Bibliografie tematiche / Soil CO₂

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Soil CO₂"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 8 giugno 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Soil CO₂":

Giammanco, Salvatore, Sergio Gurrieri e Mariano Valenza. "Soil CO". Bulletin of Volcanology 57, n. 1 (1995): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004450050077.

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Li, Z., R. G. McLaren e A. K. Metherell. "Fractionation of cobalt and manganese in New Zealand soils". Soil Research 39, n. 5 (2001): 951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr00081.

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Many New Zealand soils are known to produce pastures deficient in cobalt (Co) for grazing ruminants; however, the development of an effective soil diagnostic test for Co is hindered by the lack of knowledge of the forms and distribution of Co in New Zealand soils. A sequential fractionation technique was used to determine the forms and concentrations of native and/or fertiliser derived soil Co in 18 New Zealand grassland topsoils, and the distribution and interrelationships of Co between fractions compared with those for manganese (Mn). Previous studies in other countries have indicated a strong association between Co and Mn in soils. For both Co and Mn, very small proportions were present in soluble and exchangeable forms, and the highest proportions of Co and Mn (mean 45.8% and 35.8%, respectively) were found in the residual fraction. However, there was little similarity overall in the distribution of Co and Mn between fractions. Multiple regression models, and the presence of substantial amounts of Co and Mn in iron (Fe) oxide fractions, indicate that the Fe content of the soil is much more important than Mn in influencing the distribution of Co in the soils. Exchangeable Co and Mn also appear highly sensitive to soil pH. Soil organic matter did not appear to have a major effect on the distribution of Co in soils, apart from Pumice Soils that have low concentrations of Fe and Mn.

Lin, Mengting, Sairu Ma, Jie Liu, Xusheng Jiang e Demin Dai. "Remediation of Arsenic and Cadmium Co-Contaminated Soil: A Review". Sustainability 16, n. 2 (12 gennaio 2024): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16020687.

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The concurrent presence of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil is widespread and severe, highlighting the need for remediation. However, remediating As and Cd co-contaminated soils is more complex than remediating soils contaminated with a single heavy metal due to the opposite properties of As and Cd in soil. Thus, the different forms of As and Cd in co-contaminated soils and their transformation rules have been systematically reviewed in this paper. Simultaneously, hyperaccumulators and immobilization amendments used in the remediation of As–Cd co-contaminated soil were reviewed. Moreover, the mechanisms of phytoremediation and chemical immobilization techniques in the treatment of As and Cd co-contaminated soil and the remediation effects were expounded in detail. To promote the development of ecological civilization, this paper proposes further remediation strategies and guidance for the remediation of As–Cd co-contaminated soil.

Xu, Ziwen, Shiquan Lv, Shuxiang Hu, Liang Chao, Fangxu Rong, Xin Wang, Mengyang Dong, Kai Liu, Mingyue Li e Aiju Liu. "Effect of Soil Solution Properties and Cu2+ Co-Existence on the Adsorption of Sulfadiazine onto Paddy Soil". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 24 (19 dicembre 2021): 13383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413383.

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Paddy soils are globally distributed and saturated with water long term, which is different from most terrestrial ecosystems. To better understand the environmental risks of antibiotics in paddy soils, this study chose sulfadiazine (SDZ) as a typical antibiotic. We investigated its adsorption behavior and the influence of soil solution properties, such as pH conditions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ionic concentrations (IC), and the co-existence of Cu2+. The results indicated that (1) changes in soil solution pH and IC lower the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (2) Increase of DOC facilitated the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (3) Cu2+ co-existence increased the adsorption of SDZ on organic components, but decreased the adsorption capacity of clay soil for SDZ. (4) Further FTIR and SEM analyses indicated that complexation may not be the only form of Cu2+ and SDZ co-adsorption in paddy soils. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that soil solution properties and co-existent cations determine the sorption behavior of SDZ in paddy soils.

Weerasooriya, T., D. M. S. B. Dissanayake, M. Ariyaratne, U. K. Rathnayake, H. K. Kadupitiya, R. Chandrajith e L. D. B. Suriyagoda. "Distribution of exchangeable cobalt in low-land rice cultivated soils in Sri Lanka as affected by the differences in climate, soil and water source". Ceylon Journal of Science 53, n. 1 (13 febbraio 2024): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/cjs.v53i1.8344.

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Cobalt (Co) is considered a beneficial element for plants. However, when soils contain excessive amounts of Co, it could cause phytotoxicity. Despite this, the current status of Co in Sri Lankan rice-cultivated soils is not known. Therefore, this study was conducted to (i) determine the distribution of exchangeable Co concentration, and (ii) examine the interactive effects of climatic zone (CZ), agro-climatic zone (ACZ), soil order, water source, and their interactions in determining exchangeable Co concentration in lowland rice fields in Sri Lanka. A total of 8,292 soil samples representing six ACZs, six soil orders, and three water sources were collected using a stratified random sampling approach. Cobalt was extracted in 0.01 M CaCl2 and measured using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrophotometry. Exchangeable Co concentration ranged between 0.03-2,409 μg kg−1 with a mean value of 185.9 μg kg−1. Over 77.5% of the soil samples tested were Co deficient, i.e. <250 μg kg−1. Samples collected from the Intermediate zone, particularly Intermediate zone Mid country, had higher Co concentration than that reported in other ACZs (p<0.05). Among the soil orders, Histosols had higher (232 μg kg−1) and Vertisols had lower (91 μg kg−1) Co concentrations (p<0.05). Moreover, Co concentration was negatively correlated with soil pH (r=−0.3391, p<0.0001) and rice crop productivity (r=−0.1512, p<0.0001). Although exchangeable Co concentration in rice cultivated soils was low, it is important to implement strategies such as proper waste management, treatment of industrial effluents, and the use of safer and more sustainable practices in the chemical and mining industries to minimize further accumulation of Co exceeding the critical limit (i.e. 30 - 40 mg Co kg−1 rice grain), and to ensure the safety of rice production in situations where geological and anthropogenic activities can increase soil exchangeable Co concentration.

