Tesi sul tema "Soil fauna"
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Southern, Roger L. "The effects of oil spillages on soil fauna". Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357081.
Testo completoLindberg, Niklas. "Soil fauna and global change : responses to experimental drought, irrigation, fertilisation and soil warming /". Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2003. http://epsilon.slu.se/s270.pdf.
Testo completoZinn, Yuri Lopes. "Textural, mineralogical and structural controls on soil organic carbon retention in the Brazilian Cerrados". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1131381122.
Testo completoBird, Stephanie. "The impact of native and exotic plants on soil biodiversity and ecosystem function". Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2016. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/the-impact-of-native-and-exotic-plants-on-soil-biodiversity-and-ecosystem-function(c9707653-095b-4570-83d9-a444585f5b71).html.
Testo completoMalmström, Anna. "Effects of wildfire and prescribed burning on soil fauna in boreal coniferous forests /". Uppsala : Department of Ecology and Environmental Research, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/2006111.pdf.
Testo completoLindberg, Niklas. "Impact of climate change on soil fauna diversity : effects of experimental drought, irrigation, soil warming and nutrient addition /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences, 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/99-3576673-X.pdf.
Testo completoNhamo, Nhamo. "The contribution of different fauna communities to improved soil health : a case of Zimbabwean soils under conservation agriculture". Bonn ZEF, 2007. http://www.zef.de/fileadmin/webfiles/downloads/zefce̲cologyd̲evelopment/EDS56N̲hamot̲ext.pdf.
Testo completoAlves, Paulo Roger Lopes. "Avaliação ecotoxicológica da vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar no solo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-30042015-145435/.
Testo completoThe use of vinasse of cane sugar in ferti-igation of agricultural soils is a good option for disposal of this waste and generates economic advantages. This type of waste has been applied to agricultural soil for many years; however, there is little information about its ecotoxicological risks on soil organisms. In this study, the effects of two vinasse from different distillerie plants (VA and VB), and another from a laboratory distillation (VC) on the soil fauna and soil microorganisms were evaluated in two Oxisols (LV and LVA) and in a Tropical Artificial Soil (TAS). Increasing concentrations of these vinasses were applied to the soils to assess the effects on the behavior and reproduction of fauna species, and the effects of the effluents on microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (C-CO2), dehydrogenase activity (DHA), colonization by mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and on the structure of the bacterial community were evaluated in the Oxisols. For the soil fauna, the vinasses from commercial distilleries proved to be the most toxic: earthworms and collembolans avoided the soils that were contaminated with these vinasses, and the reproduction of all organisms was reduced in at least one of the soils. The vinasse from the laboratory did not promote any avoidance behavior in the tested organisms and only reduced the reproduction of earthworms and enchytraeids in TAS and LVA soil, respectively. Mites were the least sensitive organisms to the vinasses. Microbial growth (MBC) and metabolism (C-CO2, DHA) increased in the presence of all the vinasses, and there was an increase in the AMF colonization of sugar-cane roots. The structure of the soil bacterial community was significantly modified by all the vinasses, with richness and diversity reductions, and increases of the dominance of bacterial groups. For the soil fauna the toxicity was attributed mainly to the high salt contents, especially to the potassium content in the vinasses. However, the increases in microbial growth and metabolism were attributed to the additional organic carbon and other nutrients added into the soils by the wastes. Changes in colonization by AMF and on the bacterial community may also have been influenced by the nutrient increase; however, these were especially considered microbial responses to the polluting elements/substances in the vinasses, as high potassium content, antibiotics or other substances added during the fermentation process. These results indicate that protection criteria for soil organisms should be considered during the derivation of the application limits of sugarcane vinasse in tropical soils.
Batista, Itaynara [UNESP]. "Relação entre macrofauna, agregação e atributos edáficos em sequência de culturas sob plantio direto". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134005.
Testo completoO sistema de plantio direto (PD) é apresentado como técnica agrícola que melhora as propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, ainda permanecem muitas questões quanto ao efeito do tipo e sequência de culturas sobre as interações planta-organismos-solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de sequências de culturas em sistema de plantio direto na comunidade da macrofauna edáfica e nas características químicas e físicas dos agregados em duas épocas de avaliação, seca e chuvosa em áreas de domínio morfológico de Mata Atlântica. As hipóteses testadas foram: i) a rotação de culturas com espécies de gramíneas/leguminosas (milho/soja) favorece a formação dos agregados de diferentes tipos morfológicos com diferentes características físicas e químicas, devido à atuação de raízes e a seleção alimentar pela macrofauna do solo; ii) a época de avaliação promove mudanças no ambiente para a formação dos agregados em função da cultura recente e da sazonalidade; iii) os agentes biológicos (macrofauna e raízes) alteram a dinâmica da matéria orgânica associada aos agregados do solo, devido à seleção alimentar pela macrofauna e pela atuação de raízes; iv) a rotação de gramíneas/leguminosas promove maior riqueza de indivíduos, uniformidade da macrofauna edáfica, maior abundância de grupos decompositores de matéria orgânica e engenheiros do ecossistema quando comparada com gramíneas ou com leguminosas, devido a melhoria na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. O experimento foi realizado sob PD em Jaboticabal - SP, os tratamentos analisados foram: monocultura de soja (leguminosa) no verão e crotalária (leguminosa) na entressafra (S-C), monocultura de milho (gramínea) no verão e milho na entressafra (M-M), rotação soja/milho no verão e uma milho na entressafra (S/M-M) e rotação soja/milho no verão e crotalária ...
The no-tillage system (NT) is presented as an agricultural technique that improves the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. However, many questions still remain as to the effect of the type and sequence of cultures on plantsoil- organisms interactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crop sequences in no-tillage system in the community of soil macrofauna and chemical and physical characteristics of aggregates in two evaluation periods, dry and wet in areas of morphological domain of Atlantic Forest. The hypotheses tested were: e) crop rotation with species of grass/legumes (corn/soybean) favors the formation of aggregates of different morphological types with different physical and chemical characteristics, due to the action of roots and food selection by soil macrofauna; ii) the evaluation period promotes changes in the environment for the formation of aggregates due to the recent culture and seasonality; iii) biological agents (macrofauna and roots) alter the dynamics of organic matter associated with soil aggregates due to food selection by macrofauna and action of roots; iv) the rotation of grass/legumes promotes greater richness of individuals, uniformity of soil macrofauna, greater abundance of groups decomposers of organic matter and engineers of the ecosystem when compared to grasses or legumes, due to improvement in the availability of food resources. The experiment was conducted under NT in Jaboticabal - SP, the treatments analyzed were: soybean monoculture (legume) in the summer and sun hemp (legume) in the off season (S-SH), corn monoculture (grass) in the summer and corn in the off season (C-C), rotation soybean/corn in the summer and a corn in the off season (S/C-C) and rotation soybean/corn in the summer and sun hemp in the off-season (S/C-SH). The sampling was carried out in August 2012 and March 2013. ...
Friberg, Hanna. "Persistence of Plasmodiophora brassicae : influence of non-host plants, soil fauna and organic material /". Uppsala : Dept. of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005115.pdf.
Testo completoAslam, Tiffany Jade. "Impacts of intensive agriculture on soil fauna and ecosystem function : trading function for dependence?" Thesis, University of Leeds, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10649/.
Testo completoCasaril, Camila Elis. "Fauna edáfica em sistemas de produção de banana no sul de Santa Catarina". Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2017. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/2493.
Testo completoMade available in DSpace on 2018-03-08T14:37:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGCS17MA162.pdf: 1423756 bytes, checksum: d98da1cfa7bae404fb07f06248687684 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16
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Banana is an important crop for Brazil and for Santa Catarina. However, questions about the quality of the edaphic environment and how the management of the crop can affect the soil, are still little studied. The objective was to evaluate the effects of banana production on edaphic fauna in function of the different cultural practices, management and soil’s chemical and physical aspects. The study areas corresponded to two banana trees with different management characteristics and cultural practices (banana 1 and banana 2), as well as a native forest area (reference). In each area, 12 sampling points were established, forming a sample area of 2,100 m², three collections of fauna were carried out by the Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility monolith and Pitfall Traps methods at different times: august/15, december/2015 and april/16. In laboratory, the organisms sampled were identified at the level of taxonomic groups/orders. At the collection of the month of april/16 soil samples were also collected, near the points of fauna collection, for the evaluation of the aspects of soil chemistry and physics. For the analysis of the data, the relative frequency in percentage of the edaphic fauna groups was evaluated. The degree of alteration of the abundance of the fauna groups was verified, in relation to the implantation of banana cultivation, through the index of change. Data on mean abundance of organisms were submitted to analysis of variance. Shannon-Wiener diversity indexes and Pielou equability were calculated and the total richness of groups was evaluated. In the multivariate analysis, the principal component analysis was carried out with the objective to evaluate the distribution of the edaphic fauna groups of each study area. In order to select a set of soil chemistry and physics variables with influence on fauna, a redundancy analysis was performed. The variables of soil chemistry and physics selected by the redundancy analysis were submitted to analysis of variance. In total, 18 taxonomic groups were found in banana 1 and 19 in native forest and banana 2. The groups with the highest relative frequency in the study areas were Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Acari and Oligochaeta. The index of change showed an inhibitory effect of abundance for Coleoptera, Diptera and Oligochaeata and for the stimulation of Collembola, Acari and Hymenoptera in the areas of banana production when compare them with the native forest. There were statistical differences in the abundance of organisms in the evaluation of the areas among each other and in the evaluation of sampling times within the same area. Banana 1 presented higher richness and Shannon-Wiener indexes and Pielou equability in most of the evaluations performed. Through the principal component analysis, it was verified that the banana trees presented a distribution of different edaphic fauna groups of the native forest. The attributes of soil chemistry and physics that show relationship to fauna in the redundancy analysis were pH, Mg+2, Ca+2, Al+3, Fe+3, Zn+2, soil density and macroporosity. The study showed that the cultural and management practices of banana cultivation have influence on edaphic fauna
A banana é uma importante cultura para o Brasil e para Santa Catarina. No entanto, questões sobre a qualidade do ambiente edáfico e como o manejo da cultura pode afetar o solo, ainda são pouco estudadas. O objetivo foi avaliar os efeitos da produção de banana sobre a fauna edáfica em função das diferentes práticas culturais, manejos e aspectos químicos e físicos do solo. As áreas do estudo corresponderam a dois bananais de diferentes características de manejo e práticas culturais (bananal 1 e bananal 2), além de uma área de mata nativa (referência). Em cada área estabeleceram-se 12 pontos de amostragem, formando uma área amostral de 2.100 m², realizaram-se coletas de fauna pelos métodos do monólito Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility e Pitfall Traps em épocas: agosto/2015, dezembro/2015 e abril/2016. Em laboratório os organismos amostrados foram identificados em nível de grupos taxonômicos/ordens. Na coleta de abril/2016 também coletaram-se amostras de solo, próximo aos pontos de coleta de fauna, para a avaliação dos atributos químicos e físicos do solo. Para a análise dos dados, avaliou-se a frequência relativa em porcentagem dos grupos de fauna edáfica. Verificou-se o grau de alteração da abundância dos grupos da fauna, com relação à implantação do cultivo de banana, através do índice de mudança. Submeteram-se os dados de abundância média de organismos à análise de variância. Calcularam-se os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e equabilidade de Pielou e avaliou-se a riqueza total de grupos. Na análise multivariada, realizou-se a análise de componentes principais com objetivo de avaliar a distribuição dos grupos da fauna edáfica de cada área de estudo. Com objetivo de selecionar um conjunto de variáveis químicas e físicas do solo com influência sobre fauna, foi realizada a análise de redundância. As variáveis da química e física do solo selecionadas pela análise de redundância foram submetidas à análise de variância. No total foram encontrados 18 grupos taxonômicos no bananal 1 e 19 na mata nativa e bananal 2. Os grupos de maior frequência relativa nas áreas de estudo foram: Coleoptera, Collembola, Diptera, Hymenoptera, Acari e Oligochaeta. O índice de mudança demostrou efeito de inibição de abundância para Coleoptera, Diptera e Oligochaeata e de estimulação para Collembola, Acari e Hymenoptera nas áreas de produção de banana quando comparadas a mata nativa. Houve diferenças estatísticas na abundância de organismos na avaliação das áreas entre si e na avaliação das épocas de amostragem dentro de uma mesma área. O bananal 1 apresentou maior riqueza e índices de Shannon-Wiener e equabilidade de Pielou na maioria das avalições realizadas. Através da análise de componentes principais verificou-se que os bananais apresentaram uma distribuição dos grupos de fauna edáfica diferente da mata nativa. Os atributos químicos e físicos do solo que demostram relação com a fauna na análise de redundância foram pH, Mg+2, Ca+2, Al+3, Fe+3, Zn+2, densidade do solo e macroporosidade. O estudo demostrou que as práticas culturais e de manejo da cultura da banana tem influência sobre a fauna edáfica
Battigelli, Jeffrey Paul. "Impact of soil compaction and organic matter removal on soil fauna in the sub-boreal spruce zone of central British Columbia". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0012/NQ59563.pdf.
Testo completoRawlins, Andrew John Peter. "Molecular and isotopic studies of the transformations of organic matter by soil fauna and their influence on the soil microbial community". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430206.
Testo completoMachado, Deivid Lopes 1984. "Aporte de serapilheira, fauna edáfica e matéria orgânica do solo em diferentes sistemas de restauração florestal /". Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141475.
