurements followed the rainfall trend. The regression coefficients, Bland-Altman analysis, concordance correlation coefficient, and total deviation index showed that the agreement between ground and soil moisture ocean salinity derived soil moisture data is better for the Podlasie than the Polesie region. The lower agreement in Polesie was attributed mostly to the presence of the widespread natural vegetation on the wetter marsh soil along with minor contribution of agriculturally used drier coarse-textured soils.
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Saeed, Iftikhar Ahmed, Minjuan Wang, Yanzhao Ren, Qinglan Shi, Muhammad Hammad Malik, Sha Tao, Qiang Cai e Wanlin Gao. "Performance analysis of dielectric soil moisture sensor". Soil and Water Research 14, No. 4 (9 ottobre 2019): 195–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/74/2018-swr.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil moisture (SM) varies greatly in the soil profile. We developed a low-cost sensor for SM monitoring at three vertical depths. The sensor function was based on dielectric theory to monitor SM. Three linear calibration models were established using different soils. The sensor for each depth showed acceptable statistics of validations. The linear fit coefficient of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) ranged from 0.95 to 0.99. Root mean square error (RMSE) ranged from 1.35 to 4.30. The sensor performed consistently for at least 4 months, and is suitable for continuous monitoring of in situ SM and irrigation scheduling.
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Hawkins, G. L., J. Kelton, N. Smith e K. Balkcom. "A Note on Comparing Rate of Soil Moisture Loss for Conventional and Conservation Tillage Production methods for Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)". Peanut Science 43, n. 2 (1 luglio 2016): 168–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps16-4.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Soil moisture retention is important for peanut production as well as water conservation in irrigated and non-irrigated fields. One way to increase soil moisture retention of the soil is by increasing soil organic matter. Research was conducted to determine if there is a difference in the rate of soil moisture loss in a field operated under a conservation production system (CPS) method and a conventionally tilled (CT) method, and if there was a time difference between needed wetting events. Experiments were conducted on two different fields with Tifton sandy loam soil. Soil moisture was monitored with Watermark sensors installed at 10, 20 and 30 cm depths. Data was analyzed to determine the rate of soil moisture loss when the soil was wet (below 50 kPa) and dry (above 80 kPa). The rate of soil moisture loss was not significant between CPS and CT when the soil was wet; however, there was a difference in the soil moisture loss rate when soils were dry. When dry, the CT soils lost moisture at a rate 2.5 times that of the CPS soils. This increased rate of loss indicates that water would need to be supplied to the CT soils every 1.5 d whereas the CPS soils would need water every 3.9 d. These results indicate that use of CPS increased the water holding capacity of soil, increased time required between wetting events, and can aid in the conservation of water resources in peanut production.
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Showstack, Randy. "Measuring soil moisture". Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union 83, n. 33 (2002): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/eo083i033p00358-05.
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Yerolkar, Prof D. J., Atharva More, Sahil Pardeshi, Prathamesh Tikhe e Neeraj Pawar. "Soil Moisture Detector". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, n. 3 (31 marzo 2024): 1115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.59014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract: Soil Moisture is directly related to the amount of irrigation in agriculture and influences the yield of crops. Accordingly, a soil moisture sensor is an important tool for measuring soil moisture content. In this study, the previous research conducted in recent 2-3 decades on soil moisture sensors was reviewed and the principles of commonly used soil moisture sensors and their various applications were summarized. Furthermore, the advantages, disadvantages, and influencing factors of various measurement methods employed were compared and analyzed. The improvements presented by several scholars have established the major applications and performance levels of soil moisture sensors, thereby setting the course for future development. These studies indicated that soil moisture sensors in the future should be developed to achieve high-precision, lowcost, non-destructive, automated, and highly integrated systems. Also, it was indicated that future studies should involve the development of specialized sensors for different applications and scenarios. This review research aimed to provide a certain reference for application departments and scientific researchers in the process of selecting soil moisture sensor products and measuring soil moisture.
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Choi, Minha, e Jennifer M. Jacobs. "Spatial soil moisture scaling structure during Soil Moisture Experiment 2005". Hydrological Processes 25, n. 6 (24 settembre 2010): 926–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7877.
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DIONNE, J. L., e A. R. PESANT. "EFFETS DES DOSES DE MANGANESE, D’ALUMINIUM, DES REGIMES HYDRIQUES ET DU pH DES SOLS SUR LES RENDEMENTS DE LUZERNE ET SUR L’ASSIMILABILITE DU MANGANESE ET DE L’ALUMINIUM". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, n. 2 (1 maggio 1985): 269–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-031.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Saranac’) was grown on Ste. Rosalie clay, Greensboro loam and St. Jude sand adjusted to about pH 5.0, 6.5 and 7.5 in a greenhouse experiment, to determine the changes in response of alfalfa to aluminum and manganese resulting from variations in soil pH and soil moisture. Rates of Mn were equivalent to 0 and 200 kg∙ha−1 and rates of Al were 0, and 100 kg∙ha−1. Three soil moisture regimes were used: (1) Optimum with soil moisture between field capacity (FC) and 70% of this value. (2) Wet: with soil moisture between saturation point (SP) and FC. (3) Very wet: with soil moisture between saturation point and a value half way between SP and FC. Manganese applied on acid soils (pH 5.2) under optimum soil moisture regimes decreased alfalfa yields by 3% only, compared to a 62% decrease in alfalfa yields by Mn applied on acid soils of the two high soil moisture regimes. This was due to a high level of Mn in alfalfa on the wet acid soils. A large quantity of aluminum was also found in alfalfa grown in acid soils along with a high concentration of "extractable" aluminum. This resulted in a 54% reduction of alfalfa yields. Content of Al and Mn in alfalfa top and in soils was decreased sharply by liming soils at pH of 6.5 or 7.5. On soils limed to a pH of about 7.0 alfalfa survived at high levels of Mn and Al such as frequently encountered in some acid and very wet soils. Key words: Soil Mn, soil Al, soil pH, soil moisture, alfalfa
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Shao, Yaping, Klaus Fraedrich e Masahide Ishizuka. "Modelling Soil Moisture in Hyper-Arid Conditions". Boundary-Layer Meteorology 179, n. 2 (21 gennaio 2021): 169–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10546-020-00596-9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn most land-surface models, the evolution of soil moisture is governed by soil-hydraulic processes. In hyper-arid soils, these processes break down, but soil moisture continues to show clear temporal variations, suggesting that other processes may be at work. We hypothesize that moisture in such soils varies due to evaporation in the soil and to vapour fluxes at the air–soil interface. To test this, we include vapour exchange between the air and soil in a land-surface model, apply the model to a desert site, and compare the simulated and observed soil moisture. The good agreement between the simulations and observations confirms our hypothesis. Using the model results, we examine the interactions between the soil-moisture and soil-vapour phases and influences of the soil-vapour phase on the surface energy balance.
