Bibliografie tematiche / Soil adsorption

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Soil adsorption"

Autore: Grafiati
Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021
Ultima modifica: 6 settembre 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Soil adsorption"

1

Mokwenye, Ifesinachi I., Paul N. Diagboya, Bamidele I. Oluowolabi, Ikenna O. Anigbogu e Hilary I. Owamah. "Immobilization of toxic metal cations on goethite-amended soils: a remediation strategy". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 20, n. 2 (25 luglio 2016): 436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v20i2.26.

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Abstract (sommario):
The study investigates a simple and viable option to reduce toxic metals mobility and availability in four surface (0–30cm) soils with varying physicochemical properties amended by different percentages of goethite. Batch sorption experiments carried out to study the effectiveness of immobilizing Pb2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions on these soils showed that goethite played vital role in the metals adsorption (≥10% increase in adsorption). Removal of soil iron oxides caused reduced Pb2+ adsorption on soils with high organic matter (≤ 10% decrease in adsorption) with no significant increase in adsorption upon amendment, while soils having low organic matter had enhanced adsorption with amendment. Cu2+ and Cd2+ adsorptions were not enhanced even at 10% goethite amendment. However, Zn2+ adsorption was interestingly different: the soils showed ≥55 % increases upon removal of inherent soil iron oxides without goethite amendment. Goethite amendments further enhanced Zn2+ adsorption on these soils. Generally, both whole and amended soils showed higher preference for Pb2+; the sorption trend is – Pb2+ >Cu2+ >Zn2+ >Cd2+. Goethite amendment of these soils improved Pb2+ and Zn2+ adsorption. Hence, goethite amendment may be an effective method for immobilizing Pb2+ and Zn2+ on these soils and thus reducing their availability to biota. The quantity of goethite required by a soil to attain maximum immobilization varies depending on the metal and the soil’s physicochemical properties; however, Cu2+ and Cd2+ may not be effectively immobilized using goethite amendment.Keywords: Soil; Goethite; Toxic metals; Adsorption, Remediation
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2

Wang, Shiyu, Junnan Zhang, Fada Zhou, Cunzhen Liang, Liao He, Wentao Jiao e Wenyong Wu. "Adsorption of EDCs on Reclaimed Water-Irrigated Soils: A Comparative Analysis of a Branched Nonylphenol, Nonylphenol and Bisphenol A". Water 13, n. 18 (15 settembre 2021): 2532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182532.

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Nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA) are two typical endocrine disrupter chemicals (EDCs) in reclaimed water. In this study, the adsorptions of NP, a branched NP (NP7) and BPA on reclaimed water-irrigated soils were studied by isothermal experiments, and the different environmental factors on their adsorptions were investigated. The results showed that the adsorptions of NP and NP7 on soils conformed to the Linear model, and the adsorption of BPA conformed to the Freundlich model. The adsorptions of NP, NP7 and BPA on soils decreased with increasing temperatures and pHs. Adsorption equilibrium constant (Kd or Kf) were maximum at pH = 3, temperature 25 °C and As(III)-soil, respectively. The adsorption capacity of NP, NP7 and BPA to soils under different cation valence were as follows: neutrally > divalent cations > mono-cations. Kd of NP7 on soil was less than that of NP under different pH and temperatures, while under different cation concentrations it was the inverse. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) analysis showed alkyl chains of NP and BPA seemed to form van der Waals interactions with the cavity of soil. Results of this study will provide further comprehensive fundamental data for human health risk assessment of NP and BPA in soil.
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Bao, Yanyu, Qixing Zhou e Yingying Wang. "Adsorption characteristics of tetracycline by two soils: assessing role of soil organic matter". Soil Research 47, n. 3 (2009): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr08112.

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The adsorption characteristics of tetracycline by 2 soils including a clay-rich soil (cinnamon soil) and an iron oxide-rich soil (red soil) were investigated as a function of soil organic matter (SOM). SOM is the main adsorbent for tetracycline in the soil environment. The results indicated that the adsorption kinetics of tetracycline by the different soils with or without organic matter was described by the Elovich equation and the exponent equation. The adsorption of tetracycline on red soil was quite rapid and equilibrium could be reached after 5 h. In contrast, the concentration of tetracycline in cinnamon soil reached equilibrium after 11 h. The difference in equilibrium time in cinnamon soil and red soil was caused by their dominant components for adsorption, including clays, organic matter, and Al/Fe hydrous oxides. It took longer for the penetration of tetracycline into the interlayers between clays and organic matter in cinnamon soil, but tetracycline needed less time for adsorption through surface complexation on oxide surfaces of red soil. Removing SOM from soil markedly shortened the equilibrium time (7 h) of adsorption and reduced the equilibrium concentration (Cs) in cinnamon soil, but not in red soil, because of different dominant components for adsorption in the 2 natural soils. In natural and SOM-free soils, >98% of tetracycline in solution could be sorbed. The adsorption of tetracycline on natural and SOM-free soils was well described by Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Batch adsorption experiments showed that the adsorption of tetracycline on natural red soil was stronger than that on natural cinnamon soil. Adsorption capacity (KF) decreased with an increase in SOM removed from soil, which is attributed to the effect of tetracycline sorbed by SOM in different soils. However, SOM affected the adsorption intensity (n) of different soils diversely; there was a decrease for red soil and an increase for cinnamon soil. In particular, red soil with high Al/Fe hydrous oxides had higher adsorption affinities than cinnamon soil.
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Mejías, Carmen, Juan Luis Santos, Julia Martín, Irene Aparicio e Esteban Alonso. "Thermodynamic and Kinetic Investigation of the Adsorption and Desorption of Trimethoprim and Its Main Metabolites in Mediterranean Crop Soils". Molecules 28, n. 1 (3 gennaio 2023): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28010437.