Testo completoCoorientador: Luiz Fernando Duarte de Moraes
Banca: Gisela Durigan
Banca: Maria Elizabeth Fernandes Correia
Banca: Rafael Leandro de Figueiredo Vasconcelos
Banca: Brigitte Josrfine Feigl
Resumo: A composição e as características funcionais de espécies vegetais possuem grande efeito no funcionamento de ecossistemas florestais. Entretanto, o conhecimento das relações entre as características da vegetação com processos relacionados à ciclagem de nutrientes em sistemas em processo de restauração ecológica ainda é incipiente. Investigamos os efeitos de sítios e sistemas de restauração com composição e estrutura contrastantes na produção de serapilheira e na transferência de nutrientes, na fauna associada à serapilheira e na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Estudamos um experimento que foi implantando em 1997, no Câmpus da UNESP/FCA, em Botucatu, SP, em dois sítios com distintas características edáficas, sendo um localizado na Fazenda Lageado, que é caracterizado por apresentar textura argilosa e de maior fertilidade (Sítio 1 - Nitossolo Vermelho) e o outro localizado na Fazenda Edgardia, apresentando textura arenosa e menor fertilidade (Sítio 2 - Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo). O experimento foi delineado em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (sistemas de restauração) e três repetições, em parcelas de 50 x 50 m (2500 m2). Em cada sítio foram implantados quatro sistemas de restauração, que se diferenciaram pelo número e composição de espécies utilizadas: semeadura direta (SEM), sistema agroflorestal (AGR), comercial para madeira e lenha (CML) e diversificado (DIV). Também faz parte do experimento um sistema controle (CON), em que não foi feito plantio (restauração passiva), e se encontra em processo de sucessão natural. Próximo a cada sítio estudamos também um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, como referência ...
Abstract: Functioning of forest ecosystems is greatly affected by composition as well as functional traits of plant species. However, the relationship between vegetation traits with nutrient cycling related processes in ecological restoration is so far under explored in the literature. We investigated the effects of tree species traits on different aspects of nutrient cycling (litter and nutrients production, litter-associated fauna and soil organic matter - SOM) in different ecological restoration systems. We analyzed a long-term experiment implemented in 1997, at the Campus of UNESP/FCA in Botucatu, at two sites with different soil characteristics. Site 1 has a clayey and higher fertility soil (a fertile loamy Ultisol) and Site 2 has a sandy texture and lower fertility soil (Alfisol). The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with five treatments (restoration systems) and three replications in 50 x 50 m plots (2500 m²). Four different restoration systems were implanted at each site. Restoration systems are differentiated by the number and composition of species used: direct seeding (SEM), agroforestry (AGR), commercial timber and firewood and (CML) and diversified (DIV). A control system (CON), with no planting and natural succession processes are following its own way (passive restoration) was also analyzed. Furthermore, we studied a fragment of seasonal semideciduous forest next to each site as a reference (REF). We assessed the number of species (rarefied richness), density, basal area and percentage of nitrogen fixing species and percentage of individuals of deciduous species in all restoration systems and forest reference. Litter and nutrient yield were higher both in the commercial (CML) and diversified (DIV) systems, regardless of site condition, which was due, respectively, to the largest proportion of individuals of putative nitrogen fixing species and higher species richness in those system ...
Doutor
Krolow, Ivan Renato Cardoso. "Efeito de fertilizantes mineral, organomineral e orgânico sobre a macrofauna e mesofauna do solo". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2011. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2431.
Testo completoThe study was performed on a rural property in the locality the Hidraulica city of Capão do Leão - Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, to evaluate the influence of mineral fertilizers, organo-mineral and organic on macrofauna and mesofauna the soil. We used the following succession crops: Zea mays L.-forage Consortium (Trifolium repens L., Trifolium pratense L., Lotus corniculatus L. and Lolium multiflorum Lam), Sorghum bicolor L., Brassica napus L., Panicum maximum-Lolium multiflorum Lam, Helianthus annuus L.-Triticum aestivum L. Investigated the following treatments: T1-Control, T2-fertilizer mineral , T3- organo-mineral fertilizer, T4-compost fertilizer and T5-organic fertilizer turkey litter. The variables were: precipitation, soil properties (pHágua, pHSMP, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, nitrogen, carbon / nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, sodium, manganese, copper and zinc), attributes Soil physical (moisture and temperature), agronomic responses (yield and biomass) and soil macrofauna and mesofauna. Sowing of summer species occurred in December 2007, while those of winter, in May 2008. Grain crops were harvested at the end of their cycle, while forage in summer and winter amounted to seven six cuts successive, respectively. The results of soil temperature, soil moisture, yield, agronomic and representatives of the fauna were subjected to analysis of variance, mean test (Duncan 5%) probability. The fauna found was also analyzed for density, richness, relative frequency, classification by Abundance, diversity index and evenness index. Results related to soil fauna, macronutrients, micronutrients and soil conductivity were also submitted to multivariate analysis. The Fertilizers compost and organic-mineral was associated more effectively the majority of taxos, justifying larger the variation of data the exception of the catch of the soil inner in the culture of aruana. In experiment 1 the groups Acari, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Oligochaeta and Nematoda and nitrogen content, zinc, magnesium, manganese, phosphorus and calcium were those who 9 had contributed more in variation of the data. In experiment 2 the groups Isopoda, Diplura, Myriapoda, Acari and Dermaptera and the magnesium, nitrogen, phosphorus, zinc, copper, sodium, aluminum and iron were those who had contributed more in variation of the data. In experiment 3 the groups Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diplura, Myriapoda, Protura and the magnesium, nitrogen, iron and manganese were those who had contributed more in variation of the data. In experiment 4 the groups Acari, Nematoda, Dermaptera, Protura, Diplura, Coleoptera and Oligochaeta and the contents of potassium, iron, copper and calcium were those who had contributed more in variation of the data.
O estudo foi realizado em uma propriedade rural, na localidade da Hidráulica no município de Capão do Leão - Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, com objetivo de avaliar a influência dos fertilizantes mineral, organo-mineral e orgânico sobre a macrofauna e mesofauna do solo. Foram dispostos quatro experimentos individualizados em delineamento estatístico blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições cada, em um ARGISSOLO AMARELO Distrófico típico, franco arenoso. Utilizou-se as seguintes culturas em sucessão: Zea mays L.-Consórcio forrageiro (Trifolium repens L., Trifolium pratense L., Lotus corniculatus L. e Lolium multiflorum Lam.); Sorghum bicolor L.-Brassica napus L.; Panicum maximum-Lolium multiflorum Lam.; Helianthus annuus L.-Triticum aestivum L. Investigaram-se os seguintes tratamentos: T1-Testemunha, T2-Fertilizante mineral, T3-Fertilizante organo-mineral, T4-Fertilizante-composto e T5-Fertilizante orgânico cama de peru . As variáveis analisadas foram: precipitação, propriedades químicas do solo (pHágua, pHSMP, condutividade elétrica, carbono orgânico, nitrogênio, carbono/nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, ferro, alumínio, manganês, sódio, cobre e zinco), atributos físicos do solo (umidade e temperatura), respostas agronômicas (rendimento de grãos e de fitomassa) e a macrofauna e mesofauna do solo. A semeadura das espécies de verão se deu no mês de dezembro de 2007, enquanto as de inverno, foram a partir de maio de 2008. As colheitas foram realizadas nas culturas de grãos no final do respectivo ciclo, enquanto, nas forrageiras de verão e de inverno totalizaram-se sete e seis cortes sucessivos, respectivamente. Os resultados de temperatura do solo, umidade do solo e rendimento agronômico e representantes da fauna foram submetidos à análise de variância, teste de médias (Duncan 5%) de probabilidade. A fauna encontrada também foi submetida à análise de Densidade, Riqueza, Freqüência relativa, classificação por categoria de Abundância, índice de diversidade, índice de equitabilidade. Os resultados referentes à fauna edáfica, macronutrientes, micronutrientes e condutividade elétrica do solo foram submetidos também a análise multivariada. Conclui- se que: a menor diversidade e equitabilidade foram encontradas no Fertilizante mineral nas coletas realizadas no interior do solo do consórcio forrageiro, da canola, da aruana e do trigo. Assim como, nas coletas de superfície que mostram no milho, no consórcio forrageiro, na canola e na aruana e azevém os menores índices ecológicos. Os grupos Collembola, Acari, Hymenoptera e Coleoptera mostraram as maiores densidades entre os experimentos. O rendimento agronômico do milho e da aruana e azevém influenciaram mais na disposição da fauna edáfica nas coletas de interior do solo, enquanto que, nas coletas de superfície a maior contribuição foi no consórcio forrageiro no sorgo e no trigo. Aos Fertilizantes, composto e organo-mineral associaram-se mais efetivamente a maioria dos táxons, justificando-se a maior variação dos dados levantados nas coletas de interior e superfície do solo a exceção das coletas de interior do solo na cultura da aruana. No experimento 1 os grupos Acari, Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Oligochaeta e Nematoda e os teores de nitrogênio, zinco, magnésio, manganês, fósforo e cálcio contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados. No experimento 2 os grupos Isopoda, Diplura, Myriapoda, Acari e Dermaptera e os teores de magnésio, nitrogênio, fósforo, zinco, cobre, sódio, alumínio e ferro contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados. No experimento 3 os grupos Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera, Diplura, Myriapoda, Protura e os teores de magnésio, nitrogênio, manganês e ferro contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados. No experimento 4 os grupos Acari, Nematoda, Dermaptera, Protura, Diplura, Coleoptera, e Oligochaeta e os teores de potássio, ferro, cobre e cálcio contribuíram mais efetivamente com a variação dos dados.
Crowther, Thomas. "Effects of grazing soil fauna on the functioning and community composition of saprotrophic basidiomycete fungi". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2012. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/22029/.
Testo completoBatista, Itaynara 1986. "Relação entre macrofauna, agregação e atributos edáficos em sequência de culturas sob plantio direto /". Botucatu, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/134005.
Testo completoCoorientador: José Eduardo Corá
Coorientador: Maria Elizabeth Fernandes Correia
Banca: Nilvania Aparecida de Mello
Banca: Maria de Fátima Guimarães
Banca: Lucia Helena Cunha dos Anjos
Banca: Juliano Carlos Calonego
Resumo: O sistema de plantio direto (PD) é apresentado como técnica agrícola que melhora as propriedades químicas, físicas e biológicas do solo. No entanto, ainda permanecem muitas questões quanto ao efeito do tipo e sequência de culturas sobre as interações planta-organismos-solo. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito de sequências de culturas em sistema de plantio direto na comunidade da macrofauna edáfica e nas características químicas e físicas dos agregados em duas épocas de avaliação, seca e chuvosa em áreas de domínio morfológico de Mata Atlântica. As hipóteses testadas foram: i) a rotação de culturas com espécies de gramíneas/leguminosas (milho/soja) favorece a formação dos agregados de diferentes tipos morfológicos com diferentes características físicas e químicas, devido à atuação de raízes e a seleção alimentar pela macrofauna do solo; ii) a época de avaliação promove mudanças no ambiente para a formação dos agregados em função da cultura recente e da sazonalidade; iii) os agentes biológicos (macrofauna e raízes) alteram a dinâmica da matéria orgânica associada aos agregados do solo, devido à seleção alimentar pela macrofauna e pela atuação de raízes; iv) a rotação de gramíneas/leguminosas promove maior riqueza de indivíduos, uniformidade da macrofauna edáfica, maior abundância de grupos decompositores de matéria orgânica e engenheiros do ecossistema quando comparada com gramíneas ou com leguminosas, devido a melhoria na disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. O experimento foi realizado sob PD em Jaboticabal - SP, os tratamentos analisados foram: monocultura de soja (leguminosa) no verão e crotalária (leguminosa) na entressafra (S-C), monocultura de milho (gramínea) no verão e milho na entressafra (M-M), rotação soja/milho no verão e uma milho na entressafra (S/M-M) e rotação soja/milho no verão e crotalária ...
Abstract: The no-tillage system (NT) is presented as an agricultural technique that improves the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. However, many questions still remain as to the effect of the type and sequence of cultures on plantsoil- organisms interactions. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of crop sequences in no-tillage system in the community of soil macrofauna and chemical and physical characteristics of aggregates in two evaluation periods, dry and wet in areas of morphological domain of Atlantic Forest. The hypotheses tested were: e) crop rotation with species of grass/legumes (corn/soybean) favors the formation of aggregates of different morphological types with different physical and chemical characteristics, due to the action of roots and food selection by soil macrofauna; ii) the evaluation period promotes changes in the environment for the formation of aggregates due to the recent culture and seasonality; iii) biological agents (macrofauna and roots) alter the dynamics of organic matter associated with soil aggregates due to food selection by macrofauna and action of roots; iv) the rotation of grass/legumes promotes greater richness of individuals, uniformity of soil macrofauna, greater abundance of groups decomposers of organic matter and engineers of the ecosystem when compared to grasses or legumes, due to improvement in the availability of food resources. The experiment was conducted under NT in Jaboticabal - SP, the treatments analyzed were: soybean monoculture (legume) in the summer and sun hemp (legume) in the off season (S-SH), corn monoculture (grass) in the summer and corn in the off season (C-C), rotation soybean/corn in the summer and a corn in the off season (S/C-C) and rotation soybean/corn in the summer and sun hemp in the off-season (S/C-SH). The sampling was carried out in August 2012 and March 2013. ...
Doutor
Sauvadet, Marie. "Impacts de la qualité et quantité des résidus de culture sur la structure et le fonctionnement des communautés du sol. Application aux systèmes de grandes cultures du Nord-Est de la France". Thesis, Reims, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REIMS041.
Testo completoCrop residues decomposition is an essential process in cultivated lands since it constitutes the main source of organic matter in these systems. Although the underlying mechanisms of residues degradation of varying qualities and quantities are well-known, their consequences on soil biota and the related functions are less understood. To better understand this process, we chose to follow at key steps of decomposition the evolution of major components of soil diversity (microorganisms, nematodes, micro-arthropods and macrofauna), the evolution of litter quality, the main carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) fluxes and enzyme activities associated, for different quantities and qualities of litter added. The experiments were set up at different spatial and temporal scales (field, mesocosm and microcosm experiments) in function of our objectives.Litter quantity and quality have distinct effects on soil biota. Litter quantity influences the detritivores, and litter quality influences more generally the main functional groups. Labile litter impacts more the bacterial energy channel and the macrodetritivores at the first stages of decomposition, and recalcitrant litter impacts more the fungal energy channel and the mesodetritivores at the latter stage of decomposition. These evolutions are mirrored by the enzymatic dynamics. More specifically, fauna top-down regulations (L.terrestris and nematodes manipulations) exhibit high effects on soil enzymes. Similarly, soil micro-food web initial composition drives enzymatic dynamics. Contrastingly, litter C mineralization depends mainly on its initial quality. This PhD shows the importance of litter management on the biological functions of cultivated soils. Varying litter quality and quantity appear as a mean to influence soil health and some ecosystem services on the long term
Pey, Benjamin. "Contribution de la faune du sol au fonctionnement et à l'évolution des Technosols". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL090N/document.
