Tesi: "Soil biological activity"

1

Franey-Gardiner, Mercedes. "The dynamics and biological activity of ALS-inhibiting herbicides in soil". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.426107.

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2

Berglund, Hanna. "Biological Soil Invertebrate Activity in a Tropical Rainforest : A comparison of soil invertebrate activity in two tropical rain forests in Borneo". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-411109.

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Logging of tropical forests is increasing worldwide. Logging alters the forest conditions such as temperature, soil water content and litter input into the soil. This study explored how soil invertebrate activity in Borneo differs between pristine forests and two secondary forests, with 10 and 40 years of recovery time since the last logging. To measure the soil fauna feeding activity, the bait lamina stick method was applied. The study was conducted in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo, during April and May 2019. 33 forest plots were examined with ten lamina sticks placed in each of the three replicas per forest plot. The sticks were kept in the soil for four weeks before being removed. Upon removal, the soil invertebrate activity was determined by assessing how many holes of the bait lamina sticks were eaten and at what depth. The activity was related to the above-ground carbon density (ACD, a density measure for amount of above-ground carbon), as well as depth-specific activity in the different plots. Moreover, further relationships with the invertebrate activity and environmental conditions such as cumulative throughfall during the study time as well as the soil water content were studied. The results showed that the soil activity slightly decreased with increased ACD, but no statistical significance was found. This study also suggests that the activity was higher in the upper 0-5cm of the soil than in the lower 5-10 cm. Lastly, the results showed that the activity was highest in the forest with the shortest recovery time (10 years). This implies that it might be possible to regain the original soil activity since the activity of the 40-year-old forest was closer to the pristine forest than that of the 10- year-old forest.

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3

Choosai, Chutinan. "Biological activity in paddy fields : the role of soil engineers in ecosystem functioning". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066156.

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Les ingénieurs du sol modifient les propriétés physicochimiques des sols à travares la création de structures biogéniques. Ce travail vise à déterminer le rôle respectif de deux types de structures : les buttes termitiques et les turricules de vers de terre. Les buttestermitiques agissent comme des sites de hute activité boilogique. Ils constituent des refuages pour la macrofaune. Ces buttes sont enrichies en C,K,P et argiles par rapport aux sols environnants. Les vers de terre en accumulant leurs turricules au pied du riz favorise l'hétérogénèïté spatiale. Ces structures biogéniques constituent des taches de fertilité dans les rizières avec plus de particules fines et d'éléments minéraux. En conclusion cette étude montre que les structures biogéniques produites par les termites et les vers de terre jouent des rôles clés dans la régulation de certains processus écologiques

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4

Park, Kee Choon. "Enzymatic activity, microbial diversity, and weed seed banks in soils receiving different organic amendments and the biological fertilizer EM(tm) /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3164535.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2004.
(tm) after EM in title is for Trademark symbol. Typescript. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-142). Also available on the Internet.

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5

Kurek, Danielle K. "Effects of prescribed burning on soil physical, biological, and chemical properties of the Oak Openings region of Northwest Ohio". Toledo, Ohio : University of Toledo, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=toledo1271430752.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Toledo, 2010.
Typescript. "Submitted to the Graduate Faculty as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Masters of Science Degree in Biology." "A thesis entitled"--at head of title. Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 58-63.

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6

Oppong, Francis Kofi. "Studies on the biological activity of a novel herbicide (Triasulfuron) including studies of mobility and persistence in soil". Thesis, Bangor University, 1988. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/studies-of-the-biological-activity-of-a-novel-herbicide-triasulfuron-including-studies-of-mobility-and-persistence-in-soils(20ca442c-519c-4e3a-a11e-9e0b162ff25e).html.

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Triasulfuron (3-(6-methoxy-4-methyl-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl)-1-[2-(2- chloroethoxy)-phenylsulfonyl)-urea} is a new pre- and post-emergence herbicide developed for the control of broad-leaved_'Teeds and some grasses in small grain cereals at rates of 10-20gha . Oilseed rape, pea, broad bean, Senecio vulgaris, Veronica persica, Lolium renne, Poa annua, Poa trivialis and prates were severely a ed 5y pre-emergence and post-emergence applications of triasulfuron but wheat and barley were much more resistant. The development of injury symptoms was generally slow and was characterized by an initial growth retardation followed by chlorosis and necrosis with death occuring 3-4 weeks after application. The herbicide had a flat dose-response curve throughout the investigations. Wheat and barley showed greater tolerance to post-emergence than to pre-emergence applications. Pre-emergence applications of triasulfuron reduced tiller numbers in barley and wheat but application of the herbicide at the 2-3 leaf stage stimulated the outgrowth of tiller buds but this effect was temporary and was not the result of visible physical damage to the shoot meristem. There was no intra-specific variability between cultivars of wheat and barley. Grain yield and other yield components of spring barley were not affected by post-emergence treatments of triasulfuron. Triasulfuron had high activity through the soil and both the roots and subterranean shoots of developing seedlings absorbed the herbicide from the soil. The bioactivity and mobility of the herbicide down the soil profile was inversely related to the organic matter content of the soil. The amount and frequency of rainfall directly influenced the rate of leaching of the herbicide down the soil profile. Comparisons of the rates of disappearance of triasulfuron in autoclaved and non-autoclaved soils suggested the involvement of a biglogical degragation pathway. Triasulfuron disappeared faster at 30 °C than at 10 °C and higher moisture levels enhanced the rate of breakdown. Studies on the mode of action of triasulfuron indicated that the herbicide acts by inhibiting cell division in susceptible plants. Evidence suggested that the inhibition occurred during interphase rather than during the mitotic sequence. The addition of a 1: 1 mixture of isoleucine and valine to the treatment solution prevented the inhibition of cell division at the root tips of broad bean.

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7

Shi, Shengjing. "Influence of root exudates on soil microbial diversity and activity". Lincoln University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1549.

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Interactions between plant roots and soil microorganisms in the rhizosphere are critical for plant growth. However, understanding of precisely how root exudates influence the diversity and activity of rhizosphere microorganisms is limited. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of radiata pine (Pinus radiata) root exudates on rhizosphere soil microbial communities, with an emphasis on the role of low molecular weight organic anions. The study involved the development and validation of new methods for investigating rhizosphere processes in a purpose-built facility. This included development of an in situ sampling technique using an anion exchange membrane strip to collect a range of organic anions exuded from radiata pine roots grown in large-scale rhizotrons. These included tartarate, quinate, formate, malate, malonate, shikimate, lactate, acetate, maleate, citrate, succinate and fumarate. Soil microbial activity and diversity were determined using dehydrogenase activity and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Links between organic anions in root exudates and rhizosphere soil microbial community structures were investigated by comparing wild type and genetically modified radiata pine trees which were grown in rhizotrons for 10 months. As expected, there was considerable temporal and spatial variability in the amounts and composition of organic anions collected, and there were no consistent or significant differences determined between the two tree lines. Significant differences in rhizosphere microbial communities were detected between wild type and genetically modified pine trees; however, they were inconsistent throughout the experiment. The shifts in microbial communities could have been related to changes in exudate production and composition. Based on results from the main rhizotron experiment, a microcosm study was carried out to investigate the influence of selected pine root exudate sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) and organic anions (quinate, lactate and maleate) on soil microbial activity and diversity. Soil microbial activity increased up to 3-fold in all of the sugar and organic anion treatments compared to the control, except for a mixture of sugars and maleate where it decreased. The corresponding impacts on soil microbial diversity were assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA phylochips. Addition of the exudate compounds had a dramatic impact on the composition and diversity of the soil microbial community. A large number of bacterial taxa (88 to 1043) responded positively to the presence of exudate compounds, although some taxa (12 to 24) responded negatively. Organic anions had a greater impact on microbial communities than sugars, which indicated that they may have important roles in rhizosphere ecology of radiata pine. In addition, a diverse range of potentially beneficial bacterial taxa were detected in soil amended with organic anions, indicating specific regulation of rhizosphere microbial communities by root exudates. This project highlighted the considerable challenges and difficulties involved in detailed investigation of in situ rhizosphere processes. Nonetheless, the findings of this study represent a significant contribution to advancing understanding of relationships between root exudates and soil microbial diversity, which will be further enhanced by refinement and application of the specific methodologies and techniques developed.

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8

Uhrová, Anna. "Remediační potenciál huminových kyselin". Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta chemická, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-234455.

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V předložené práci byly testovány modifikované lignitické huminové kyseliny za účelem zjištění jejich schopnosti remediace zemědělské půdy. Před samotnou extrakcí jednotlivých huminových kyselin byl lignit modifikován jednou ze série deseti organických kyselin. Cílem modifikace byla simulace procesů vyskytujících se v rizosféře, tj. procesů, kdy malé organické molekuly způsobují změny ve struktuře půdní organické hmoty, během nichž dochází k produkci biologicky aktivních agregátů/molekul podílejících se na růstu rostlin. Prvním krokem této práce bylo zkoumání fyzikálně chemických vlastností vyprodukovaných huminových kyselin a jejich molekulové struktury prostřednictvím elementární analýzy, infračervené spektroskopie s Fourierovou transformací (FTIR), vysokoúčinné gelové chromatografie (HPSEC), metodou měření povrchového napětí a plynovou chromatografií s hmotnostní spektrometrií (GC-MS). Dalším krokem bylo studium parametrů biologické aktivity, získaných z experimentů zaměřených jak na vyšší rostliny, tak na remediaci mikrobiologické aktivity zemědělské půdy. Biologická aktivita vůči vyšším rostlinám byla zkoumána na základě experimentu s kukuřicí, byla měřena délka a hmotnost kořenů, rozvětvení jejich laterálních kořenů a obsah sacharidů a proteinů. Z experimentů cílených na půdu se jednalo o měření množství uvolněného CO2 při laboratorní inkubaci ošetřené půdy a půdní hydrofobicitu (metoda měření kontaktního úhlu). Na závěr byly výsledky podrobeny statistické analýze s využitím Pearsonova korelačního koeficientu s cílem nalézt vztahy mezi fyzikálně chemickými vlastnostmi a biologickou a povrchovou aktivitou studovaných huminových kyselin. Korelace byly zjištěny mezi biologickou aktivitou a fyzikálně chemickými vlastnostmi huminových kyselin. Naopak, nebyly zjištěny mezi povrchovými a fyzikálně chemickými vlastnostmi. Nejefektivnějším modifikačním činidlem z pohledu biologické aktivity byla 20% kyselina mravenčí, nejméně efektivním 20% kyselina propionová.

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9

Short, Nicolyn. "Implications of green manure amendments on soil seed bank dynamics". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0022.