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Abstract (sommario):
The adsorption–desorption processes of organic pollutants into the soil are one of the main factors influencing their potential environmental risks and distribution in the environment. In the present work, the adsorption–desorption behavior of an antibiotic, trimethoprim (TMP), and two of its main metabolites, 3-desmethyltrimethoprim (DM-TMP) and 4-hydroxytrimethoprim (OH-TMP), were assessed in three Mediterranean agricultural soils with different physicochemical characteristics. Results showed that the adsorption kinetic is performed in two steps: external sorption and intraparticle diffusion. The adsorptions of the studied compounds in soils were similar and fitted to the three models but were better fitted to a linear model. In the case of DM-TMP and OH-TMP, their adsorptions were positively correlated with the soil organic matter. In addition, desorption was higher in less organic matter soil (from 1.3 to 30.9%). Furthermore, the desorptions measured for the TMP metabolites were lower than those measured in the case of TMP (from 2.0 and 4.0% for OH-TMP and DM-TMP, respectively, to 9.0% for TMP).
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Jaffri, Shaan Bibi, Khuram Shahzad Ahmad, Mehtabidah Ali e Shahid Iqbal. "Sorptive Interactions of Fungicidal 2-(4'-Thiazolyl) Benzimidazole with Soils of Divergent Physicochemical Composition". International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, n. 2 (4 settembre 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ijeeg.vol10.iss2.2019.268.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thiabendazole, 2-(4'-thiazolyl) Benzimidazole fungicide is rampantly used in Pakistan for controlling fungalgrowth in addition to combating various fungus driven diseases. Thiabendazole leaching and mobility patterns can beeasily predicted through investigation of Thiabendazole adsorption and desorption behavior in soils. Present work iscarried out by conducting a batch equilibration experiment for evaluation of Thiabendazole adsorption and desorption insoils from four diverse Pakistani climatological regions. Data revealed Thiabendazole had moderate to weak adsorption inselected soils with distribution co-efficient Kd(ads) ranging from 13.33 to 24.04 µg/ml in selected soils. The TBZ adsorptionin soils best fitted with Freundlich model (R2>0.87). The Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf(ads)) values ranged from4.51 to 8.90 µg/ml. Thiabendazole adsorption trends in the selected soils were positively influenced by the clay contentand soil organic matter while it was negatively influenced by soils’ pH. The Freundlich desorption coefficient (Kf(des))values spanned over a range of 1.03 to 6.43 µg/ml indicating decreased desorption from soils with creditable affinities forThiabendazole adsorption. The adsorptive interactions between Thiabendazole and selected soils were primarily physicalconfirmed through lower values of Gibbs free energy ∆G ≤ - 40kJ/mol. Thiabendazole desorption was highly hysterical inall soils with profound irreversibility. Thiabendazole possessed medium mobility patterns in selected soils. The loweradsorptive capability of Thiabendazole in selected soils points towards its lower application rates for combating long termenvironmentally perilous implications.
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Jaffri, Shaan Bibi, Khuram Shahzad Ahmad, Mehtabidah Ali e Shahid Iqbal. "Sorptive Interactions of Fungicidal 2-(4'-Thiazolyl) Benzimidazole with Soils of Divergent Physicochemical Composition". International Journal of Economic and Environmental Geology 10, n. 2 (4 settembre 2019): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.46660/ojs.v10i2.268.

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Abstract (sommario):
Thiabendazole, 2-(4'-thiazolyl) Benzimidazole fungicide is rampantly used in Pakistan for controlling fungalgrowth in addition to combating various fungus driven diseases. Thiabendazole leaching and mobility patterns can beeasily predicted through investigation of Thiabendazole adsorption and desorption behavior in soils. Present work iscarried out by conducting a batch equilibration experiment for evaluation of Thiabendazole adsorption and desorption insoils from four diverse Pakistani climatological regions. Data revealed Thiabendazole had moderate to weak adsorption inselected soils with distribution co-efficient Kd(ads) ranging from 13.33 to 24.04 µg/ml in selected soils. The TBZ adsorptionin soils best fitted with Freundlich model (R2>0.87). The Freundlich adsorption coefficient (Kf(ads)) values ranged from4.51 to 8.90 µg/ml. Thiabendazole adsorption trends in the selected soils were positively influenced by the clay contentand soil organic matter while it was negatively influenced by soils’ pH. The Freundlich desorption coefficient (Kf(des))values spanned over a range of 1.03 to 6.43 µg/ml indicating decreased desorption from soils with creditable affinities forThiabendazole adsorption. The adsorptive interactions between Thiabendazole and selected soils were primarily physicalconfirmed through lower values of Gibbs free energy ∆G ≤ - 40kJ/mol. Thiabendazole desorption was highly hysterical inall soils with profound irreversibility. Thiabendazole possessed medium mobility patterns in selected soils. The loweradsorptive capability of Thiabendazole in selected soils points towards its lower application rates for combating long termenvironmentally perilous implications.
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Fouad, Mohamed Riad. "Physical characteristics and Freundlich model of adsorption and desorption isotherm for fipronil in six types of Egyptian soil". Current Chemistry Letters 12, n. 1 (2023): 207–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ccl.2022.8.003.