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Hervai, András, Ervin Pirkhoffer, Szabolcs Ákos Fábián, Ákos Halmai, Gábor Nagy, Dénes Lóczy e Szabolcs Czigány. "Interpolation and 3D visualization of soil moisture". Landscape & Environment 11, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2017): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21120/le/11/1/3.
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Adaptation to climate change demands the optimal and sustainable water management in agriculture, with an inevitable focus on soil moisture conditions. In the current study we developed an ArcGIS 10.4. platform-based application (software) to model spatial and temporal changes in soil moisture in a soy field. Six SENTEK Drill & Drop soil moisture sensors were deployed in an experimental field of 4.3 hectares by the contribution of Elcom Ltd. Soil moisture measurement at each location were taken at six depths (5, 15, 25, 35, 45 and 55 cm) in 60-minute intervals. The model is capable to spatially interpolate monitored soil moisture using the technique. The time sequence change of soil moistures can be tracked by a Time Slider for both the 2D and 3D visualization. Soil moisture temporal changes can be visualized in either daily or hourly time intervals, and can be shown as a motion figure. Horizon average, maximum and minimum values of soil moisture data can be identified with the builtin tool of ArcGIS. Soil moisture spatial distribution can be obtained and plotted at any cross sections, whereas an alarm function has also been developed for tension values of 250, 1,000 and 1,500 kPa.
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Rowlandson, Tracy, Sarah Impera, Jonathon Belanger, Aaron A. Berg, Brenda Toth e Ramata Magagi. "Use of in situ soil moisture network for estimating regional-scale soil moisture during high soil moisture conditions". Canadian Water Resources Journal / Revue canadienne des ressources hydriques 40, n. 4 (21 luglio 2015): 343–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2015.1061948.
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Reardon, James, Roger Hungerford e Kevin Ryan. "Factors affecting sustained smouldering in organic soils from pocosin and pond pine woodland wetlands". International Journal of Wildland Fire 16, n. 1 (2007): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf06005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The smouldering combustion of peat and muck soil plays an important role in the creation and maintenance of wetland communities. This experimental study was conducted to improve our understanding of how moisture and mineral content constrain smouldering in organic soil. Laboratory burning was conducted with root mat and muck soil samples from pocosin and pond pine woodland wetlands common on the North Carolina coastal plain. The results of laboratory and prescribed burning were compared. Laboratory results showed that moisture and mineral content influenced sustained smouldering in root mat soils. Predictions based on logistic regression analysis show that root mat soils with an average mineral content of 4.5% had an estimated 50% probability of sustained smouldering at a moisture content of 93%, whereas at moisture contents above 145% the estimated probability was less than 10%. The odds that root mat soil will sustain smouldering decrease by 19.3% for each 5% increase in moisture content. Root mat soils with an average mineral content of 5.5% and a moisture content of 93% had an estimated 61% probability of sustained smouldering. The odds that root mat soil will sustain smouldering combustion increased by 155.9% with each 1% increase in mineral content. Root mat and muck soils differ in physical and chemical characteristics expected to influence smouldering behaviour. The formation of muck soil has led to increases in density, smaller soil particle size, changes in water holding characteristics and increases in waxes, resins and bituminous compounds. Muck soil smouldered at higher moisture contents than root mat soil. Muck soil at a moisture content of 201% had an estimated 50% probability of sustained smouldering, whereas at moisture contents above 260% the estimated probability was less than 10%. The odds that muck soil will sustain smouldering combustion decrease by 17.2% with each 5% increase in moisture content. Ground fire in the prescribed burns stopped its vertical spread in organic soils at moisture contents consistent with logistic regression predictions developed from our laboratory results.
25
Whitehead, Wayne F., e Bharat P. Singh. "VEGETABLE AMARANTH PERFORMANCE AT DIFFERENT SOIL MOISTURE LEVELS". HortScience 27, n. 11 (novembre 1992): 1176c—1176. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.11.1176c.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The effects of differing soil moisture levels on the vegetative components of vegetable amaranth, Amaranthus tricolor RRC no. 241, were evaluated. A completely randomized design with 10 replications and 4 treatments (3,6,13, & 18% soil moisture) was followed. Leaf, stem, plant, root fresh weight and leaf area (LFW, SFW, PFW, RFW, and LA, respectively)—were recorded 48 days after planting. For each of the vegetative components the only significant difference (P ≤ 0.05) occurred between 3% versus 6-18% soil moistures, with moisture level of 6-18% showing no significant variation among themselves. The mean ranges for LFW (28.3-32.7 g), STW (6.9-9.2 g), PFW (41.3-48.2 g), RFW (8.6-12.8 g), and LA (1049-1222 cm2) across 6-18% soil moisture were approximately four times greater than the vegetative components of 3% soil moisture. From these preliminary results, it appears that vegetable amaranth has the ability to grow and perform well over a 6-18% soil moisture range, indicating an ability to better adjust and adapt to changing soil moisture environments.