Testo completoTechnosols are soils whose properties and pedogenesis are influenced by technical materials which take part in their constitution. The experimental model used here is a constructed Technosol which is deliberately composed of technical materials in a soil profile. The scientific objective is to evaluate the contribution of soil fauna to processes implied in soil functioning and evolution. Experiments in laboratory (cosms) and in climatic conditions (lysimeters, field) are conducted from ultrastructural scale to soil profile scale. Results indicate that (i) constructed Technosol can support soil fauna, (ii) the model of ecosystem engineer: Lumbricus terrestris, by macroporosity and by stables biogenic structures, contribute to the structuration, the aggregation and the decomposition of organic matter of the Technosol, (iii) when several groups of organisms implied in differents soil functions are used, effects are observed on organic matter decomposition. The huge availability of resources in the Technosol allow the presence of soil fauna but its effects and reduce soil fauna interactions which can have effects on soil functioning. A model whose objective is to evaluate effect of Lumbricus terrestris on macroporosity is proposed. In terms of soil engineering, a project of decision support model results of scientific experiences. Soil fauna inoculation in soil engineering could contribute to initiate and accelerate mechanisms of Technosol evolution
Castilho, Selene Cristina de Pierri. "Influência da transformação floresta - pastagem nos atributos do solo em área de agricultura familiar no oeste do Estado do Pará". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-12082014-145724/.
Testo completoThe increasing number of rural settlements created in Amazonia is creating discussions about their responsibility on deforestation, because their implementation is succeeded by deforestation and pasture implementation, modifying soil chemical, physical and biological conditions. The present work has as main hypothesis that 1 - soil use change from forest to pasture negatively affects soil physical and chemical attributes; 2 - soil use change from forest to pasture reduces soil fauna abundance and diversity; 3 - Alterations on soil hydrophysical conditions by land use changes affects the occurrence of macrofauna taxa and earthworm species. The objectives of this work are to do a qualitative and quantitative analysis of soil hydro-physical and chemical attributes and of soil fauna along two topossequences in the Agroextractivist Settlement \"Praialta Piranheira\" in the municipality of Nova Ipixuna, PA. . Soil sampling was conducted on two topossequences (forest and pasture) on three topographic positions: top (T1), slope (T2) and bottom (T3). Samples were taken in July 2012 (dry period) and January and March 2013 (moist period), in 5 replicates for each sampling point (T1, T2 and T3), on soil depths of 0-0.1, 0.1-0.2 and 0.2-0.3 m. Disturbed samples were used to particle-size, particle density, chemical and moisture analysis and undisturbed samples for density, soil water retention curve and micromorphometric determinations. Samples for vegetal dry mass and macrofauna were also collected according to Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF) method. Total porosity (PT) and index S were calculated. Soil fauna were separated according to morphospecies, counted and richness and diversity rates were calculated. Data were analyzed by univariate statistical analysis and relations between physical attributes and soil fauna were obtained by multivariated statistical analysis. Soils presented homogeneous particle-size and particle density distribution, with clay increment on soil depth. Areas under forest presented higher values of vegetal dry mass (MS), acidity, moisture, macroporosity, S index, taxonomic and specific richness, higher quantity of coleopteran and Formicida. Areas under pasture presented higher values of organic matter, microporosity, higher abundance of larva, Isoptera and earthworms (except for T3). No significant differences were found regarding to soil density (Ds) (except for T3), PT and macrofauna and abundance of ecosystem engineers (except for litter). Soil water retention curves (CRA) showed that soil use change leads to lower quantity of macropores and flattened curves for pasture. Changes observed for forest-pasture change are related to quantity and composition of litter and kind and size of pores, changing macrofauna composition. Multivariate analysis showed that alterations on pore distribution are sufficient to modify ecological niches, to change fauna composition and hydro-physical conditions, leading to alterations on water circulation and ecological diversity in the Amazon
Schubert, Ryan Noremberg. "Estudo da fauna edáfica na vermicompostagem de resíduos orgânicos". Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2017. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br:8080/handle/prefix/3775.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a fauna edáfica ocorrente no processo de vermicompostagem dos resíduos de erva-mate, borra de café, estercos bovino, equino e ovino, assim como, analisar química e fisicamente estes materiais. Estes substratos foram armazenados em vasos plásticos com capacidade de 10 litros, em bancadas horizontais em laboratório, utilizando-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições, onde, após um período de estabilização, inoculou-se 150 minhocas da Califórnia (Eisenia foetida) em cada tratamento. Como ferramenta de análise dos dados, utilizou-se o programa estatístico DivEs® para o cálculo dos índices ecológicos de diversidade, dominância, equitabilidade e riqueza de espécies, utilizados para análises da mesofauna edáfica. Foram realizadas avaliações de macronutrientes, relação C/N, carbono orgânico, pH, densidade, umidade, contagem edáfica da mesofauna (ácaros e colêmbolos), da macrofauna (minhocas e casulos) e microorganismos (fungos totais, bactérias degradadoras de celulose e bactérias diazotróficas) além da respiração microbiana. Os resíduos estudados apresentaram resultados distintos entre si. Foi verificado uma superioridade numérica da mesofauna edáfica nos resíduos vegetais quando comparado com os de origem animal, havendo um predomínio de colêmbolos em todos os tratamentos avaliados (95%). Com relação a macrofauna, observou-se um maior número de casulos (n = 323) e minhocas (n = 236) ao final do processo de vermicompostagem, no esterco ovino. Ao longo da execução do experimento notou-se que somente no tratamento esterco bovino houve uma diminuição no desenvolvimento de bactérias degradadoras de celulose (de 6,6 x 1011 para 2,3 x 109 ), já para as bactérias diazotróficas, apenas no tratamento esterco equino ocorreu um aumento na sua população (de 6,0 x 103 para 9,5 x 107 ). Fungos totais mantiveram uma distribuição homogênea no decorrer das avaliações em todas as unidades experimentais. Na totalidade das amostras houve uma redução da respiração microbiana durante o processo de vermicompostagem, devido a maturação dos resíduos orgânicos. Observou-se uma diminuição da relação C/N, com destaque para os resíduos vegetais que apresentaram os maiores valores da mesma, entretanto, nestes resíduos foram verificados as menores concentrações dos macronutrientes P, K e Mg. Com exceção do esterco equino, o pH ajustou-se para valores recomendáveis ao final do experimento em todos os substratos. Os índices ecológicos de diversidade e equitabilidade mostraram um predomínio de organismos no esterco ovino. Diante dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, pode-se sugerir a utilização destes resíduos para a vermicompostagem, e recomendar o uso de seus vermicompostos como adubo orgânico com precauções.
The objective of this work was to study the edaphic fauna occurring in the vermicompost process of the residues of herb-checkmate, coffee drag, bovine, equine and ovine manure, as well as to analyze chemically and physically these materials. These substrates were stored in 10 liter plastic plots in horizontal laboratory benches, using a completely randomized design with five replications, where, after a stabilization period, 150 California worms (Eisenia foetida) in each treatment. As a tool for data analysis, the statistical software DivEs® were used to calculate the ecological indexes of diversity, dominance, equitability and species richness, used for analysis of the edaphic mesofauna. In this study different evaluations were made such as: macronutrients, C/N ratio, organic carbon, pH, density, humidity, counting of the edaphic mesofauna (mites and collembolans), macrofauna (worms and cocoons) and microorganisms (total fungi, cellulose-degrading bacteria and diazotrophic bacteria) and microbial respiration. The residues studied presented different results among themselves. It was verified a numerical superiority of the edaphic mesofauna in the vegetal residues when compared with the ones of animal origin, being a predominance of collembolans in all the evaluated treatments (n = 121864). With regard to macrofauna, a larger number of cocoons (n = 323) and earthworms (n = 236) were observed at the end of the vermicompost process in ovine manure. During the execution of the experiment it was noticed that only in the bovine manure treatment there was a decrease in the development of cellulose degrading bacteria (from 6.6 x 1011 to 2.3 x 109 ), already for the diazotrophic bacteria, only in the treatment equine manure occurred an increase in its population (from 6.0 x 103 to 9.5 x 107 ). Total fungi maintained a homogeneous distribution throughout the evaluations in all the experimental units. In all the samples there was a reduction of the microbial respiration during the vermicompost process due to the maturation of the organic residues. It was observed a decrease in the C/N ratio, with emphasis on the vegetable residues that presented the highest values of the same, however, in these residues were verified the lowest concentrations of the macronutrients P, K and Mg. With the exception of equine manure, the pH adjusted to values recommended at the end of the experiment on all substrates. The ecological indexes of diversity and equitability showed a predominance of organisms in ovine manure. Considering the results obtained in this study, we can suggest the use of these residues for vermicomposting, and recommend the use of their vermicompost as an organic fertilizer with the precautions.
Widyastuti, Rahayu. "Soil fauna in rainfed paddy field ecosystems : their role in organic matter decomposition and nitrogen mineralization /". Göttingen : Cuvillier, 2002. http://www.gbv.de/dms/bs/toc/357724208.pdf.
Testo completoMardegan, Clélia Maria [UNESP]. "A ocorrência de espécies de cerrado em 18 fragmentos com fisionomia florestal no noroeste do estado de São Paulo e as carcterísticas do solo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104007.
Testo completoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar a existência de um gradiente estrutural entre 18 remanescentes florestais no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Para isso, analisaram-se a sua flora e as variáveis edáficas, averiguando-se a existência de correlação da similaridade estrutural e da edáfica. Os 18 fragmentos estudados localizam-se em uma região com macroclima semelhante (Aw, segundo Köppen), e foram categorizados entre pequenos (50-200 ha) e grandes (acima de 200 ha). Através de análise de ordenação, verificou-se a formação de quatro grupos distintos na forma de um gradiente. A análise IndVal possibilitou a indicação das espécies que melhor categorizaram os grupos identificados, permitindo verificar a sua ocorrência em floresta estacional semidecidual e cerrado. Comprovou-se a existência de uma correlação significativa entre a similaridade edáfica e a estrutural, sendo as variáveis edáficas mais importantes para essa diferenciação, potencial hidrogênio-iônico (pH), acidez potencial (H+ Al), alumínio (Al), saturação em bases (V%), soma de bases (SB), cálcio (Ca), enxofre (S), fósforo (P), manganês (Mn), magnésio (Mg), potássio (K), areia total e argila. Desta forma, conclui-se que, naquela região, os fatores edáficos foram preponderantes na separação de floresta e cerrado, confirmando a hipótese do determinismo edáfico
This study had as main goal to verify the existence of a structural gradient among 18 forest remainings in the northwest of Sao Paulo state. In order to verify it, flora and edaphic variables were analyzed, noticing the existence of correlation of structural and edaphic similarity. The 18 studied fragments are located in a region with similar macro climate (Aw, as per Köppen), and were categorized as small (50-200 ha) and big (above 200 ha). Through analysis of ordination it was verified the formation of four distinct groups in the form of a gradient. The analysis IndVal allowed the indication of species that better categorize the identified groups, allowing verifying its occurrence in semidecidual seasonal forest and cerrado. It was proved to exist a significant similarity between edaphic and structural correlation, being the edaphic variables more important for this differentiation, hydrogen-ion (pH), acidity potential (H+ Al), aluminum (Al), saturation in bases (V%), sum of bases (SB), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), total sand and clay. Therefore, it is concluded that in that region the edaphic factors were preponderant in the separation of forest and cerrado, confirming the hypothesis of edaphic determinism
Mardegan, Clélia Maria. "A ocorrência de espécies de cerrado em 18 fragmentos com fisionomia florestal no noroeste do estado de São Paulo e as carcterísticas do solo /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/104007.
Testo completoBanca: Andréia Alves Rezende
Banca: Giselda Durigan
Banca: Roque Cielo Filho
Banca: Veridiana de Lara Weiser Bramante
Resumo: Esse estudo teve como objetivo verificar a existência de um gradiente estrutural entre 18 remanescentes florestais no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Para isso, analisaram-se a sua flora e as variáveis edáficas, averiguando-se a existência de correlação da similaridade estrutural e da edáfica. Os 18 fragmentos estudados localizam-se em uma região com macroclima semelhante (Aw, segundo Köppen), e foram categorizados entre pequenos (50-200 ha) e grandes (acima de 200 ha). Através de análise de ordenação, verificou-se a formação de quatro grupos distintos na forma de um gradiente. A análise IndVal possibilitou a indicação das espécies que melhor categorizaram os grupos identificados, permitindo verificar a sua ocorrência em floresta estacional semidecidual e cerrado. Comprovou-se a existência de uma correlação significativa entre a similaridade edáfica e a estrutural, sendo as variáveis edáficas mais importantes para essa diferenciação, potencial hidrogênio-iônico (pH), acidez potencial (H+ Al), alumínio (Al), saturação em bases (V%), soma de bases (SB), cálcio (Ca), enxofre (S), fósforo (P), manganês (Mn), magnésio (Mg), potássio (K), areia total e argila. Desta forma, conclui-se que, naquela região, os fatores edáficos foram preponderantes na separação de floresta e cerrado, confirmando a hipótese do determinismo edáfico
Abstract: This study had as main goal to verify the existence of a structural gradient among 18 forest remainings in the northwest of Sao Paulo state. In order to verify it, flora and edaphic variables were analyzed, noticing the existence of correlation of structural and edaphic similarity. The 18 studied fragments are located in a region with similar macro climate (Aw, as per Köppen), and were categorized as small (50-200 ha) and big (above 200 ha). Through analysis of ordination it was verified the formation of four distinct groups in the form of a gradient. The analysis IndVal allowed the indication of species that better categorize the identified groups, allowing verifying its occurrence in semidecidual seasonal forest and cerrado. It was proved to exist a significant similarity between edaphic and structural correlation, being the edaphic variables more important for this differentiation, hydrogen-ion (pH), acidity potential (H+ Al), aluminum (Al), saturation in bases (V%), sum of bases (SB), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), manganese (Mn), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), total sand and clay. Therefore, it is concluded that in that region the edaphic factors were preponderant in the separation of forest and cerrado, confirming the hypothesis of edaphic determinism
Doutor
Franco, Regiane. "Fauna edáfica sob modelos em estágio inicial de restauração de floresta subtropical". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1732.