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Abstract (sommario):
The soil type and temperature are considered important parameters that can influence the rates and equilibria of different environmental processes. Therefore, the adsorption and desorption isotherms of fipronil in clay loam, clay, sandy loam, sandy clay loam, sand and loamy sand soils at 25 and 50˚C was studied. The amount of fipronil adsorbed and desorbed by different soils was significantly influenced by the temperature. Adsorption was higher in clay loam, clay, sandy clay loam and sandy soil at 25°C, while sand soil and loamy sand soil at 50°C. The non-desorbed amount was greater at 25°C in different types of soil except for clay loam soil. The negative ΔG˚ indicated that the adsorption/desorption in different types of soil was spontaneous at different temperatures. The value of standard enthalpy change (ΔH˚) was positive in clay soil, sandy loam soil, sandy clay loam soil and loamy sand soil for adsorption and sandy loam soil, sand soil and loamy sand soil for desorption. Moreover, the standard entropy change (ΔS˚) was negative in soils for adsorption and desorption isotherms except clay loam soil. Adsorption and desorption isotherms trends as well as the values of the correlation coefficients indicated that the adsorption and desorption isotherms of fipronil in tested soils were fitted to the Freundlich model because the correlation coefficient is very close to 0.999.
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Jing, Sun, Ma Xiu Lan, Wang Wen, Zhang Jing, Zhang Hao e Wang Yu Jun. "Adsorption characteristics of atrazine on different soils in the presence of Cd(II)". Adsorption Science & Technology 38, n. 7-8 (5 giugno 2020): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263617420928845.

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In this study, the effects of temperature, pH, and biochar under cadmium stress on the adsorption characteristics of atrazine in soils in northeast China were studied by batch adsorption method. In the atrazine–Cd(II) coexistence system, the adsorption of atrazine by the soils reached equilibrium within 24 h, but there were some differences in sorption capacities of the three types of soil and the order of adsorption is albic soil > black soil > saline-alkaline soil. With the concentration of atrazine increased, the adsorption capacity of atrazine in the three types of soil gradually increased, the upward trend became more obvious with the ambient temperature of the solution decreased. The adsorption kinetics curves of atrazine in the three types of soil conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm follows the Langmuir model. When atrazine and Cd(II) coexist in soils, the decrease in atrazine adsorption in the soil may be due to the competitive interaction between the two chemicals. Cd(II) occupies part of the adsorption site of atrazine, thus saturating the active site in soils. Since atrazine is a weakly alkaline pesticide, the lower the pH of the soil, the higher the affinity of atrazine for the soil. After adding biochar to the soil, the functional groups in biochar can form π bond with atrazine, which promotes the fixation of atrazine in the soil. The results show that the prevention of atrazine and cadmium leaching can be achieved by appropriately adjusting the pH, temperature, clay content, and organic matter of the soils.
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Petruzzelli, Gianniantonio, e Francesca Pedron. "Adsorption, Desorption and Bioavailability of Tungstate in Mediterranean Soils". Soil Systems 4, n. 3 (22 agosto 2020): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030053.

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Abstract (sommario):
The adsorption and desorption process of the tungstate ion was studied in three soils characteristic of the Mediterranean area, with particularly reference to bioavailability pathways. In the three soils examined, the tungstate adsorption was described by a Langmuir-type equation, while the desorption process showed that not all the adsorbed tungstate was released, probably due to the formation of different bonds with the adsorbing soil surfaces. The pH was found to be the main soil property that regulates the adsorption/desorption: The maximum adsorption occurred in the soil with the acidic pH, and the maximum desorption in the most basic soil. In addition, the organic matter content played a fundamental role in the adsorption of tungstate by soils, being positively correlated with the maximum of adsorption. These results indicate that the lowest bioavailability should be expected in the acidic soil characterized by the highest adsorption capacity. This is confirmed by the trend of the maximum buffer capacity (MBC) of soils which is inversely related to bioavailability, and was the highest in the acidic soil and the lowest in the most basic soil. Our data could contribute in drafting environmental regulations for tungsten that are currently lacking for Mediterranean soils.
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Xu, Ziwen, Shiquan Lv, Shuxiang Hu, Liang Chao, Fangxu Rong, Xin Wang, Mengyang Dong, Kai Liu, Mingyue Li e Aiju Liu. "Effect of Soil Solution Properties and Cu2+ Co-Existence on the Adsorption of Sulfadiazine onto Paddy Soil". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 24 (19 dicembre 2021): 13383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413383.