26
Ingersoll, J. G. "Analytical Determination of Soil Thermal Conductivity and Diffusivity". Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 110, n. 4 (1 novembre 1988): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3268272.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A simple model has been developed that can be used to calculate the soil thermal conductivity and diffusivity on the basis of the following factors: soil porosity; soil water content; conductivity, specific heat, and density of the constituents of soil, i.e., solid matter, water, and air. The model assumes that the void space in soil can be presented by a combination of plane fissures, whose direction is either parallel to the heat flow or perpendicular to it. A coefficient introduced to account for this combination in the two directions can be estimated from measured data as a function of the soil water content. Moreover, it is assumed that air and moisture conduct heat across the fissures in parallel. It is found that soil conductivity and diffusivity increase relatively rapidly with a few percent addition of moisture to entirely dry soil. For instance, assuming a typical soil porosity of 40 percent we conclude that the ratio of soil diffusivities of saturated to dry soil is about four, while that of soild with 2.5 percent moisture content to dry soil is a little over two. That is to say, a small moisture addition to dry soil brings the diffusivity half way to its saturation value. Since soil always contains small amounts of moisture, this finding explains the fact that measured seasonal temperature damping factors in extreme humid and extreme arid climates differ by less than a factor of two even though the moisture content of the respective soils may differ by more than an order of magnitude.
27
Ford, Trent W., e Justin T. Schoof. "Oppressive Heat Events in Illinois Related to Antecedent Wet Soils". Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, n. 10 (1 ottobre 2016): 2713–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-16-0075.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Extreme heat events have been connected with antecedent soil moisture in many global regions, such that dry soils increase sensible heat content of the near-surface atmosphere and impede precipitation through boundary layer growth. However, negative soil moisture–temperature feedbacks (dry soils = higher temperatures) are founded on investigations of maximum temperature that neglect the potentially important latent heating component provided by soil moisture. In this study, the association of spring soil moisture and subsequent summer oppressive heat events is quantified, defined by equivalent temperature. The advantage of equivalent temperature over maximum temperature is that it accounts for both the temperature and moisture components of atmospheric heat content. Quantile regression and composite analysis are used to determine the association between spring soil moisture and summer oppressive heat events using a 25-yr station observation record in Illinois. A consistent response of summer oppressive heat events to antecedent 5-cm soil moisture anomalies is found at all four stations. The frequency of oppressive summer equivalent temperature events is significantly increased following spring seasons with wetter-than-normal soils compared with spring seasons with dry soils. This provides evidence of a possible positive soil moisture–temperature feedback. Further, it is found that oppressive heat events correspond with the combination of wetter-than-normal spring soils and persistent summertime upper-level ridging to the northeast of the region, thereby leading to the conclusion that abundant-to-surplus spring soil moisture is necessary but not sufficient for the occurrence of oppressive heat in Illinois.
28
Markin, V. N., I. V. Glazunova, T. I. Matveeva e S. A. Sokolova. "Issues on soil moisture management substantiation for the steppe conditions in the European part of Russia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1010, n. 1 (1 aprile 2022): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1010/1/012024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Issues on irrigation substantiation for the crops cultivated in the steppe zone of Russia are considered in the paper. The crop yields are moistly limited by low soil moisture in steppe conditions. To increase crop yields irrigation is required but it may cause environmental issues (for example, soil fertility reduction). Therefore, hydro-reclamation impact estimation on the environment remains relevant. To provide the ecologically friendly irrigation, it is necessary to consider both the requirements crops and soil biota demands. Soil biota state should be an indicator of the ecological state of the soils to conserve soil fertility. Calculations were carried out for various agro-hydrological areas in order to take into account the spatial heterogeneity of soil moisture distribution. The results of the research help to determine the environmentally friendly ranges of soil moister management. The calculations, carried out on the example of spring wheat, showed a high probability of the need for irrigation. The requirements on environmentally friendly irrigation increase the probability of the need for irrigation as well as wheat yields. The relationship between the probability of irrigation necessity and average long-term soil moisture in the meter soil layer is obtained. The results of the research will help to consider the issues of soil moisture heterogeneity more thorough.
29
Kay, A. L., R. A. Lane e V. A. Bell. "Grid-based simulation of soil moisture in the UK: future changes in extremes and wetting and drying dates". Environmental Research Letters 17, n. 7 (1 luglio 2022): 074029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac7a4e.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Soil moisture, typically defined as the amount of water in the unsaturated soil layer, is a central component of the hydrological cycle. The potential impacts of climate change on soil moisture have been less specifically studied than those on river flows, despite soil moisture deficits/excesses being a factor in a range of natural hazards, as well as having obvious importance for agriculture. Here, 1 km grids of monthly mean soil moisture content are simulated using a national-scale grid-based hydrological model, more typically applied to look at changes in river flows across Britain. A comparison of the soil moisture estimates from an observation-based simulation, with soil moisture deficit data from an operational system developed by the UK Met Office (Meteorological Office Rainfall and Evaporation Calculation System; MORECS), shows relatively good correspondence in soil drying and wetting dates, and in the month when soils are driest. The UK Climate Projections 2018 Regional projections are then used to drive the hydrological model, to investigate changes in occurrence of indicative soil moisture extremes and changes in typical wetting and drying dates of soils across the country. Analyses comparing baseline (December 1981–November 2011) and future (December 2050–November 2080) time-slices suggest large increases in the spatial occurrence of low soil moisture levels, along with later soil wetting dates, although changes to soil drying dates are less clear. Such information on potential future changes in soil moisture is important to enable the development of appropriate adaptation strategies for a range of sectors vulnerable to soil moisture levels.