Koçyiğit, R. "Contribution of soil organic carbon and C₃ sugar to the total CO₂ efflux using ¹³C abundance". Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 5 (17 novembre 2011): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3429-pse.

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The differences in C isotope ratio of C3 and C4 plant species have been used to determine relative contributions of carbon (C) sources to total CO2 efflux. The objective of this study was to estimate the contribution of soil organic C and C3 sugar to total CO2 of corn and wheat monocultures during a short-term incubation. Control soils and soils amended with sugar were incubated at 25°C for 48 hours and total CO2 concentration and δ13C values of evolved CO2 were measured. The proportional contribution of C sources on CO2 efflux was determined by using isotopic composition of soil organic C and C3 sugar. δ13C values of soils are highly affected by the type of vegetation and the soil management. The C3 sugar addition in soils double the CO2 efflux in the corn soil, but it did not affect CO2 efflux in the wheat soil. This indicated a larger turnover of microbial biomass in the corn soil. The greatest significant (P < 0.05) difference in δ13C values between the control and sugar added soils occurred at 12 hours in the corn soil (11.2&permil;) and at 24 hours in the wheat soil (9.4&permil;). The estimated relative contribution of sugar to CO2efflux was stronger at 12 hours incubation in the corn soil.

Collins, J. F., e T. Reeves. "Soil-geological and Soil-geomorphological relationships in Avondale Forest Park, Co. Wicklow". Irish Geography 13, n. 1 (24 dicembre 2016): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.1980.794.

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The relationships between parent materials, geomorphic features and soil types in Avondale Forest Park are reported and discussed. The occurrence of contrasting rocks (acid tuffs, diorite, dolerite and shales) and a variety of glacial and fluvial materials are largely responsible for the heterogeneity of the soils. Soil Orders/Great Groups include Podzols, Brown Podzolics, Brown Earths, Gleys, Lithosols, Regosols and Rankers. The soils are also placed in the Subgroups of the new U.S. Soil Taxonomy. The influence of glacial, periglacial and post-glacial conditions on the soil distribution pattern is discussed with reference to subsequent pedogenetic processes.

King, Gary M., e M. Hungria. "Soil-Atmosphere CO Exchanges and Microbial Biogeochemistry of CO Transformations in a Brazilian Agricultural Ecosystem". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, n. 9 (settembre 2002): 4480–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.9.4480-4485.2002.

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ABSTRACT Although anthropogenic land use has major impacts on the exchange of soil and atmosphere gas in general, relatively little is known about its impacts on carbon monoxide. We compared soil-atmosphere CO exchanges as a function of land use, crop type, and tillage treatment on an experimental farm in Parãna, Brazil, that is representative of regionally important agricultural ecosystems. Our results showed that cultivated soils consumed CO at rates between 3 and 6 mg of CO m−2 day−1, with no statistically significant effect of tillage method or crop. However, CO exchange for a pasture soil was near zero, and an unmanaged woodlot emitted CO at a rate of 9 mg of CO m−2 day−1. Neither nitrite, aluminum sulfate, nor methyl fluoride additions affected CO consumption by tilled or untilled soils from soybean plots, indicating that CO oxidation did not depend on ammonia oxidizers and that CO oxidation patterns differed in part from patterns reported for forest soils. The apparent Km for CO uptake, 5 to 11 ppm, was similar to values reported for temperate forest soils; V max values, approximately 1 μg of CO g (dry weight)−1 h−1, were comparable for woodlot and cultivated soils in spite of the fact that the latter consumed CO under ambient conditions. Short-term (24-h) exposure to elevated levels of CO (10% CO) partially inhibited uptake at lower concentrations (i.e., 100 ppm), suggesting that the sensitivity to CO of microbial populations that are active in situ differs from that of known carboxydotrophs. Soil-free soybean and corn roots consumed CO when they were incubated with 100-ppm concentrations and produced CO when they were incubated with ambient concentrations. These results document for the first time a role for cultivated plant roots in the dynamics of CO in an agricultural ecosystem.

Zhou, Wenxiang, Guilin Han, Man Liu, Chao Song, Xiaoqiang Li e Fairda Malem. "Vertical Distribution and Controlling Factors Exploration of Sc, V, Co, Ni, Mo and Ba in Six Soil Profiles of The Mun River Basin, Northeast Thailand". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 5 (7 marzo 2020): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17051745.

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Exploring the enrichment and controlling factors of heavy metals in soils is essential because heavy metals can cause severe soil contamination and threaten human health when they are excessively enriched in soils. Soil samples (total 103) from six soil profiles (T1 to T6) in the Mun River Basin, Northeast Thailand, were collected for the analyses of the content of heavy metals, including Sc, V, Co, Ni, Mo, Ba. The average contents of soil heavy metals decrease in the following order: Ba, V, Ni, Sc, Co, and Mo (T1, T3, T4 and T5); Ni, V, Ba, Co, Sc, Mo, and Ba (T2); Ba, V, Sc, Ni, Mo, and Co (T6). An enrichment factor (EF) and geoaccumulation index were calculated to assess the degree of heavy metal contamination in the soils. The EFs of these heavy metals in most samples range from 0 to 1.5, which reveals that most heavy metals are slightly enriched. Geoaccumulation indexes show that only the topsoil of T1 and T2 is slightly contaminated by Ba, Sc, Ni, and V. Soil organic carbon (SOC), soil pH and soil texture are significantly positively correlated with most heavy metals, except for a negative correlation between soil pH and Mo content. In conclusion, the influence of heavy metals on soils in the study area is slight and SOC, soil pH, soil texture dominate the behavior of heavy metals.

Amir, Hamid, e René Pineau. "Release of Ni and Co by microbial activity in New Caledonian ultramafic soils". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 49, n. 4 (1 marzo 2003): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w03-039.

