Tesi sul tema "Sociology of international expertise"
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1
Deforge, Quentin. "La fabrique transnationale du politique : Une sociologie historique du champ réformateur de la "gouvernance" (1961-2019)". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2019PSLED016.
Abstract (sommario):
Des travaux issus de différentes disciplines des sciences sociales ont mis au jour la transnationalisation du politique dans les pays du Sud, c’est à dire la participation d’acteurs internationaux dans des domaines comme, par exemple, l’organisation et l’observation des élections. En s’appuyant sur ces travaux, dans une approche de sociologie historique, cette thèse montre comment des « experts » internationaux, sous le label de « gouvernance », sont parvenus à s’imposer dans les espaces politiques nationaux pour mener des activités pourtant considérées comme relevant des affaires internes des États (élections, parlements, constitutions, etc.). En s’appuyant sur une enquête faite de l’étude d’archives, d’observations, et d’entretiens parmi les trois pôles qui structurent cette forme d’action publique transnationale (ONU, Banque mondiale, USAID), il s’agit plus particulièrement de s’intéresser aux processus par lesquels ces activités ont mené à la production et à la mobilisation de savoirs de gouvernements. A l’opposé d’une démarche qui essentialiserait l’objectif de « promotion de la démocratie », on montre que ces savoirs juridiques, administratifs, économiques et issus du conseil politiques, marquent tous des frontières différentes entre « administration » et « politique ». S’intéresser aux luttes professionnelles et académiques quant aux usages de ces savoirs permet alors de montrer comment un même objet de l’action publique transnationale (par exemple les parlements) fait l’objet problématisations différentes et parfois tout à fait opposées. Sur la première période étudiée, de 1961 à 1989, ces activités restent limitées et confinées à des espaces sociaux distincts. Mais à partir de 1989, l’effondrement du bloc soviétique, en mettant fin aux concurrences diplomatiques qui portent sur les pays du Sud, ouvre la possibilité de mener des activités de grande ampleur visant à la réforme des institutions d’État dans les pays du Sud, et précipite la jonction de ces espaces sociaux. Un champ réformateur transnational de la « gouvernance » se forme alors à l’interstice d’espaces sociaux transnationaux plus stabilisés, comme les droits de l’homme, le développement, et la coopération économique internationale. L’accroissement rapide des financements dans les années 1990 amène ce champ réformateur à se différencier en secteurs (« assistance électorale », « renforcement parlementaire », « gestion des finances publiques », etc.) au sein desquels les professionnels des différentes organisations collaborent, malgré des habitus professionnels et disciplinaires qui les opposent sur l’objet et la forme des interventions. Ces différentes activités de « gouvernance » s’institutionnalisent alors à l’échelle internationale, et s’imposent au sein des espaces nationaux, sur une frontière floue entre « administration » et « politique ». La thèse montre alors en quoi c’est une logique de professionnalisation qui amène les « experts » des différents secteurs à produire des savoirs, des normes et des modèles d’action publique à vocation universelle, afin de réaffirmer en permanence leur autorité dans le champ réformateur comme au sein des espaces nationaux. La thèse montre, enfin, en quoi cette forme d’action publique qui consiste à envoyer des « experts » internationaux au sein des États est dévalorisée par l’arrivée dans les années 2010 d’activités visant au contraire à s’appuyer sur des organisations non-gouvernementales locales au nom d’une mobilisation pour la « transparence » des institutionsResearches from different social science disciplines have brought to light the transnationalization of politics in southern countries, ie the participation of international actors in areas such as, for example, the organization and observation of elections. Based on these researches, in an approach of historical sociology, this thesis shows how international "experts", under the label of "governance", have managed to impose themselves in the national political spaces to carry out activities considered as pertaining to the internal affairs of states (elections, parliaments, constitutions, etc.). Based on a survey made of the study of archives, observations, and interviews among the three poles that structure this form of transnational public action (UN, World Bank, USAID), we look more specifically at the processes by which these activities led to the production and mobilization of government knowledge. In contrast to an approach that would focus on "democracy promotion", we show that this legal, administrative, economic and political knowledge, all mark different frontiers between "administration" and "politics". Taking an