30
Baghdadi, N., R. Cresson, M. El Hajj, R. Ludwig e I. La Jeunesse. "Soil parameters estimation over bare agriculture areas from C-band polarimetric SAR data using neural networks". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, n. 3 (7 marzo 2012): 2897–933. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-2897-2012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach to estimate soil surface parameters from C-band polarimetric SAR data in the case of bare agricultural soils. An inversion technique based on Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural networks was introduced. The neural networks were trained and validated on a noisy simulated dataset generated from the Integral Equation Model (IEM) on a wide range of surface roughness and soil moisture, as it is encountered in agricultural contexts for bare soils. The performances of neural networks in retrieving soil moisture and surface roughness were tested for several inversion cases in using or not a priori knowledge on soil parameters. The inversion approach was then validated in using RADARSAT-2 images in polarimetric mode. The introduction of expert knowledge on the soil moisture (dry to wet soils or very wet soils) improves the soil moisture estimates whereas the precision on the surface roughness estimation remains unchanged. Moreover, the use of polarimetric parameters α1 and anisotropy were used to improve the soil parameters estimates. These parameters provide to neural networks the probable ranges of soil moisture (lower or higher than 0.30 cm3 cm−3) and surface roughness (lower or higher than 1.5 cm). Soil moisture can be retrieved correctly from C-band SAR data by using the neural networks technique. Soil moisture errors were estimated at about 0.098 without a priori information on soil parameters and 0.065 cm3 cm−3 (RMSE) applying a priori information on the soil moisture. The retrieval of surface roughness is possible only for low and medium values (lower than 2 cm). Results show that the precision on the soil roughness estimates was about 0.7 cm. For surface roughness lower than 2 cm, the precision on the soil roughness is better with a RMSE about 0.5 cm. The use of polarimetric parameters improves only slightly the soil parameters estimates.
31
Castro, Mark S., Jerry M. Melillo, Paul A. Steudler e Jon W. Chapman. "Soil moisture as a predictor of methane uptake by temperate forest soils". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24, n. 9 (1 settembre 1994): 1805–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x94-233.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We conducted soil moisture manipulation experiments in a red pine (Pinusresinosa Ait.) plantation at the Harvard Forest (Petersham, Mass.) in August 1992 and May 1993. To manipulate soil moisture, we added 10 cm of groundwater to 1-m2 plots and allowed the soils to dry down to their pretreatment moisture contents. We measured methane (CH4) flux, soil moisture, and temperature prior to and after the water addition. Soils in both the control and watered plots were usually sinks for atmospheric CH4. Average consumption rates by control soils ranged from 0.12 to 0.17 mg CH4-C•m−2•h−1. Methane consumption rates by watered soils ranged from 0 to 0.12 mg CH4-C•m−2•h−1 and were inversely related to the moisture content of the upper 10 cm of mineral soil. Linear regression between soil moisture and CH4 consumption explained 78% of the variability (CH4 consumption = 0.001 75 (percent water filled pore space)–0.1957). Using this empirical relationship, we predicted CH4 consumption by soils at three other locations in the Harvard Forest, which agreed closely (r2 = 0.7574) with rates measured in the spring, summer, and fall of 1988–1992. Results from our study suggest that soil moisture is a good predictor of methane uptake by these forest soils and may be used to predict how future changes in soil moisture resulting from alterations in regional precipitation patterns will affect the strength of this terrestrial CH4 sink.
32
Gabriel, C. E., e L. Kellman. "Examining moisture and temperature sensitivity of soil organic matter decomposition in a temperate coniferous forest soil". Biogeosciences Discussions 8, n. 1 (14 febbraio 2011): 1369–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-8-1369-2011.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Temperature and moisture are primary environmental drivers of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, and the development of a better understanding fo their roles in this process through depth in soils is needed. The objective of this research is to independently assess the roles of temperature and moisture in driving heterotrophic soil respiration for shallow and deep soils in a temperate red spruce forest. Minimally disturbed soil cores from shallow (0–25 cm) and deep (25–50 cm) layers were extracted from a 20 yr old red spruce stand and were then transferred to a climate chamber where they were incubated for 3 months under constant and diurnal temperature regimes. Soils were subjected to different watering treatments representing a full range of water contents. Temperature, moisture, and CO2 surface flux were assessed daily for all soils and continuously on a subset of the microcosms. The results from this study indicate that shallow soils dominate the contribution to surface flux (90%) and respond more predictably to moisture than deep soils. An optimum moisture range of 0.15 to 0.60 water-filled pore space was observed for microbial SOM decomposition in shallow cores across which a relatively invariant temperature sensitivity was observed. For soil moisture conditions experienced by most field sites in this region, flux-temperature relationships alone can be used to reasonably estimate heterotrophic respiration, as in this range moisture does not alter flux, with the exception of rewetting events along the lower part of this optimal range. Outside this range, however, soil moisture determines SOM decomposition rates.
33
Cao, Qiulin, Yao Liang, Ying Tian, Hua Lian, Xiliang Jiang e Mei Li. "Survival Dynamics of Trichoderma longibrachiatum Tr58 in Conidia- and Chlamydospore-Amended Soils with Different Moisture Levels". Agriculture 13, n. 2 (19 gennaio 2023): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020238.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Two types of Trichoderma longibrachiatum Tr58 propagules, conidia and chlamydospores, were added to soils with different moisture levels. The survival dynamics of Tr58 in soils were determined. There are positive linear relationships between soil moisture levels and germination rates of the two propagules. In natural non-sterilized soil, the germination of more than 95% conidia and 60% chlamydospores was inhibited, while a high soil moisture content and sterilization were beneficial to spore germination. The inhibitory effect of soil with 80% moisture content on the germination of chlamydospores was almost completely eliminated after sterilization. Twelve months after the conidia inoculated to the natural soil, the Tr58 propagules decreased continuously, which was hastened in soils with lower moisture content and almost near zero 24 months later, in all soils. In chlamydospore-amended soils, the Tr58 propagules generally showed a dynamic process of decreasing in the first month, increasing in the 2nd month, and then decreasing gradually. The average Tr58 content in chlamydospore-amended soils with 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80% moisture content was 19.2 times that of conidia-amended soils at 12 months. At 24 months, the Tr58 content was about 2.2% of the initial Tr58 content and 114 times that of conidia in soils with 20% moisture content. However, for 80% moisture content, the Tr58 content in soil was 0.0038% of the initial content of Tr58. According to the results of this study, 10–20% soil moisture content was the most favorable for the long-term survival of Tr58, and the survival ability of chlamydospores was stronger than that of conidia and had greater application potential in disease control.