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A high positive correlation was found between extractable Ni and Co contents and microbial activity of 40 ultramafic soil samples from New Caledonia, suggesting a possible role of microorganisms in the release of these two metals. A saprolite (ultramafic subsoil) and a hypermagnesian brown soil were incubated 9 months in different conditions. Ni and Co release, measured by their extractability, occurred without reduction of soil pH but did not occur when the native microflora was eliminated by heat treatment. However, when autoclaved soil was re-inoculated with a pinch of the same nonheated soil, the release of metals was recorded. The concentrations of extractable Ni and Co were much higher in soils amended with organic compounds in which microbial activity was enhanced, but only if the soil was not heat treated. The presence of Grevillea exul, a metal-tolerant plant, stimulated the metal release process, but the stimulation was less effective than it was in the compost-amended soil without plant. The influence of the plant in extractable Ni and Co contents in this amended soil was not significant. The release of the two metals therefore seemed to be induced by the activity of specialized organotrophic microorganisms.Key words: Co, Ni, metal release, microbial activity, ultramafic soils.

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Tesi sul tema "Soil CO₂":

Bi, Yuqiang. "Production of Co-Siderophore Complexes by Ligand-Promoted Dissolution". NCSU, 2009. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05062009-120031/.

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Recent research indicates that siderophores, a class of biogenic ligands with known exceptional affinity for Fe(III), can also strongly complex Co(III), an element essential to normal metabolic function of microbes and animals. This study was conducted to examine the siderophore-promoted dissolution rates and mechanisms of Co from model synthetic Co-bearing minerals to elucidate the role of siderophores in biogeochemical processes of Co. Dissolution of heterogenite (CoOOH) and four Co-goethites (Co-FeOOH) with different levels of Co substitution were investigated in the presence of a trihydroxamate siderophore, desferrioxamine B (DFOB), using batch and flow-through experiments, respectively. By measuring the complex and total metal concentrations in dissolution products, dissolution rates via multiple pathways were measured as a function of pH. Results showed that DFOB promoted dissolution of Co from Co-bearing minerals via pH-dependent mechanisms. For heterogenite, ligand-promoted dissolution was the dominant pathway at neutral to alkaline pH, while reductive dissolution became dominant for pH < 6. Cobalt substitution in Co-goethite resulted in increased total dissolution rates of both Co and Fe, but ligand-promoted and reductive Co dissolution pathways were difficult to examine due to the slow dissolution rates. The fast dissolution rate of heterogenite, coupled with the high affinity of Co(III) for DFOB, suggests that siderophore-promoted dissolution of Co(III) oxides is a biogeochemically favorable process. Although the association of Co with Fe oxide mineral may limit the Co dissolution rate, siderophore-promoted Co dissolution may still be an effective enough way to increase Co bioavailability. The results also suggest the possibility of radionuclide 60Co by siderophores from recalcitrant Fe oxide phases, which may be important to the fate and transport of 60Co in contaminated environments.

Wytrykush, Laura G. "Effect of soil loading rate on microbial activity during co-composting of diesel-contaminated clay soil". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ57596.pdf.

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Johnston, Christopher R. "Soil chemical and physical changes resulting from irrigation with coalbed natural gas co-produced water effects of soil amendments and water treatments /". Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1445033651&sid=10&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Khan, Majid Ali. "Impacts of co-formulants on pesticide sorption and leaching through soil". Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/13468/.

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A large variety of co-formulants are added to commercial pesticide formulations to enhance their biological effectiveness, but their impacts on the behaviour of active substances are largely unknown due to lack of regulatory measures concerning their use. The overall aim of this research was to investigate the impacts of co-formulants on pesticide sorption and leaching through soil. Leaching and sorption experiments were carried out using technical grade and commercial formulations of four different pesticides at various intervals from application in two soils from the Blackwood and Bishampton associations. The effects of formulation, residence time and soil type on the leaching behaviour of pesticides were all found to be highly statistically significant (p<0.001). Both solubility of the active substance and the type of formulation also influenced the effect of formulation on leaching behaviour of pesticides. The relative difference in mass leached between formulated and technical material of low solubility pesticides was less than that for pesticides with greater water solubility. Greater leaching losses of pesticide were observed from an emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation compared to suspension concentrate (SC) formulation for the fungicide azoxystrobin. Results from sorption and desorption experiments on propyzamide in the two soils showed that the batch-equilibrium method is not suitable to study the effect of formulation on pesticide sorption. Rather it is important to use a centrifugation technique under natural moisture conditions to characterise these interactions. The effect of formulation on sorption of propyzamide was highly significant (p<0.001) in sandy loam soil, but there was no effect of formulation in the sandy silt loam soil when characterised by a centrifugation technique. Results suggested that any effect of formulation on pesticide sorption was not sufficient to explain fully the effect of formulation on leaching behaviour. Two-site and three-site sorption models were applied and fitted the sorption phase of the experiment well. However, the models failed to describe the observed desorption behaviour of propyzamide. These results highlight gaps in the existing knowledge about the formulation effects on pesticide sorption and leaching through soil and suggest that these effects should be considered during the risk assessment of environmental fate and behaviour of pesticides.

Ferreira, Oscar G. "Supercritical CO₂ extraction of policyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from a contaminated soil". FIU Digital Commons, 1999. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3312.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are generated by diverse anthropogenic sources, are classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as Semivolatile Hazardous Compounds. PAHs are pollutants of great concern due to their toxicity and mobility in the environment; they can be found in air, water, and soil media. Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) is currently an alternative technology for the removal of PAHs from solid matrices. Carbon dioxide, water and organic compounds, above their critical temperature and pressure conditions, have been used as supercritical fluids. This bench-scale study evaluates the influence of temperature and use of modifiers on the extraction efficiency of PAHs in a diesel-contaminated soil sample from the Miami International Airport (MIA). Carbon dioxide at supercritical conditions was used as extraction fluid in most of this research. Subcritical water, in vapor and liquid states, was also used in a preliminary testing as extraction fluids. A conceptual design of a supercritical carbon dioxide extraction plant is suggested.