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[Truncated abstract] Weeds are a major limitation to agricultural and horticultural production and the main method of control is the use of herbicides. In addition to the resulting chemical pollution of the environment, the wide spread and continues use of herbicides have resulted in many weeds developing resistance to commonly used herbicides. This study investigated the potential of using green manures as a cultural method of control of weed invasion in agricultural fields. To understand the general mechanisms involved in the suppression of seed germination in green manure amended soils, seeds of crop species with little or no dormancy requirements were used in certain studies. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds were sown to a sandy soil amended with green manures of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), Brassica juncea, or oats (Avena sativa) to determine if the amendments affected seed germination and/or decay. It was hypothesised that the addition of plant material would increase the microbial activity of the soil thereby increasing seed decay, under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Initial experiments used lettuce, cress and lupin seeds. Lettuce and cress are commonly used as standard test species for seed viability studies. Subsequent experiments used seeds of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), silver grass (Vulpia bromoides), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) and wild oat (Avena fatua) as these weed species are commonly found throughout agricultural regions in Western Australia. Amending the soil with lupin or Brassica green manure was established as treatments capable of developing environments suppressive to seed germination. Lupin residues as green manure showed the strongest inhibition of seed germination and seed decay. The decay of certain seeds was enhanced with changes to soil microbial activity, dissolved organic carbon and carbon and nitrogen amounts in lupin amended soil. Seeds of weed species were decayed in lupin amended soil, but showed varied degree of decay. Annual ryegrass and silver grass were severely decayed and wild oat and wild radish were less decayed, in lupin amended soil.

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10

Fialho, Jamili Silva. "Indicadores da qualidade do solo em Sistemas AgrÃcolas anuais e perenes na Chapada do Apodi - CE". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2005. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1739.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico
Este trabalho se propÃs a avaliar as alteraÃÃes nas atividades microbiana, quÃmica e fÃsica em solo sob sistemas agrÃcolas anuais e perenes na regiÃo da Chapada do Apodi - CE. Procurou-se testar a hipÃtese de que o uso agrÃcola de Ãreas sob sistemas anuais e perenes causam alteraÃÃes ambientais que influenciam a biomassa e a atividade microbiana do solo, reduzindo-a em relaÃÃo a Ãreas sob vegetaÃÃo natural. Foram selecionadas duas Ãreas com respectivas testemunhas (vegetaÃÃo natural); a primeira sob cultivo de bananeiras (Fazenda Frutacor) e a outra sob cultivo de rotaÃÃo milho e soja (Fazenda Faedo). Coletaram-se amostras compostas de solo em trÃs profundidades (0-5, 5-15 e 15-25 cm) com quatro repetiÃÃes. Nas amostras coletadas foram realizadas anÃlises fÃsicas, quÃmicas e microbiolÃgicas. Fisicamente, observou-se uma elevaÃÃo no teor de argila, com o aumento da profundidade na Ãrea cultivada com banana e na mata natural pivot. Em relaÃÃo aos atributos quÃmicos do solo, os riscos potenciais de salinidade e de saturaÃÃo por sÃdio aparentemente sÃo desprezÃveis. As prÃticas de manejo reduziram o N e o carbono orgÃnico total nos solos das Ãreas sob cultivo. Quanto Ã microbiologia dos solos, o carbono da biomassa microbiana e a populaÃÃo de fungos micorrÃzicos arbusculares foram mais elevados na profundidade de 0-5cm do solo. A respiraÃÃo basal do solo mostrou que os solos das Ãreas avaliadas tÃm baixa atividade microbiana quando comparados a solos do Cerrado. A atividade e produÃÃo da arilsulfatase e da fosfatase Ãcida foram estimuladas possivelmente, pela competiÃÃo dos Ãnions H2PO4 - e SO4 - pelos mesmos sÃtios de adsorÃÃo nos colÃides do solo, nas Ãreas de banana e rotaÃÃo milho e soja. A maior atividade da enzima β-glucosidase ocorreu nas Ãreas cultivadas, influenciada pela quantidade e qualidade do resÃduo vegetal retornado ao solo.
This work had the proposed to evaluate the alterations in the microbial activities, chemistry and physics in soil under annual and perennial agricultural systems in the area of the Chapada do Apodi - CE. It tried to test the hypothesis that the agricultural use of areas under annual and perennial systems causes environmental alterations that they influence the biomass and the microbial activity of the soil, reducing it in relation to areas under natural vegetation. Two areas were selected with respective witness (natural vegetation); the first under cultivation of banana trees (Fazenda Frutacor) and the other under cultivation of rotation corn and soy (Fazenda Faedo). Samples composed of soil were collected in three depths (0-5, 5-15 and 15-25 cm) with four repetitions. In the collected samples physical analyses, chemistries and microbiological were accomplished. Physically, an elevation was observed in the clay text, with the increase of the depth in the area cultivated with banana and in the forest natural pivot. In relation to the chemical attributes of the soil, the potential risks of salinity and of saturation for sodium seemingly are worthless. The handling practices reduced N and the total organic carbon in the soils of the areas under cultivation. With relationship to the microbiology of the soils, the carbon of the microbial biomass and the population of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were more elevated in the depth of 0-5cm of the soil. The basal breathing of the soil identified that the soils of the appraised areas have microbial when compared low activity the soils of the Cerrado. The activity and production of the arylsulphatase and of the acid phosphatase were stimulated possibly, for the competition of the anions H2PO4- and SO4- for the same ranches of adsorption in the coloides of the soil, in the banana areas and rotation corn and soy. The largest activity of the enzyme β-glucosidase happened in the cultivated areas, influenced by the amount and quality of the vegetable residue come back to the soil.

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11

Sellami, Fatima. "Fonctionnement biologique du sol sableux sous plantations d’eucalyptus d’âges différents. Effets du reboisement sur les communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes du sol en milieu tropical (Congo) et méditerranéen (Maroc)". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST0066.

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Les plantations d'Eucalyptus, au Congo (région de Pointe-Noire) comme au Maroc (forêt de la Maâmora), soulèvent des controverses quant à leurs effets sur des sols sableux pauvres en matière organique. Dans un enjeu de développement durable de tels écosystèmes anthropiques, les recherches sur le sujet se sont multipliées. Toutefois, les connaissances relatives au fonctionnement biologique des sols sous ces plantations méritent encore d'être approfondies. Principaux acteurs de ce fonctionnement biologique, les organismes vivant dans ces sols et leurs activités ne sont que trop peu décrites, et nécessitent en ce sens de se trouver au cœur des études sur le sujet. Notre travail de thèse s'inscrit dans ces problématiques. Ainsi, nous évaluons les conséquences du reboisement sur les communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes de ces sols, et également l'activité des enzymes clés liées aux principaux cycles biogéochimiques (C, N et P).Cette recherche présente la particularité de la prise en compte simultanée de deux facteurs peu souvent évoqués, que sont, l'« âge des plantations » et la « profondeur du sol ». Nous avons abordé ces questions par une étude multi-échelle.Ainsi, nous avons étudié les macroinvertébrés quant à leur diversité taxonomique et à leur composition verticale, selon une approche combinée (TSPF + carré anglais). Par la suite, les premières caractérisations de structure et de diversité des communautés microbiennes ont été réalisées. Ceci, par mesure de densité et par déterminations morphotypiques (cultures in vitro) et génétiques (DGGE), au niveau des communautés totales. Par mesure du potentiel métabolique pour ce qui est des communautés fonctionnelles (plaques Biolog). Enfin, l'activité biologique des sols a été évaluée en mesurant l'activité de huit enzymes et l'activité microbienne globale (hydrolyse FDA).Ainsi, par comparaison à la forêt naturelle adjacente, cette étude nous a permis de mettre en évidence que l'introduction d'eucalyptus sur savane (Congo) ou sur chêne-liège dégradé (Maroc), modifie la structure et la diversité des communautés de la macrofaune et des microorganismes du sol ainsi que le profil des activités enzymatiques. Aussi bien en fonction de l'âge des plantations que de la profondeur du sol, ceci est valable. C'est le fonctionnement biologique qui se trouve donc impacté.Les proportions et les conséquences de cet impact restent toutefois particulières à chaque cas. Il faut cependant noter exception pour les activités enzymatiques liées au cycle de l'azote, qui apparaissent influencées de façon comparable dans les deux cas à l'étude. Ces activités diminuent significativement avec l'âge du peuplement, confirmant le statut déficitaire en azote de ce type de plantation
Eucalyptus plantations in Congo (Pointe-Noire region) and in Morocco (Mamora forest) raised certain controversies regarding their effects on the sandy poor soils. In such anthropogenic ecosystems, researches on the subject have multiplied in order to ensure their sustainable management. However, knowledge on the biological functioning of soils in these plantations still needs to be explored. Main actors of this biological functioning are soil organisms and their activities which have been described very little, and need to be more studied. Our thesis encompasses this problematic. Therefore, we evaluated the impact of reforestation on the communities of macrofauna and microorganisms of soil, and the activity of different key enzymes, as well, related to main biogeochemical cycles (C, N and P). This research presents, particularly, a simultaneous consideration of two factors rarely mentioned before: the "age of the plantations" and "soil depth". We addressed these issues by a multi-scale study. We studied macroinvertebrates by their taxonomic diversity and vertically composition by a combined approach (TSPF + English square). Subsequently, the characterization of structure and diversity of microbial communities was done by density measurements, morphotype-specific (in-vitro culture) and the genetic determinations (DGGE) and by measuring the metabolic potential in terms of functional communities (Biolog plates). Finally, soil biological activity was evaluated by determining the activity of eight different enzymes and the total microbial activity (FDA hydrolysis).Therefore, as compared to the adjacent natural forest soils, this study allowed us to demonstrate that the introduction of eucalyptus plantations, in savanna (Congo) or in degraded cork oak ecosystem (Morocco), alters the structure and diversity of macrofauna communities, soil microorganisms and the enzymatic activity profiles. Consequently, the biological functioning of the soils is impacted both in terms of the age of plantations and soil depth. However, the proportions and the consequences of this impact were very specific in each case, with the exception of enzymatic activities related to the nitrogen cycle, which influenced comparatively in both studies. These activities decreased significantly along with the stand age of eucalyptus plantations, confirming the deficient status of nitrogen in such plantations

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Peixoto, Fabiana Gomes Teixeira. "Biomassa microbiana e atividade enzimática em solos do Estado de São Paulo sob vegetação nativa e cultivados /". Jaboticabal : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88281.