34
Damtie, Bekele Bedada, Daniel Ayalew Mengistu, Daniel Kassahun Waktola e Derege Tsegaye Meshesha. "Impacts of Soil and Water Conservation Practice on Soil Moisture in Debre Mewi and Sholit Watersheds, Abbay Basin, Ethiopia". Agriculture 12, n. 3 (16 marzo 2022): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12030417.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil and water conservation (SWC) practices have been widely implemented to reduce surface runoff in the Debre Mewi watershed. However, studies on the issue have disproportionately focused on the lost or preserved soils, expressed in tons per hectare, while the impacts on the lost or preserved moisture were inadequately addressed. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of soil and water conservation practice on soil moisture in the Debre Mewi and Sholit watersheds, Abbay basin, Ethiopia. We compared soil moisture between the treated (Debre Mewi) and the untreated (Sholit) watersheds with SWCs, based on Sentinel-1A data and the field-measured soil moisture, Leaf Area Index (LAI), and water cloud model (WCM). Field-measurement was based on satellite-synchronized 63 soil moisture samples, systematically collected from the two treatment slope positions, two treatment positions, and two depths. We employed ANOVA to compare samples and discern patterns along space and time. The result indicated that the LAI, a predictor of crop yield, was higher in the SWC treated watershed, demonstrating the potential of conserving moisture for boosting crop production. In addition, the results reveal that the higher soil moisture was recorded on the grasslands of the treated watershed at a depth of 15–30 cm, while the lowest was from croplands and eucalyptus trees at 0–15 cm depth. A higher correlation was observed between the measured and estimated soil moisture across three stages of crop development. The soil moisture estimation using WCM from the Sentinel-1 satellite data gives promising results with good correlation (R2 = 0.69, 0.43 and 0.75, RMSE = 0.16, 2.24 and 0.02, and in Sholit (0.7539, 0.933, and 0.3673 and the RMSEs are 0.17%, 0.02%, and 1.02%) for different dates: August, September, and November 2020, respectively. We conclude that in the face of climate change-induced rainfall variability in tropical countries, predicted to elongate the dry spell during the cropping season, the accurate measurement of soil moistures with the mix of satellite and in-situ data could support rain-fed agriculture planning and assist in fine-tuning the climate adaptation measures at the local and regional scales.
35
Dyer, J. A., e J. A. De Jager. "Interpolation of Threshold Soil Moisture Levels from Soil Moisture Frequency Distributions". Water International 11, n. 3 (gennaio 1986): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508068608686406.
Testo completo
36
Han, Guolin, Jialin Wang, Yuying Pan, Na Huang, Ziyuan Zhang, Ruiqi Peng, Zizhong Wang et al. "Temporal and Spatial Variation of Soil Moisture and Its Possible Impact on Regional Air Temperature in China". Water 12, n. 6 (24 giugno 2020): 1807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12061807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil moisture is closely related to the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere, which makes it one of the most significant climate variables. Using data from the National Environmental Forecasting Center (NCEP), this paper analyzes the temporal and spatial characteristics of soil moisture at a depth of 0–10 cm in China for the period of 1948 to 2014. In addition, the soil moisture’s possible interaction with air temperature is explored. Mainly using statistical analysis, the results showed that annual soil moisture decreased significantly (p < 0.01) in most areas. The tendency of decreasing soil moisture was relatively higher in spring and autumn than that in summer and winter. As to the national annual average soil moisture, there was a sudden change in the 1970s. The soil moisture had a relatively high value with a larger deviation before the abrupt change, but after that, the soil moisture was at a relatively low level with a smaller deviation. It was also found that the soil moisture at 0–10 cm showed a negative correlation with the 2-m air temperature above ground in the northern part of China, where the speed of the temperature rise was higher. The results are expected to help improve the understanding of the link between regional soil moisture variation and climate change.
37
Lawrence, David M., e Julia M. Slingo. "Weak Land–Atmosphere Coupling Strength in HadAM3: The Role of Soil Moisture Variability". Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, n. 5 (1 ottobre 2005): 670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm445.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract A recent model intercomparison, the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE), showed that there is a wide range of land–atmosphere coupling strengths, or the degree that soil moisture affects the generation of precipitation, amongst current atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs). Coupling strength in the Hadley Centre atmosphere model (HadAM3) is among the weakest of all AGCMs considered in GLACE. Reasons for the weak HadAM3 coupling strength are sought here. In particular, the impact of pervasive saturated soil conditions and low soil moisture variability on coupling strength is assessed. It is found that when the soil model is modified to reduce the occurrence of soil moisture saturation and to encourage soil moisture variability, the soil moisture–precipitation feedback remains weak, even though the relationship between soil moisture and evaporation is strengthened. Composites of the diurnal cycle, constructed relative to soil moisture, indicate that the model can simulate key differences in boundary layer development over wet versus dry soils. In particular, the influence of wet or dry soil on the diurnal cycles of Bowen ratio, boundary layer height, and total heat flux are largely consistent with the observed influence of soil moisture on these properties. However, despite what appears to be successful simulation of these key aspects of the indirect soil moisture–precipitation feedback, the model does not capture observed differences for wet and dry soils in the daily accumulation of boundary layer moist static energy, a crucial feature of the feedback mechanism.
38
Feng, Huili, Jiahuan Guo, Saadatullah Malghani, Menghua Han, Penghe Cao, Jiejie Sun, Xuan Xu, Xia Xu e Weifeng Wang. "Effects of Soil Moisture and Temperature on Microbial Regulation of Methane Fluxes in a Poplar Plantation". Forests 12, n. 4 (29 marzo 2021): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12040407.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Improved mechanistic understanding of soil methane (CH4) exchange responses to shifts in soil moisture and temperature in forest ecosystems is pivotal to reducing uncertainty in estimates of the soil-atmospheric CH4 budget under climate change. We investigated the mechanism behind the effects of soil moisture and temperature shifts on soil CH4 fluxes under laboratory conditions. Soils from the Huai River Basin in China, an area that experiences frequent hydrological shifts, were sampled from two consecutive depths (0–20 and 20–50 cm) and incubated for 2 weeks under different combinations of soil moisture and temperature. Soils from both depths showed an increase in soil moisture and temperature-dependent cumulative CH4 fluxes. CH4 production rates incubated in different moisture and temperature in surface soil ranged from 1.27 to 2.18 ng g−1 d−1, and that of subsurface soil ranged from 1.18 to 2.34 ng g−1 d−1. The Q10 range for soil CH4 efflux rates was 1.04–1.37. For surface soils, the relative abundance and diversity of methanotrophs decreased with moisture increase when incubated at 5 °C, while it increased with moisture increase when incubated at 15 and 30 °C. For subsurface soils, the relative abundance and diversity of methanotrophs in all samples decreased with moisture increase. However, there was no significant difference in the diversity of methanogens between the two soil depths, while the relative abundance of methanogens in both depths soils increased with temperature increase when incubated at 150% water-filled pore space (WFPS). Microbial community composition exhibited large variations in post incubation samples except for one treatment based on the surface soils incubated at 15 °C, which showed a decrease in the total and unique species number of methanotrophs with moisture increase. In contrast, the unique species number of methanogens in surface soils increased with moisture increase. The analysis of distance-based redundancy analysis (db-RDA) showed that soil pH, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), microbial biomass carbon (MBC), NO3−-N, and NH4+-N mainly performed a significant effect on methanotrophs community composition when incubated at 60% WFPS, while they performed a significant effect on methanogens community composition when incubated at 150% WFPS. Overall, our findings emphasized the vital function of soil hydrology in triggering CH4 efflux from subtropical plantation forest soils under future climate change.