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Abstract (sommario):
Paddy soils are globally distributed and saturated with water long term, which is different from most terrestrial ecosystems. To better understand the environmental risks of antibiotics in paddy soils, this study chose sulfadiazine (SDZ) as a typical antibiotic. We investigated its adsorption behavior and the influence of soil solution properties, such as pH conditions, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), ionic concentrations (IC), and the co-existence of Cu2+. The results indicated that (1) changes in soil solution pH and IC lower the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (2) Increase of DOC facilitated the adsorption of SDZ in paddy soils. (3) Cu2+ co-existence increased the adsorption of SDZ on organic components, but decreased the adsorption capacity of clay soil for SDZ. (4) Further FTIR and SEM analyses indicated that complexation may not be the only form of Cu2+ and SDZ co-adsorption in paddy soils. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that soil solution properties and co-existent cations determine the sorption behavior of SDZ in paddy soils.
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Tesi sul tema "Soil adsorption"

1

Ward, Philip R. "Generation of water repellence in sands, and its amelioration by clay addition /". Adelaide, 1993. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phw262.pdf.

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Reed, Stewart T. "Copper adsorption/desorption characteristics on copper amended soils". Diss., This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-06062008-171512/.

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3

Gusli, Sikstus. "Effect of methods of wetting and rainfall characteristics on crusting and hardsetting of a red-brown earth". Title page, abstract and table of contents only, 1995. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phg982.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references. The beneficial effects of tillage are often negated in Australian soils by poor aggregate structural stability. If irrigation or rain falls on exposed freshly tilled soil, crusting or harsetting often develops on drying. Rainfall intensity, kinetic energy, rate of wetting, antecedent water content and soil management history have been implicated in aggregate breakdown.
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4

Sandhu, Harjinder. "Sorption of lead and arsenic on soil components and effectiveness of phosphates for remediating lead and arsenic contaminated soils". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2001. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=1923.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2001.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xii, 170 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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5

Christie, Emma Louise. "Deconstructing adsorption variability : investigating controls on pesticide adsorption in soil and modelling Koc". Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/7347/.

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Due to potential environmental risks of pesticides, it is important that the fate of pesticides is known and that safer pesticides are developed in the future. This thesis focused on identifying controls on the Koc of pesticides in soil based on their structural parameters. This thesis also developed quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) models to predict the environmental fate of new pesticides. To understand the controls on Koc, a range of multivariate statistical techniques were used including; principal component analysis, and analysis of variance. Predictive models were created using logistic regression, and multiple linear regression. The study found adsorption of pesticides in soil is controlled by a combination of size and solubility parameters. Logistic regression models were able to predict the adsorption potential of metabolites, relative to their parent based on metabolite structures. This study found that adsorption behaviour of pesticides was fairly specific to different chemical groups. A QSAR model for Koc was constructed for a group of early stage compounds and could predict Koc to just over an order of magnitude. The results of this study have implications for the pesticide development process. If developed further to include a wider range of chemical groups then the models have the potential to reduce the dependence on laboratory tests in the early stages of the development process. However, this study also questions the use of Koc as a predictive parameter and offers alternative solutions to predicting environmental fate of pesticides.
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Park, Gi-hyeon. "Spatial and temporal patterns in soil moisture variations in Oklahoma and its comparison with ETA Model". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2000. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_etd_hy0057_m_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Arthur, Jennifer D., Noah W. Mark, Susan Taylor, J. Šimunek, M. L. Brusseau e Katerina M. Dontsova. "Batch soil adsorption and column transport studies of 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN) in soils". ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624067.

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Abstract (sommario):
The explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) is currently a main ingredient in munitions; however the compound has failed to meet the new sensitivity requirements. The replacement compound being tested is 2,4-dinitroanisole (DNAN). DNAN is less sensitive to shock, high temperatures, and has good detonation characteristics. However, DNAN is more soluble than TNT, which can influence transport and fate behavior and thus bio-availability and human exposure potential. The objective of this study was to investigate the environmental fate and transport of DNAN in soil, with specific focus on sorption processes. Batch and column experiments were conducted using soils collected from military installations located across the United States. The soils were characterized for pH, electrical conductivity, specific surface area, cation exchange capacity, and organic carbon content. In the batch rate studies, change in DNAN concentration with time was evaluated using the first order equation, while adsorption isotherms were fitted using linear and Freundlich equations. Solution mass-loss rate coefficients ranged between 0.0002 h(-1) and 0.0068 h(-1). DNAN was strongly adsorbed by soils with linear adsorption coefficients ranging between 0.6 and 6.3 L g(-1), and Freundlich coefficients between 1.3 and 34 mg(1-n) L-n kg(-1). Both linear and Freundlich adsorption coefficients were positively correlated with the amount of organic carbon and cation exchange capacity of the soil, indicating that similar to TNT, organic matter and clay minerals may influence adsorption of DNAN. The results of the miscible-displacement column experiments confirmed the impact of sorption on retardation of DNAN during transport. It was also shown that under flow conditions DNAN transforms readily with formation of amino transformation products, 2-ANAN and 4-ANAN. The magnitudes of retardation and transformation observed in this study result in significant attenuation potential for DNAN, which would be anticipated to contribute to a reduced risk for contamination of ground water from soil residues.
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Ward, Philip R. "Generation of water repellence in sands, and its amelioration by clay addition / Philip R. Ward". Thesis, Adelaide, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/21659.

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Sengdy, Boua. "Modelling cadmium and zinc adsorption by a wetland soil". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40440.pdf.