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Resumo: A derrubada da vegetação nativa e o uso do solo para atividades agropecuárias podem causar alterações nos atributos do solo que variam de intensidade, em função do tipo de manejo adotado. É importante o acompanhamento na variação dos atributos do solo no sentido de detectar alterações que venham em detrimento do potencial produtivo, as propriedades biológicas são as que primeiro se alteram, sendo de grande validade na detecção de impactos negativos no solo pelo uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar alterações em atributos biológicos, comparando áreas sob vegetação nativa com áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, milho, pastagem e citros. A partir de um ponto georreferenciado, cada área amostrada foi dividida em três sub áreas com 100 m2 (10 x 10 m), sendo coletadas 20 amostras simples em cada uma delas na profundidade 0-0,20 m, que foram misturadas para formar uma amostra composta. As áreas em estudo incluíram onze Latossolos, seis Argissolos, três Neossolos, dois Nitossolos, um Gleissolo, um Organossolo, um Cambissolo e um Chernossolo, solos estes situados em diferentes municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Nas amostras de solo foram avaliados: carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e atividade das enzimas amilase, arilsulfatase, celulase, desidrogenase, fosfatase ácida, protease e o potencial de hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA). As atividades de arilsulfatases e desidrogenases foram as que melhor refletiram alterações antrópicas sofridas pelos solos em estudo. A matéria orgânica e a capacidade de troca catiônica foram às propriedades químicas do solo que melhor se correlacionaram com os atributos biológicos e bioquímicos avaliados.
Abstract: The removal of the natural vegetation and the use of the soil for agricultural purposes may cause deep alterations in the soil properties depending on the management applied. It is important periodic evaluations of soil properties in order to detect alterations that can degrade the soil. Among soil properties, soil biological activities are those that first indicate soil modifications. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil biological attributes, comparing areas under native forests with areas with the same soils and cultivated with sugarcane or maize. From a georeferenced point, each selected area was divided into three plots with 100 m2 (10 x 10 m), and 20 simple samples were collected in the 0-0.20 m depth, which were mixed to form a composed sample. The studied areas included the eleven different Oxisols, Ultisols six, three Neossolos two Alfisols, an Ultisol, a Organosol a Cambisol and a Chernosol, these soils located in different districts all in São Paulo State. The following soil attributes were evaluated in the soil samples: carbon and nitrogen in the soil microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2), the activity of the enzymes amylases, arylsulphatase, cellulose, dehydrogenases, phosphatase acid, proteases and the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The activities of arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase were the ones that best reflected changes undergone by anthropogenic soils in the study. Organic matter associated and cation exchange capacity were the soil properties that best correlated with the biological and biochemical attributes evaluated.
Orientador: Wanderley José de Melo
Coorientador: Gabriel Maurício Peruca de Melo
Banca: José Frederico Centurion
Banca: Marcus Vinícius Vieitas Ramos
Mestre

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Inagaki, Thiago Massao. "CALAGEM E GESSAGEM COMO ESTRATÉGIAS PARA AUMENTO DO SEQUESTRO DE CARBONO EM PLANTIO DIRETO". UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2016. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/2279.

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Although recognized, the effects of lime and gypsum applications over soil organic matter dynamics is still scarcely studied. This research was developed based in the hypothesis the lime and gypsum applications create a favorable environment for biological activity, leading to increase of carbon sequestration and crop productivity. In this way, the objectives of this study were: a) to evaluate the impact of lime and gypsum applications in the soil biological quality, soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks and crop productivity in a long-term no-till system; and b) to evaluate through a laboratory incubation experiment the effects of lime and gypsum in the SOC stocks, Ca and Mg content and soil basal respiration. The field experiment was stablished in 1998 on clay Oxisol (Typic Hapludox), in Ponta Grossa – PR Brazil in a split-plot completely randomized block design. The main plots were comprised in three liming treatments: a) Control, with no lime applications, b) Incorporated lime (IL) at the rate of 4,5 Mg ha-1 and c) Surface-applied lime (SL) at the rate of 4.5 Mg ha-1 divided in three annual applications of 1,5 Mg ha-1 from the experiment establishment. The subplots were comprised by gypsum applied on soil surface at four rates: 0, 3, 6 and 9 Mg ha-1. The soil samples were collected in 2013, fifteen years after the experiment establishment. A laboratory incubation experiment was also carried out to evaluate the effects of both practices. We collected undisturbed samples in 5x5 cm steel rings, which were maintained under 28ºC in 50% of water maximum retention. The experiment design was completely randomized plots with 2x4 factorial design. The treatments assessed were: a) application or not of 4.5 Mg ha-1 of lime; and b) gypsum rates of 0, 3, 6, and 9 Mg ha-1. Over the ring surface, we added corn and soybean residues in order to simulate no-till conditions. In the field experiment, liming provided increase of soil biological activity, SOC stocks, crop productivity, biomass-C input and soil fertility. The C-biomass input and Ca content contributed significantly for increases in SOC stocks. The soil biological activity (measured by enzyme activities) was positively influenced mainly by the labile SOC fractions. Gypsum application positively contributed to increases in SOC labile fractions and arylsulfatase activity. In the incubation experiment, the lime application significantly increased the soil basal respiration, labile SOC stocks and Ca and Mg contents. The gypsum applications significantly increased the labile SOC stocks and Ca content. We observed significant contributions of soil basal respiration and Ca content in the SOC stocks increase. We conclude the lime and gypsum consist in important strategies to promote increases in SOC stocks, governed mainly by the role of Ca as a SOC biding agent and the C-biomass input; and that the use of undisturbed samples were an efficient strategy to assess the effects of lime and gypsum in no-till system.
Apesar de reconhecidos, os efeitos da calagem e gessagem sobre a dinâmica da matéria orgânica ainda são pouco estudados. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido baseando-se na hipótese de que as aplicações de calcário e gesso criam condições favoráveis para o aumento da atividade biológica do solo conduzindo a um incremento do sequestro de carbono e produtividade das culturas. Dessa forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi: a) avaliar o impacto da calagem e gessagem na atividade biológica do solo, estoques de C e produtividade agronômica em uma área de plantio direto de 15 anos; e b) Avaliar através de um estudo de incubação em laboratório utilizando amostras indeformadas de solo simulando condições de plantio direto, os efeitos da adição de calcário e gesso no solo sobre os estoques de C, conteúdo de Ca e Mg e respiração basal do solo. O experimento a campo foi implantado em 1998 em um Latossolo vermelho argiloso em Ponta Grossa – PR. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiros aleatorizados com parcela subdividida. Os tratamentos implementados nas parcelas foram: a) controle, sem calcário; b) calcário aplicado de forma incorporada (C-inc) na dose de 4,5 Mg ha-1; e c) calcário aplicado em superfície (C-sup) na dose de 4,5 Mg ha-1, dividido em três aplicações anuais de 1.5 Mg ha-1 a partir da instalação do experimento. Os tratamentos que compuseram as subparcelas foram quatro doses de gesso: 0, 3, 6 e 9 Mg ha-1. As amostras de solo foram coletadas em 2013, quinze anos após a implantação do experimento. Um experimento realizado em laboratório com amostras incubadas também foi realizado para estudar os efeitos das práticas. Foram coletadas amostras indeformadas em anéis cilíndricos 5 x 5 cm, mantidas a 28ºC a 50% da capacidade máxima de retenção de água. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente aleatorizado com fatorial 2 x 4. Os tratamentos foram: a) aplicação ou não de 4,5 Mg ha-1 de calcário em superfície; e b) aplicações superficiais de gesso nas doses de 0, 3, 6 e 9 Mg ha-1. Na superfície do anel foi adicionado resíduos de palha de milho e de soja em períodos distintos para simular uma condição de plantio direto. No experimento a campo, a calagem proporcionou aumento da atividade biológica do solo, estoques de C, produtividade agronômica, aporte de C via resíduos culturais e fertilidade do solo. O aporte de C via resíduos culturais e o conteúdo de Ca+2 do solo contribuíram positivamente para o aumento dos estoques de C. A atividade biológica (medida através da atividade enzimática) foi positivamente influenciada principalmente pela atuação das frações mais lábeis do C. O gesso contribuiu positivamente para o aumento das frações mais lábeis do C e também para a atividade de arilsufatase. No experimento de incubação, a aplicação de calcário aumentou significativamente a respiração basal do solo, estoques de C e concentrações de Ca e Mg. A gessagem aumentou significativamente as frações mais lábeis do C e o conteúdo de Ca. Foram observadas influências significativas do conteúdo de Ca e da respiração basal no aumento dos estoques de C do solo. Conclui-se que a calagem e a gessagem consistem em importantes estratégias para proporcionar aumento dos estoques de C do solo governado principalmente pela atuação do Ca como ligante da matéria orgânica e pelo aporte de C via resíduos culturais e que a utilização de amostras indeformadas com aporte de resíduos em superfície consiste em uma eficiente estratégia para avaliar o efeito da aplicação de calcário e gesso em plantio direto.

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Peixoto, Fabiana Gomes Teixeira [UNESP]. "Biomassa microbiana e atividade enzimática em solos do Estado de São Paulo sob vegetação nativa e cultivados". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/88281.

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A derrubada da vegetação nativa e o uso do solo para atividades agropecuárias podem causar alterações nos atributos do solo que variam de intensidade, em função do tipo de manejo adotado. É importante o acompanhamento na variação dos atributos do solo no sentido de detectar alterações que venham em detrimento do potencial produtivo, as propriedades biológicas são as que primeiro se alteram, sendo de grande validade na detecção de impactos negativos no solo pelo uso. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar alterações em atributos biológicos, comparando áreas sob vegetação nativa com áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar, milho, pastagem e citros. A partir de um ponto georreferenciado, cada área amostrada foi dividida em três sub áreas com 100 m2 (10 x 10 m), sendo coletadas 20 amostras simples em cada uma delas na profundidade 0-0,20 m, que foram misturadas para formar uma amostra composta. As áreas em estudo incluíram onze Latossolos, seis Argissolos, três Neossolos, dois Nitossolos, um Gleissolo, um Organossolo, um Cambissolo e um Chernossolo, solos estes situados em diferentes municípios do Estado de São Paulo. Nas amostras de solo foram avaliados: carbono e nitrogênio da biomassa microbiana, respiração basal, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e atividade das enzimas amilase, arilsulfatase, celulase, desidrogenase, fosfatase ácida, protease e o potencial de hidrólise do diacetato de fluoresceína (FDA). As atividades de arilsulfatases e desidrogenases foram as que melhor refletiram alterações antrópicas sofridas pelos solos em estudo. A matéria orgânica e a capacidade de troca catiônica foram às propriedades químicas do solo que melhor se correlacionaram com os atributos biológicos e bioquímicos avaliados.
The removal of the natural vegetation and the use of the soil for agricultural purposes may cause deep alterations in the soil properties depending on the management applied. It is important periodic evaluations of soil properties in order to detect alterations that can degrade the soil. Among soil properties, soil biological activities are those that first indicate soil modifications. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in soil biological attributes, comparing areas under native forests with areas with the same soils and cultivated with sugarcane or maize. From a georeferenced point, each selected area was divided into three plots with 100 m2 (10 x 10 m), and 20 simple samples were collected in the 0-0.20 m depth, which were mixed to form a composed sample. The studied areas included the eleven different Oxisols, Ultisols six, three Neossolos two Alfisols, an Ultisol, a Organosol a Cambisol and a Chernosol, these soils located in different districts all in São Paulo State. The following soil attributes were evaluated in the soil samples: carbon and nitrogen in the soil microbial biomass, basal respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2), the activity of the enzymes amylases, arylsulphatase, cellulose, dehydrogenases, phosphatase acid, proteases and the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The activities of arylsulfatase and dehydrogenase were the ones that best reflected changes undergone by anthropogenic soils in the study. Organic matter associated and cation exchange capacity were the soil properties that best correlated with the biological and biochemical attributes evaluated.

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PRAGANA, Rossanna Barbosa. "Caracterização pedológica e diagnóstico da qualidade de solos sob plantio direto na Serra do Quilombo, sudoeste piauiense". Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, 2011. http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5381.