Loick, Nadine. "Bioremediation of poly-aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil by co-composting". Thesis, Bangor University, 2008. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/bioremediation-of-polyaromatic-hydrocarbon-pah-contaminated-soil-by-cocomposting(c9621363-f6c1-438a-a899-f23160ce07c3).html.

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Strömgren, Monika. "Soil-surface CO₂ flux and growth in a boreal Norway spruce stand : effects of soil warming and nutrition /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6304-1.pdf.

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Henderson, Rachel. "Partitioning soil CO₂ efflux through vertical profiles of manipulated forests in MOFEP /". Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1177701393.

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Leighton, Rachel. "A combined plant-microbe system for the remediation of co-contaminated soils". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270204.

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Graouer, Bacart Mareen. "Devenir et transfert de polluants émergents issus du secteur de la santé dans les compartiments sol et eau de l’environnement - Influence de la présence d’éléments traces métalliques". Thesis, Reims, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REIMS008.

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L'objectif général de ce projet est d'apporter des données pertinentes sur le devenir de produits pharmaceutiques dans l'environnement, en particulier aux interfaces eau/sol, afin de mieux suivre les conséquences de leurs utilisations et de leurs rejets. A long terme, les enjeux concernent la protection de l'environnement et de la santé publique. Ces travaux portent sur la caractérisation des propriétés de rétention de cinq médicaments dans des sols calcaires de la région Champagne-Ardenne afin d'évaluer notamment leur potentiel transfert vers les milieux aquatiques. Différents paramètres ont été identifiés comme ayant une influence sur leur rétention. La rétention de l'enrofloxacine dépend fortement du pH et de la force ionique, celle du diclofénac des teneurs en CaCO3 et en matière organique des sols qui ont un effet antagoniste sur son adsorption, celle de la carbamazépine et du sulfaméthoxazole est faible sur un sol calcaire, et enfin la rétention du iopamidol est négligeable. Par ailleurs, l'influence des cations métalliques, polluants ubiquistes des sols, sur la rétention des médicaments a également été étudiée. Les expériences de co-adsorption ont montré que la présence de cuivre et de zinc influence significativement la rétention de l'enrofloxacine, conduisant à une augmentation des quantités adsorbées sur le sol via la formation d'un complexe ternaire de surface, et met ainsi en évidence l'importance de prendre en compte l'interaction des médicaments avec les métaux pour une meilleure compréhension de leur comportement dans les sols. Toutefois, aucune influence notable de la présence de cuivre sur la rétention des autres produits pharmaceutiques n'a été observée
The overall objective of this project is to provide a better knowledge of pharmaceuticals fate in the environment, more particularly at water/soil interfaces, in order to follow the consequences of their use and disposal. The long-term issues concern the protection of the environment and public health. This work focuses on the characterization of retention properties of five pharmaceuticals in calcareous soils of the Champagne-Ardenne region in order to evaluate their potential transfer to water compartments. Various parameters having an influence on their retention were identified. The retention of enrofloxacin is highly affected by pH and ionic strength, diclofenac retention by CaCO3 and organic matter contents of soils which have antagonistic effect on its adsorption, the retention of sulfamethoxazole and carbamazepine is low on a calcareous soil, and iopamidol adsorption is negligible. Moreover, the influence of metal cations, ubiquitous pollutants in soils, on pharmaceuticals retention was also studied. Co-adsorption experiments indicated that the presence of copper and zinc modifies significantly enrofloxacin retention, leading to an increase of adsorbed amounts on the soil via the formation of a ternary surface complex, thus highlighting the importance to take into account the interaction between metals and pharmaceuticals for a better understanding of their behavior in soils. However, no noticeable impact of the presence of copper on other pharmaceuticals retention has been noticed

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Libri sul tema "Soil CO₂":

Knoepp, Jennifer D. Quantitative comparison of in situ soil CO₂ flux measurement methods. Asheville, NC: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2002.

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Hinkle, Margaret E. Concentrations of He, CO₂, and 0₂. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.

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1916-, Botinelly Theodore, e Geological Survey (U.S.), a cura di. Concentrations of He, CO, and 0. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.

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Claassen, V. P. The use of compost and co-compost as a primary erosion control material. Sacramento, CA: California Dept. of Transportation, 2002.

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Claassen, V. P. The use of compost and co-compost as a primary erosion control material. Sacramento, CA: California Dept. of Transportation, 2002.

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McBride, Nicola. The nature and development of soil at Magilligan foreland, Co. Londonderry. [s.l: The Author], 1989.

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Jim, Ippolito, e AWWA Research Foundation, a cura di. Water residuals and biosolids: Effect of co-application on soil phosphorus. Denver, CO: AWWA Research Foundation/American Water Works Association/IWA Pub., 2006.

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Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., a cura di. Co-operative approaches to sustainable agriculture. Paris: OECD, 1998.

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Hinkle, Margaret E. Concentrations of He, CO,□ and 0?□in soil gases, and soil types at Roosevelt Hot Springs Known Geothermal Resource Area, Utah. Denver, CO: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey, 1988.

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F, Harms Thelma, e Geological Survey (U.S.), a cura di. Tabulation of N,́ O,́ CO,́ and He concentrations in soil gases collected on a regular basis for 11 months from a site at Tucson, Arizona. [Denver, CO]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1992.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Soil CO₂":

Safari-Sinegani, Ali-Akbar, Mehdi Rashtbari, Nayereh Younessi e Babak Mashkoori. "Antibiotics and Microbial Antibiotic Resistance in Soil". In Bacterial Adaptation to Co-resistance, 211–32. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8503-2_11.

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Baldi, A., A. Jain, N. Gupta, A. K. Srivastava e V. S. Bisaria. "Co-Culture of Linum album Cells and Piriformospora indica for Improved Production of Phytopharmaceuticals". In Soil Biology, 361–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95894-9_22.