39
Farahani, Ali, Majid Ghayoomi e Jennifer M. Jacobs. "Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) Satellite Data and Unsaturated Soil Response". E3S Web of Conferences 382 (2023): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338203006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The importance of degree of soil saturation in geotechnical problems resulted in inclusion of unsaturated soil mechanics in various applications for several decades. However, in spite of recent progress in remotely sensed soil moisture measurement, geotechnical community has not yet taken advantage of these advances in analysis of unsaturated soils. NASA launched its Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite in 2015 with the aim of providing surface and root zone soil moisture content over the global land surface at 3-day average intervals. SMAP, as a widely validated and near-real-time database, offers a rich soil moisture database at a global scale that can be used in studies considering unsaturated soil behaviour. A study of the relationship between soil water content and seismic ground response is presented in this paper using SMAP, which includes the tracking of the variations in Earth's surface soil moisture caused by earthquakes.
40
Hawkes, Christine V., Bonnie G. Waring, Jennifer D. Rocca e Stephanie N. Kivlin. "Historical climate controls soil respiration responses to current soil moisture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, n. 24 (30 maggio 2017): 6322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1620811114.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ecosystem carbon losses from soil microbial respiration are a key component of global carbon cycling, resulting in the transfer of 40–70 Pg carbon from soil to the atmosphere each year. Because these microbial processes can feed back to climate change, understanding respiration responses to environmental factors is necessary for improved projections. We focus on respiration responses to soil moisture, which remain unresolved in ecosystem models. A common assumption of large-scale models is that soil microorganisms respond to moisture in the same way, regardless of location or climate. Here, we show that soil respiration is constrained by historical climate. We find that historical rainfall controls both the moisture dependence and sensitivity of respiration. Moisture sensitivity, defined as the slope of respiration vs. moisture, increased fourfold across a 480-mm rainfall gradient, resulting in twofold greater carbon loss on average in historically wetter soils compared with historically drier soils. The respiration–moisture relationship was resistant to environmental change in field common gardens and field rainfall manipulations, supporting a persistent effect of historical climate on microbial respiration. Based on these results, predicting future carbon cycling with climate change will require an understanding of the spatial variation and temporal lags in microbial responses created by historical rainfall.
41
Liu, Guoyang, Junfang Xia, Kan Zheng, Jian Cheng, Jun Du e Dong Li. "Effects of moisture content and tillage methods on creep properties of paddy soil". PLOS ONE 16, n. 6 (24 giugno 2021): e0253623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253623.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The rheological properties parameters of paddy soil affect the interaction between the tillage tools and soil, thus influencing the operation quality and power consumption. In order to study the effects of tillage methods and moisture content on the rheological properties parameters of paddy soil in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, uniaxial compression creep tests of paddy soils with four moisture contents under no tillage (moisture contents: 26.71%, 24.52%, 23.26%, 21.28%) and plough tillage (moisture contents: 26.77%, 25.55%, 23.40%, 20.56%) were carried out using a TMS-PRO texture analyzer. The creep properties curves obtained from the tests, and the rheological constitutive equation of paddy soil under compression was established by Burgers viscoelastic model. Respectively, the quantitative change rules of creep properties of paddy soil with different moisture contents under different tillage methods and the correlation between these parameters were explored. The results showed that the moisture content under the three-year plough tillage and no tillage methods had significant influence on the rheological properties parameters of paddy soil (P < 0.05). The instantaneous elastic modulus, delay elastic modulus, and viscosity coefficient of the two paddy soils (no tillage and plough tillage soils) decreased with the increase of moisture content. However, the variation rules of relaxation time and delay viscosity coefficient with moisture content differed between these two paddy soils. Specifically, the strain rate of the two paddy soils decreased as moisture content decreased, where the total strain combines elastic strain, viscous strain, and viscoelastic strain. The initial strain rate and steady strain rate of the plough tillage paddy soils were lower than that of the no tillage paddy soils. The established creep model equation could be used to obtain viscoelastic rheological parameters of paddy soil in a wide range. The fitting equations between rheological parameters and moisture content were introduced into Burgers model, and the coupling equations between creep deformation and moisture content and time were derived, which could be used to predict the creep properties and deformation behavior of paddy soil in a certain range of no tillage and ploughed field. Overall, this study has a certain theoretical significance for the development and improvement of paddy soil rheology theory, and can also provide theoretical basis and technical support for the research of agricultural machinery design optimization, field water, soil conservation, soil tillage and compaction related simulation analysis in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
42
DIONNE, J. L., e A. R. PESANT. "EFFETS DES REGIMES HYDRIQUES ET DES pH DU SOL SUR LA REPONSE AU MOLYBDENE DE LA LUZERNE". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 66, n. 3 (1 agosto 1986): 421–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss86-044.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objectives of this study were to determine the changes in response of alfalfa (cv. Saranac) to molydbenum applications from variations in soil pH and soil moisture. To achieve these ends the test crop was grown on three replicates of the following treatments: Three soils (Ste Rosalie clay, Greensboro loam and Danby sandy loam) adjusted to approximately pH 5.0, 6.5, and 7.5 fertilized at 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 mg Mo kg−1 of soil and maintained at three moisture levels: dry, optimal and saturated. Yields were not affected by molybdenum applications regardless of soil type, soil pH or soil moisture regimes. Mo content of alfalfa increased linearly with rates of Mo from 0.2 ppm to 23 ppm Mo. Liming soil to pH 7.2 produced the same increase of Mo content in alfalfa as applying Mo at the rate of 0.2 mg kg−1 to acid soils. Mo content of alfalfa was also slightly increased by soil moisture. A Mo content of 20 ppm or more was obtained as a result of the combined effect of molybdenum application, liming and soil moisture regimes. The exchangeable Mo content found in soils after the experiment increased with rate of Mo but decreased with increasing soil pH. The uptake of molybdenum was increased so much by liming that the Mo left in soil after cropping was decreased as soil pH increased. Key words: Mo content of soil, Mo content of alfalfa, soil pH, soil moisture, alfalfa