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Fu, Yong 1948. "Solid activity coefficients of phosphate adsorbed by soil". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276722.

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Abstract (sommario):
The data of 14 soils were used to compute the ion activity product (IAP), the ratio of the ion activity product and to the solubility product (Ksp) of the pure minerals (IAP/Ksp) and to estimate the solid activity coefficients (SAC) of the soil components. The value of IAP and SAC of AlPO4 differs from soil to soil and increases with increasing P added to soil in acid soils and for calcium phosphate in basic soils. Magnesium apparently did not cause P adsorption or precipitation in the soils studied. The SAC of aluminum phosphate ranged from 10 to 10000 in acid soils. The mole fraction of the total phosphate in soil seemed to be a more satisfactory basis for calculating the concentration of the solid phase than was measurements of the available phosphate.
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Libri sul tema "Soil adsorption"

1

D, Harter Robert, a cura di. Adsorption phenomena. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1986.

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2

Borggaard, Ole K. Dissolution and adsorption properties of soil iron oxides. Copenhagen: Chemistry Dept., Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, 1990.

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S, Orlov D., e Rozanov B. G, a cura di. Opticheskie svoĭstva pochv i pochvennykh komponentov. Moskva: "Nauka", 1986.

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1930-, Jenne Everett A., a cura di. Adsorption of metals by geomedia: Variables, mechanisms, and model applications. San Diego: Academic Press, 1998.

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5

Abramovich, Kovda Viktor, a cura di. Analiz sostava vodnoĭ fazy pochv. Moskva: "Nauka", 1989.

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6

Westall, John C. The use of cationic surfactants to modify aquifer materials to reduce the mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds / John C. Westall ... [et al.]. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 1994.

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Westall, John C. The use of cationic surfactants to modify aquifer materials to reduce the mobility of hydrophobic organic compounds / John C. Westall ... [et al.]. Ada, OK: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, 1994.

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8

Sokołowska, Zofia. Rola niejednorodności powierzchni w procesach adsorpcji zachodzących na glebach. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1989.

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9

Douglas, Gunnison, Pennington Judith C, Zappi Mark E, Teeter Cynthia L, Fredrickson Herbert L, United States. Army. Corps of Engineers., U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station., Environmental Laboratory (U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station) e Program Manager for Rocky Mountain Arsenal (Colo.), a cura di. Assessment of mechanisms impacting N-nitrosodimethylamine fate within the North Boundary Containment System, Rocky Mountain Arsenal. Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1997.

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10

Cogger, Craig G. Septic system waste treatment in soil. Pullman, Wash: Cooperative Extension, College of Agriculture & Home Economics, Washington State University, 1987.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Soil adsorption"

1

Swift, R. S., e R. G. McLaren. "Micronutrient Adsorption by Soils and Soil Colloids". In Interactions at the Soil Colloid — Soil Solution Interface, 257–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1909-4_9.

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2

Huang, Yu-Tuan, David J. Lowe, G. Jock Churchman, Louis A. Schipper, Nicolas J. Rawlence e Alan Cooper. "Carbon Storage and DNA Adsorption in Allophanic Soils and Paleosols". In Soil Carbon, 163–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04084-4_17.

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Kishi, H., e Y. Hasimoto. "Contribution of Soil Constituents in Adsorption of Chemicals". In Contaminated Soil ’90, 331–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3270-1_73.

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Kishi, H. "Soil Substitutes for Adsorption Measurement of Chemicals to Soil". In Contaminated Soil ’88, 83–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2807-7_14.

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Harmsen, J., P. Bouter, F. Bransen e G. J. Versteeg. "Adsorption of Benzene, Toluene and Xylenes in Soil Material". In Contaminated Soil ’88, 109–11. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2807-7_18.

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Servagent-Noinville, S., M. Revault, H. Quiquampoix e M. H. Baron. "Protein adsorption on soil mineral surfaces". In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: New Directions, 57–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4479-7_26.

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Baron, M. H., M. Revault e H. Quiquampoix. "Protein Adsorption on Soil Mineral Surfaces". In Spectroscopy of Biological Molecules: Modern Trends, 503–4. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5622-6_228.

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Keizer, P., e M. G. M. Bruggenwert. "Adsorption of Heavy Metals by Clay-Aluminum Hydroxide Complexes". In Interactions at the Soil Colloid — Soil Solution Interface, 177–203. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1909-4_6.

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Pignatello, Joseph J. "Adsorption of Dissolved Organic Compounds by Black Carbon". In Molecular Environmental Soil Science, 359–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4177-5_12.

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Janssen, R. P. T., M. G. M. Bruggenwert e W. H. Riemsdijk. "Adsorption of Zn By Complexes of Clay/Al-Hydroxide Polymers". In Soil & Environment, 261–62. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2008-1_55.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Soil adsorption"

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SATRIADI, HANTORO, ROCHMADI e I. M. BENDIYASA. "KINETICS OF SUMITHION ADSORPTION ON RICE FIELD SOIL". In Proceedings of the Second Pacific Basin Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812793331_0014.

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Li Shu-qin, Shan Ai-na, Xu Jing-gang e Yan Lei. "Kinetics of adsorption and desorption of imazethapyr on black soil and Planosol soil". In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5776056.