interest in professional and academic struggles as to the uses of this knowledge then makes it possible to show how the same object of transnational public action (for example parliaments) is the subject of different and sometimes quite opposite problematization. During the first period studied, from 1961 to 1989, these activities remain limited and confined to distinct social spaces. But from 1989, the collapse of the Soviet bloc, ending diplomatic competition towards “third world” countries, opens the possibility of carrying out large-scale activities aimed at reforming state institutions and gathers these social spaces. A transnational field of "governance" reforms then emerges between more stabilized transnational social spaces, such as human rights, development, and international economic cooperation. The rapid increase in funding in the 1990s has led this field of reforms to differentiate itself into sectors ("electoral assistance", "parliamentary strengthening", "public financial management", etc.) within which the professionals of the various organizations collaborate, despite different professional and disciplinary habitus that oppose them on the object and form of interventions. These different activities of "governance" are institutionalized internationally and are imposed within national spaces on a fuzzy border between "administration" and "politics". The thesis then shows how it is a logic of professionalization that brings "experts" from different sectors to produce knowledge, norms and models of public action with universal vocation, to reaffirm permanently their authority in the field of reforms as in national spaces. The thesis shows, finally, how this form of public action which consists in sending international "experts" within the States is devalued by the arrival in the years 2010 of activities based on organizations local non-governmental organizations that conduct campaigns for the "transparency" of state institutions
2
Maire, Sarah. "Science et politique des "soft skills" de l'éducation à l'emploi : sociologie d'un nouveau motif cognitif international". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAG049.
Abstract (sommario):
La thèse étudie les relations entre science et politique à travers l’émergence d’un nouveau concept, celui de « soft skills ». Examinant comment ce motif cognitif se construit et se diffuse à l’échelle internationale en l’espace d’une décennie, elle met en évidence le rôle essentiel d’experts et d’organisations internationales, mais aussi d’entrepreneurs et de réseaux privés. Ces circulations mènent à la convergence progressive des acteurs sociaux autour d’un même raisonnement qui se décline au sein du monde de l’éducation et du monde de l’emploi. Menée en France, la seconde partie de la recherche replace ces évolutions dans une dynamique de recomposition de l’action publique et d’émergence de nouveaux cadres, intimement liés à l’implication croissante de nouveaux acteurs issus de la philanthropie et de l’entrepreneuriat social. Articulée à la promotion du capital humain et de l’économie de la connaissance, justifiée par la stratégie européenne d’éducation tout au long de la vie et d’investissement social, soutenue par la responsabilité sociale revendiquée par certaines entreprises, la valorisation des compétences sociales mène à l’hybridation progressive des politiques et de leurs acteurs. Ces arrangements sont étudiés dans la troisième partie de la thèse, consacrée à l’étude de plusieurs dispositifs éducatifsThis doctoral thesis studies the relationships between science and policy through the emergence of the new concept of “soft skills”. Examining how this cognitive motive is built and disseminated at a global level over the last decade, this research shows the essential roles played by experts and international organizations, as well as by entrepreneurs and private networks. These circulations lead to a gradual convergence of actors upon a shared reasoning in the field of education and employment policies. Conducted in France, the second part of the research shows how these dynamics fit in the context of public policies’ reconfigurations. New frames emerge, tightly linked to the growing influence of new actors coming from the fields of philanthropy and social entrepreneurship. Nested in the promotion of human capital and the knowledge economy, justified by the European strategy of lifelong learning and social investment, and by corporate social responsibility claimed by companies, soft skills are growingly promoted. This leads to a gradual hybridization of policies and their actors, studied in the last part of the research which based upon study cases of educational programs
3
Mangin, Maïlys. "La conversion de l'AIEA à la lutte contre la prolifération nucléaire : une internationalisation tactique des jeux gouvernementaux nord-américains, d'Atoms for peace aux sanctions contre les « Atomic ayatollahs »". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILD024.