43
Gao, Zhao Qin, Jun Hong Bai, Di Chen, Qing Qing Zhao, Jun Jing Wang, Qiong Qiong Lu e Xiao Fei Ye. "Effects of Soil Moisture on Nitrogen Mineralization in a Typical 10-Year Floodplain Wetland". Advanced Materials Research 955-959 (giugno 2014): 1216–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.955-959.1216.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil profiles from 0 to 80 cm depth were collected and a 14-day incubation experiment at three soil moisture levels (initial moisture, water holding capacity, and flooding) was carried out at 25°C in the dark to reveal the effects of soil moisture on nitrogen mineralization rates in a 10-yr floodplain wetland. Our results showed that nitrogen mineralization rates decreased with depth along soil profiles and the maximal nitrogen mineralization rates appeared at the 10-20cm soil layer. The nitrogen mineralization rates were higher under flooding treatment compared to another two soil moisture treatments. Nitrogen mineralization rates in the top 20cm soils exhibited an increasing tendency with increasing soil moisture. Additionally, nitrogen mineralization rates were significantly correlated with electrical conductivity, total soluble salt, and salinity under three soil moisture treatments.
44
Olotu, Yahaya, Reuben Ishiekwene, Mariam Abdul-Wajid Obomeghie, Stephen Korede Abolaji e Ferdinand Aleonokhu Aigbodoh. "Development and Evaluation of a Digital MPF5-Moisture Meter". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Engineering 67, n. 1 (11 novembre 2022): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbeng.2022.1.17.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An important advantage for applying the right amount of water to the fields is provided by the effective irrigation management techniques based on soil moisture monitoring. With a calibrated and exact resolution of 0.03m3/m3 and 36 mV, the developed MPF5 moisture meter monitors soil moisture from a depth of 10 cm to 80 cm using a set of sensors, transducers, capacitors, resistors, and variable micro-switch. The response monitoring system compares the soil moisture to the user-specified target values and generates an alert if the soil moisture falls below the required level for particular crops. There were many similarities between the instrument's output and that of other automated soil moisture meters like the REOTEMP-MM17 moisture meter and the PR2 capacitance moisture meter. The device works very well for both mineral and organic soils to monitor soil moisture for reliable irrigation scheduling
45
Abbaspour-Gilandeh, Yousef, Fereshteh Hasankhani-Ghavam, Gholamhosein Shahgoli, Vali Rasooli Shrabian e Mohammadreza Abbaspour-Gilandeh. "Investigation of the Effect of Soil Moisture Content, Contact Surface Material and Soil Texture on Soil Friction and Soil Adhesion Coefficients". Acta Technologica Agriculturae 21, n. 2 (1 giugno 2018): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ata-2018-0009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Soil friction and soil adhesion increase the implement draft force and energy consumption particularly in the tools that have larger contact area with soil. The main ways of lowering the total draft force of the tillage tools include the use of proper materials in tools structures as well as application of the tools in appropriate soil moisture content condition. This paper investigates the effects of soil moisture content, contact surface material and soil texture on soil friction and soil adhesion coefficients. To measure the coefficients of soil friction and soil adhesion, a measurement system was developed at the University of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Experiments for each soil texture were performed at five levels of soil moisture content and four contact materials of steel, cast iron, rubber, and teflon with three replications. Results have shown that in all soil types, the effects of soil moisture content and contact materials had a significant effect on the coefficient of both soil friction and soil adhesion at the probability level of 1%. The coefficient of friction increased with soil moisture content increment and reached its maximum and then had a drop in the fluid phase. Results have shown that the mean values of soil friction and soil adhesion coefficients were significantly different from the studied soils.
46
Baghdadi, N., R. Cresson, M. El Hajj, R. Ludwig e I. La Jeunesse. "Estimation of soil parameters over bare agriculture areas from C-band polarimetric SAR data using neural networks". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, n. 6 (4 giugno 2012): 1607–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-1607-2012.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach to estimate soil surface parameters from C-band polarimetric SAR data in the case of bare agricultural soils. An inversion technique based on multi-layer perceptron (MLP) neural networks was introduced. The neural networks were trained and validated on a noisy simulated dataset generated from the Integral Equation Model (IEM) on a wide range of surface roughness and soil moisture, as it is encountered in agricultural contexts for bare soils. The performances of neural networks in retrieving soil moisture and surface roughness were tested for several inversion cases using or not using a-priori knowledge on soil parameters. The inversion approach was then validated using RADARSAT-2 images in polarimetric mode. The introduction of expert knowledge on the soil moisture (dry to wet soils or very wet soils) improves the soil moisture estimates, whereas the precision on the surface roughness estimation remains unchanged. Moreover, the use of polarimetric parameters α1 and anisotropy were used to improve the soil parameters estimates. These parameters provide to neural networks the probable ranges of soil moisture (lower or higher than 0.30 cm3 cm−3) and surface roughness (root mean square surface height lower or higher than 1.0 cm). Soil moisture can be retrieved correctly from C-band SAR data by using the neural networks technique. Soil moisture errors were estimated at about 0.098 cm3 cm−3 without a-priori information on soil parameters and 0.065 cm3 cm−3 (RMSE) applying a-priori information on the soil moisture. The retrieval of surface roughness is possible only for low and medium values (lower than 2 cm). Results show that the precision on the soil roughness estimates was about 0.7 cm. For surface roughness lower than 2 cm, the precision on the soil roughness is better with an RMSE about 0.5 cm. The use of polarimetric parameters improves only slightly the soil parameters estimates.