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This research was conducted in the Cerrado of Piauí. This area has been targeted for exploitation without due concern for the preservation of natural resources, where production systems are characterized by intensive use of land. The objective of this research was to deepen knowledge about the Serra do Quilombo pedoenvironment Bom Jesus, PI, and evaluate the effect of notillage on altering the characteristics of soils cultivated with soybean. The research was conducted in two parts. The first part consists of the recognition of the soils of the Sierra. The examination of soils, identification and sampling were carried out by trenching. The samples were analyzed for morphological, physical, chemical and mineralogical composition. The analysis of the context in which the sequence of profiles is inserted, and the attributes of the analyzed soils converge to a single class of soil, the Oxisols, however, are apparently formed from parent materials with different contributions, which can be confirmed by the textural variation along the transect and the behavior of oxides. The second part was to assess changes in soil properties, due to the different times of implantation of the no-tillage system, in relation to native Cerrado. The results were submitted to variance analysis and additional analysis was used as multivariate techniques. The second part of the research consisted of two studies. The first was the effect of no-tillage on morphological attributes Yellow Latosol (Oxisol), by evaluating the color, structure and consistency, and the effect on soil physical properties: particle-size-distribution, clay dispersion, degree of clay flocculation, silt / clay comparison, bulk density and particle, total porosity, macroporosity, microporosity, aggregate stability and soil resistance to penetration. The type of management imposed on the ground, conventional till and subsequent implantation of no-tillage system, contributed to alter the morphological properties of soil such as structure and consistency, applied to horizon A. No-tillage also affected soil physical properties in relation to native Cerrado, especially in the surface layer. The second study assessed the effect of no-tillage on the chemical and biological dynamics of organic matter in the same Oxisols. We evaluated the following attributes: exchangeable cations, sum of bases, CEC, base saturation, pH, organic carbon, aluminum saturation, total nitrogen and phosphorus as chemical attributes. We also evaluated organic soil basal respiration, microbial biomass, metabolic quotient and microbial quotient, and for the dynamics of organic matter we used physical and chemical fractionation. The management of the ground solo with conventional cultivation and subsequent implantation of notillage system also altered the chemical and biological soil compared with native Cerrado. As for the physical fractionation of organic matter, some fractions showed significant effect, deferring the soil of the native Cerrado of cultivated soils under no-tillage system, however for the chemical fractions of organic matter there was no significant effect.
Esta pesquisa foi realizada no Cerrado piauiense. Esta área vem sendo alvo de exploração sem a devida preocupação com a manutenção dos recursos naturais, onde os sistemas de produção têm se caracterizado pelo uso intensivo do solo. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi aprofundar o conhecimento sobre os pedoambientes da Serra do Quilombo em Bom Jesus- PI e avaliar o efeito do plantio direto na alteração das características de solos cultivados com soja. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em duas partes. A primeira parte constou do reconhecimento dos solos da serra. O exame dos solos, a identificação e a coleta de amostras foram realizados mediante abertura de trincheiras. As amostras foram submetidas às análises para caracterização morfológica, física, química e mineralógica. A análise do contexto em que a sequência dos perfis está inserida, e os atributos dos solos analisados convergem para uma única classe de solo, a dos Latossolos, entretanto, são aparentemente formados de materiais de origem com diferentes contribuições, o que pode ser comprovado pela variação textural ao longo do transecto e do comportamento dos óxidos. A segunda parte foi verificar as alterações nos atributos do solo, em decorrência dos diferentes tempos de implantação do sistema plantio direto, em relação ao Cerrado nativo. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e como análise complementar, técnicas multivariadas foram utilizadas. A segunda parte da pesquisa consistiu em dois estudos. O primeiro avaliou o efeito do plantio direto sobre os atributos morfológicos dos Latossolos Amarelos, através da avaliação da cor, da estrutura e da consistência; e o efeito do planto direto sobre os atributos físicos através da distribuição das frações granulométricas, argila dispersa em água, grau de floculação, relação silte/argila, densidade do solo e das partículas, porosidade total, macroporosidade, microporosidade, estabilidade de agregados e resistência do solo à penetração. Os resultados indicaram que o manejo imposto ao solo com cultivo convencional e posterior implantação do sistema plantio direto contribuiu para alterar as propriedades morfológicas do solo como a estrutura e a consistência, que sofreram transformações no horizonte A. O plantio direto também afetou os atributos físicos do solo em relação ao Cerrado nativo, notadamente no horizonte superficial. O segundo estudo avaliou o efeito do plantio direto sobre atributos químicos e biológicos e na dinâmica da matéria orgânica dos mesmos Latossolos Amarelos. Foram avaliados os seguintes atributos: complexo sortivo, soma de bases, CTC, saturação por bases, pH, carbono orgânico, saturação por alumínio, nitrogênio total e fósforo disponível, como atributos químicos. Como atributos biológicos foram avaliados a respiração basal do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, quociente metabólico e quociente microbiano. E para avaliar a dinâmica da matéria orgânica foi feito o fracionamento físico e químico. Os resultados indicaram que o manejo imposto ao solo com cultivo convencional e posterior implantação do sistema plantio direto também contribuiu para alterar as propriedades químicas e biológicas do solo em comparação com o Cerrado nativo. Quanto ao fracionamento físico da matéria orgânica, algumas frações apresentaram efeito significativo diferindo o solo do Cerrado nativo dos solos cultivados com o sistema plantio direto; no entanto, para as frações químicas da matéria orgânica não houve efeito significativo.

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Silva, Danni Maisa da. "Biota do solo em pastagem sob aplicação sucessiva de dejetos de suínos". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3364.

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The successive use of pig slurry as a soil fertilizer on pasture areas is a common practice in southern Brazil. While there are economic benefits of reuse of waste, this practice poses serious environmental risks and can cause changes in the composition and activity of soil organisms. The soil organisms and microbiological soil quality indicators are very sensitive and allow the monitoring of the soil environment conditions. This work aimed to study the effect of the successive application of pig slurry in pasture areas on the composition, biological activity and microbiological soil quality. The study was conducted in Três Passos/RS in two harvest periods (winter and spring), in areas with use of manure 2 years ago (A2), 14 years (A14) and native forest (NF). In all areas we analyzed the composition of soil organisms through the use PROVID and TSBF, biological activity, using litter bags and bait blade test; was also evaluated the microbiological quality of the soil from the determination of carbon content in the microbial biomass, soil microbial respiration, metabolic quotient (qCO2) and activity of enzymes β Glycosidase, urease and Hydrolysis of Fluorescein diacetate (FDA). The successive use of pig slurry in the soil changed the biological characteristics, according to the same application time; influences the composition and diversity of soil fauna by increasing the total number of individuals, primarily springtails; the activity of soil biota is influenced by the collection time of the analysis and depth, and most especially up to 6 inches from the ground; the successive use of pasture in pig slurry does not influence the carbon biomass, microbial respiration and metabolic quotient were allowing the maintenance of the levels of microbiological soil quality in relation to native forest; the soil enzymatic activity was influenced by the use of pig slurry, and the urease and the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA) were sensitive to detect differences in the activity of soil microorganisms with the use of pig slurry while the enzyme β-glucosidase did not allow the differentiation between the studied areas.
O uso sucessivo de dejetos de suínos como fertilizante do solo em áreas de pastagem é uma prática comum na região sul do Brasil. Embora existam benefícios econômicos da reutilização dos dejetos, esta prática apresenta sérios riscos ambientais e pode causar alterações na composição e na atividade dos organismos do solo. Os organismos edáficos e os indicadores microbiológicos de qualidade do solo são bastante sensíveis e permitem o monitoramento das condições do ambiente edáfico. Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o efeito da aplicação sucessiva de dejetos de suínos em áreas de pastagem sobre a composição, atividade biológica e a qualidade microbiológica do solo. O estudo foi realizado em Três Passos/RS, em duas épocas de coleta (inverno e primavera), em áreas com uso de dejetos suínos há 2 anos (A2), há 14 anos (A14) e mata nativa (MN). Em todas as áreas foram analisadas a composição dos organismos do solo através do uso do PROVID e do TSBF, a atividade biológica, com o uso de litter bags e do ensaio lâmina bait e a qualidade microbiológica do solo a partir da determinação do teor de C na biomassa microbiana, respiração microbiana do solo, quociente metabólico (qCO2) e atividade das enzimas β Glicosidase, urease e Hidrólise do Diacetato de Fluoresceína (FDA). O uso sucessivo de dejetos de suínos no solo alterou as características biológicas, de acordo com o tempo de aplicação do mesmo; influencia a composição e a diversidade da fauna edáfica, aumentando o número total de indivíduos, principalmente de colêmbolos; a atividade da biota do solo é influenciada pela época de coleta das análises e pela profundidade, sendo maior especialmente até os 6 cm do solo; o uso sucessivo de dejetos de suínos em pastagem não influencia o carbono da biomassa, a respiração microbiana e o quociente metabólico do solo permitindo a manutenção dos níveis de qualidade microbiológica do solo em relação à mata nativa; a atividade enzimática do solo foi influenciada pelo uso de dejetos de suínos, sendo que a urease e a Hidrólise do Diacetato de Fluoresceína (FDA) foram sensíveis na detecção de diferenças na atividade dos microrganismos dos solos com uso de dejetos de suínos enquanto que a enzima β-Glicosidase não permitiu a diferenciação entre as áreas estudadas.

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Laurent, Fabien. "Impact de l'oxydation chimique et de la refonctionnalisation sur des paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées au HAP". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0033/document.

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Afin de dépolluer et de réhabiliter les sols contaminés par des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), différentes techniques ont été développées durant les dernières décennies, mais leur impact sur les fonctions du sol est rarement pris en compte. L'objectif de ce travail était d'évaluer l'impact des traitements par oxydation chimique sur différents paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques de terres contaminées aux HAP et de proposer des solutions pour restaurer le fonctionnement biologique des terres oxydées. Les différentes expérimentations de laboratoire et de terrain ont montré que l'efficacité des réactions d'oxydation chimique (réaction de Fenton et persulfate activé) sur la teneur en HAP dépendait de la disponibilité de la pollution et des propriétés physico-chimiques des terres. Par ailleurs, des processus d'acidification ont été observés sur des terres non carbonatées, altérant fortement et durablement les paramètres physico-chimiques et biologiques. Cette altération était plus forte après utilisation du persulfate activé, engendrant ainsi des pertes en éléments traces métalliques dans les eaux de percolations. L'apport de matériaux susceptibles d'augmenter le pH a permis la restauration des activités biologiques et la capacité des terres à supporter la végétation lorsque les terres ont fortement été acidifiées. L'association de traitements d'oxydation chimique et de refonctionnalisation pourrait présenter un moyen de réhabilitation efficace. Un indice, dont l'objectif était de représenter l'état du sol en fonction du poids accordé à différents paramètres, a été proposé et a permis d'évaluer les variations induites par les traitements d'oxydation et les procédés de refonctionnalisation
In order to clean up polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soils, various techniques have been developed during the last decades, but their impact on soil functions was rarely considered. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of chemical oxidation treatments on different physico-chemical and biological parameters of PAH contaminated soil and to propose solutions to improve the biological functioning of oxidized soil. Various laboratory and field experiments have shown that the efficiency of chemical oxidation reactions (Fenton reaction and activated persulfate) on PAH concentrations depended on pollutant availability and soil physico-chemical properties. Besides, intense acidification processes have been observed on uncarbonated soil with a strong impact on soil physico-chemical and biological parameters. Moreover, this alteration was higher with activated persulfate treatment, leading to the loss of trace metals in water percolation. In the strongly acidified soil, the input of materials, suitable for pH increase, resulted in the restoration of biological activities and soil capacity to support vegetation. The association of chemical oxidation treatment and restoration techniques could present a good mean for soil rehabilitation. Finally, an index, which aimed to represent soil conditions based on the weight given to different parameters, was proposed and was used to evaluate changes induced by oxidation treatments and restoration techniques

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Jacometti, Marco Alexander Azon. "Enhancing ecosystem services in vineyards to improve the management of Botrytis cinerea". Phd thesis, Lincoln University. Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, 2007. http://theses.lincoln.ac.nz/public/adt-NZLIU20070126.115223/.