Abstract (sommario):
Cette thèse analyse les transformations des missions de non-prolifération nucléaire de l’AIEA (Agence Internationale de l'Énergie Atomique) et des usages qui en sont faits, de sa création pendant la guerre froide à la crise nucléaire iranienne. Elle expose les fondements sociaux d'un processus de politisation de l’AIEA, caractérisé par l'intensification et la conflictualisation des échanges de coups entre les acteurs et secteurs sociaux qui mobilisent les ressources institutionnelles de cette OI. A partir d'entretiens et d'archives variés, la thèse met ainsi en lumière les contraintes que ce contexte de politisation exerce sur les perceptions et les pratiques des acteurs à l'intérieur comme à l'extérieur des frontières institutionnelles de l'AIEA. La thèse retrace d’abord comment le système bipolaire, puis son effondrement, pèsent sur la façon dont les acteurs de la politique étrangère nord-américaine se saisissent du problème de la prolifération nucléaire, et structurent les formes de mobilisation de l'AIEA à cet égard. Après avoir été un effet secondaire de la politique d'exportation nucléaire civile des États-Unis, les activités de non-prolifération de l'AIEA sont remises en question dans le cadre de luttes étasuniennes pour la restructuration post-guerre froide de la politique étrangère au Moyen-Orient. Cette thèse analyse ensuite comment ce processus de politisation, en tant que logique de situation, structure la façon dont l’expertise de l'AIEA est produite et mobilisée dans le cadre du dossier iranien. Elle démontre que l'enquête de l'AIEA en Iran, à partir de 2003, constitue autant un processus technique autonome qu'un carburant de la compétition pour la définition des activités nucléaires iraniennes (in)acceptables. En cela, cette thèse propose une alternative à la sociologie « circulatoire » en substituant à l'étude des logiques d'import-export entre espaces nationaux celle d'une interdépendance tactique entre des espaces sociaux sans proximité géographique. Dépassant l’opposition entre usages instrumentaux et vertus légitimantes des OI, cette approche participe à renouveler l’analyse des usages stratégiques des OI et leurs effetsThis thesis analyzes the transformations of the IAEA's (International Atomic Energy Agency) nuclear non-proliferation missions and the uses to which they are put, from its creation during the Cold War to the Iranian nuclear crisis. It exposes the social foundations of a process of politicization of the IAEA, characterized by the intensification and conflictualization of exchanges of blows between the social actors and sectors that mobilize the institutional resources of this IO. Drawing on a variety of interviews and archives, the thesis sheds light on the constraints that this politicization context exerts on the perceptions and practices of actors both inside and outside the IAEA's institutional boundaries. The thesis first traces how the bipolar system, and then its collapse, influenced the way in which North American foreign policy actors addressed the problem of nuclear proliferation, and structured the ways in which the IAEA was mobilized in this respect. After having been a by-product of the United States' civilian nuclear export policy, the IAEA's non-proliferation activities were called into question as part of US struggles to restructure post-Cold War foreign policy in the Middle East. This thesis then analyzes how this politicization process, as a logic of situation, structures the way in which the IAEA's expertise is produced and mobilized in the context of the Iranian dossier. It shows that the IAEA's investigation in Iran, from 2003 onwards, is as much an autonomous technical process as a fuel for the competition to define (un)acceptable Iranian nuclear activities. In this respect, this thesis proposes an alternative to “circulatory” sociology, substituting the study of import-export logics between national spaces with that of tactical interdependence between social spaces with no geographical proximity. Going beyond the opposition between instrumental uses and legitimizing virtues of IOs, this approach helps to renew the analysis of the strategic uses of IOs and their effects
4
Rioufreyt, Thibaut. "La traduction du néo-travaillisme britannique dans la gauche socialiste française (1997-2008)". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO20049.