Testo completoO objetivo deste estudo foi comparar áreas submetidas a diferentes tecnologias de restauração florestal em relação à abundância, riqueza, diversidade e composição da fauna presente na serapilheira e no solo. Foram conduzidos os seguintes tratamentos: Regeneração natural (RN), Plantio de árvores em linhas de recobrimento e diversidade (L) e Nucleação (N). Uma área de mata secundária (M) foi incluída no estudo como referencial das condições do solo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram coletadas amostras para extração da mesofauna (outubro/2012; julho e outubro/2013) e da macrofauna (junho e outubro/2013), em seis pontos de cada parcela amostral, totalizando 24 pontos amostrais por tratamento. Para coleta da macrofauna edáfica foi utilizado o método TSBF. A mesofauna foi coletada com o auxílio de um cilindro de metal e extraída utilizando Funis de Berlese-Tüllgren. Em cada ponto foi coletado separadamente serapilheira e solo e a fauna extraída foi identificada em nível de classe/ordem taxonômica. Os colêmbolos foram categorizados em tipos morfológicos. No total, considerando a mesofauna, a macrofauna e as três coletas realizadas, foram contabilizados 28618 organismos. Em relação à mesofauna edáfica, as tecnologias avaliadas não diferiram, após três anos em processo de restauração, em relação à abundância total de organismos e composição da comunidade. O índice diversidade de Shannon, na mesofauna edáfica, seguiu um gradiente de impacto antrópico, sendo superior na Regeneração natural, que não sofreu intervenções técnicas e apresentou maior teor de umidade no solo, e inferior na tecnologia plantio em linhas, que foi submetida ao controle de plantas espontâneas em área total. No caso da mesofauna da serapilheira as áreas submetidas às tecnologias não se diferenciaram em relação à riqueza média de grupos taxonômicos, abundância total de organismos e composição da comunidade. Considerando a macrofauna edáfica as tecnologias não diferiram em relação à abundância e riqueza, sendo que na avaliação de junho/2013 a RN apresentou maior índice H’ e se diferenciou em relação à composição da comunidade das demais tecnologias. Na avaliação de outubro/2013, as diferenças entre as tecnologias em relação ao índice H’ foram mais estreitas e essas não se diferenciaram em termos de composição da comunidade da macrofauna edáfica. Na macrofauna da serapilheira, em junho/2013, a RN apresentou maior riqueza e maior índice H’ quando comparada as demais tecnologias e na avaliação de outubro/2013, as tecnologias não se diferenciaram em relação à composição da comunidade, riqueza média de grupos e abundância média de organismos. No caso dos colêmbolos, as tecnologias após três anos em processo de restauração, não se diferenciaram em relação à abundância, riqueza e composição da comunidade de colêmbolos por diferentes morfotipos. A mata secundária, em relação às tecnologias de restauração florestal, apresentou maior abundância de saprófagos, predadores e maior diversidade de morfotipos de colêmbolos. Diante desses resultados recomenda-se a regeneração natural por ser a tecnologia de menor custo de implantação, seguida da nucleação e do plantio em linha. A fauna deve ser monitorada, ao longo do tempo, nas tecnologias de restauração, bem como as variáveis físicas e químicas do solo, a fim de entender possíveis mudanças na composição e diversidade de organismos.
The goal of this study was to compare areas under different forest restoration technologies in relation to abundance, richness, diversity and composition of the present fauna in the litter and soil. The treatments evaluated were: natural regeneration (RN); high diversity tree plantations (L) and nucleation (N). An area of secondary forest was included in the study as a reference of soil conditions. The experimental design was in randomized block with four replications. Samples were collected for extraction of mesofauna (October/2012; July and October/2013) and macrofauna (June and October/2013) in six points of each plot, totaling 24 samples per treatment. For collecting soil macrofauna was used TSBF method. The mesofauna was collected with a metal cylinder and extracted by Berlese-Tüllgren funnel. Litter and soil were collected separately at each point and the fauna was identified level of class/taxonomic order. The springtails were classified using morphotypes. In total, considering the mesofauna, macrofauna and three times collected were accounted 28618 organisms. In relation soil mesofauna, the evaluated technologies did not differ, after three years of restoration, in relation to total abundance of organisms and community composition. The Shannon diversity index (H), in soil mesofauna, followed a human impact gradient. This index was higher in natural regeneration, which not was undergone technical interventions and showed higher moisture in the soil. The tree planting technology, under the control of volunteer plants in total area, showed lower H index. In the case of litter mesofauna, the technologies did not differ in relation the mean richness, total abundance of organisms and community composition. Considering edaphic macrofauna, technologies did not differ in relation to the abundance and richness, and in the evaluation of June/2013, RN showed higher H index and differed in relation to the community composition of other technologies. In October/2013 evaluation, the differences between the technologies in relation to H index were narrower and these did not differ in terms of composition of soil macrofauna community. In litter macrofauna, in June/2013, the RN presented greater richness and H index when compared to other technologies and in evaluation October/2013 technologies did not differ in relation to community composition, richness and mean abundance of organisms. In the case of springtails, technologies after three years in the restoration process, did not differ in relation to the abundance, richness and composition of Collembola community for different morphotypes. The secondary forest, in relation to forest restoration technologies, presented greater abundance of saprophages, predators and greater diversity of morphotypes of springtails. From these results it, we recommended to natural regeneration by to have the lowest cost of deployment, followed by nucleation and online planting. The animals should be monitored over time, in the restoration technologies, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil, in order to understand the possible changes in the composition and diversity of organisms.
Pereira, Jamil de Morais. "Atributos biológicos como indicadores de qualidade do solo em Floresta de Araucária nativa e reflorestada no Estado de São Paulo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11138/tde-18092012-151354/.
Testo completoThe conservation of edaphic biodiversity in Araucaria Forests favors the processes of decomposition and nutrient cycling, improving the physico-chemical and biological soil properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of the macrofauna, mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and environmental explanatory variables (physico, chemical and microbiological) as indicators of soil quality in two different contrasting seasons (winter and summer) in Araucaria Forests. We evaluated forests with native Araucaria angustifolia (NF) and reforested areas (RF) in three different regions in the State of São Paulo. Each forest had three true replicates, in which we collected at random, fifteen soil samples for evaluation of physical attributes (density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and moisture), chemical attributes [pH, organic carbon (org-C), P, Ca, Mg, K, Al and H+Al] and biological attributes [macrofauna, AMF, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), basal respiration (CO2-C), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and dehydrogenase activity (Desi)]. At the same sampling points we evaluated the edaphic macrofauna, the density of AMF and root colonization in Araucaria. We evaluated the litter dry matter (MSS) and analyzed the contents of C, N and S. The physico-chemical and microbiological soil attributes and the chemical litter attributes were submitted to analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA). The abundance of macrofauna and of earthworm species were submitted to a Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the microbiological variables, litter dry weight, physico-chemical attributes of soil and litter were used as explanatory variables (EV). The abundance of AMF species was submitted to the PCA and the physico-chemical variables of soil and litter were used as EV. Additionally, the abundance of macrofauna and EV were submitted to a Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) and to one Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA). The macrofauna showed greater richness of groups in the summer, and the NF provided the highest diversity. Moisture, total porosity, S litter content, pH, K, MBC and basal respiration were the edaphic attributes most important to separate the areas. The group Oligochaeta, especially the species Ponthoscolex corethrurus and Amynthas spp., were good indicators of soil quality and/or disturbance in these Araucaria forests. We found 35 AMF taxons, and the genera Glomus, Acaulospora and Scutellospora were the most abundant. The species Ambispora appendicula showed the highest relative abundance. In winter, a high correlation of the microbiological attributes Desi and CO2-C with pH and H+Al was found, while in the summer, the org-C, moisture, Mg, pH and Carbon of the litter were more correlated with Desi activity and C-CO2. The attributes H+Al, P, total porosity, S of the litter and soil moisture were the most important attributes to discriminate the areas, regardless of the season.
Nakamura, Akihiro. "Development of Soil and Litter Arthropod Assemblages in Rainforest Restoration". Thesis, Griffith University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367553.
Testo completoThesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith School of Environment
Faculty of Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text
Abid, Muhammad. "Ecological role of mycotoxins produced by Fusarium graminearum : consequences of the presence of deoxynivalenol (DON) in crop residues on the soil microflora and soil fauna". Thesis, Dijon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DIJOS116/document.
Testo completoFusarium graminearum is a plant pathogenic fungus, causing devastating disease “Fusarium head blight” (FHB) in cereals including wheat and maize. It also contaminates the grains with mycotoxins including deoxynivalenol (DON) which are toxic to human and animals. This disease has resulted in the serious losses in grain yield and quality. We established through a first bibliographic review that during off season fungus survives saprophytically on the crop residues (ecological habitat) and serves as primary inoculum for the next season crop. However, we noticed also that the literature was poor about the role mycotoxins could play in the establishment of F. graminearum in such a habitat. The main aim of this thesis was therefore to test whether the presence of mycotoxins in the crop residues gives an advantage to F. graminearum to survive and develop a primary inoculum in the presence of the whole soil biota including fungi, bacteria, protozoa, nematodes and earthworms. We studied the impact of DON on the soil communities in the field as well as in microcosms, in wheat as well as in maize residues under tillage and no-tillage conditions. The disease development and the yield were noted in the field experiment. Some DON resistant active fungal decomposers and nitrogen fixing bacteria were picked and the dynamics of F. graminearum was observed by accelerating decomposition of crop residue in their presence, in the presence or absence of DON.During this study, the dynamic and survival of F. graminearum and total fungal and bacterial communities were examined by using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) as well as by plate counting. At the same time, the structures of microbial communities were determined by using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (T-RFLP). The DON resistance of isolated fungal decomposers and nitrogen fixers was tested by using minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). Nematodes and earthworms were quantified through binocular observations. The fate of DON was determined by quantifying the mycotoxin by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).The results suggested that DON in crop residues showed an impact on the biotic components of the soil but the impact depended on the communities and on the location of the residues (on surface or incorporated in the soil). The molecular biomass shows that the fungal and bacterial densities were significantly affected by the presence of DON. The presence of DON played significant role on the structure of bacterial and protozoan community while the nematodes and fungal communities remained unaffected. MIC results showed that the susceptibility of some competitive fungal strains towards DON was dependent on the dose of mycotoxin. The earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) were not affected by the presence of mycotoxin. The degradation of DON in the residues was dependent on the time, the location of residues and the soil biota. The quantification of F. graminearum suggested that the presence of DON gave no advantage in the survival and development of primary inoculum during the decomposition of crop residues in the soil. We conclude that fungal decomposers can be selected on their enzymatic potential towards organic matter more than on the DON resistance to increase the degradation of the straw left at the surface and limit the subsequent development of F. graminearum
Liang, Weiguang, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College e of Science Food and Horticulture School. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems". THESIS_CSTE_SFH_Liang_W.xml, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.
Testo completoDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Liang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems". Thesis, View thesis, 2002. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/121.
Testo completoLiang, Weiguang. "Impact of horticultural mineral oil and synthetic pesticides on arboreal and soil fauna biodiversity within citrus orchard ecosystems /". View thesis, 2002. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030819.153206/index.html.
Testo completo"A thesis submitted to the University of Western Sydney for the fulfillment of study for a degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Horticulture" "Principal supervisor: Robert Spooner-Hart, co-supervisor: Andrew Beattie, co-supervisor: Alfie Meats" Bibliography : leaves 231-265.
Rocha, Isabel Medeiros dos Santos. "Col?mbolos (arthropoda: hexapoda: collembola) numa ?rea de caatinga do nordeste brasileiro". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18131.
Testo completoEdaphic ecosystems are the basis for the production of terrestrial biological resources and their dynamics affect not only the natural environment but also society and their economic activities. In Caatinga biome, the semi-arid climate associated with an inadequate soil management has increased the degradation and loss of productive potential of the soil. In this context, the study of soil fauna, including springtails, becomes an important indicator of soil quality. This study aimed to evaluate the fauna of Collembola in an area of Caatinga of Rio Grande do Norte State and the influence of biotic and abiotic factors, such as soil, vegetation and climate characteristics, on the structure of the taxocenosis. The environmental variables which were used were the following ones: granulometry (represented by the proportion of sand), quantity of organic matter and soil pH, richness, density and aerial biomass of the vegetal structure, and necromass. We used pitfall traps intending to collect specimens of the epiedaphic fauna of Collembola in 30 points located on Caua?u Farm, Jo?o C?mara, RN, in July (rainy season) and November (dry season) 2011. We collected 5513 individuals of 15 species distributed in 13 genera and 9 families of Collembola. Five of the recorded species are new to science, confirming the expected high degree of endemism for Caatinga biome, and the highest abundance was recorded in the rainy season, which suggests Collembola sensitivity to low humidity. Four species were more abundant in the dry season, all of them belonged to the Order Entomobryomorpha. Results of statistical analyzes suggest that plant species richness, aerial biomass of vegetal structure, proportion of sand in the soil, pH and humidity are the main influences to the abundance of Collembola in the region studied
Os ecossistemas ed?ficos s?o base para toda produ??o de recursos biol?gicos terrestres e sua din?mica afeta n?o apenas os ambientes naturais, mas tamb?m a sociedade e suas atividades econ?micas. Na Caatinga, o clima semi?rido associado ao uso inadequado do solo t?m potencializado a degrada??o e a perda do potencial produtivo das terras. Considerando que a fauna ed?fica, incluindo os col?mbolos, ? um importante indicador da qualidade do solo, este trabalho objetivou avaliar a fauna de Collembola numa ?rea de Caatinga do Rio Grande do Norte, verificando a influ?ncia de fatores bi?ticos e abi?ticos, tais como caracter?sticas do solo, da vegeta??o e do clima, sobre a estrutura da taxocenose. As vari?veis ambientais utilizadas foram: granulometria (representada pela propor??o de areia), quantidade de mat?ria org?nica e pH do solo; riqueza, densidade e biomassa a?rea vegetal; e necromassa. Foram utilizadas armadilhas de queda (pitfall) para coletar esp?cimes da fauna epied?fica de Collembola em 30 pontos localizados na Fazenda Caua?u, Jo?o C?mara, RN, nos meses de julho (per?odo chuvoso) e novembro (per?odo seco) de 2011. Foram coletados 5.513 indiv?duos de 15 esp?cies, distribu?das em 13 g?neros e 9 fam?lias de Collembola. Cinco das esp?cies registradas s?o novas para a ci?ncia, confirmando a expectativa de alto grau de endemismo para o bioma, e a maior abund?ncia de indiv?duos foi registrada na esta??o chuvosa, o que sugere sensibilidade dos col?mbolos ? baixa umidade. Quatro esp?cies foram mais abundantes na esta??o seca, todas da Ordem Entomobryomorpha, e os resultados das an?lises estat?sticas sugerem que a riqueza de plantas, a biomassa vegetal a?rea, a propor??o de areia no solo, o pH e a umidade devida ?s chuvas sejam os principais influenciadores da abund?ncia de Collembola na regi?o estudada
Vincent, Quentin. "Étude des paramètres abiotiques, biotiques et fonctionnels, et de leurs interactions dans des sols délaissés". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0015/document.