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Otomo, K., e N. Shikazono. "Immobilization of Cr6+in Soil as Using a Mixed Soil by Inside Adsorption". In WATER DYANMICS: 4th International Workshop on Water Dynamics. AIP, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2721268.

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Rivera, Rosángela, Julissa Pabón, Omarie Pérez, Miguel A. Muñoz e Nairmen Mina. "Adsorption coefficients for TNT on soil and clay minerals". In Defense and Security Symposium, a cura di Russell S. Harmon, J. Thomas Broach e John H. Holloway, Jr. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.721178.

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Wang, Xin-Shuang, Li Li e Yi-Bo Yang. "The Adsorption Characteristic Research of Sulfamethoxazole in Albic Soil". In The 2nd Annual International Workshop on Materials Science and Engineering (IWMSE 2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813226517_0096.

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Evans, Andrew, e Joshua A. McGrath. "AMMONIUM ADSORPTION IN ALPINE TUNDRA SOIL: IMPACTS ON NUTRIENT TRANSPORT". In GSA Connects 2021 in Portland, Oregon. Geological Society of America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2021am-368022.

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Budianta, Wawan. "Adsorption of Cu and Zn by volcanic and carbonate soil". In ADVANCES IN FRACTURE AND DAMAGE MECHANICS XX. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0148021.

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Li, Shu-qin, Ai-na Shan, Lei Yan e Jing-gang Xu. "Study on Kinetics of Adsorption and Desorption of Imazethapyr on Soil". In 2010 International Conference on E-Product E-Service and E-Entertainment (ICEEE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceee.2010.5661175.

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Song, Changchun, e Yanyu Song. "Adsorption and Desorption Behaviors of Nitrobenzene and Aniline by Wetland Soil". In 2010 4th International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2010.5516254.

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Nuraini, Rika, e Mohd Raihan Taha. "Adsorption behavior of phenol on residual soil - Multiwalled carbon nanotubes mixtures". In 2010 International Conference on Environmental Engineering and Applications (ICEEA). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceea.2010.5596117.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Soil adsorption"

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Nasser, Abidelfatah, Charles Gerba, Badri Fattal, Tian-Chyi Yeh e Uri Mingelgrin. Biocolloids Transport to Groundwater. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1997.7695834.bard.

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The first phase of the study was designed to determine the adsorption rate of viruses and microspheres to sandy and loamy soils and determine the adsorption efficiency of various viruses to soil. The adsorption of viruses to sandy and loamy soils has been found virus type dependent. The poorest adsorption was observed for MS2 bacteriophage while the greatest adsorption was observed for PRD-1. Adsorption sites on the soil material were not found as limiting factors for adsorption of viruses on soil material. The effect of water quality on adsorption has been found as virus type dependent. The adsorption process of microspheres to soil material has been found to be similar to that of viruses and occurs within a very short period of time. Carboxylated (negatively charged) microspheres seems to adsorb more efficiently than plain microspheres to soil material. At low temperatures (10oC), and under saturated conditions no virus die-off was observed, therefore under these conditions virus can survive for long period of time. At 23oC, and saturated conditions, the greatest die-off was observed for MS2 bacteriophage, whereas, negligible die-off was for PRD-1 bacteriophage and hepatitis A virus. Considering the survival results MS2 bacteriophages is not suitable as indicator for pathogenic viruses persistence in soil material. Furthermore, temperature, is more important than any other factor for the inactivation of viruses.
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Conrady, Morgan, Markus Bauer, Kyoo Jo, Donald Cropek e Ryan Busby. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for determination of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol in volatile emissions from soil disturbance. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), ottobre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42289.

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A method is described here for the concentration and determination of geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB) from the gaseous phase, with translation to field collection and quantification from soil disturbances in situ. The method is based on the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers for adsorption of volatile chemicals from the vapor phase, followed by desorption into a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for analysis. The use of a SPME fiber allows simple introduction to the GC-MS without further sample preparation. Several fiber sorbent types were studied and the 50/30 μm DVB/CAR/PDMS was the best performer to maximize the detected peak areas of both analytes combined. Factors such as extraction temperature and time along with desorption temperature and time were explored with respect to analyte recovery. An extraction temperature of 30 ◦C for 10 min, with a desorption temperature of 230 ◦C for 4 min was best for the simultaneous analysis of both geosmin and 2-MIB without complete loss of either one. The developed method was used successfully to measure geosmin and 2-MIB emission from just above disturbed and undisturbed soils, indicating that this method detects both compounds readily from atmospheric samples. Both geosmin and 2-MIB were present as background concentrations in the open air, while disturbed soils emitted much higher concentrations of both compounds. Surprisingly, 2-MIB was always detected at higher concentrations than geosmin, indicating that a focus on its detection may be more useful for soil emission monitoring and more sensitive to low levels of soil disturbance.
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Gu, B., e K. E. Dowlen. An investigation of groundwater organics, soil minerals, and activated carbon on the complexation, adsorption, and separation of technetium-99. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), gennaio 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/219315.

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Biehn, Carrie A. An Investigation of the Adsorption and Desorption Capacities of Bojac Sandy Loam Soil from the Eastern Shore of Virginia. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada374203.