Abstract (sommario):
À la croisée de la sociologie des intellectuels et de l'expertise, des travaux sur le Parti socialiste et des études de réception, j'ai exploré dans le cadre de ma thèse les mécanismes par lesquels les discours et les idées politiques circulent à la fois entre espaces nationaux et entre espaces savants et politiques. Elle prend pour objet la traduction dans le milieu socialiste français de la « Troisième voie » britannique entre 1997 et 2008. Contribution à une sociologie des discours politiques et idéologiques, elle combine une archéologie des textes produits par les traducteurs, recourant aux outils élaborés par M. Foucault et, à sa suite, l'analyse de discours, avec une analyse écologique de leurs conditions sociales de production, de circulation et de traduction, recourant aux outils d'analyse des propriétés sociales des acteurs et des espaces dans lesquels ils se socialisent. Cette enquête montre comment les usages du référent néo-travailliste et sa circulation se rapportent à la position occupée par ses traducteurs non seulement dans leur différents champs d'origine (en l'occurrence le champ politique, le champ intellectuel et l'espace de l'expertise d'État) mais aussi dans le réseau hybride qu'ils constituent à la croisée de ces différents champs. Mais, contre la tentation de réduire les discours au statut de reflets ou de supports expressifs, la traduction du néo-travaillisme doit aussi se comprendre comme une entreprise d'enrôlement d'une référence étrangère au service d'un travail de problématisation et de redéfinition idéologique du socialisme contemporain face aux problèmes auxquels il est confronté. À la différence d'une approche strictement transnationale ou comparative, la référence à l'étranger fonctionne ici comme une manière de mieux comprendre les logiques socio-discursives à l'œuvre dans le milieu socialiste français. La description des références à la « Troisième voie » ou à la figure de Tony Blair fonctionnent ainsi comme un révélateur fécond de reconfigurations plus larges, comme la mutation des rapports entre savants et politiques, la désintellectualisation de l'activité politique au sein du Parti socialiste ou encore la recomposition idéologique de la gauche française à l'égard du libéralisme dans les années 1990-2000My research stands at the meeting point of sociology of intellectuals and expertise, works on the Socialist party and studies on reception. I investigate the mechanisms through which political discourse and ideas circulate both on a national scale and in intellectual and political spaces. I focus on how the British « Third Way » was translated within the French socialist circle between 1997 and 2008. My thesis works as a contribution to the sociology of political and ideological discourse : referring to M. Foucault's theoretical tools, it is based on an « archeology » of texts produced by the translators. It also relies on discourse analysis through an ecological analysis of their social conditions of production, circulation and translation, taking also into account the social characteristics of the agents and the spaces in which they socialize. This investigation underlines how the New Labour model is used and spread in relationship with the translators' position within the diverse fields they belong to (that is to say, political field, intellectual field, state expertise field) but also within the hybrid network they form at the meeting point of these various fields. However, in order to resist the temptation to reduce discourse to simple reflections or expressive material, the translation of the New Labourism has also to be understood as an attempt to incorporate a foreign reference to help problematizing and redefining the ideology of contemporary socialism, given the problems it has been confronted with. My research is not strictly a transnational or comparative approach : the references to Great Britain work here as a way to better understand the socio-discursive logics at work in the French Socialist circle. Therefore, the references to the « Third Way » or to Tony Blair's figure are made explicit to reveal larger reconfigurations, as the mutation of the relationship between scientists and politicians, the desintellectualization of politics within the Socialist Party or the ideological shifting attitude of the French Left towards liberalism during the 1990's
5
Wane, Abdoulaye. "Risque, danger de sinistre et sinistre dans un programme international pour le développement : enjeux stratégiques et intérêts spécifiques autour d'un projet de réforme institutionnelle au Sénégal". Paris, EHESS, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007EHES0098.
Abstract (sommario):
Nous voulons, dans cette thèse, mettre en exergue le processus de construction sociale du risque dans la coopération internationale pour le développement. Notre démarche consiste, en allant de l'analyse de la Banque Mondiale en tant qu'institution (catégorie sociale, culture, discours, démarche, gestion de l'interculturel) vers l'opération (le projet « Trade reform and competitiveness » sur le terrain), à dresser au fur et à mesure une cartographie des « lieux » de production du danger de sinistre qui influent dans le projet. Le sinistre, c'est le mécanisme par lequel le projet tend vers une déconnexion de ses objectifs performatifs face à la réalité du terrain. La cartographie du risque s'appuie sur deux aspects de la production du danger de sinistre. D'abord, il y a deux « départs de feux » qui combinés mènent au sinistre. D'un côté il y a le problème de la gestion de l'interculturel au sein d'une équipe mixte et de l'autre il y a les réactions au risque