Testo completoDue to industrial activities intensification, large surfaces of degraded soils, with low fertility and sometimes contamination, are derelict. In the context of land depletion and economic pressure, the rehabilitation of these derelict anthropogenic soils could be a key issue. However, these derelict soils needs to be better characterized before to consider their potential use. Soil quality studies rarely take into account the biodiversity and the biological functioning. Thus, the aim of this PhD work was to characterize derelict soils by considering their abiotic, biotic and functional parameters. To this end, six derelict strongly anthropogenic soils from north-eastern France, resulting from different industrial activities, were studied in situ and in laboratory. Several biotic components (bacteria, fungi, mesofauna, macrofauna and flora) were studied to have an almost complete approach of the soil biodiversity. Taxonomical and functional (trait-based approach) study of biodiversity was performed for fungi, meso- and macrofauna. Moreover, the in situ evolution over time of abiotic and biotic parameters was taken into account in one of the six studied derelict soils. Lastly, biotic interactions between a species of Collembola, of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and of herbaceous plant were studied in two derelict soils, in a growth chamber. We showed that derelict soils were characterized by a significant biodiversity, comparable case to case with other kinds of soils like forest, grassland or crop. Nevertheless, differences in terms of density, richness and taxonomical and functional structure community were observed between soils and depend on considered biotic group. These differences were notably linked with contrasting physico-chemical parameters between soils. Thus, a compost-amended constructed soil was the less disturbed among the six studied soils, in contrast with a heavy metal-contaminated constructed soil. We showed that abiotic parameters, notably biotic parameters, evolved quickly (within one year) in the metal-contaminated constructed soil. In the two derelict soils where interactions between Collembola and mycorrhizal fungi were studied, biotic interactions were affected by several parameters like soil volume, time of interaction, indigenous microflora presence etc. Finally, we have shown that these derelict soils support ecosystems services such as biodiversity reserve and could be functional, allowing potential re-use
Derengoski, Joseane Aparecida. "Fauna edáfica bioindicadora em áreas sob tecnologias de restauração florestal no sudoeste do Paraná". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2380.
Testo completoA comunidade da fauna edáfica tropical é diversa, porém com escassas informações taxonômicas em projetos de restauração. Esses organismos são indicativos da qualidade ambiental, sendo o seu monitoramento essencial para uma análise ecossistêmica. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o papel da fauna edáfica como bioindicadora da qualidade ambiental em áreas sob diferentes tecnologias de restauração florestal. O trabalho foi conduzido na estação experimental da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná. Os tratamentos avaliados foram: Restauração Passiva (RP; regeneração natural); Nucleação (NC; conjunto de técnicas recobrindo 1/3 da área); e Plantio de Alta Diversidade (PAD; plantio de árvores em área total). Adjacente ao experimento, a floresta secundária em estágio médio de regeneração (FL), serviu como área referência. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e três subamostras por parcela. As famílias de Coleoptera foram coletadas através de armadilhas Pitfall (04/2011) e a mesofauna e colêmbolos, foram extraídos em funis de Berlese-Tüllgren (12/2015). Foram amostrados 866 besouros em 16 famílias, sendo os herbívoros mais abundantes nos tratamentos de restauração e os não herbívoros na floresta. A RP e a FL foram os tratamentos mais diversos. Na Análise de Similaridade (ANOSIM), houve diferenças entre as tecnologias de restauração e a FL e, entre RP e PAD, sendo essas informações corroboradas pela Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). Para a mesofauna, foram coletados 15.367 indivíduos e a riqueza e abundância de organismos foi superior na FL e a RP apresentou a comunidade mais uniforme. A ANOSIM apenas não diferenciou a interação entre RP e PAD, os demais tratamentos avaliados apresentam uma comunidade edáfica diferenciada entre si. Os grupos Hemiptera, Haplotaxida, Trichoptera, Acariformes, Diplopoda e Pseudoscorpiones foram os principais responsáveis pela distinção das tecnologias através da análise de porcentagem de similaridade (SIMPER). Na ACP, a floresta se separou das tecnologias, ficando associada aos Acariformes, Diplopoda, Diplura, Hemiptera e Pseudoscorpiones. Foram amostrados 2.429 Colêmbolos em 35 morfotipos, sendo a riqueza média superior na FL e a abundância superior na FL e PAD. O índice de diversidade de Shannon encontrados seguiu um gradiente de intervenção antrópica (FL>RP>NC>PAD). A ANOSIM encontrou dissimilaridades entre as três tecnologias de restauração e a floresta, que se separou das demais na ACP. A fauna edáfica foi um eficiente indicador da qualidade ambiental, diferenciando as tecnologias em processo inicial de restauração da floresta e já mostrando algumas particularidades entre as tecnologias em si. Para efetivar seu papel bioindicadores, o monitoramento deve ser realizado a longo prazo, identificando os grupos chave em áreas em áreas em processo de restauração florestal.
The community of tropical edaphic fauna is diverse, but with scarce taxonomic information on restoration projects. These organisms are indicative of environmental quality, and their monitoring is essential for an ecosystem analysis. The objective of this work was to evaluate the role of soil fauna as a bioindicator of environmental quality in areas under different forest restoration technologies. The work was conducted at the experimental station of the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Dois Vizinhos, Paraná. The treatments evaluated were: Passive Restoration (RP, natural regeneration); Nucleation (NC, set of techniques covering 1/3 of the area); And High Diversity Planting (PAD, planting of trees in total area). Adjacent to the experiment, the secondary forest in the middle stage of regeneration (FL) served as a reference area. The experimental design was in randomized blocks, with four replications and three sub - samples per plot. Coleoptera families were collected through Pitfall traps (04/2011) and the mesofauna and Collembola were extracted in Berlese-Tüllgren funnels (12/2015). A total of 866 beetles were sampled in 16 families, with herbivores being most abundant in restoration treatments and non - herbivores in the forest. RP and FL were the most diverse treatments. In the Analysis of Similarity (ANOSIM), there were differences between the restoration technologies and the FL and, between RP and PAD, being this information corroborated by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). For the mesofauna, 15,367 individuals were collected and the richness and abundance of organisms was higher in FL and RP presented the most uniform community. ANOSIM only did not differentiate the interaction between RP and PAD, the other evaluated treatments present a differentiated edaphic community among them. The groups Hemiptera, Haplotaxida, Trichoptera, Acariformes, Diplopoda and Pseudoscorpiones were the main responsible for the differentiation of the technologies through the similarity percentage analysis (SIMPER). In the ACP, the forest separated from the technologies, being associated with the Acariformes, Diplopoda, Diplura, Hemiptera and Pseudoscorpiones. 2,429 Collembola were sampled in 35 morphotypes, with the upper average richness in FL and the superior abundance in FL and PAD. The diversity index of Shannon found followed a gradient of anthropic intervention (FL> RP> NC> PAD). ANOSIM found dissimilarities between the three restoration technologies and the forest, which separated from the others in the ACP. The edaphic fauna was an efficient indicator of the environmental quality, differentiating the technologies in the initial process of forest restoration and already showing some peculiarities among the technologies themselves. In order to realize its role bioindicators, the monitoring should be carried out in the long term, identifying the key groups in areas in areas in the process of forest restoration.
Klinka, Karel, Jaume Fons e Christine Chourmouzis. "Nutrient and biotic properties of mormoder and leptomoder humus forms in the coastal western hemlock zone". Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/718.
Testo completoSeitz, Steffen [Verfasser], e Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Scholten. "Mechanisms of Soil Erosion in Subtropical Chinese Forests - Effects of Species Diversity, Species Identity, Functional Traits and Soil Fauna on Sediment Discharge / Steffen Seitz ; Betreuer: Thomas Scholten". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1197693580/34.
Testo completoAlmeida, Hazael Soranzo de. "DIVERSIDADE DE ÁCAROS EDÁFICOS E MINHOCAS EM ÁREA DE INTEGRAÇÃO LAVOURA PECUÁRIA NO CENTRO OESTE DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4912.
Testo completoThe Crop Livestock Integration System (ILP) is based on diversification, rotation, intercropping and/or succession of agriculture and livestock activities within the rural property. The aim of the study was to evaluated if different grazing intensities applied in the ILP change soil fauna diversity and activity, thus identifying soil quality indicators in soils under ILP systems. The experimental area consisted of 14 plots, where treatments are based on four grazing intensities (10, 20, 30 and 40 cm) regulated from the pasture height and distributed in an experimental design of randomized blocks. It was used three replicates, and two areas of ungrazed blocks as reference areas. Sampling was performed by five points to mites and nine points for the eartworms in each plot, pre-set by the use locations on a grid, with the same measurements, regardless of the size of plots, after grazing of cattle and after soybean harvest. Funnel Berleze-Tullgren Modified was assessed to verify the presence of edaphic mites. The Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility methodology (TSBF) was carried out to collected earthworms. The total mites density is favored by the 20cm height in after grazing of cattle in ILP system. In the assessment, there is a greater diversity of mites families (Upododidae, Pachilaelapidae, Nothridae, Phthiracaridae, Galumnidae, Oribatidae, Trombiculidae, Cunaxidae four unidentified) after soybean cultivation. The presence of earthworms were highest after soybean cultivation and of in 10-20cm deep layer on Integration Livestock System. The presence of two families of Glossoscolecidae and Ocnerodrilidae worms were verified in ILP area, with different grazing intensities. Moreover, the first occurrence of the species Eukerria michaelsen was recorded in the Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil.
O sistema de Integração Lavoura Pecuária (ILP) é baseado na diversificação, rotação, consorciação e/ou sucessão das atividades de agricultura e de pecuária dentro da propriedade rural. Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar influencia de diferentes intensidades de pastejo aplicadas na ILP, após colheita da soja e após saído dos bovinos, na ocorrência de ácaros edáficos e minhocas. A área experimental foi composta de 14 parcelas, onde os tratamentos baseiam-se em quatro intensidades de pastejo (10, 20, 30 e 40 cm) reguladas a partir da altura da pastagem. As parcelas são distribuídas em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, e duas áreas entre blocos sem pastejo, como áreas de referência. A amostragem foi realizada em cinco pontos para os ácaros e nove pontos para as minhocas em cada parcela, em locais pré-estabelecidos pelo uso de um grid, com as mesmas medidas, independente do tamanho da parcela, após o pastejo dos bovinos e após a colheita da soja. Para avaliação da presença dos ácaros edáficos utilizou-se Funil de Berleze-Tullgren Modificado. Para as minhocas foram coletadas por meio da metodologia do Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility (TSBF). A densidade total de ácaros é favorecida pela altura de 20cm no após pastejo dos bovinos no sistema ILP. Na avaliação, após o cultivo de soja, há uma maior diversidade de famílias de ácaros (Upododidae, Pachilaelapidae, Nothridae, Phthiracaridae, Galumnidae, Oribatidae, Trombiculidae, Cunaxidae e quatro morfotipos não identificados). Para a presença de minhocas há uma maior abundância após cultivo da soja na profundidade de 10-20cm no sistema estudado. Estas minhocas foram caracterizadas sendo de duas famílias, Glossoscolecidae e Ocnerodrilidae. Registro-se o primeiro relato da espécie Eukerria michaelsen, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.
Castanho, Camila de Toledo. ""Fatores determinantes no processo de decomposição em florestas do Estado de São Paulo"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59139/tde-12092005-153618/.