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Lie, T. A., D. Göktan, M. Engin, J. Pijnenborg e E. Anlarsal. "Co-evolution of the legume-Rhizobium association". In Plant and Soil Interfaces and Interactions, 171–81. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3627-0_13.

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Giagnoni, Laura, Tania Martellini, Roberto Scodellini, Alessandra Cincinelli e Giancarlo Renella. "Co-composting: An Opportunity to Produce Compost with Designated Tailor-Made Properties". In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 185–211. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_9.

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AbstractCo-composting is a technique that allows the aerobic degradation of organic waste mixtures, primarily aiming at obtaining compost that can be used as fertiliser or soil amendment. As compared to the typical composting activity, the main difference is not merely the use of more than one feedstock to start and sustain the biodegradation process, but also the possibility of combining various kinds of waste to obtain ‘tailored’ products with designed properties, or to reclaim and valorise natural resources, such as degraded soils or polluted soils and sediments. Set up of appropriate co-composting protocols can be a way to optimise the management of waste produced by different sectors of agriculture and industry and also from human settlements. Different formulations can not only optimise the biodegradation process through the adjustment of nutrient ratios, but also lead to the formation of products with innovative properties. Moreover, co-composting can be a technique of choice for the reclamation of soils degraded by intensive agriculture or contaminated soils and sediments. In fact, an appropriate mix of organic waste and soils can restore the soil structure and induce fertility in nutrient-depleted soils, and also remediate polluted soils and sediments through degradation of organic pollutants and stabilisation of heavy metals. While the selection of different mixes of organic waste may lead to the design of composts with specific properties and the potential valorisation of selected waste materials, there are still several factors that hamper the development of co-composting platforms, mainly insufficient knowledge of some chemical and microbiological processes, but also some legislative aspects. This chapter illustrates the progress achieved in co-composting technology worldwide, some key legislative aspects related to the co-composting process, the main scientific and technical aspects that deserve research attention to further develop co-composting technology, and successful applications of co-composting for the reclamation of soils and sediments, allowing their use for cultivation or as growing media in plant nurseries. A specific case study of the production of fertile plant-growing media from sediment co-composting with green waste is also illustrated.

Bell, Michael J., Antonio P. Mallarino, Jeff Volenec, Sylvie Brouder e David W. Franzen. "Considerations for Selecting Potassium Placement Methods in Soil". In Improving Potassium Recommendations for Agricultural Crops, 341–62. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59197-7_12.

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AbstractPlacement strategies can be a key determinant of efficient use of applied fertilizer potassium (K), given the relative immobility of K in all except the lightest textured soils or high rainfall environments. Limitations to K accessibility by plants caused by immobility in the soil are further compounded by the general lack of K-stimulated root proliferation in localized soil zones enriched with K alone, compared with root proliferation due to concentrated N and P. Further, effects of K fixation reactions in soils with certain clay mineralogies and the declining concentration and activity of soil solution K with increasing clay content can also limit plant K acquisition. Variation in root system characteristics among crops in a rotation sequence and fluctuating soil moisture conditions in fertilized soil horizons in rain-fed systems increase the complexity of fertilizer placement decisions to ensure efficient K recovery and use. This complexity has resulted in extensive exploration of fertilizer K application strategies, with this chapter focusing on K applications to the soil. Issues discussed include comparisons of broadcast versus banded applications, depth of fertilizer placement, and the impacts of co-location of K with other nutrients. While research findings are often specific to the crop, soil, and seasonal conditions under which they are conducted, we attempt to identify strategies that most consistently deliver improved crop recovery and utilization of fertilizer K.

Barker, Allen V., Tara A. O’Brien e Joanna Campe. "Soil Remineralization for Sustainable Crop Production". In Beneficial Co-Utilization of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial by-Products, 405–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5068-2_35.

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Rodiño, Paula A., Marta Santalla, Antonio M. De Ron e Jean-Jacques Drevon. "Co-evolution and Migration of Bean and Rhizobia in Europe". In Sociology, Organic Farming, Climate Change and Soil Science, 171–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3333-8_7.

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Hardarson, G., e W. J. Broughton. "FAO/IAEA co-ordinated research programme on enhancement of nitrogen fixation in leguminous crops". In Molecular Microbial Ecology of the Soil, 161–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2321-3_16.

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Norton, L. Darrell, Robert Altieri e Cliff Johnston. "Co-Utilization of By-Products for Creation of Synthetic Soil". In Beneficial Co-Utilization of Agricultural, Municipal and Industrial by-Products, 163–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5068-2_14.

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Krause, Ariane. "Valuing Waste – A Multi-method Analysis of the Use of Household Refuse from Cooking and Sanitation for Soil Fertility Management in Tanzanian Smallholdings". In Organic Waste Composting through Nexus Thinking, 91–122. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36283-6_5.

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AbstractThe starting point of this work is the intention of two farmers’ initiatives to disseminate locally developed and adapted cooking and sanitation technologies to smallholder households in Karagwe District, in northwest Tanzania. These technologies include improved cooking stoves (ICSs), such as microgasifiers, and a system combining biogas digesters and burners for cooking, as well as urine-diverting dry toilets, and thermal sterilisation/pasteurisation for ecological sanitation (EcoSan). Switching to the new alternatives could lead to a higher availability of domestic residues for soil fertility management. These residues include biogas slurry from anaerobic digestion, powdery biochar from microgasifiers and sanitised human excreta from EcoSan facilities. Such recycling-driven approaches address an existing problem for many smallholders in sub-Saharan Africa, namely, the lack of soil amenders to sufficiently replenish soil nutrients and soil organic matter (SOM) in soils used for agricultural activity. This example from Tanzania systematically examines the nexus of ‘energy-sanitation-agriculture’ in smallholder farming systems. The short-term experiments demonstrated that all soil amenders that were analysed could significantly enhance crop productivity. CaSa-compost – the product of co-composting biochar with sanitised human excreta – quadrupled grain yields. The observed stimulation of crop yield and also plant nutrition is attributed to improved nutrient availability caused by a direct increase of soil pH and of plant-available phosphorus (P) in the soil. The assessment of the lasting soil implications revealed that CaSa-compost and biogas slurry both show the long-term potential to roughly double yields of maize. Corresponding nutrient requirements can be adequately compensated through residue capturing and subsistence production of soil amenders. The potential of CaSa-compost for sustainable soil fertility management is superior to that of standard compost, especially with respect to liming, replenishing soil P and restoring SOM. Biogas slurry, however, yields inferior results in all aspects when compared to compost amendments.