perçu, au sentiment de dangerWe want, in this Ph. D dissertation, to give rise to the process of social construction of the risk in the international co-operation for development. Our approach consists, while going from the analysis of the World Bank as an institution (social category, culture, speech, approach, management of intercultural) towards the operation (the project "Trade reform and competitiveness" on the ground), progressively to draw up a cartography of the "locations" of production of the danger of loss which influence in the project. The loss, it is the mechanism by which the project tends towards a disconnection of its objectives in relation to the field reality. The cartography of the risk is based on two aspects of the production of the danger of loss. Initially, there are two "departures of fires" which combined lead to the loss. On a side there is the problem of the management of intercultural within a mixed team and other there are the reactions to the perceived risk/with the feeling of danger
6
Field, Mark. "The transparency of expertise in EU policy-making". Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2015. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-transparency-of-expertise-in-eu-policymaking(d63183de-bb09-4dd6-be7b-67748e61d715).html.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis contributes to a growing body of literature on the role of transparency in public life. Analysing EU transparency through three levels of analysis, the thesis investigates how and why the expert advice proffered to EU policy makers is made transparent to EU citizens. At the institutional level, the study compares the transparency provided through the online registers to assess the extent of compliance with the rules and guidelines on the provision of information. It shows significant errors and gaps in the publicly available data, and demonstrates that these inaccuracies are the result of poor quality assurance at the institutions. At the group/actor level, the study draws on data from a series of elite interviews with policy-makers to consider the purpose of EU transparency. It shows that, whilst individual actors overwhelmingly frame transparency in wholly positive terms, collectively they bestow it with multiple attributes. The thesis posits that the EU has multiple transparencies and that the transparency tools - intended to improve citizen trust in the EU institutions - are frequently used by groups to undermine this trust. The process level of analysis examines the nature of the expertise used in the policy process in two distinct areas. It shows that, overwhelmingly, individuals apply to join an expert group following an informal approach from officials at the relevant Directorate General, and that those appointed in a personal capacity are likely to be already known to the Commission official responsible for the appointment. The study argues that, for the Commission’s expert group appointments, the non-transparent nature of these informal processes undermines the Commission’s rules and guidelines on transparency. Finally, the thesis recommends a number of specific and low cost measures to improve the transparency of the expertise used in the EU’s policy-making process.
7
Varriale, Simone. "Cosmopolitan expertise : music, media and cultural identities in Italy". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/63883/.
Abstract (sommario):
My thesis explores the extent to which people's nationality informs their engagement with popular culture and strategies of social distinction (Bourdieu 1984). I address this question by studying the emergence of popular music criticism as a new cultural sector in Italy, and more specifically the practices of critics working during the 1970s. Drawing on Bourdieu's field theory (1996), and combining archival research, social history and discourse analysis, the thesis explores the different dimensions of criticism as a social practice. On the one hand, it analyses the social biography of critics and the boundaries of music criticism as a cultural field; especially as regards class, gender and place. On the other hand, it studies the way critics evaluated different forms of Anglo-American popular music – such as rock, jazz and soul – and how their aesthetic claims and distinctions were received by their audience. The thesis argues that the social trajectory of critics shaped the way they distinguished themselves from national culture and, as a result, their cosmopolitan critique of Italian cultural and political institutions. Furthermore, the thesis argues that the social diversity of critics' audience, and their active contestation of critics' claims, made the music press a space for reflexivity about the inequalities shaping both the field and Italian youth culture. From a theoretical point of view, the thesis expands Bourdieu's field theory taking into account: a) the effects of global forces on the construction of national cultural fields; b) the impact of aesthetic experiences on the habitus (Bourdieu 1984) and practices of cultural producers; c) the forms of reflexivity and critique enabled by specific fields of practice. The thesis provides an original contribution to the study of media, music cultures, taste and cultural production.
8
Nobes, Gavin. "The development of social expertise : an investigation of children's conceptions of authority and rules". Thesis, University of Bath, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332847.
9
Cudennec, Arnaud. "Market categories, expertise, and evaluation of organizations". Thesis, Jouy-en Josas, HEC, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHEC0004.