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Organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ were assessed for their effects on B. cinerea primary inoculum and disease levels in inflorescences at flowering and/or bunches at harvest. Organic mulches were used to enhance biological degradation of vine debris to reduce levels of B. cinerea primary inoculum the following season. Four mulch types (anaerobically and aerobically fermented marc (grape pressings), inter-row grass clippings and shredded office paper) were applied under ten-year-old Riesling vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design in New Zealand over two consecutive years. Plastic mesh bags, each containing naturally infected vine debris, were placed under vines on bare ground (control) and at the soil-mulch interface, in winter (July) 2003 and 2004. In each year, half the bags were recovered at flowering (December) and the remainder at leaf plucking (February), for assessment of B. cinerea sporulation from the vine debris and debris degradation rate. Bait lamina probes, which measure soil biological activity, were placed in the soil-mulch interface three weeks before each of the two bag-recovery dates in both years and were then removed and assessed at the same times as were the bags. All mulches led to a reduction in B. cinerea sporulation. This reduction was significantly correlated with elevated rates of vine debris decomposition and increased soil biological activity. Over both years, compared with the controls, all treatments gave a 3-20-fold reduction in B. cinerea sporulation, a 1.6-2.6-fold increase in vine debris degradation and in the two marc and the paper treatments, a 1.8-4-fold increase in activity of soil organisms. The mulches also altered vine characteristics and elevated their resistance to B. cinerea through changes to the soil environment. Functional soil biological activity, as measured by Biolog Ecoplates and bait lamina probes, was increased 2-4 times in the two marc and paper treatments, compared with the control, an effect relating to the elevated soil moisture and reduced temperature fluctuations under these mulches. Soil nutrient levels and the C:N ratios were also affected in these treatments. The mulched paper lowered vine canopy density by up to 1.4 times that of the other treatments, an effect which probably led to elevated light penetration into the canopy and consequent increased canopy temperature, photosynthesis and lowered canopy humidity. These changes to soil and vine characteristics increased grape skin strength by up to 10% in the paper treatment and sugar concentrations by 1.2-1.4 °Brix in the two marc and paper treatments. The severity of B. cinerea infections in the anaerobic marc, aerobic marc and paper treatments were reduced to 12%, 3% and 2.2% of the control, respectively, in field assessments averaged over two consecutive harvests. Cover crops mulched in situ had similar effects to those of the organic mulches, increasing soil biological activity and reducing B. cinerea primary inoculum and the severity of B. cinerea infection in grapes at harvest (2006). Inter-row phacelia and ryegrass were mulched in winter 2005 and compared with a bare ground control, under 10-year-old Chardonnay vines in a ten-replicate randomized block design. Functional soil biological activity increased by 1.5-4.5 times in the two cover crop treatments compared with the control, an effect possibly related to elevated soil moisture in these treatments. This increase in soil moisture and soil biological activity increased vine debris degradation, reduced B. cinerea primary inoculum on the debris and decreased B. cinerea severity at flowering (December 2005) and harvest (April 2006). These results show the potential of organic mulches and cover crops mulched in situ to enhance soil ecosystem services and improve the sustainability of viticultural practices.

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Rizvi, Syed. "Amendements calco-magnésiens de bassins versants forestiers acidifiés : effets sur la dynamique de la matière organique et l'activité biologique du sol". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4796.

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L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'évaluer si l'amendement calco-magnésien de deux bassins versants acidifiés du massif vosgien (un sur grès et un sur granite) engendre des changements de la morphologie des humus, de l'abondance et de la diversité de la mésofaune, de la biomasse fongique, du stockage de carbone dans les horizons organiques 5 et 7 ans après l'amendement. Par ailleurs, nous avons effectué une étude dans des conditions contrôlées de laboratoire en utilisant des microcosmes contenant les horizons organiques du sol provenant de bassins versants acidifiés sur grès et sur granite afin d'évaluer les effets à court terme de l'amendement. Les résultats indiquent que les effets de l'amendement sont beaucoup plus marqués sur le substrat le plus acide. À court terme, sur substrat gréseux, nous observons une diminution de l'abondance de la mésofaune puis une augmentation de celle-ci 5 ans après l'amendement avant de ne montrer plus aucun effet 7 ans après l'épandage. L'effet inverse ou aucun effet n'est par contre observé sur substrat granitique. Le contenu en Ca et Mg de l'horizon OL a augmenté avec l'amendement, mais cet effet n'est également significatif que sur grès. La biomasse fongique du sol n'a pas été affectée par le chaulage, mais est significativement plus élevée sur granite que sur grès. Le chaulage a augmenté l'épaisseur de l'horizon OH sur grès alors qu'il a diminué l'épaisseur de l'horizon OL sur granite, probablement en relation avec les modifications de l'activité biologique (mésofaune ou microorganismes). Enfin, sur substrat gréseux, le stock de carbone de l'humus a augmenté du fait d'un épaississement notable de l'horizon OH avec le chaulage
The main objective of this work is to assess the consequences of calco-magnesium liming on two acidified forested catchments in Vosges Mountain (sandstone and granite) on humus morphology, abundance and diversity of mesofauna, fungal biomass and carbon storage in organic horizons 5 and 7 years after liming. Moreover, we performed a study to verify under laboratories conditions by using microcosms filled with soil from acidified catchments lying on sandstone and granite in order to study the short-term effect of calco-magnesium liming. During the two field campaigns, we determined calcium and magnesium contents of OL horizon, pH, humus morphology, mesofauna abundance and diversity, fungal biomass, soil carbon storage of organic layers OL, OF and OH.Results indicated that calco-magnesium liming affects studied parameters in different ways according to elapsed time after liming and the geological substrate (sandstone and granite), the more acidic catchment (sandstone) showing the most remarkable reaction. Results of immediate effects of liming showed a decrease of mesofauna abundance and then gradually increasing tendencies in field campaigns after 5 years while no effect after 7 years after liming. The opposite or no effects were observed on granite substrate. Ca and Mg contents in OL horizon increased by liming but this effect were only significant on sandstone substrate. Soil fungal biomass was not affected by liming but was significantly higher on granite substrate than sandstone. Liming increased the OH horizon thickness on sandstone while decreased the OL horizon on granite, under the influence of biological activity (mesofauna vs microorganisms)

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Owen, Andrew. "Phosphorus redistribution in acid archaeological soils from North Wales". Thesis, Bangor University, 1999. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/phosphorus-redistribution-in-acid-archaeological-soils-from-north-wales(368d2ef4-5334-461b-8795-4e66a616b62f).html.

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21

Grigaliūnienė, Kristina. "Ilgalaikio tręšimo poveikis skirtingos kilmės dirvožemių biologiniam aktyvumui". Doctoral thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2005~D_20060117_170123-78293.

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The effect of organic and mineral fertilizers on biological activity of different genesis soils in long-term crop rotation trials was determined. Biological activity was diverse in the soils of different genesis and it activity correlated with some soil chemical properties. Organic and mineral fertilizers and their combinations more increased biological activity in the soil than only mineral fertilizers. Mineral fertilizers suppressed dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity (180 kg ha-1) with phosphorus and potassium fertilizers. The relationship between the crops grown, their yield and enzyme activity and respiration intensity in the soil was investigated.

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22

Dufrénoy, Pierrick. "Valorisation en synthèse organique d'éco-catalyseurs hétérogènes régénérables à partir de matériaux verts cultivés sur des sols contaminés". Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMLH30/document.

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Les activités des anciennes industries métallurgiques spécialisées dans la production et la transformation de plomb, de zinc ou d’autres métaux ont engendré une pollution métallique importante des sols selon la localisation de ces derniers. Des études actuelles proposent ainsi des solutions de requalification de ces sols via des processus de phytoremédiation afin de valoriser au maximum les plantes cultivées sur ces sols contaminés. Ce projet de thèse a ainsi été réalisé dans le but de valoriser des écocatalyseurs hétérogènes régénérables. Ces derniers sont obtenus à partir des plantes cultivées sur des sols contaminés dans la synthèse organique pour la production de composés à haute valeur ajoutée. Les sols contaminés utilisés dans ce projet proviennent de la région Hauts-de-France (Auby et Noyelles-Godault). Dans cette optique, quatre types de réactions ont été testés pour valider l’efficacité et la recyclabilité des écocatalyseurs : La réaction d’aminolyse, La réaction de Friedel-Crafts, La transformation d’aza-Michael, et enfin La réaction de transestérificationDes écocatalyseurs riches en zinc (EcoZn), obtenus à partir de la biomasse végétale de ray-grass (Lolium perenne L.), ont été caractérisés par des méthodes physico-chimiques puis validités leurs critères d’efficacité et de recyclabilité. Ceux-ci ont ainsi permis de synthétiser plusieurs séries de composés à activité anti-inflammatoires connus (piroxicam, méloxicam, idrocilamide) et de nouveaux, des inhibiteurs de la farnésyltransférase (à visée anticancéreuse ou pour combattre des maladies orphelines telles que la progéria) ou encore de découvrir un nouvel accepteur d’aza-Michael
The activities of the former metallurgy industries specialized in the production and processing of lead, zinc or other metals have resulted in significant metallic pollution of soils depending on their location. Current studies propose solutions for the requalification of these soils through the phytoremediation processes in order to maximize the value of plants grown on these contaminated soils. This PhD thesis project was thus realized with the aim of valorizing regenerative heterogeneous ecocatalysts. The latter were obtained from the plants cultivated on contaminated soils in organic synthesis for the production of high value added molecules. The contaminated soils used in this project came from the Hauts-de-France region (Auby and Noyelles-Godault). In this light, four types of reactions have been tested to validate the efficiency and recyclability of ecocatalysts: The aminolysis reaction The Friedel-Crafts reaction The aza-Michael transformation The transesterification reactionThe zinc-rich ecocatalysts (EcoZn), obtained from the plant biomass of ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), were characterized by physicochemical methods and validated their efficiency and recyclability criteria. The latter were successfully used to reach various series of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity known (piroxicam, meloxicam, idrocilamide) and new, inhibitors of farnesyltransferase (for anticancer purpose or to fight orphan diseases such as progeria) or to discover a new aza-Michael acceptor

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23

Jezile, G., D. Westfall, G. Peterson, DR Child, DP Turner e Averbeke W. Van. "Effects of liming on microbial activity and N mineralization in broiler manure-amended soils from Bizana, Eastern Cape, South Africa". Taylor & Francis, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001059.