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Mirzakhaninafchi, Hasan, Indra Mani, Murtaza Hasan, Ali Mirzakhani Nafchi, Roaf Ahmad Parray e Dinesh Kumar. "Development of Prediction Models for Soil Nitrogen Management Based on Electrical Conductivity and Moisture Content". Sensors 22, n. 18 (6 settembre 2022): 6728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186728.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A study was conducted with the goal of developing an algorithm for use in sensors to monitor available soil N. For this purpose, three different soils were selected. The soils were studied for electrical conductivity (EC) at four different moisture levels and four levels of N. The selection of moisture levels was based on optimum moisture levels between tillage moisture and field capacity. The results revealed a significant relationship between electrical conductivity and moisture level of the soil as well as between electrical conductivity and soil N content. Based on these relations, a polynomial model was developed between the EC of each selected soil sample and moisture content as well as N levels. The regression model for moisture content-based EC determination had coefficients of determination of 0.985, 0.988, and 0.981 for clay loam, sandy loam, and sandy loam soils, respectively. Similarly, the regression model for N content-based EC determination had coefficients of determination of 0.9832, 0.9, and 0.99 for clay loam, sandy loam, and sandy loam soils, respectively. An algorithm developed using a polynomial relationship between the EC of each selected soil sample at all moisture and N levels can be used to develop a sensor for site-specific N application.
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Korolev, Vladimir A., e Elena A. Fedyaeva. "EFFECT OF PHASE COMPOSITION ON THE PARAMETERS OF NON-ISOTHERMAL MOISTURE TRANSFER IN UNSATURATED SANDY SOILS". JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 20, n. 1 (10 marzo 2014): 95–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/13923730.2013.843584.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper considers the influence of phase composition on the parameters of non-isothermal moisture transfer in unsaturated sandy soils. The technique of study options non-isothermal moisture transfer to disperse soil of disturbed structure. The exploratory procedure of the parameters in disperse soils having disturbed structure in the wide range of their phase composition using triangular diagrams is expounded. Shown that the parameters non-isothermal moisture transfer depend on moisture content and soil composition density. Established that for the sandy soil there is the “optimal” range of moisture content and density at which the non-isothermal moisture transfer is most efficient. The dynamics of the field moisture content of sand in time is identified.
49
Arafat, Arafat, e Ibrahim Ibrahim. "SISTEM ALAT MONITORING UNTUK PENGENDALI SUHU DAN KELEMBABAN GREENHOUSE BERBASIS INTERNET OF THINGS". INFO-TEKNIK 21, n. 1 (15 agosto 2020): 25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/infotek.v21i1.8961.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Greenhouse is an agricultural technology to protect plants from uncertain weather, with the
Greenhouse will be able to maintain and distribute temperature, soil moisture, sunlight, and
air humidity evenly with an optimal level. Even so the environmental conditions inside the
Greenhouse will always change due to the influence of the weather environment outside the
Greenhouse which is uncertain, so there is a need for monitoring so that plants inside the
Greenhouse can grow optimally. With IoT (Internet of Things) technology, Greenhouse
farmers do not need to visit the Greenhouse to monitor and control the environment inside
the Greenhouse. This is because with the IoT technology Greenhouse farmers can monitor
and control v1ia an Android smart phone. The things that can be monitored are
temperature, humidity of the room, soil moisture, sunlight, water discharge, and soil
moisture, besides that farmers can also control the temperature and humidity of the
Greenhouse environment, as well as the provision of water to plants in the Greenhouse.
The system used in this study uses ESP32 as a control center and uses DHT11, Soil
Moisture, as a sensor to measure IoT temperaturei, humidityi and soil moisture in the
greenhousei. As a control in the greenhouse there are two control outputs, namely water
pump 1 and water pump 2. ESP32 will read the temperature, humidity and soil moisture
sent from the DHT11 sensor which will determine whether the water pump will turn on or
not. To read the soil moisturei sensor used is capacitivei soil moisturei, if the soil moisture
reaches a predetermined threshold, the water pump 2 will turn on and drain the water into a
poly bag through drip drops.
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Wang, Sinan, Wenjun Wang, Yingjie Wu e Shuixia Zhao. "Surface Soil Moisture Inversion and Distribution Based on Spatio-Temporal Fusion of MODIS and Landsat". Sustainability 14, n. 16 (10 agosto 2022): 9905. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14169905.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Soil moisture plays an important role in hydrology, climate, agriculture, and ecology, and remote sensing is one of the most important tools for estimating the soil moisture over large areas. Soil moisture, which is calculated by remote sensing inversion, is affected by the uneven distribution of vegetation and therefore the results cannot accurately reflect the spatial distribution of the soil moisture in the study area. This study analyzes the soil moisture of different vegetation covers in the Wushen Banner of Inner Mongolia, recorded in 2016, and using Landsat and MODIS images fused with multispectral bands. Firstly, we compared and analyzed the ability of the visible optical and short-wave infrared drought index (VSDI), the normalized differential infrared index (NDII), and the short-wave infrared water stress index (SIWSI) in monitoring the soil moisture in different vegetation cover soils. Secondly, we used the stepwise multiple regression analysis method in order to correlate the multispectral fusion bands with the field-measured soil water content and established a soil moisture inversion model based on the multispectral fusion bands. As the results show, there was a strong correlation between the established model and the measured soil water content of the different vegetation cover soils: in the bare soil, R2 was 0.86; in the partially vegetated cover soil, R2 was 0.84; and in the highly vegetated cover soil, R2 was 0.87. This shows that the established model could better reflect the actual condition of the surface soil moisture in the different vegetation covers.