Testo completoComposition is an important indicator of functional patterns of ecosystems, as it controls basic processes related to the availability of nutrients and to ecosystem productivity. Climatic and edaphic conditions and the quality of the litter and soil fauna as determining factors are of particular importance in the process of decomposition. The significance of each one of these varies with spatial and temporal scale. The objective of this work was to evaluate the importance of certain determining factors of decomposition in sites representing the main forest ecosystems of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. To accomplish this, two independent experiments were conducted. The first, denoted here as the Exotics experiment, was to examine the effects of the type of forest and the soil fauna on the decomposition of leaves of an exotic species (Laurus nobilis L.) in two humid forests (Restinga Forest of the Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso e Atlantic Forest of the Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho) and a seasonal forest (Semideciduous Forest of the Estação Ecológica de Caetetus). The effects of these factors were tested above and belowground, to simulate the environment of decomposition among leaves and roots respectively. The type of forest had a significant effect over fauna above the surface, while below the surface, only fauna had significant effect. These results indicate that the hierarchy of determining factors in decomposition differs between leaves and roots. If on the one hand decomposition in leaves is much more susceptible to variation in climate than are roots, on the other hand changes in the soil fauna affect decomposition in both environments. Above the surface, fauna had a significant effect only in the Atlantic Forest, emphasizing the difference between two humid forests. Under the surface, and in the absence of fauna, the percentage of remaining biomass was very similar in the three forests. Notwithstanding differences in the forests, the presence of fauna was apparent, suggesting that there is a specific contribution of fauna in decomposition among roots in these forests. The Restinga Forest produced the most pronounced effect of fauna below the soil surface. These results indicate that fauna is a factor of notable importance in the decomposition of roots, especially in humid sandy tropical forests. The other experiment, here called the Native experiment, was developed to evaluate the effects of the substrate and the forest type on the decomposition of leaves of four native species in sites of the four major forest types in São Paulo state. The experiment was conducted in the same three forest sites as the Exotics experiment, including the Cerradão da Estação Ecológica de Assis. A tree species was chosen in each forest type, the leaves of which were used as substrate for the litter bags. The type of forest and the substrate demonstrated a significantly greater effect on the quantity of remaining mass throughout the experiment. The majority of the species suffered greater losses in the Atlantic Forest, followed by the Restinga Forest, the Semideciduous Forest, and the Cerradão. These results suggest that the total associated precipitation and its distribution are important determinants in the process of decomposition. As such, the two most humid forests show, on average, decomposition rates twice as great as the two seasonal forests. The rest of the differences encountered between forest types can be explained by edaphic and biotic factors. With respect to the effect of the species, the greatest biomass losses were observed in Esenbeckia leiocarpa Engl., followed by Copaifera langsdorfii Desf., Guapira opposita Vell. and Calophyllum brasiliensis Camb. Chemical parameters only show significant negative correlation with decomposition rates when G. opposita is excluded from the analysis. In this case the percentage of lignin was the parameter that showed the greatest correlation (r2= 0,59). In spite of the general patterns presented above, the interaction between forest type and substrate showed some variation, principally related to the loss of mass of C. langsdorfii in its native habitat, the Cerradão. Comparing decomposition rates (k) found in the Semideciduous Forest and Cerradão, C. langsdorfii shows a decrease of 40% more in the Cerradão, while the other species show, on average rates 28% lower in the Cerradão than in the Semideciduous Forest. These results suggest a strict correlation between the decomposition community and the local litter. Understanding processes of decomposition, is of fundamental importance and includes recognizing the determining factors and the variation in the importance of these factors under different environmental conditions, as presented in this study. This is true not only for our understanding of the forest ecosystems of São Paulo, but also for management planning, restoration, and conservation.
Nogueira, Rafael Marques. "Utiliza??o de pseudocaule de bananeira como cobertura morta de solos cultivados com laranjeira lima (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) e mamoeiro (Carica papaya L.) sob manejo org?nico de produ??o". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2006. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/516.
Testo completoCoordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The present work was developed at the Integrated System of Agroecological Production ( Agroecological Small Farm of the Km 49 ), which is conducted through partnership among three institutions: Embrapa, UFRRJ and PESAGRO-RIO. Two experiments were done, one of them installed at orange tree orchard files and the other in an area cultivated with papaya trees Baixinho de Santa Am?lia . The objectives of the first experiment were to evaluate the effects of the dead cover banana tree pseudo-stem application in some chemical, physical and biological soil variables as: temperature, humidity, available contents of some essential elements and soil macro and mesofauna communities. Moreover, it was done an evaluation of the nutrient contents of the orange leaf tissues. In the second experiment at the papaya orchad, the effects of dead cover application were observed on the plants development, the nutrient contents of the leaf tissues and on the spontaneous plants population. The experimental design was of random blocks, with three treatments: an area maintained without covering, another with dead cover formed with the straw of Paspalum notatum grass (in the case of orange) or triturated Pennisetum purpureum cv. Napier grass (in the case of papaya); and the last formed with fragments of pseudo-stem of banana trees. For the humidity determination two methods were used, one through the gravimetric humidity (area with orange tree files) being collected in the depths of: 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40 m and other for tensiometry (area with papaya trees) in the depths of 0-0,10 and 0,10-0,20 m. The temperature was taken jointly with the humidity, with aid of the digital geothermometer in the layer of 0-0,05 m of the soil. For characterization of the edaphic fauna two methodologies were used: for collection of the mesofauna (Berlesse-T?llgren) and macrofauna (TSBF), being the samplings accomplished in the beginning and at the end (macrofauna) and in the beginning, middle and at the end (mesofauna) of the experiment. In the papaya tree plants, it was evaluated the height, diameter of the stem; the radius of the leaf blade; the petiole length; height at the beginning of the flowering and fructification. In relation to the spontaneous vegetation, collections were done for evaluation by the application of some phytossociological indexes. The results indicate that the pseudo-stem use increased the soil K+ content in the orange tree files and increased the P and K in the leaf tissues of both fruit bowls, and reduced the temperature and the hydric deficit in the first layers of the soil (up to 0,10 m) of the two areas. As for the edaphic fauna, was verified that the banana tree pseudo-stem reduced the individuals' medium density, differently of the effect of the covering of Paspalum notatum grass, when compared to the soil without dead cover. It was observed that the group Oligochaeta was expressive and negatively affected by the pseudo-stem cover. In the experiment with papaya trees, it was verified that the use of the pseudo-stem as dead cover provided a decrease in the incidence of the spontaneous vegetation, especially of the mad, beyond to contribute to the plants larger vegetative development in the juvenile phase. Like this, it was evidenced that the use of dead cover with fragments of banana tree pseudo-stem provided important impacts in some chemical, physical and biological characteristics of the soil, as well as in the phytossociology of spontaneous herbs and initial development of papaya trees.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido no Sistema Integrado de Produ??o Agroecol?gica ( Fazendinha Agroecol?gica do Km 49 ), o qual ? conduzido atrav?s de parceria entre a Embrapa, UFRRJ e PESAGRO RIO. Foram feitos dois experimentos, sendo um instalado em pomar de laranjeira lima e outro em ?rea cultivada com mamoeiros Baixinho de Santa Am?lia . O primeiro teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da cobertura morta de pseudocaule de bananeira em vari?veis qu?micas, f?sicas e biol?gicas do solo, tais como: a temperatura, teor de umidade, teores dispon?veis de alguns elementos essenciais e comunidades de macro e mesofauna ed?ficas. Al?m disso, foi feita tamb?m uma avalia??o dos nutrientes essenciais nos tecidos foliares da laranjeira. No segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito da cobertura morta sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas, os teores de nutrientes nos tecidos foliares, na temperatura e umidade do solo e na popula??o de plantas espont?neas. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com tr?s tratamentos: ?rea mantida sem cobertura, com cobertura morta formada de palha de grama batatais (laranjeiras) ou capim napier triturado (mamoeiros); e com cobertura de fragmentos de pseudocaule de bananeiras. Na determina??o de umidade foram utilizados dois m?todos, um por meio da umidade gravim?trica (?rea com laranjeira lima) coletando-se nas profundidades de: 0-0,05; 0,05-0,10; 0,10-0,20; 0,20-0,40 m e outro por tensiometria (?rea com mamoeiros) nas profundidades de 0-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m. A temperatura foi tomada conjuntamente com a umidade, com aux?lio do geoterm?metro digital na camada de 0-0,05 m do solo. Para caracteriza??o da fauna ed?fica foram empregadas as metodologias para coleta da mesofauna (Berlese-T?llgren) e macrofauna (TSBF), sendo as amostragens realizadas no in?cio e ao final (macrofauna) e no in?cio, meados e ao final (mesofauna) do experimento. Nas plantas de mamoeiro, foram determinados a altura; o di?metro do caule; o raio do limbo foliar; o comprimento do pec?olo; a altura de in?cio de florescimento e o in?cio de frutifica??o. Em rela??o ? vegeta??o espont?nea, realizaram-se coletas para avalia??o atrav?s da aplica??o de ?ndices fitossociol?gicos. Evidencia-se a partir dos resultados que o uso de pseudocaule propiciou eleva??o no teor de K+ no solo cultivado com laranjeira lima e de P e K no tecido foliar de ambas fruteiras, assim como uma redu??o da temperatura e atenua??o do deficit h?drico nas primeiras camadas do solo (at? 0,10 m) das duas ?reas. Quanto ? fauna ed?fica, verificou-se que o pseudocaule promoveu redu??o na densidade m?dia de indiv?duos, diferentemente do efeito da cobertura de grama batatais, quando comparado ao solo sem cobertura morta. Observou-se que o grupo Oligochaeta foi expressiva e negativamente afetado pela cobertura com pseudocaule. No experimento com mamoeiros, verificou-se que a utiliza??o do pseudocaule como cobertura morta provocou diminui??o na incid?ncia da vegeta??o espont?nea, especialmente da tiririca, al?m de proporcionar ?s plantas maior desenvolvimento vegetativo na fase juvenil. Assim, evidenciou-se que o emprego de cobertura morta com fragmentos de pseudocaule de bananeira proporcionou impactos importantes em algumas caracter?sticas qu?micas, f?sicas e biol?gicas do solo, bem como na fitossociologia de ervas espont?neas e desenvolvimento inicial de mamoeiros.
BIANCHI, Miriam de Oliveira. "Ensaios ecotoxicol?gicos como ferramenta para avalia??o do impacto ambiental de res?duos de minera??o sobre o solo". Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2004.
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CAPES
The studies were carried part of the University of Coimbra - Portugal (Ecotoxicology Laboratory of Soil and Marine Research Institute-IMAR) and part of the premises of Embrapa Agrobiology - RJ. Originated from the beneficiation process aluminum, red mud (red mud), is generated from the refining of bauxite to produce alumina (Al2O3). Characterized as material of high alkalinity and large amount of salts associated with a huge amount produced annually by industries, the disposal of this material requires innumerous care. Accordingly, studies involving the analysis of the possible effects of the use and application of this material in the soil and on water sources emerge as key tools to minimize damage, either to the soil biological community, as water bodies. The aim of this study were assessing the intrinsic toxicity of red mud in soil organisms in artificial soil (Chapter I), and In Natural soil (Chapter II); end on aquatic organisms (Chapter III) as a result of leaching from contaminated soil solution. For ecotoxicological tests with soil organisms we studied two 'types' of waste, namely the red mud ?In Natura? and "Filtered" (with a 3% reduction in the content of Na). The concentrations tested were initially 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% of the residue ?In Natura?, and then set new doses of 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40% residual In Natura and also the "Filtered", and two types of soil collected in the same region (Po?os de Caldas - MG) where there are deposits of bauxite (Alcoa). In Chapter a considerable difference in the sensitivity of the test organisms was checked. The results showed that the red mud strongly inhibited reproduction for each. The high sodium concentration (Na+ = 18500.9 mg L-1) is probably the most deleterious factor for the reproduction of these species and has not been minimized toxicity by treatment applied to the sludge to reduce this salt. In Chapter II was observed an increase in the effects of the toxicity associated with natural soils. Still, the particular characteristics of each soil allow achieving particular outcomes for each environment tested. In Chapter III the residue ?In Natura? proved toxic to all aquatic organisms studied.
Os estudos foram realizados parte na Universidade de Coimbra ? Portugal (Laborat?rio de Ecotoxicologia de Solos e Instituto de Pesquisas Marinhas-IMAR) e parte nas instala??es da Embrapa Agrobiologia ? RJ. Originada do processo de beneficiamento do alum?nio, a lama vermelha (lama vermelha), ? gerada a partir do refino da bauxita para produ??o de alumina (Al2O3). Caracterizada como material de alta alcalinidade e grande quantidade de sais, associado ? grande quantidade produzida anualmente pelas ind?strias, o descarte desse material necessita de in?meros cuidados. Nesse sentido, estudos que envolvam a an?lise dos poss?veis efeitos da utiliza??o e aplica??o desse material tanto no solo como sobre as fontes de ?gua surgem como ferramentas fundamentais para minimizar danos, seja para a comunidade biol?gica do solo, como de corpos h?dricos. Os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar a toxicidade intr?nseca da lama vermelha sobre organismos em solo artificial (Cap?tulo I); e em solos naturais (Cap?tulo II); e sobre organismos aqu?ticos (Cap?tulo III) em consequ?ncia da lixivia??o da solu??o do solo contaminado. Para os ensaios ecotoxicol?gicos com organismos de solo foram estudados dois ?tipos? do res?duo, a saber, a lama vermelha ?In Natura? e ?Filtrado? (com redu??o de 3% no teor de Na). As concentra??es ensaiadas foram inicialmente 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 e 90% do res?duo ?In Natura?, e em seguida, definidas novas doses de 0, 2,5, 5, 10, 20, 30 e 40% de res?duo ?In Natura? e tamb?m do ?Filtrado?, al?m de dois tipos de solo coletados na mesma regi?o (Po?os de Caldas - MG) onde ocorrem jazidas de bauxita. No Cap?tulo I foi verificada uma consider?vel diferen?a na sensibilidade dos organismos testados. Os resultados demonstraram que a lama vermelha inibiu fortemente a reprodu??o para cada um deles. O alto teor de s?dio (Na+ = 18500,9 mg L-1) ? provavelmente o fator mais delet?rio para a reprodu??o dessas esp?cies, n?o tendo sido minimizada a toxicidade pelo tratamento aplicado ? lama para a redu??o desse sal. No cap?tulo II foi poss?vel observar um incremento dos efeitos dessa toxicidade quando associado a solos naturais. Ainda assim, caracter?sticas particulares de cada solo permitem alcan?ar resultados particulares para cada ambiente testado. No Cap?tulo III o res?duo ?In Natura? mostrou-se t?xico para todos os organismos aqu?ticos estudados.
Ducatti, Fabiane. "Fauna edáfica em fragmentos florestais e em áreas reflorestadas com espécies da mata atlântica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-06022003-151503/.