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A laboratory incubation study was conducted to determine the effects of liming on microbial activity and N mineralization in two Bizana soils amended with broiler manure. The experimental layout was a 4 x 3 complete factorial experiment with three replicates, arranged in a randomized design. Soil pH, CO2 evolution, and mineral N concentration were measured. After 56 days the soil pH ranged from 4.50 to 5.74 and 4.99 to 5.94, in the Magusheni and Nikwe soils, respectively. The effect of liming on microbial activity and N mineralization differed between the soils. In the Nikwe soil (acid saturation 4.0%), microbial activity and N mineralization increased as the rate of broiler manure application was raised, but liming had no effect. In the Magusheni soil (acid saturation 25%), microbial activity increased as both lime and chicken manure application rates increased, but liming reduced N mineralization, suggesting N immobilization was being driven by an active microbial population in the limed soils. The rates of lime and/or chicken manure application, percentage Ca2+ and soil acid saturation were important factors influencing microbial activity and N mineralization, but the effect of soil pH on N mineralization was not evident in either of the soils.

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Caetano, Ana Luísa Neto. "Derivation of soil screening values for metals in Portuguese natural soil". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13764.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
The increasing human activity has been responsible by profound changes and a constinuos degradation of the soil compartment in all the European territory. Some European policies are appearing focusing soil’s protection and the management of contaminated sites, in order to recover land for other uses. To regulate the risk assessment and the management of contaminated soils, many European member states adopted soil guideline values, as for example soil screnning values (SSV).These values are particularly useful for the the first tier of the Ecological Risk Assessment (ERA) processes of contaminated sites,especially for a first screening of sites requiring a more site-specific evaluation. Hence, the approriate definition of regional SSVs will have relevant economic impacts in the management of contaminated sites. Portugal is one of European Member States that still lack these soil guideline values. In this context, this study gaves a remarkable contribution in the generation of ecotoxicological data for soil microbiological parameters, terrestrial plants and invertebrates for the derivation of SSVs for uranium (U), cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu), using a Portuguese natural soil, representative of a dominant type of soil in the Portuguese territory. SSVs were derived based on two methods proposed by the the Technical Guidance Document for Risk Assessment of the European Commission; namely the assessment factor method (AF) and the species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method (with some adaptations). The outputs of both methods were compared and discussed. Further, this study laid the foundation for a deeper reflection about the cut-off (hazard concentration for a given percentage of species - HCps) to be estimated from the SSDs, and to be selected for the derivation of SSVs, with the adequate level of protection. It was proven that this selection may vary for different contaminants, however a clear justification should be given, in each case. The SSvs proposed in this study were for: U (151.4 mg U kg-1dw), Cd (5.6 mg Cd kg-1dw), and Cu (58.5 mg Cu kg-1dw) These values should now be tested for their descriminating power of soils with different levels of contamination. However, this studies clarifies the approach that should be followed for the derivation of SSVs for other metals and organic contaminants, and for other dominant types of Portuguese natural soils.
O aumento das atividades humanas tem sido responsável por mudanças profundas e por uma degradação contínua do compartimento solo, em todo o território Europeu. Em resposta a este problema, algumas políticas Europeias estão agora a emergir orientadas especificamente para a proteção do solo e para a gestão das áreas contaminadas, a fim de recuperar os solos degradados para outros usos. Para regulamentar a avaliação de risco e a gestão de solos contaminados, muitos Estados-Membros Europeus adoptaram valores de qualidade do solo, como por exemplo os “valores de rastreio ou triagem” (do inglês: soil screening values ou SSVs). Estes valores são particularmente úteis para a primeira etapa dos processos de avaliação de risco ecológico (ARE) de locais contaminados, especialmente para um primeiro rastreio dos locais, destinado a separar aqueles em que os riscos são claramente reduzidos daqueles que exigem uma avaliação mais específica e aprofundada para o local. Assim, a definição de SSVs regionais terá impactos económicos relevantes na gestão dos locais contaminados. Portugal é um dos Estados-Membros Europeus que ainda não definiu SSVs. Neste contexto, este estudo dá uma notável contribuição na geração de dados ecotoxicológicos para parâmetros microbiológicos do solo, plantas terrestres e invertebrados necessários para a obtenção de SSVs para urânio (U), cádmio (Cd) e cobre (Cu), utilizando um solo natural Português, representante de um tipo dominante de solo existente no território nacional. Assim, foram obtidos SSVs para os metais referidos com base em dois métodos propostos pelo Documento de Orientação Técnica para Avaliação de Riscos da Comissão Europeia, nomeadamente o método dos factores de avaliação (do inglês: assessment factors ou AF) e o método probabilístico da distribuição da sensibilidade espécies (do inglês: species sensitivity distributions ou SSDs) (com algumas adaptações). Os resultados dos dois métodos foram comparados e discutidos. Além disso, este estudo lançou as bases para uma reflexão mais profunda sobre o ponto de corte (concentração de risco para uma determinada percentagem de espécies) a ser estimado a partir das distribuições de sensibilidade das espécies (SSDs), e para ser selecionado para a obtenção de SSVs, com o nível adequado de proteção. Neste estudo foi comprovado que esta seleção pode variar para diferentes metais ou outros contaminantes, no entanto, uma justificação clara deve ser dada, em cada caso. Os SSvs propostos neste estudo foram de: U (151,4 mg U kg- 1ms ), Cd (5,6 mg Cd kg- 1ms ) e Cu ( 58,5 mg Cu kg- 1 ms) Estes valores devem agora ser testados quanto à sua capacidade para descriminar solos com diferentes níveis de contaminação. No entanto, este estudo esclarece e sugere a abordagem que deve ser seguida para a derivação de SSVs para outros metais e contaminantes orgânicos, e para outros tipos dominantes de solos naturais portugueses.

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25

El, Alam Imad. "Phytoremédiation d'un sol contaminé de la Bekaa (Liban) : Valorisation de la biomasse par production d'huiles essentielles à activités biologiques". Thesis, Littoral, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018DUNK0486.

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Situé au sein de la plaine de la Bekaa au Liban, le fleuve du Litani est sujet à divers rejets agricoles, industriels, domestiques et urbain. Lors de l'irrigation des parcelles agricoles, les eaux du fleuve contaminent le sol et les cultures présentant ainsi un risque pour la santé de l'Homme et l’environnement. Parmi les méthodes de remédiation émergentes et en adéquation avec le développement durable figure la phytoremédiation assistée par les champignons mycorhiziens arbusculaires (CMA). Cependant, la rentabilité de ce mode de gestion constitue l'un des principaux freins à son développement et la valorisation de produits biosourcés, à hautes valeurs ajoutées, issus de la biomasse végétale produite sur ces sols contaminés permettrait d'abaisser les coûts globaux de gestion et de requalification de ces sols pollués. Parmi les filières de valorisation éco-innovantes, la culture de plantes à parfums aromatiques et médicinales (PPAM) productrices d'huiles essentielles (HE) à activités biologiques peut être suggérée comme une option prometteuse. Ainsi, l'objectif de ce travail de thèse a consisté tout d'abord à caractériser le sol d'une parcelle expérimentale située à Marj-Bekaa et directement irriguée par les eaux du Litani, puis à proposer un mode de gestion basé sur la production d'HE pouvant ainsi répondre aux attentes environnementales, économiques et sociales. Nos résultats montrent que la parcelle expérimentale, située à Marj-Bekaa et directement irriguée par les eaux du Litani, est principalement contaminée par des éléments traces métalliques [Ni (88 mg.Kgˉ ¹), Cr (122 mg.Kgˉ ¹), V (170 mg.Kgˉ ¹) et Mn (551 mg.Kgˉ ¹) et des polluants organiques [les alcanes (2.5 g.Kgˉ ¹ du sol)]. Cette contamination est à l'origine d'une (1) cytotoxicité vis-à-vis des cellules pulmonaires et hépatiques mise en évidence grâce au dosage de deux activités enzymatiques, la lactate déshydorgénase et la déshydorgénase mithochondriale mais aussi d'une (2) écotoxicité révélée par la réduction (i) des taux de germination des graines (blé, trèfle, luzerne, ray-grass et fétuque), (ii) de la biomasse microbienne du sol [bactéries Gram-positive et Gram-négative, champignons mychoriziens à arbuscules (CMA), champignons saprotrophes et ectomycorhiziens], (iii) de l'abondance et de la diversité des spores de CMA et (iv) de la richesse et de la diversité végétales. Cependant, toutes les plantes indigènes étaient mycorhizées. C'est pourquoi, la faisabilité de la phytoremédiation assistée par les CMA du site expérimental de la Bekaa, a été testée à la fois en microcosmes et in situ en utilisant une plante aromatique productrice d'HE, l'origan (Origanum syriacum L.). Nos résultats ont montré que non seulement l'origan possède un potentiel de dissipation des alcanes mais en plus cette plante ne transfère pas ces polluants dans les HE extraites à partir de sa biomasse aérienne. Par ailleurs, il a été constaté que la mycorhization a une influence sur la composition des HE. En outre, notre étude a permis l'évaluation de diverses activités biologiques (antifongiques, antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire) d'une gamme d'HE extraites de différentes espèces végétales dont l'origan et ce en présence et en absence des cyclodextrines (HP-β-CD), oligosaccharides cycliques qui complexent les HE et augmentent leurs biodisponibilités
Located in the Bekaa valley in Lebanon, The Litani River is exposed to agricultural, industrial, domestic and urban wastewaters. Through the irrigation of agricultural soils, the river's water contributes to soil and culture contamination and represents a risk for human health and environment. Amongst the emergent sustainable remediation methods, there is arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) assisted-phytoremediation. However, one of the limitation in using phytoremediation as depollution method is its socio-economic profitability. Among the eco-innovative valorization processes with high profitability, the cultivation of aromatic and medicinal plants producing essential oils (EO) with biological activities has been suggested as a promising option. Thus, this thesis work aims firstly at characterizing the soil of an experimental site located at Marj-Bekaa and directly irrigated by the Litani's water and secondly at proposing a mode of management of the contaminated soil based on the production of EO that can meet environmental, economic and social expectations. Our findings showed that the soil sampled in Marj-Bekaa is mainly contamined by metal trace elements [Ni (88 mg.Kgˉ ¹), Cr (122 mg.Kgˉ ¹), V (170 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and Mn (551 mg.Kgˉ ¹) and alkanes (2.5 g.Kgˉ ¹ of soil). This contamination is causing (i) cytotoxicity against both bronchial and hepatic human cells revealed by the evaluation of two enzyme activities, extracellular lactate dehydrogenase and mitochondrial dehydrogenase, as well as (2) ecotoxicity pointed out by the reduction of (i) seed germination (wheat, clover, alfalfa, ryegrass and tall fescue), (ii) soil microbial biomass [Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (AMF), ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungi], (iii) abundance and diversity of AMF spores as well as (iv) the plant diversity and richness. The AMF-assisted phytoremediation of the Bekaa experimental site was evaluated both in microcosms and in situ experiments using an aromatic plant producing EO, oregano (Origanum syriacum L.). Our results revealed that oregano plant possess an alkane's dissipation potential and no polluant transfer is detected in EO. Moreover, the mycorrhization modified the EO composition. On the over hand, our study evaluated several biological (antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) activities of a range of EO extracted from many plant species including oregano, in the presence and the absence of cyclodextrines (HP-β-CD), cyclic oligosaccharides that encapsulate EO and enhance their bioavailabilities