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Borch, Thomas, Yitzhak Hadar e Tamara Polubesova. Environmental fate of antiepileptic drugs and their metabolites: Biodegradation, complexation, and photodegradation. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7597927.bard.

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Many pharmaceutical compounds are active at very low doses, and a portion of them regularly enters municipal sewage systems and wastewater-treatment plants following use, where they often do not fully degrade. Two such compounds, CBZ and LTG, have been detected in wastewater effluents, surface waters, drinking water, and irrigation water, where they pose a risk to the environment and the food supply. These compounds are expected to interact with organic matter in the environment, but little is known about the effect of such interactions on their environmental fate and transport. The original objectives of our research, as defined in the approved proposal, were to: Determine the rates, mechanisms and products of photodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites in waters exposed to near UV light, and the influence of DOM type and binding processes on photodegradation. Determine the potential and pathways for biodegradation of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites using a white rot fungus (Pleurotusostreatus) and ADP, and reveal the effect of DOM complexation on these processes. Reveal the major mechanisms of binding of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to DOM and soil in the presence of DOM, and evaluate the effect of this binding on their photodegradation and/or biodegradation. We determined that LTG undergoes relatively slow photodegradation when exposed to UV light, and that pH affects each of LTG’s ability to absorb UV light, the efficiency of the resulting reaction, and the identities of LTG’sphotoproducts (t½ = 230 to 500 h during summer at latitude 40 °N). We observed that LTG’sphotodegradation is enhanced in the presence of DOM, and hypothesized that LTG undergoes direct reactions with DOM components through nucleophilic substitution reactions. In combination, these data suggest that LTG’s fate and transport in surface waters are controlled by environmental conditions that vary with time and location, potentially affecting the environment and irrigation waters. We determined that P. ostreatusgrows faster in a rich liquid medium (glucose peptone) than on a natural lignocellulosic substrate (cotton stalks) under SSF conditions, but that the overall CBZ removal rate was similar in both media. Different and more varied transformation products formed in the solid state culture, and we hypothesized that CBZ degradation would proceed further when P. ostreatusand the ᵉⁿᶻʸᵐᵃᵗⁱᶜ ᵖʳᵒᶠⁱˡᵉ ʷᵉʳᵉ ᵗᵘⁿᵉᵈ ᵗᵒ ˡⁱᵍⁿⁱⁿ ᵈᵉᵍʳᵃᵈᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ. ᵂᵉ ᵒᵇˢᵉʳᵛᵉᵈ ¹⁴C⁻Cᴼ2 ʳᵉˡᵉᵃˢᵉ ʷʰᵉⁿ ¹⁴C⁻ᶜᵃʳᵇᵒⁿʸˡ⁻ labeled CBZ was used as the substrate in the solid state culture (17.4% of the initial radioactivity after 63 days of incubation), but could not conclude that mineralization had occurred. In comparison, we determined that LTG does not degrade in agricultural soils irrigated with treated wastewater, but that P. ostreatusremoves up to 70% of LTG in a glucose peptone medium. We detected various metabolites, including N-oxides and glycosides, but are still working to determine the degradation pathway. In combination, these data suggest that P. ostreatuscould be an innovative and effective tool for CBZ and LTG remediation in the environment and in wastewater used for irrigation. In batch experiments, we determined that the sorption of LTG, CBZ and selected metabolites to agricultural soils was governed mainly by SOM levels. In lysimeter experiments, we also observed LTG and CBZ accumulation in top soil layers enriched with organic matter. However, we detected CBZ and one of its metabolites in rain-fed wheat previously irrigated with treated wastewater, suggesting that their sorption was reversible, and indicating the potential for plant uptake and leaching. Finally, we used macroscale analyses (including adsorption/desorption trials and resin-based separations) with molecular- level characterization by FT-ICR MS to demonstrate the adsorptive fractionation of DOM from composted biosolids by mineral soil. This suggests that changes in soil and organic matter types will influence the extent of LTG and CBZ sorption to agricultural soils, as well as the potential for plant uptake and leaching.
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Price, Cynthia B., James M. Brannon, Sally L. Yost e Charolett A. Hayes. Adsorption and Transformation of RDX in Low-Carbon Aquifer Soils. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, agosto 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada396995.

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Price, Cynthia B., James M. Brannon, Sally L. Yost e Charolett A. Hayes. Adsorption and Transformation of Explosives in Low-Carbon Aquifer Soils. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada390547.

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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir e Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, giugno 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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Litaor, Iggy, James Ippolito, Iris Zohar e Michael Massey. Phosphorus capture recycling and utilization for sustainable agriculture using Al/organic composite water treatment residuals. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600037.bard.