Atti di convegni sul tema "Soil CO₂":

Tomac, Ingrid, Biljana Kovačević Zelić, Dunja Perić, Dubravko Domitrović, Nataša Štambuk Cvitanović, Helena Vučenović, Jelena Parlov et al. "GEOTECHNICAL RECONNAISSANCE OF COVER-COLLAPSE SINKHOLE AREA FOLLOWING PETRINJA 2020 EARTHQUAKE". In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.84.

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This paper shows an overview of extensive geotechnical and geological investigation of soils around cover-collapse sinkholes that appeared in a constrained area around Mečenčani and Borojevići villages following the 2020–2021 Petrinja earthquake sequence. A total of 122 new and 49 pre-existing historical sinkholes were recorded, mapped, and classified during the geological and geotechnical reconnaissance fieldwork. Many sinkholes collapsed within an area of only 1.13 km2, a relatively rare phenomenon associated with earthquakes, thus motivating soil investigations to better understand associated failure mechanisms and underlying conditions. This paper shows an overview of triaxial test data in synergy with soil water retention curves of unsaturated soils detected in the area, along with results of standard physical soil tests. The soil in the area consists of a 4–15 m thick clayey cover with sporadic gravel lenses. Clays are mostly over-consolidated, with varying degrees of saturation ranging from very small to fully saturated. Underneath are intensely karstified Miocene carbonate rocks. Seasonal and climate-change-induced variations in the groundwater table interact with the artesian/subartesian karst aquifer, thus affecting the suction and the shear strength. In addition, soil water retention curves indicate that desaturation is possible for deeper groundwater table levels and can further affect effective stress, shear strength, and interparticle tensile forces. Collapsed sinkholes have predominately vertical walls, indicating brittle failure of a cohesive cover with varying degrees of saturation. Based on the specific geomechanical properties of soils, this paper offers several hypotheses of failure mechanisms based on the synergy of earthquake-induced dynamic loading and hydro-mechanical interactions of unsaturated soil layers and pore pressure dynamics between two interconnected aquifers.

Zhang, Qiong, Ye Yuanlv, Wang Bo e Chen Lu. "Study on Vertical Transfer of Radionuclide Co-60 in Broun Soil and Aeolian Sandy Soil Around Nuclear Power Plant". In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-89818.

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Abstract The coastal soil surrounding to the Nuclear Power Plants were mainly classified to brown soil and aeolian sandy soil in China. In previous research, focused on the elements of Cs-137 and Sr-85 vertical transfer in these soils, but the Co-60, which was the most important factor in the brown soil and aeolian sandy soil were still urgent research. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the vertical transfer of Co-60 in brown soil and aeolian sandy soil. The soil around Shidaowan Nuclear Power Plant were studied by using undisturbed soil column methods and isotope tracer technology, and identify the factors influencing their migration depths in soil. The results show that with the increase of leaching test, the migration of Co-60 in aeolian sandy soil was greater than that in brown soil, but the difference gradually decreases with the progress of spray test; the content of Co-60 in leaching water was very few and cannot be detected due to the strong adsorption by soil; after three years of undisturbed soil column experiment, 72.36 ∼ 85.26% of Co-60 mainly was retarded in the range of 0∼5cm in both of the soil surface. It was proved that Co-60 was difficult to migrate to groundwater in a short period. The distribution of specific activity of Co-60 in soil was an individual exponential declining with depth of oil. The results showed that the radionuclide Co-60 had little impact on groundwater in the years after the nuclear accident, but it should pay attention to the change of radioactivity concentration in surface soil and then select appropriate soil remediation methods. The study will provide a scientific basis for post-accident environmental impact assessment and post-accident soil remediation in China.

Abate, Glenda, Sebastiano Corsico e Maria Rosella Massimino. "The role of the soil heterogeneity in the seismic response of tunnel-soil systems". In 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/1crocee.2021.91.

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Kowalczyk, Piotr. "NEW INSIGHT ON SEISMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION: AMPLIFICATION OF SOIL-GENERATED HIGH FREQUENCY MOTION ON A KINEMATIC PILE". In 1st Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/1crocee.2021.221.

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Kovačević, Meho Saša, Mario Bačić, Lovorka Librić, Petra Žužul, Kenneth Gavin e Cormac Reale. "A novel algorithm for vertical soil layering by utilizing the CPT data". In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1038.

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Determination of the relevant soil stratigraphy is of the paramount importance for any geotechnical analysis. The cone penetration test (CPT) is the cost-effective, rapid, continuous, and reliable testing method for assessing soil layering and estimating in-situ mechanical properties of soil, and as such is especially useful for subsoil investigations along linear infrastructure networks, such as roads, highways, or railways. The design soil profile can be effectively determined using the CPT-based soil behaviour type (SBT) classification system. However, the soil profile consists of layers of various thickness and some layers can be only a few centimetres thick. Because the cone needs to penetrate to a certain depth to develop the cone resistance and to identify the presence of another layer, thin layers of soil cannot be properly detected. The soil layering algorithm, presented in this paper, merges these thin layers into the adjacent layers and thus overcomes the unreliable determination of the thin layers. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated using a CPT carried out on the embankment test-site in north Croatia.

Edip, Kemal, Jordan Bojadjiev, Done Nikolovski e Julijana Bojadjieva. "SEISMIC SOIL-STRUCTURE INTERACTION EFFECTS ON A HIGH RISE RC BUILDING". In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.62.