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Machado, Jéssica Cristine Viera. "RECUPERAÇÃO DE SOLO EM PROCESSO DE ARENIZAÇÃO COM O USO DE ESPÉCIES VEGETAIS EM POMAR DE AMOREIRA-PRETA". Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/4857.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The southwest region of Rio Grande do Sul (RS) state has widespread areas with sandy soils in the process of sandification. In the present study, we report the effect of different intercropping in blackberry plants on the soil recuperation and crop productivity. The experiment was conducted in São Francisco de Assis located in southwest region of the RS. The soil was a typical Psament with 60 g kg-1 clay and 0.5 g kg-1 organic matter in the top 0- 10 cm layer. The crops that were intercropped with blackberry were jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) / oat (Avena strigosa) (JB-O); Brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens) (BRA) and native grass (NG). The soil recuperation was measured by assessing the C and N stocks in the soil and biological indicators such as the enzymatic activity and soil fauna in relation to traditional grazing native grass (GNP). Results showed that intercropping of crops with blackberry improved soil biological conditions in relation to the GNP. Intercropping of JB-O with blackberry resulted in high dry matter production and C and N accumulation in shoots. Similarly, among the crops BRA appeared to be the crop that has potential to increase C and N stocks in the soils. This effect could be explained the rooting system of this grass. The presence of NG under blackberry helped to achieve average fruit yield and could be used as a strategy to establish the cultivation of blackberry in this region. Moreover, blackberry showed adaptation to the ecological conditions of the sandy soils and can be considered as an alternative crop for 1) recovering and reducing the outspread of sandification 2) as a possible source of income for the farmers of this region.
Na região sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul (RS) existem extensas áreas com solos arenosos em processo de arenização. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar o efeito de diferentes culturas intercalares a amoreira-preta sobre a recuperação de solo em processo de arenização e produtividade da cultura na região Sudoeste do RS, no município de São Francisco de Assis. O solo do experimento foi um Neossolo Quartzarênico típico com 60 g kg-1 de argila e 0,5 g kg-1 de matéria orgânica na camada de 0-10 cm. Os tratamentos avaliados nas entrelinhas da amoreira-preta foram os seguintes: feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis)/aveia preta (Avena strigosa) (FP-AP); Brachiaria (Brachiaria decumbens) (BRA); e campo nativo (CN). A recuperação do solo no pomar foi medida através da avaliação da recuperação dos estoques de C e N no solo e de indicadores biológicos como, a atividade enzimática e a fauna do solo em relação ao campo nativo sob pastejo tradicional (CN-T). Os tratamentos FP-AP, BRA e CN nas entrelinhas da amoreira-preta resultaram em melhora das condições biológicas do solo em relação ao CN-T. A combinação de feijão-de-porco e aveia-preta nas entrelinhas da amoreirapreta apresentou maior produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e acúmulo de C e N. A BRA foi a espécie que se destacou quanto a capacidade de promover o aumento do estoque de C e N no solo na entrelinha da amoreira-preta. Efeito esse devido possivelmente ao sistema radicular agressivo desta gramínea. A permanência do CN nas entrelinhas da amoreira-preta, além de permitir a obtenção de média produtividade de frutos, se apresenta como uma alternativa para a redução no custo de implantação e condução do pomar com essa espécie frutífera na região dos solos arenosos do sudoeste do RS. A amoreira-preta apresentou adaptação às condições edafoclimáticas dos solos arenosos do sudoeste do RS, podendo ser considerada como alternativa para a recuperação e redução do avanço das áreas arenizadas e também como uma possibilidade de fonte de renda para o produtor rural desta região do estado.

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Mollard, Claire. "Modèles pour l'étude de l'assimilation du fer par les bactéries et les plantes : sidérophores abiotiques et processus d'échange". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE10295.

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L'acquisition du fer et l'echange de ce metal entre deux siderophores sont des processus biologiques majeurs. Des etudes preliminaires ont montre l'existence de complexes ternaires intermediaires lors de l'echange de ligand. Nous presentons une approche structurale des complexes ternaires par le biais de nouveaux ligands de syntheses. Quatre ligands ont ete prepares, deux comportent des structures mixtes : deux sortes de sous-unites regroupees sur une charpente tripodale. Deux voies de syntheses ont ete envisagees. Dans la premiere, la charpente tripodale etait obtenue par alkylation d'une amine secondaire. La seconde voie selectionnee implique le couplage des sous-unites sur un espaceur tripodal, le tris-(1,2-aminoethylamine) ou tren. Les intermediaires clefs de cette synthese sont des molecule possedant un groupe amine primaire sur l'un des bras de l'espaceur. Les ligands ont ete rendus hydrosolubles par sulfonation controlee du systeme aromatique des sous-unite chelatantes. En absence de cristaux, les etudes des complexes ont ete realisees par spectrometrie de masse electrospray, par spectrophotometrie uv-visible, et par etudes rmn des complexes de gallium iii correspondants. Les etudes physico-chimiques nous ont permis de determiner le comportement de ces modeles de siderophores lors de la complexation du fer (iii) : par les mesures de pka, des courbes de distribution des especes en fonction du ph et des constantes thermodynamiques de complexation. L'activite biologique des ligands a ete evaluee par mesure de leur capacites nutritives sur des cultures cellulaires de plantes. Un de nos complexe c'est avere etre plus efficace que les complexes de l'edta, traditionnellement employes comme source de fer dans les milieux de culture.

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Moncousin, Charles. "Évolution de l'AIA, des composés phénoliques, de l'activité spécifique des péroxydases et de la production d'éthylène, au cours de la rhizogénèse, sur des microboutures de vigne (V. Riparia Michx. X V. Rupestris Scheele)". Nancy 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10216.

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L'étude de la thizogénèse adventive d'un clone de vigne, cultivé in vitro est menée conjointement par histocytologie et par le suivi de l'évolution temporelle de divers marqueurs métaboliques. Les phénomènes sont étudiés sur des boutures monomodales pourvues ou non de feuilles et dans le segment de tige placé au-dessus ou en-dessous du noeud. . .

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29

Poissonnier, Marie. "Étude expérimentale de la mycorhization in vitro de clones d'eucalyptus gunnii et eucalyptus gunnie x eucalyptus dalrympleana : Recherche de facteurs impliqués dans l'obtention de synthèses ectomycorhiziennes de ces clones par pisolithus tinctorius". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10238.

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Introduction des clones d'eucalyptus par culture d'apex. Choix des supports et des milieux de culture susceptibles d'améliorer la mycorhization. Contrôle cytologique ultrastructural des mycorhizes obtenues. Recherche de marqueurs biochimiques de la synthèse ectomycorhizienne. Acclimatation en serre des pousses mycorhizées et étude de leur résistance au carbonate de calcium en vue de transplantations en sol calcaire

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30

Dominy, Carol Susan. "Comparative effects of sugarcane monoculture on soil organic matter status and soil biological activity". Thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/4913.

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The effects of increasing periods under sugarcane monoculture (managed by preharvest burning) on soil organic matter content and related soil properties were investigated in the 0 to 10 cm layer of a sandy coastal Ochric Cambisol (Glenrosa soils) and a red Rhodic Ferralsol (Hutton soil) from the sugar belt of KwaZulu-Natal. The organic C content at both sites under undisturbed vegetation is about 48 g C kg-I. This declined exponentially with increasing years under sugarcane. For the Glenrosa site, organic C reached a new equilibrium level of about 20 g kg-I while at the Hutton soil the equivalent value was 41 g kg-I. The higher organic matter content maintained at the Hutton site was attributed mainly to clay protection of organic matter since the clay content of the Hutton soil was 61 % compared to the 18 % for the Glenrosa soil. The loss of soil organic matter under sugarcane resulted in a concomitant decline in soil microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, basal respiration, aggregate stability, arylsulphatase and acid phosphatase activity. The activities of arylsulphatase and acid phosphatase like those for concentrations of microbial biomass and organic C, were higher for the Hutton than Glenrosa soils. At the Glenrosa site, the natural OBC abundance in soils was used to calculate the loss offorest-derived, native soil C and the concomitant input of sugarcane-derived C. Sugarcane-derived C increased over time until it accounted for about 61 % of organic C in the surface 10 cm in soils that had been under sugarcane for greater than 50 years. The effects of agricultural land use (including burnt sugarcane) on organic matter content and related soil properties were compared with those under undisturbed native grassland in KwaZulu-Natal. Two separate farms situated on Oxisols were used and both contained fields with continuous long-term (>20 years) cropping histories. At site 1, soil organic C content in the surface 10 cm followed the order permanent kikuyu pasture> annual ryegrass pasture> native grassland> preharvest burnt sugarcane > maize under conventional tillage (CT). At site 2, organic C in the surface 20 cm decreased in the general order kikuyu pasture> native grassland > annual ryegrass pasture> maize under zero tillage (ZT) ~ maize (CT). Organic C, microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, basal respiration and aggregate stability were substantially greater in the surface 5 cm under maize ZT than maize CT. In the undisturbed sites (eg native grassland and kikuyu pasture) the metabolic quotient increased with depth. By contrast under maize CT and sugarcane there was no significant stratification of organic C, yet there was a sharp decrease in metabolic quotient with depth. Aggregate stability was high under both native grassland and kikuyu pasture and it remained high to 40 cm depth under the deep-rooted kikuyu pasture. Although soil organic C was similar under maize CT and sugarcane, values for microbial biomass C, microbial quotient, basal respiration and aggregate stability were lower, and those for metabolic quotient and bulk density were higher, under sugarcane. This was attributed to the fallow nature of the soil in the interrows of sugarcane fields. It was concluded that the loss of soil organic matter, microbial activity and aggregate stability is potentially problematic under maize CT and sugarcane and measures to improve organic matter status should be considered. For sugarcane, this could include green cane harvesting and the use of green manure crops in rotation.
Thesis (M.Sc.)- University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

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31

Hwang, Jiann Lang, e 黃建郎. "The effect of fire on biological nitrogen fixation activity of Kuandashi forest soil". Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86330561629525204690.

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32

Hellwig, Niels. "Spatial patterns of humus forms, soil organisms and soil biological activity at high mountain forest sites in the Italian Alps". Doctoral thesis, 2018. https://repositorium.ub.uni-osnabrueck.de/handle/urn:nbn:de:gbv:700-20181024676.