Testo completoThe purposes of this study was to point out quantitaty and qualitivetely the main taxononomics classes of the meso and macrofauna soil, on fragments of Seasonal Semideciuos Tropical Forest (Atlantic Forest) and prototypes of Atlantic Fores reforestation programs, using native species. The reserched areas belong to Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, located in Botucatu, SP, Brazil. The experiments took place in three different soil previously used heavily for agriculture and cattle: Alfisol clayey texture, Ultisol medium texture and Oxisol sandy texture. The experiment was marked by random blocks, with three replications and six treatments. One treatment was done over the natural forest followed by five other done over reforested lands: test, direct seeding, modified Taungya system, mix from native fast growing species with species used commercially and another mix from native species in restoration-planting model. The semestral samples were collectes for a period of two years. The Berleusse-Tüllgren modified method were used to extrat the mesofauna, and the Monolitos method to extract the macrofauna. The density data of the organisms were analyzed using the Friedman's non-parametric medias test as well as multivariate Cluster Analysis. On denser vegetation and less stressed soil (Fragment, Test and Direct Seeding), our treatment resulted on a higher density of organisms of meso and macrofauna. A relation between the density of organisms and the physical and quimical caracteristic of the soil was clearly defined: on a humid soil, low average temperature, permeable, higher degree of fertility and richer on organic matter, NV, it was detect the higher density of soil meso and macrofauna. Within the suborder of the mesofauna, the Oribatida could be found on higher density on all different types of soils and a smaller number in regards to the Astigmatas and Prostigmatas under the same circunstances. On the macrofauna, the Oligochaetas was found on higher density on the Alfisol, followed by Formicidae; the Isoptera, Coleoptera and Formicidae showes a bigger presence on the Ultisol and Oxisol. Independent of soil type, the density of soil mesofauna organisms was higher on the summer than the winter. For macrofauna, the density variation of organisms, based on the different climate seasons, ocurred only on the Oxisol, with a 54% in the summer, and had suffere the physical and quimical influence of the soil.
Klinka, Karel. "Forest floor dynamics across a chronosequence in the coastal western hemlock zone". Forest Sciences Department, University of British Columbia, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/653.
Testo completoMachado, Deivid Lopes [UNESP]. "Aporte de serapilheira, fauna edáfica e matéria orgânica do solo em diferentes sistemas de restauração florestal". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/141475.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
A composição e as características funcionais de espécies vegetais possuem grande efeito no funcionamento de ecossistemas florestais. Entretanto, o conhecimento das relações entre as características da vegetação com processos relacionados à ciclagem de nutrientes em sistemas em processo de restauração ecológica ainda é incipiente. Investigamos os efeitos de sítios e sistemas de restauração com composição e estrutura contrastantes na produção de serapilheira e na transferência de nutrientes, na fauna associada à serapilheira e na matéria orgânica do solo (MOS). Estudamos um experimento que foi implantando em 1997, no Câmpus da UNESP/FCA, em Botucatu, SP, em dois sítios com distintas características edáficas, sendo um localizado na Fazenda Lageado, que é caracterizado por apresentar textura argilosa e de maior fertilidade (Sítio 1 - Nitossolo Vermelho) e o outro localizado na Fazenda Edgardia, apresentando textura arenosa e menor fertilidade (Sítio 2 - Argissolo Vermelho Amarelo). O experimento foi delineado em blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (sistemas de restauração) e três repetições, em parcelas de 50 x 50 m (2500 m2). Em cada sítio foram implantados quatro sistemas de restauração, que se diferenciaram pelo número e composição de espécies utilizadas: semeadura direta (SEM), sistema agroflorestal (AGR), comercial para madeira e lenha (CML) e diversificado (DIV). Também faz parte do experimento um sistema controle (CON), em que não foi feito plantio (restauração passiva), e se encontra em processo de sucessão natural. Próximo a cada sítio estudamos também um fragmento de Floresta Estacional Semidecidual, como referência (REF). Caracterizamos todos os sistemas de restauração e a floresta de referência quanto ao número de espécies (riqueza rarefeita), densidade, área basal, porcentagem de indivíduos de espécies que se associam com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio atmosférico e porcentagem de indivíduos de espécies decíduas. Os sistemas que produziram maior quantidade de serapilheira e nutrientes, independentemente das condições do sítio, foram o comercial (CML) e o diversificado (DIV), devido, respectivamente, à maior proporção de indivíduos de espécies potencialmente fixadoras de nitrogênio atmosférico e maior riqueza de espécies. O comercial e o diversificado também foram os sistemas que mais se diferiram do controle e mais se assemelharam à referência. Os sistemas de restauração não influíram na estruturação e composição da fauna, tampouco diferiram do controle e da floresta de referência, sendo as condições do sítio e a sazonalidade os principais fatores responsáveis pelas diferenças ocorridas, um reflexo principalmente da umidade do solo e dos teores de P e Ca da serapilheira estocada. Embora nossos resultados indiquem que a riqueza de espécies e a porcentagem de fixadores de nitrogênio possuem forte influência na dinâmica da MOS, seus efeitos foram constatados somente no Sítio 1, devido à maior quantidade de argila; no Sítio 2, a grande quantidade de areia implicou em baixos teores de MOS. No Sítio 1, mesmo que não tenhamos verificado diferenças entre os sistemas de restauração, nossos resultados indicaram que os sistemas comercial e diversificado são os sistemas que mais se parecem com a floresta de referência, destacando-se o consórcio comercial que, além de altos valores de estoques, apresentou semelhanças com a referência nos valores de nitrogênio total, carbono orgânico total, abundância natural de 15N e carbono associado aos minerais (COam). A partir de uma análise integradora dos diferentes processos aqui estudados, nossos resultados sugerem que, em sentido amplo, a utilização de espécies com características particulares (por exemplo, com potencial de se associar com bactérias fixadoras de nitrogênio atmosférico) é tão eficaz na restauração dos processos de ciclagem de nutrientes, quanto sistemas com alta riqueza de espécies.
Functioning of forest ecosystems is greatly affected by composition as well as functional traits of plant species. However, the relationship between vegetation traits with nutrient cycling related processes in ecological restoration is so far under explored in the literature. We investigated the effects of tree species traits on different aspects of nutrient cycling (litter and nutrients production, litter-associated fauna and soil organic matter - SOM) in different ecological restoration systems. We analyzed a long-term experiment implemented in 1997, at the Campus of UNESP/FCA in Botucatu, at two sites with different soil characteristics. Site 1 has a clayey and higher fertility soil (a fertile loamy Ultisol) and Site 2 has a sandy texture and lower fertility soil (Alfisol). The experiment was designed in randomized blocks with five treatments (restoration systems) and three replications in 50 x 50 m plots (2500 m²). Four different restoration systems were implanted at each site. Restoration systems are differentiated by the number and composition of species used: direct seeding (SEM), agroforestry (AGR), commercial timber and firewood and (CML) and diversified (DIV). A control system (CON), with no planting and natural succession processes are following its own way (passive restoration) was also analyzed. Furthermore, we studied a fragment of seasonal semideciduous forest next to each site as a reference (REF). We assessed the number of species (rarefied richness), density, basal area and percentage of nitrogen fixing species and percentage of individuals of deciduous species in all restoration systems and forest reference. Litter and nutrient yield were higher both in the commercial (CML) and diversified (DIV) systems, regardless of site condition, which was due, respectively, to the largest proportion of individuals of putative nitrogen fixing species and higher species richness in those systems. The commercial and diversified systems were also the ones who most differed from the control and were the most similar to the reference. Restoration systems did not influence the soil fauna community structure, neither differed from the control and reference forest, while site conditions and seasonality were the main factors explaining differences, a reflection mainly of soil moisture and levels of P and Ca from litter stock. Although our results indicate that species richness and percentage of nitrogen-fixing species had a major influence on SOM dynamics, this was only observed at Site 1, due to the greater clay content. In Site 2, the high sand proportion resulted in low SOM levels. In Site 1, athought we have not found differences amidst restoration systems, our results indicated that the commercial mixed planting (CML) and diversified (DIV) systems were the most similar ones to the reference forest, especially the COM, regarding total nitrogen, total organic carbon, natural 15N abundance and carbon associated with minerals (COam). By means of an integrative analysis of all processes studied here, our results suggest that the choice of species with particular traits (for example, putative nitrogen biological fixation) are as effective at restoring processes nutrient cycling, as systems with high species richness.
CAPES: 99999.004653/2014-09
FAPESP: 2011/23593-1
CNPq: 14/2011
Nunes, Daiane Heloisa. "Efeitos do algodoeiro geneticamente modificado (Bollgard®) em organismos não-alvo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-19042010-142020/.
Testo completoThe effects of the genetically modified cotton (Bollgard®) expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry1Ac toxin on non-target arthropods was evaluated under laboratory and field studies. Evaluations of arthropod abundance on Bollgard® cotton (Delta Pine 90) and on its isoline (Acala 90) were carried out during three consecutive field seasons. The first study was conducted in Leme-SP (2005/2006) and the following two field seasons were conducted in Piracicaba-SP (2006/2007 and 2007/2008). Soil surface organisms were collected using pitfall traps (14 samples). Mesofauna arthropods from the 5-cm soil surface were collected with metallic cylinders and extracted with modified Berlese-Tullgren equipment (16 samples). From the aerial portion of the plant, arthropods were sampled from leaves (17 samples from apical leaves and 12 samples from median leaves). From the pitfall traps and from the modified Berlese-Tullgren 27,420 and 297,696 organisms, respectively, were collected. The main arthropod groups collected in both types of traps were Acari (Oribatida, Mesostigmata, Prostigmata, Astigmata among others), Collembola and Formicidae. Chilopoda, Diplura and other arthropods (Aranae and insect larvae), were also common in extractions of the modified Berlese-Tullgren, while the pitfall traps revealed also abundance of Coleoptera (Nitidulidae, Carabidae, Staphylinidae, Mycetophagidae and others). Although, among some samples, we had observed significant differences in abundance of some soil organisms between Bt-cotton and isoline plots, these differences were not constant among sample dates from the same year and/or were not detected among different field seasons. Population dynamics of four oribatidae species was monitored during all field seasons and revealed major prevalence of Scheloribates praeincisus, followed by Galumna glabra, Protoribates sp. and P. praeoccupatus. However, the proportion of these last three species varied among field seasons. Population density of whiteflies (Aleyrodidae) and thrips (Thysanoptera) were not different between Bt-cotton and isoline plots. In five out of 29 sample dates, population density of aphids (Aphidoidea) was lower on Bt-cotton than on its isoline. Abundance of Phitoseiidae predatory mites was smaller on Bt cotton than on its isoline in three samples, while the abundance of Tetranychidae phytophagous mites was higher on Bt cotton in six samples. The biology of one species of Tetranychidae, Mononychellus planki, and one species of Phytoseiidade, Neoseiulus californicus, was investigated on Bt cotton and on its isoline. We did not detect any significant differences in duration of immature phase of M. planki and on the biology of N. californicus between cotton genotypes. In general, throughout three field seasons, there was no evidence that the abundance of arthropods has been altered by genetically modified Bollgard® cotton.
Ferreira, Aila Soares. "Varia??o temporal e descri??o de novas esp?cies de collembola (arthropoda, hexapoda) em uma ?rea de caatinga do nordeste do Brasil". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/17353.
Testo completoCoordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Collembola is one of the most abundant and diverse group of terrestrial arthropods, being at the base of the food chain operating in the decomposition process. They have a wide distribution in the world and can be found in practically all habitats. The knowledge of this distinctive fauna is still deficient in brazilian territory, especially in semi-arid region. The aim of this study was to investigate which climatic variables may act as predictors of species richness, abundance of individuals and compositional structure of the taxocenose of Collembola over 12 months in an area dominated by semi-arid Caatinga vegetation, northeastern Brazil and describe new species of the genus Seira found, more diverse taxon of Collembola in Brazil. Samples were collected in Jo?o C?mara, Rio Grande do Norte. Ten plots of 20 x 20 meters were established and the specimens were collected with collection effort of one hour/people using entomological aspirator. The identification and description of the species was carried out by studying the morphology and chaetotaxy. Was performed a multiple regression analysis between species richness and abundance of individuals with climatic variables. A total of 1231 individuals belonging to 15 species, 12 genera and nine families. The greatest richness and abundance of Collembola were found during the rainy season. The genus Seira was the most abundant. Rainfall explained the temporal variation in species richness and abundance of Collembola in the semi-arid region, which is consistent with the biology of these animals. The populations of Collembola showed grouped distribution. Three new species of Seira were described and illustrated and all show similarities with species already registered in the national territory
Collembola constitui um dos grupos mais abundantes e diversos de artr?podes terrestres, estando na base da cadeia alimentar e atuando no processo de decomposi??o. Possuem ampla distribui??o no mundo e podem ser encontrados em praticamente todos os habitats. O conhecimento desta distinta fauna ainda ? deficiente em territ?rio brasileiro, especialmente no semi?rido. O objetivo desse estudo foi investigar quais as vari?veis clim?ticas podem atuar como preditoras da riqueza de esp?cies, abund?ncia de indiv?duos e da estrutura composicional da taxocenose de Collembola ao longo de 12 meses em uma ?rea semi?rido dominada por vegeta??o de Caatinga, Nordeste brasileiro; e descrever novas esp?cies encontradas do g?nero Seira, t?xon mais diverso de Collembola no Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas em Jo?o C?mara, Rio Grande do Norte. Dez parcelas de 20 x 20 metros foram estabelecidas e os esp?cimes foram coletados com esfor?o de coleta de uma hora por pessoa utilizando um aspirador entomol?gico. A identifica??o e descri??o das esp?cies foram realizadas atrav?s do estudo da morfologia e quetotaxia dos exemplares. Foi realizada uma an?lise de regress?o m?ltipla entre a riqueza de esp?cies e a abund?ncia de indiv?duos com as vari?veis clim?ticas. Foi coletado um total de 1231 indiv?duos, distribu?dos em 15 esp?cies, 12 g?neros e nove fam?lias. As maiores riqueza e abund?ncia de Collembola foram encontradas durante a esta??o chuvosa. O g?nero Seira foi o mais abundante. A precipita??o explicou varia??o temporal da riqueza de esp?cies e abund?ncia de Collembola no semi?rido, o que condiz com a biologia desses animais. As popula??es de Collembola apresentaram distribui??o agrupada. Tr?s esp?cies novas de Seira foram descritas e ilustradas e todas apresentam semelhan?as com esp?cies j? registradas em territ?rio nacional
Neufeld, Ângela Denise Hübert. "Bioindicadores de qualidade do solo em um sistema integrado de produção agropecuária". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2016. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/11296.