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Soil-structure interaction (SSI) is for sure one of the most neglected effects in seismic structural design practice. However, many researchers showed that it might notably affect seismic performance results. In fact, the state-of-the-art seismic codes are encouraging including SSI for structures with considerable p-Δ effects and mid to high-rise buildings. In the current research, seismic soil-structure interaction analysis is made for a selected mid-rise reinforced concrete building with several different SSI techniques (models). In order to quantify the effect of SSI on the overall response of the selected structure, the global seismic response within a frame of force-displacement relationship for different earthquake intensities, different SSI mathematical models and different soil categories is presented. Comparing the outcome of the performed analysis it was observed that the structural performance was affected significantly by the foundation system and contributes considerably to the overall structural performance of the selected structure in specific soil conditions. As the results indicate, more code-based recommendations are required for the improvement of the SSI structural seismic design, especially in soft soil cases, where the soil-structure interaction might significantly affect the seismic response of buildings.

Papadopoulou, Konstantina, e George Gazetas. "Geotechnical ULS design issues of bridge shallow foundations". In 6th International Conference on Road and Rail Infrastructure. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/cetra.2020.1083.

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Some important issues referring to the Ultimate Limit States of geotechnical design of bridge shallow foundations are discussed using results of 2D and 3D FE analyses, as follows: (a) The effects of highly eccentric and inclined loadings on the bearing capacity of footings on cohesionless soils, (b) the effects of soil inhomogeneity in the special case of 2-layered clay, (c) the scour effects in case of abutment and piers in riverbed, from the geotechnical point of view.

Li, Q., Z. S. Wu, X. L. Lei, Y. Murakami e T. Satoh. "Applied Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in CO 2 Geo-Sequestration". In GeoShanghai International Conference 2006. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40860(192)6.

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Merdan, Anesa, e Mario Bačić. "Analysis of the influence of geogrids on the failure mechanisms of the shallow foundations". In 8th Symposium on Doctoral Studies in Civil Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/phdsym.2022.10.

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The use of geosynthetic materials to improve soil bearing capacity below shallow foundation is relatively novel area of study of geotechnical engineering. A large number of studies have been carried out analysing impact of geosynthetic materials on the bearing capacity of the soil, and these are based mostly on experimental analysis and numerical simulations. This work gives an overview of studies about the application of reinforcement of soil with geogrids and their influences on the soil failure mechanisms. The work represents a basis for future investigations analysing the sensitivity of influence of the relevant parameters of geosynthetics on failure mechanisms.

Scaini, Chiara, Bojana Petrovic, Maria Rosaria Gallipoli, Giuseppe Calamita, Nicola Tragni, Carla Barnaba, Marco Vona e Stefano Parolai. "FRIBAS: A PARAMETRIC DATABASE OF BUILDING AND SOIL FEATURES INCLUDING THE FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY OF RESONANCE". In 2nd Croatian Conference on Earthquake Engineering. University of Zagreb Faculty of Civil Engineering, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5592/co/2crocee.2023.57.

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The FRIBAS database collects information on the characteristics of more than 300 buildings located in southern and northeastern Italy. The characteristics comprise age, construction material, storey number and other data such as geometrical features (e.g. shape) and construction details (e.g. roof type, floor types). Such characteristics were inferred based on external and sometimes internal building inspection, combined with information provided by residents. In addition, FRIBAS includes the fundamental frequencies of buildings and foundation soil, estimated empirically using single station ambient noise measurements. The database was assembled based on data collected separately in northeastern and southern Italy on different building types (including both low to mid-rise historical and modern masonry and low to high-rise reinforced concrete buildings). The buildings were chosen also based on the possibility of accessing the interior and performing measurements. Data were harmonized into 37 fields which provide a generalized classification of building and soil parameters. FRIBAS is the first database that collects several buildings characteristics, including structural and geometrical features, together with the fundamental frequencies of buildings of and foundation soil. FRIBAS was assembled with the specific purpose of analyzing how different building parameters influence structural behavior (in particular, the fundamental period). The database is available online in open access mode under the CC 4.0 license. The collected data support the definition of different period-height relationships based on construction material and soil types. The analysis can be extended to other parameters associated with specific building types. We discuss the relevance of empirical building and soil characterization for seismic damage/risk assessment and propose potential applications of the FRIBAS database.

Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Soil CO₂":

Pelletier, Austin, Amanda Hohner, Idil Deniz Akin, Indranil Chowdhury, Richard Watts, Xianming Shi, Brendan Dutmer e James Mueller. Bench-scale Electrochemical Treatment of Co-contaminated Clayey Soil. Illinois Center for Transportation, giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-018.

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Industrial soil contamination is frequently unearthed by transportation agencies during construction within the right-of-way. As a result, transportation agencies may experience construction delays. Soils co-contaminated with high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (HMW-PAHs) and metals are commonly encountered in Illinois and exhibit recalcitrance towards conventional treatment technologies. This issue is exacerbated in the fine-grained soils common to Illinois, where low-permeability and immense sorption capacity increase treatment complexity, cost, and duration. Contaminated sites are spatially and temporally restrictive and require rapid in situ treatments, whereas conventional soil remediation requires 1 to 3 years on average. Consequently, transportation agencies typically pursue excavation and off-site disposal for expediency. However, this solution is expensive, so a comparatively expeditious and affordable treatment alternative is needed to combat the increasing cost of hazardous waste disposal. The objective of this work was to develop an accelerated in situ treatment approach adaptable for use at any construction site to cost-effectively remove HMW-PAHs and metals from clayey soil. It was hypothesized that an in situ electrochemical treatment which augments electrokinetics with H2O2 could remediate both HMW-PAHs and metals in less than a month. Bench-scale reactors resemblant of field-scale in situ electrokinetic systems were designed and fabricated to assess the electrochemical treatment of clayey soils contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals. Pyrene, chromium, and manganese were used as model contaminants, spiked into kaolinite as a model clay. Electrokinetics were imposed by a low-intensity electrical field distributed by graphite rods. Electrolytic H2O2 systems were leveraged to distribute electrical current and facilitate contaminant removal. Average contaminant removals of 100%, 42.3%, and 4.5% were achieved for pyrene, manganese, and chromium, respectively. Successful development of this bench-scale treatment approach will serve to guide transportation agencies in field-scale implementation. The results from this work signify that electrochemical systems that leverage eco-friendly oxidant addition can replace excavation and disposal as a means of addressing clayey soils co-contaminated with HMW-PAHs and metals.