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Objectives: 1) develop a thorough understanding of the sorption mechanisms of Pi and Po onto the Al/O- WTR; 2) determine the breakthrough range of the composite Al/O-WTR during P capturing from agro- wastewaters; and 3) critically evaluate the performance of the composite Al/O-WTR as a fertilizer using selected plants grown in lysimeters and test-field studies. Instead of lysimeters we used pots (Israel) and one- liter cone-tainers (USA). We conducted one field study but in spite of major pretreatments the soils still exhibited high enough P from previous experiments so no differences between control and P additions were noticeable. Due to time constrains the field study was discontinued. Background: Phosphorous, a non-renewable resource, has been applied extensively in fields to increase crop yield, yet consequently has increased the potential of waterway eutrophication. Our proposal impetus is the need to develop an innovative method of P capturing, recycling and reuse that will sustain agricultural productivity while concurrently reducing the level of P discharge from and to agricultural settings. Major Conclusions & Achievements: An innovative approach was developed for P removal from soil leachate, dairy wastewater (Israel), and swine effluents (USA) using Al-based water treatment residuals (Al- WTR) to create an organic-Al-WTR composite (Al/O-WTR), potentially capable of serving as a P fertilizer source. The Al-WTR removed 95% inorganic-P, 80% to 99.9% organic P, and over 60% dissolved organic carbon from the agro-industrial waste streams. Organic C accumulation on particles surfaces possibly enhanced weak P bonding and facilitated P desorption. Analysis by scanning electron microscope (SEM- EDS), indicated that P was sparsely sorbed on both calcic and Al (hydr)oxide surfaces. Sorption of P onto WW-Al/O-WTR was reversible due to weak Ca-P and Al-P bonds induced by the slight alkaline nature and in the presence of organic moieties. Synchrotron-based microfocused X-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) spectrometry, bulk P K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), and P K-edge micro-XANES spectroscopy indicated that adsorption was the primary P retention mechanism in the Al- WTR materials. However, distinct apatite- or octocalciumphosphatelike P grains were also observed. Synchrotron micro-XRF mapping further suggested that exposure of the aggregate exteriors to wastewater caused P to diffuse into the porous Al-WTR aggregates. Organic P species were not explicitly identified via P K-edge XANES despite high organic matter content, suggesting that organic P may have been predominantly associated with mineral surfaces. In screen houses experiments (Israel) we showed that the highest additions of Al/O-WTR (5 and 7 g kg⁻¹) produced the highest lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolial) yield. Lettuce yield and P concentration were similar across treatments, indicating that Al/O- WTR can provide sufficient P to perform similarly to common fertilizers. A greenhouse study (USA) was utilized to compare increasing rates of swine wastewater derived Al/O-WTR and inorganic P fertilizer (both applied at 33.6, 67.3, and 134.5 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹) to supply plant-available P to spring wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) in either sandy loam or sandy clay loam soil. Spring wheat straw and grain P uptake were comparable across all treatments in the sandy loam, while Al/O-WTR application to the sandy clay loam reduced straw and grain P uptake. The Al/O-WTR did not affect soil organic P concentrations, but did increase phosphatase activity in both soils; this suggests that Al/O-WTR application stimulated microorganisms and enhance the extent to which microbial communities can mineralize Al/O-WTR-bound organic P. Implications: Overall, results suggest that creating a new P fertilizer from Al-WTR and agro-industrial waste sources may be a feasible alternative to mining inorganic P fertilizer sources, while protecting the environment from unnecessary waste disposal.
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Jury, William A., e David Russo. Characterization of Field-Scale Solute Transport in Spatially Variable Unsaturated Field Soils. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568772.bard.

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This report describes activity conducted in several lines of research associated with field-scale water and solute processes. A major effort was put forth developing a stochastic continuum analysis for an important class of problems involving flow of reactive and non reactive chemicals under steady unsaturated flow. The field-scale velocity covariance tensor has been derived from local soil properties and their variability, producing a large-scale description of the medium that embodies all of the local variability in a statistical sense. Special cases of anisotropic medium properties not aligned along the flow direction of spatially variable solute sorption were analysed in detail, revealing a dependence of solute spreading on subtle features of the variability of the medium, such as cross-correlations between sorption and conductivity. A novel method was developed and tested for measuring hydraulic conductivity at the scale of observation through the interpretation of a solute transport outflow curve as a stochastic-convective process. This undertaking provided a host of new K(q) relationships for existing solute experiments and also laid the foundation for future work developing a self-consistent description of flow and transport under these conditions. Numerical codes were developed for calculating K(q) functions for a variety of solute pulse outflow shapes, including lognormal, Fickian, Mobile-Immobile water, and bimodal. Testing of this new approach against conventional methodology was mixed, and agreed most closely when the assumptions of the new method were met. We conclude that this procedure offers a valuable alternative to conventional methods of measuring K(q), particularly when the application of the method is at a scale (e.g. and agricultural field) that is large compared to the common scale at which conventional K(q) devices operate. The same problem was approached from a numerical perspective, by studying the feasibility of inverting a solute outflow signal to yield the hydraulic parameters of the medium that housed the experiment. We found that the inverse problem was solvable under certain conditions, depending on the amount of noise in the signal and the degree of heterogeneity in the medium. A realistic three dimensional model of transient water and solute movement in a heterogeneous medium that contains plant roots was developed and tested. The approach taken was to generate a single realization of this complex flow event, and examine the results to see whether features were present that might be overlooked in less sophisticated model efforts. One such feature revealed is transverse dispersion, which is a critically important component in the development of macrodispersion in the longitudinal direction. The lateral mixing that was observed greatly exceeded that predicted from simpler approaches, suggesting that at least part of the important physics of the mixing process is embedded in the complexity of three dimensional flow. Another important finding was the observation that variability can produce a pseudo-kinetic behavior for solute adsorption, even when the local models used are equilibrium.
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