Testo completoIntegrated crop‑livestock systems (ICLS) can improve the chemical, physical and biological soil attributes. However, grazing intensification may outweigh these benefits and cause severe losses to the system. Soil biota is considered a good environmental bioindicator and can attest to the quality of the system management. This study aimed to know the implications of grazing intensification on soil biota in a long-term ICLS, to verify which soil conditions most influence biological attributes, and to evaluate if these attributes can be used as environmental quality indicators in ICLS. The experiment was started in 2001, on a 23 hectare area, with Glycine max in summer and Avena strigosa+Lolium multiflorum for continuous cattle grazing in winter. The treatments consisted of four sward heights (10, 20, 30, and 40 cm), plus an ungrazed area, as the control. Sampling was performed in four seasons between 2014-2016, two after the grazing season and two after soybean harvest. Soil basal respiration, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial quotient, diversity and abundance of meso and macrofauna, as well as chemical, physical and vegetation cover variables were evaluated for correlation. The highest microbial respiration, MBC content, abundance and diversity of the soil fauna were quantified under moderate (20 and 30 cm) and light (40 cm) grazing intensities and under no grazing. At the high grazing intensity was a vegetal cover reduction and decreasing on the physical soil quality, which resulted in a lower soil moisture and activity, abundance and diversity reduction of soil organisms community. These results increase the need for an adequate management of pasture areas, without harming the ICLS sustainability.
Os sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária (SIPAs) podem melhorar os atributos químicos, físicos e biológicos do solo. Porém, a intensificação do pastejo pode suplantar estes benefícios e causar graves prejuízos ao SIPA. A biota do solo é considerada uma boa bioindicadora ambiental e pode atestar sobre a qualidade do manejo deste sistema. O objetivo do estudo foi conhecer as implicações da intensificação do pastejo sobre a biota do solo em um SIPA de longa duração, verificar quais as condições edáficas mais influenciam os atributos biológicos, e avaliar se estes atributos podem ser utilizados como indicadores de qualidade ambiental do SIPA. O experimento é conduzido há 15 anos em uma área de 23 hectares com a sucessão Glycine max para produção de grãos no verão e Avena strigosa + Lolium multiflorum para o pastejo contínuo dos bovinos no inverno. Os tratamentos são constituídos pelas alturas de pastejo de 10, 20, 30 e 40 cm e por testemunhas sem pastejo. A amostragem foi realizada em quatro épocas entre 2014 a 2016, duas após o final da estação de pastejo e duas após a colheita da soja. Foram avaliados a respiração basal do solo, o conteúdo de carbono na biomassa microbiana (CBM), o quociente metabólico e a diversidade e abundância da meso e macrofauna epiedáfica, além das variáveis químicas, físicas e de cobertura vegetal para fins de correlação. No tratamento sem pastejo e nas maiores alturas da pastagem quantificaram-se a maior respiração microbiana, conteúdo de CBM, abundância e diversidade da fauna epiedáfica. Na menor altura de pastejo houve redução da cobertura vegetal e prejuízos aos atributos físicos do solo, o que resultou em menor teor de umidade e redução da atividade, abundância e diversidade dos organismos do solo. Estes resultados reforçam a necessidade de um manejo adequado da carga animal na pastagem para que não ocorra comprometimento à sustentabilidade dos SIPAs.
Coghetto, Franciele. "DISTRIBUIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE ESPAÇO- TEMPORAL DA CLASSE COLLEMBOLA NA REGIÃO CENTRAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL, BRASIL". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7602.
Testo completoAs long as the agricultural expansion progresses over the Pampa biome, the simplification and contamination of environments have become the main causing agents of loses of diversity of several soil organisms, among them the springtails. The Collembola class is one of the most plentiful groups present in the soil fauna; being responsible for the fragmentation of plant detritus, fungi dispersion, decomposition, nutrient mineralization and others; developing this way an elementary function at the dynamic of ecosystem operation. Springtails have a cosmopolitan distribution and can be found in almost all ecosystems, from the flooded areas until the higher elevations. Besides performing fundamental role at the ecosystem operation and be present in all zoogeographic regions, studies about Collembola class are overlooked and incipient at many areas, which is the case of Rio Grande do Sul. To that end, this study had as objective to schedule the distribution of springtails in different soil uses at the Central Depression Area of Rio Grande do Sul, allying taxonomic study to ecological parameters, aiming to contribute for the knowledge about dynamics of Collembola population in different soil uses at this region. Collects were performed with the aid of PROVID traps between November of 2013 and June of 2014, covering the annual seasonality. At all, were identified nineteen species and eighteen genders belonging to seven different families. The results showed indications of seasonality on the springtails distribution, and a preference for protected forest area, with eleven species belonging to six families collected. The area with less richness of species was the impacted one, with seven species belonging to four families, and the tillage with eight species belonging to four families collected. These data suggest to the loses of diversity caused, mainly, by ecosystem fragmentation and indiscriminate use of agrochemicals.
A medida que a expansão agrícola avança sobre os ecótopos do Bioma Pampa, a simplificação e a contaminação de ambientes tem se tornado os principais agentes causadores da perda de diversidade de vários organismos do solo entre eles os colêmbolos. A Classe Collembola é um dos grupos mais abundantes na fauna do solo, sendo responsável pela fragmentação de detritos vegetais, dispersão de fungos, decomposição, mineralização de nutrientes, entre outros, desempenhando assim papel fundamental na dinâmica do funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Os colêmbolos possuem distribuição cosmopolita e estão presentes em quase todos os ecossistemas, desde áreas alagadas até altitudes mais altas. Apesar de desempenhar papel fundamental no funcionamento dos ecossistemas e estarem presentes em todas as regiões zoogeográficas, estudos da Classe Collembola, são negligenciados e incipientes em várias regiões, como é o caso do Rio Grande do Sul. Neste intuito, o presente estudo teve como objetivo inventariar a distribuição dos colêmbolos em diferentes usos de solos na Depressão Central do Rio Grande do Sul, aliando o estudo taxonômico à parâmetros ecológicos, com fins de contribuir para o conhecimento da dinâmica populacional da Classe Collembola em diferentes usos de solo nesta região. Foram realizadas coletas com auxílio de armadilhas do tipo PROVID no período de novembro de 2013 à junho de 2014, de modo a cobrir a sazonalidade anual. Ao todo foram identificadas dezenove espécies, dezoito gêneros, pertencentes a sete famílias. Os resultados demostraram indícios de sazonalidade na distribuição dos colêmbolos e uma preferência pela área de floresta conservada, com onze espécies pertencentes a seis famílias, coletadas. Sendo que as áreas com menores riquezas de espécies foram a floresta impactada, com sete espécies pertencentes a quatro famílias e a lavoura com oito espécies, pertencentes a quatro famílias, coletadas. Esses dados sugerem para as perdas de diversidade causadas principalmente pela fragmentação de ecossistemas e pelo uso indiscriminado de agrotóxicos.
Tessaro, Dinéia. "Doses de água residuária da suinocultura nas culturas de milho, aveia e soja e suas influencias sobre a meso e macrofauna". Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/163.
Testo completoThe swine production is an economic and common management in the Southern region of Brazil, including Paraná Western area. It has also been producing great amounts of waste with high-polluting level, which are commonly loaded into soil as fertilizer in order to increase soil fertility and provide higher crop yields. Such wastes can cause environmental problems when managed improperly, such as loss to soil fauna, an important constituent of soil. Thus, this study aimed at evaluating the tolerance levels of soil fauna by applying different swine wastewater (SWW) doses and the effects on abundance and diversity of meso and macrofauna organisms. The trial was carried out in Campo Bonito-PR, in an agricultural area that has been submitted to a non-tillage management for 13 years. Twenty one 25 m2 plots were set where corn, black oats and soybeans were cropped in different periods. Seven treatments were recorded as: 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 m3 ha-1 from swine wastewater from a lagoon and there was a treatment using chemical fertilizers, according to the agronomic recommendations for each crop. The seventh treatment corresponded to the parts that were prepared in a remaining native vegetation area. Soil fauna was evaluated by the Tropical Soil Biology Fertility (TSBF) method, Berlese-Tullgren extractor and Pitfall traps. The collected organisms were classified based on their orders and results were evaluated by multivariate statistics, according to the correlation analysis (CA) technique, repeated measures indexes and indexes of Shannon diversity, Pielou evenness (Equitability) and richness of groups. The relation between fauna ecology and soil chemical properties was determined by canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). According to the results, it was observed that the application of swine wastewater/ slurry, stored in lagoon, has affected in a negative way the soil fauna when it received doses greater than 100 m3 ha-1, even though such dose has promoted greater similarity in abundance of organisms with the forest area. It was found out that the sampled orders characterize the forest area according to the simulated conditions: Collembola, Hymenopeptera, Araneae, Diptera, Acari, Hemiptera, Diplura, Protura and Oligochaeta, while Coleoptera order characterized the agricultural soils that are fertilized with swine wastewater. The results also showed that the soil fauna has its abundance affected by season and chemical composition of soil.
A suinocultura é uma prática econômica comum na região Sul do País, incluindo a região Oeste do Paraná, todavia, gera grande quantidade de dejetos, com elevado poder poluente. Esses são, comumente, lançados ao solo como fertilizantes; aumentam a fertilidade dos solos, proporcionam maior produtividade das culturas, embora possam trazer riscos ao ambiente quando manejados de maneira inadequada, tais como prejuízos à fauna edáfica, importante constituinte do solo. Por essa razão, foi estabelecido como objetivo deste trabalho avaliar os níveis de tolerância da fauna edáfica pela aplicação de diferentes doses de água residuária da suinocultura (ARS) e os efeitos sobre a abundância e a diversidade de organismos representados pela meso e macrofauna. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Campo Bonito PR, em área agrícola submetida ao manejo de plantio direto há 13 anos. Foram instaladas 21 parcelas experimentais de 25 m2, nas quais foram cultivados milho, aveia e soja em períodos distintos. Foram avaliados sete tratamentos: 0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 m3 ha-1 de água residuária da suinocultura proveniente de esterqueira e um tratamento utilizando fertilizantes químicos, de acordo com as recomendações agronômicas de cada cultura. O sétimo tratamento corresponde às parcelas instaladas em área de vegetação nativa remanescente. A fauna edáfica foi avaliada pelo método do Tropical Soil Fertility Biology (TSBF), extrator de Berlese-Tullgren e armadilhas Pitfall. Os organismos coletados foram classificados em nível de ordem e os resultados obtidos avaliados pela estatística multivariada, de acordo com a técnica de análise de correlação (CA), índices de medidas repetidas e índices de diversidade de Shanon, Equitabilidade de Pielou e Riqueza de grupos. A relação entre a ecologia da fauna e os atributos químicos do solo foi determinada pela análise de correspondência canônica (ACC). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, verificou-se que a aplicação da água residuária de suinocultura armazenada em esterqueira afetou negativamente a fauna edáfica em doses superiores a 100 m3 ha-1, porém a dosagem de 100 m3 ha-1 favorece maior semelhança em abundância de organismos com a área de mata. Verificou-se que, as ordens amostradas a seguir caracterizam a área de mata sob as condições avaliadas: Collembola, Hymenopeptera, Aranae, Diptera, Acari, Hemiptera, Diplura, Protura e Oligochaeta, enquanto a ordem Coleoptera caracteriza as áreas agricultáveis e fertilizadas com água residuária da suinocultura. Os resultados encontrados demonstraram ainda que a fauna edáfica tem sua abundância afetada sazonalmente bem como pela composição química do solo.
Meloni, Fernando. "Influência do desenvolvimento florestal sobre a comunidade edáfico-epígea de Arthropoda e a mirmecofauna: bases para a bioindicação do processo sucessional na restauração ecológica". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59131/tde-02012013-120543/.
Testo completoEcological restoration objective is to promote the return of chemical, physical and biological natural properties as those similar to the native features as possible. However, the restoration projects cannot be well evaluated due to the fact that there are no appropriated tools to do that. Plantations using native species are a prominent technique used in São Paulo state, promoting the fast rising of a plant community, but it is very expensive and hard to measure if ecological processes are returning. Bioindicators are cheap tools to evaluate environmental conditions and ecological processes because they respond to all ecosystem characteristics acting together and the responses of a single group make possible to infer properties of the total biodiversity or the full ecosystem health. Epigeic and hipogeic Arthropoda, especially ants, are potential bioindicators, due to their high abundance, ubiquitousness and their straight relationship to some important ecological processes, even to other community components, but they have not been used because it lacks information about the local scale responses to successional process and which standards can be used as parameters. Hence, we have tried to understand the main standards and responses from soil and litter community, as well as the mirmecofauna responses, under a successional gradient constituted by twelve planted forests in different ages and three forest remainders (semi-deciduous forest), all located at the hydrographic basins, Pardo and Mogi-Guaçu, searching for trustful bioindicators of forest development. General fauna was sampled from litter and soil and ants were additionally sampled by attractive baits, using glucose and sardine. Results have showed that forest development makes influence on structure and composition of general communities and ant communities found in restoration sites, so that over time, these community parameters progressively have become more similar to those found in forest remainders, consisting in a directional shifting. Epigeic and hipogeic general fauna showed to be more sensitive to forest development through dry season, while ants presented critical responses in wet season. Communities from different regions were influenced by successional process but they have presented differences among fauna compositions. The analyses using ants classified in functional groups indicated that forest development makes influence also on fauna functional pattern. Groups occupying specialized niches tend to increase their relative amount throughout forest development. The shifting of ant community functionality may be related to changes in environmental filters plus the increase of niche availability through forest development. As conclusions, under experiment features (1) species richness of litter fauna of dry season is a good predictor of forest development; (2) the richness of rare taxa allowed the best prognosis about sucessional stage, also indicating that fauna found in forest plantations reaches similar fauna standards of forest remainders close to 27 years after the deployment; (3) over time, the composition of general edaphic-epigeic community found in restoration sites becomes more similar to composition of communities found in forest remainders, (4) while for ant communities, the structure standards found in restoration sites progressively become more similar of respective parameter found in forest remainders. (5) the Equitability J of ants communities sampled using baits decreases over forest development and it may be considered a bioindicator of sucessional process; (6) ant functional groups also provided good prediction of sucessional stages, highlighting ant sampling using baits and ant functional classification according to Andersen (1995), due to best benefit-cost ratio. For appropriated application of all bioindicators, the use of comparative techniques may be considered, including ecosystem references, and rather than it uses fixed values of fauna parameters (as fixed goals to be achieved), it is better to consider which parameters of the community are changing over time and if their tendencies are in accordance to the expected.