Vas, Dragos, Elizabeth Corriveau, Lindsay Gaimaro e Robyn Barbato. Challenges and limitations of using autonomous instrumentation for measuring in situ soil respiration in a subarctic boreal forest in Alaska, USA. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), dicembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48018.

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Subarctic and Arctic environments are sensitive to warming temperatures due to climate change. As soils warm, soil microorganisms break down carbon and release greenhouse gases such as methane (CH₄) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). Recent studies examining CO₂ efflux note heterogeneity of microbial activity across the landscape. To better understand carbon dynamics, our team developed a predictive model, Dynamic Representation of Terrestrial Soil Predictions of Organisms’ Response to the Environment (DRTSPORE), to estimate CO₂ efflux based on soil temperature and moisture estimates. The goal of this work was to acquire respiration rates from a boreal forest located near the town of Fairbanks, Alaska, and to provide in situ measurements for the future validation effort of the DRTSPORE model estimates of CO₂ efflux in cold climates. Results show that soil temperature and seasonal soil thaw depth had the greatest impact on soil respiration. However, the instrumentation deployed significantly altered the soil temperature, moisture, and seasonal thaw depth at the survey site and very likely the soil respiration rates. These findings are important to better understand the challenges and limitations associated with the in situ data collection used for carbon efflux modeling and for estimating soil microbial activity in cold environments.

Anderson, Andrew, e Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois. Illinois Center for Transportation, giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-006.

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This report presents a statistical analysis of the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. The 3.7-million-record RSL database is compared with four independent studies of inorganic soil constituents of naturally occurring soils in Illinois. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this study: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na, Tl, V, and Zn. RSL database summary statistics, mean, median, minimum, maximum, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile, are determined for Illinois counties and for recognized environmental concern, non-recognized environmental concern, and de minimis site contamination classifications. The RSL database at a 95% confidence level is compared with current and proposed thresholds for defining naturally occurring soil concentrations for the selected analytes. The revised thresholds proposed by Cahill in 2017 are predominantly larger than the current standards found in the Tiered Approach to Corrective Action Objectives rules and are in better agreement with observed distributions of soil concentrations for both naturally occurring and RSL soils. A notable exception is antimony (Sb), for which Cahill proposed a reduced threshold similar in magnitude to the median for many Illinois Department of Transportation districts.

Bar-Tal, Asher, Paul R. Bloom, Pinchas Fine, C. Edward Clapp, Aviva Hadas, Rodney T. Venterea, Dan Zohar, Dong Chen e Jean-Alex Molina. Effects of soil properties and organic residues management on C sequestration and N losses. United States Department of Agriculture, agosto 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7587729.bard.

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Objectives - The overall objective of this proposal was to explore the effects of soil properties and management practices on C sequestration in soils and off-site losses of N.The specific objectives were: 1. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on C transformations that follow OW decomposition, C losses by gaseous emission, and its sequestration by organic and mineral components of the soil; 2. to investigate and to quantify the effects of soil properties on organic N mineralization and transformations in soil, its losses by leaching and gaseous emission; 3. to investigate and to quantify the effects of management practices and plants root activity and decomposition on C and N transformations; and 4. to upgrade the models NCSOIL and NCSWAP to include inorganic C and root exudation dynamics. The last objective has not been fulfilled due to difficulties in experimentally quantification of the effects of soil inorganic component on root exudation dynamics. Objective 4 was modified to explore the ability of NCSOIL to simulate organic matter decomposition and N transformations in non- and calcareous soils. Background - Rates of decomposition of organic plant residues or organic manures in soil determine the amount of carbon (C), which is mineralized and released as CO₂ versus the amount of C that is retained in soil organic matter (SOM). Decomposition rates also greatly influence the amount of nitrogen (N) which becomes available for plant uptake, is leached from the soil or lost as gaseous emission, versus that which is retained in SOM. Microbial decomposition of residues in soil is strongly influenced by soil management as well as soil chemical and physical properties and also by plant roots via the processes of mineral N uptake, respiration, exudation and decay.

Knoepp, Jennifer D., e James M. Vose. Quantitative comparison of in situ soil CO₂ flux measurement methods. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/srs-rp-28.

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Harrison, K., e W. Broecker. The impact of changing land use, nitrate deposition and CO sub 2 fertilization on soil carbon storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5246155.

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Frey, Serita D. Workshop on effects of management on forest soil carbon: a report; 1994 December 5-7; Fort Collins, CO. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-gtr-217.

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Anderson, Andrew, e Mark Yacucci. Inventory and Statistical Characterization of Inorganic Soil Constituents in Illinois: Appendices. Illinois Center for Transportation, giugno 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-007.

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This report presents detailed histograms of data from the Regulated Substances Library (RSL) developed by the Illinois Department of Transportation (IDOT). RSL data are provided for state and IDOT region, IDOT district, and county spatial subsets to examine the spatial variability and its relationship to thresholds defining natural background concentrations. The RSL is comprised of surficial soil chemistry data obtained from rights-of-way (ROW) subsurface soil sampling conducted for routine preliminary site investigations. A selection of 22 inorganic soil analytes are examined in this report: Al, Sb, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Ca, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Ni, K, Se, Na, Tl, V, and Zn. RSL database summary statistics, mean, median, minimum, maximum, 5th percentile, and 95th percentile, are determined for Illinois counties and for recognized environmental concern, non-recognized environmental concern, and de minimis site contamination classifications.