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The objective of the thesis is the model-based analysis of spatial patterns of decomposition properties on the forested slopes of the montane level (ca. 1200-2200 m a.s.l.) in a study area in the Italian Alps (Val di Sole / Val di Rabbi, Autonomous Province of Trento). The analysis includes humus forms and enchytraeid assemblages as well as pH values, activities of extracellular enzymes and C/N ratios of the topsoil. The first aim is to develop, test and apply data-based techniques for spatial modelling of soil ecological parameters. This methodological approach is based on the concept of digital soil mapping. The second aim is to reveal the relationships between humus forms, soil organisms and soil microbiological parameters in the study area. The third aim is to analyze if the spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition differ between the landscape scale and the slope scale. At the landscape scale, sample data from six sites are used, covering three elevation levels at both north- and south-facing slopes. A knowledge-based approach that combines a decision tree analysis with the construction of fuzzy membership functions is introduced for spatial modelling. According to the sampling design, elevation and slope exposure are the explanatory variables. The investigations at the slope scale refer to one north-facing and one south-facing slope, with 30 sites occurring on each slope. These sites have been derived using conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling, and thus reasonably represent the environmental conditions within the study area. Predictive maps have been produced in a purely data-based approach with random forests. At both scales, the models indicate a high variability of spatial decomposition patterns depending on the elevation and the slope exposure. In general, sites at high elevation on north-facing slopes almost exclusively exhibit the humus forms Moder and Mor. Sites on south-facing slopes and at low elevation exhibit also Mull and Amphimull. The predictions of those enchytraeid species characterized as Mull and Moder indicators match the occurrence of the corresponding humus forms well. Furthermore, referencing the mineral topsoil, the predictive models show increasing pH values, an increasing leucine-aminopeptidase activity, an increasing ratio alkaline/acid phosphomonoesterase activity and a decreasing C/N ratio from north-facing to south-facing slopes and from high to low elevation. The predicted spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition are basically similar at both scales. However, the patterns are predicted in more detail at the slope scale because of a larger data basis and a higher spatial precision of the environmental covariates. These factors enable the observation of additional correlations between the spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition and environmental influences, for example slope angle and curvature. Both the corresponding results and broad model evaluations have shown that the applied methods are generally suitable for modelling spatial patterns of indicators of decomposition in a heterogeneous high mountain environment. The overall results suggest that the humus form can be used as indicator of organic matter decomposition processes in the investigated high mountain area.

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33

Carvalho, Bruno Miguel Castro. "In vitro screening of the anticancer activity of marine and soil-derived fungi extracts and compounds used alone and combined with doxorubicin:evaluation of the anticancer properties of fungi extracts and compounds alone and in combination with doxorubicin in lung cancer cells". Dissertação, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/77835.

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34

Carvalho, Bruno Miguel Castro. "In vitro screening of the anticancer activity of marine and soil-derived fungi extracts and compounds used alone and combined with doxorubicin:evaluation of the anticancer properties of fungi extracts and compounds alone and in combination with doxorubicin in lung cancer cells". Master's thesis, 2014. https://repositorio-aberto.up.pt/handle/10216/77835.

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35

[Verfasser], Le-Thi-Thu-Huong. "Activity of fungal and bacterial endophytes for the biological control of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice under oxic and anoxic soil conditions / von Le Thi Thu Huong". 2010. http://d-nb.info/1005308233/34.

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36

Pfeiffer, Birgit. "Impact of plant species, N fertilization and ecosystem engineers on the structure and function of soil microbial communities". Doctoral thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5E3E-7.

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Mikrobielle Gemeinschaften werden direkt und indirekt von einem komplexen System verschiedenster Interaktionen zwischen biotischen und abiotischen Faktoren beeinflusst. So zum Beispiel von verschiedenen Pflanzenarten und ihren jeweiligen Eigenschaften, dem Nährstoffgehalt des Bodens, sowie dem pH-Wert. Im Gegenzug gestalten Mikroorganismen als wichtige Treiber der C- und N-Kreisläufe ihre Umwelt. Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden mehrere Studien unter kontrollierten Feld- und Laborbedingungen, sowie unter natürlichen Bedingungen im Freiland durchgeführt, um verschiedene Einflussfaktoren zu bestimmen und den Grad ihres Einflusses zu ermitteln. Die Zusammensetzung der prokaryotischen Gemeinschaften in den verschiedenen Bodenproben wurden mit Hilfe phylogenetischer Marker, der 16S-rRNA Gene und der 16S-rRNA, analysiert. Die erhaltenen Amplikon-basierten Daten wurden dann prozessiert und die Indices für Artenvielfalt und Artenreichtum berechnet. Zusätzlich wurden Betadiversitätsanalysen durchgeführt, um Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der bakteriellen Gemeinschaft zwischen den verschiedenen Behandlungen sichtbar zu machen. Des Weiteren wurden die erhaltenen DGGE Profile für Clusteranalysen verwendet, um Ähnlichkeiten oder Unterschiede in der Struktur der Bakteriengemeinschaft zwischen den verschiedenen Behandlungen aufzuzeigen. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt einen Einblick über den Einfluss der Baumarten, Baumartendiversität, des Laubes und des Probennahmezeitpunktes auf die Zusammensetzung und Diversität von Bakteriengemeinschaften in Böden. Die erhaltenen Daten zeigten, dass die Laubschicht der Haupteinflussfaktor auf die Zusammensetzung der bakteriellen Gemeinschaft in der Rhizosphäre von jungen Buchen und Eschen ist. Des Weiteren zeigte sich, das verschiedene Baumarten, deren Diversität, sowie saisonale Unterschiede nur einen geringen Einfluss auf die Struktur der bakteriellen Gemeinschaft haben. Zusätzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass die mikrobielle Gemeinschaftsstruktur nicht signifikant von Buchen- und Eschensetzlingen beeinflusst wird, vermutlich aufgrund des frühen Entwicklungsstadiums der verwendeten Baumsetzlinge. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Buchensetzlinge das Wachstum von Bakterien inhibierten, während das Pilzwachstum gefördert wurde. Dies wurde vermutlich hervorgerufen durch eine Verschiebung des pH-Wertes im Boden verursacht durch buchenspezifische Wurzelausscheidungen. Morphologisch unterschiedliche Baumarten beeinflussen die Struktur und Diversität mikrobieller Gemeinschaften auf verschiedenen Wegen. Die Analyse der Bakterien- und Pilzgemeinschaften in natürlichen Waldböden unter erwachsenen Buchen und Fichten zeigte einen signifikanten Einfluss der untersuchten Baumarten auf deren Zusammensetzung. Es konnte ein Einfluss des pH-Werts auf die Bakterien- und Pilzvielfalt unter den analysierten Fichtenbeständen gezeigt werden. Des Weiteren wurden die Auswirkungen hoher NO3- Depositionen auf die CH4 und N2O Gasflüsse und die aktiven Bakterien- und Archeengemeinschaften in gemäßigten Laubwaldböden mit Hilfe von Mesokosmen untersucht. Es konnte ein starker Effekt der NO3- Düngung auf die CH4 Aufnahmeraten und N2O Emissionen des gedüngten Laubwaldbodens gezeigt werden. Die N-Düngung hemmte die CH4 Aufnahme des Bodens, während die N2O Emission stieg. Die Bakteriengemeinschaft in den gedüngten Mikrokosmen verschob sich im Verlauf des Versuches in Richtung einer denitrifizierenden Gemeinschaft, dominiert durch die Gattung Rhodanobacter. Darüber hinaus konnte eine Reduzierung der bakteriellen Vielfalt und der CO2 Emission innerhalb der N-gedüngten Mikrokosmen gezeigt werden. Des Weiteren sanken die CO2 Emissionsraten in beiden Behandlungen im Verlauf des Experiments. Dies deutet auf eine reduzierte Aktivität der vorhandenen Bodenmikroorganismen hin, möglicherweise hervorgerufen durch eine C Limitierung des verwendeten Waldbodens. Obwohl eine Verschiebung in der relativen Häufigkeit der auftretenden nitrifizierenden Archeen der Gattung Nitrosotalea nachgewiesen wurde, konnte eine signifikante Veränderung in der Zusammensetzung der gesamten Archeengemeinschaft nicht beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten jedoch einen erheblichen Beitrag methylotropher, methanotropher und nitrifizierender Bakterien, welche in geringer Zahl auftraten, in Bezug auf die gemessene CH4 Aufnahme. Des Weiteren wurden die Auswirkungen der Anwesenheit von Ameisen und ihrer Aktivitäten auf die Aktivität und Vielfalt der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften im Boden und Ameisennest untersucht. Ameisen transportierten den von Läusen gewonnenen Honigtau in den Boden und verursachten damit eine Abnahme der mikrobiellen Biomasse in der Streuschicht, während die δ15N-Signatur, die basale Atmung und die mikrobielle Biomasse im Boden erhöht wurden. Im Gegensatz dazu konnten mittels Cluster-Analyse der erstellten DGGE Profile keine deutlichen Unterschiede der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaftsstruktur in den untersuchten Mikrokosmen gezeigt werden. Im Gegensatz dazu beeinflusste die Nestbauaktivität und der Eintrag von organischen Substanzen in den Boden durch die Ameisen jedoch die Struktur der Bakteriengemeinschaften im Freiland. Die Cluster-Analyse der erhaltenen DGGE Profile zeigte Unterschiede in der Zusammensetzung der bakteriellen Gemeinschaft in Abhängigkeit vom Probenentnahmeort und der Ameisenaktivität. Außerdem konnte gezeigt werden, dass sich die Struktur der Bakteriengemeinschaft in den Ameisennestern von der im Umgebungsboden unterschied. Ein sekundäres Projekt dieser Arbeit war die Erfassung und der Vergleich der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaften in biologischen Bodenkrusten zweier unterschiedlicher Standorte in extrazonalen, trockenen Bergsteppen der nördlichen Mongolei. Die Studie zeigte deutliche Unterschiede in der mikrobiellen Gemeinschaftsstruktur der beiden Standorte, welche sich im Grad der Störung unterschieden.

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Baková, Izabela. "Izolace alkaloidů druhu Magnolia soulangeana Soul.-Bod. a studium jejich biologické aktivity". Master's thesis, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-361795.

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Baková I.: Isolation of alkaloids of the species Magnolia soulangeana Soul.-Bod. and study of their biological activity. Diploma thesis, Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Hradec Králové, 2017. Key words: Magnolia solulangeana, secondary metabolites, alkaloids, biological activity. Secondary metabolites of plants are responsible for various biological activities. Alkaloids were described as a potentially suitable for Alzheimer's disease therapy (AD) through their inhibition activities against cholinesterases. Nowadays, these substances are important medicine for AD, therefore a screening of herbal drugs is still a current topic. An alkaloid extract of Magnolia × soulangeana flowers was tested in a preliminary testing on anticholinesterase activity. Because of the promising results, it was chosen for an isolation and identification possible effective alkaloids. The extract was separated by a column chromatography using aluminium oxide and a step gradient elution. Alkaloids were isolated by a repeated preparative thin-layer chromatography. Individual alkaloids were identified by a structural analysis (NMR, MS) and then their optical activity was measured. Substances were tested for an inhibition activity against human...

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Hope, Sharon Margaret. "Biologic activity in two western Oregon Douglas-fir stands : a research link to management /". 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10877.

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