Abstract (sommario):
Cette thèse examine l’effet des catégories — les groupements effectués à partir de similarités sociales et cognitives — sur l’évaluation des organisations sur les marchés. La recherche montre que les audiences sur les marchés ont tendance à pénaliser les organisations associées à plusieurs catégories. Interrogeant les hypothèses des précédentes études, mon travail met en perspective cette exigence de pureté catégorielle en étudiant le rôle de (i) l’imbrication catégorielle (« category nesting »), c’est-à-dire la disposition hiérarchique des catégoriques, (ii) l’hétérogénéité, au sein des audiences, de l’expertise et des modes de catégorisation (la manière dont les individus regroupent les entités), et (iii) les différences de valeur entre les catégories. A partir de tests expérimentaux (Chapitre 1), de données longitudinales sur les transactions de capital-risque à travers le monde de 1994 à 2017 (Chapitre 2) ainsi que de développements théoriques (Chapitre 3), cette thèse explicite certaines conditions sous lesquelles les organisations affiliées à des catégories atypiques sont perçues plus favorablement que les organisations pures sur le plan catégorique. Ce travail contribue à la théorie des organisations et la sociologie économique, en s’adressant à la recherche sur les catégories de marché, les évaluations des experts et la spécificité optimale (« optimal distinctiveness »)This dissertation examines how categories — groupings that are built upon social and cognitive similarities — affect the evaluation of organizations in markets. Research shows that market audiences are likely to penalize organizations that combine multiple categories. Questioning the past studies' underlying assumptions, my work contextualizes this demand of categorical purity by studying the role of (i) category nesting, that is the hierarchical disposition of categories, (ii) audience members’ heterogeneity in expertise and modes of categorization (the way individuals group entities together), and (iii) the differences of categorical valence. Using experimental tests (Chapter 1), longitudinal data on venture capital deals worldwide from 1994 to 2017 (Chapter 2) as well as theoretical developments (Chapter 3), this dissertation provides evidence of conditions under which categorically atypical organizations are better appraised than categorically pure organizations in markets. This work offers contribution to organization theory and economic sociology by speaking to research on market categories, experts’ evaluations and optimal distinctiveness
10
Alaniemi, J. (Jenni). "Not a perbetuum mobile:leadership logic and support systems of expertise in global virtual organizations". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201505211548.
Abstract (sommario):
During the past decade traditional hierarchical organizations have been replaced by more permeable, flexible and even born-global virtual organizations. Virtual working arrangements increase flexibility, customer responsiveness and intelligence, productivity, collaboration possibilities, and lowers bureaucracy and costs. It also responds to the needs of the turbulent, uncertain and complex business environment. Often it seems as if virtual organizations should be under constant transformation without hierarchical decelerating organizational structures. However, it has been recognized that also virtual organizations require specific type of organization form and leadership logic to be able to function. They need to find the right degree of centralization and for that carefully choose the right organizational design.
One form of virtual organizations is knowledge intensive virtual consultancy companies, which sell the expertise of their employees. In this study the focus is on more recent virtual consultancy company types that utilize the idea of ‘expertise-on-demand’, which means that customers approach these virtual consultancy companies with a problem, which will then be solved by a group of professionals invited especially to find solutions for the particular case. From the experts’ point of view offering solutions does not necessarily mean received compensation if the solution is not leading to a business transaction which is why this business model is often called ‘pay-for-performance’. For that reason this study focuses on finding out the balance between flexibility versus structure in virtual setting among knowledge workers. In other words how to manage ‘without managing’ a company ‘without walls’ in order to ensure innovative, efficient and productive knowledge flow that should at the same time inspire the experts to contribute and tempt customers to obtain the service?
Based on the identified research gap the main research question is: how to commit and increase the activity level of global virtual experts in a loosely coupled work relationship? This research question is answered with the help of the following sub questions: what kind of organizational support systems benefit virtual knowledge work and what kind of leadership logic benefits virtual knowledge work? The research is a case-study driven however applicable to any field of virtual knowledge work. The aim of the study is to increase the level of understanding and describe the phenomenon of virtual knowledge intensive organizing in the present day business world from expert point of view. The study will be carried out by following qualitative research practices and narrative methodology. Through narrative research one is able to gain access to deeper organizational realities strongly linked to their narrators’ experiences. The empirical data was collected from three experts working in the field of virtual knowledge work.
Based on the main findings of the study a virtual knowledge intensive organization needs both certain type of leadership logic and organizational support systems to be able to commit and increase the level of activity of its experts. In relations to both leadership logics and organizational support systems, experts need specific talent management practices to be implemented as well. Leadership logics beneficial for virtual knowledge-intensive companies in pay-for-performance setting underline the attitude of breaking away from traditional leadership and management logics by approaching it both holistically from network perspective and from the point of view of complexity management. Leadership in virtual setting should focus on relational processes such as trust and coherence formation and in creating shared vision, motivation and goals. The organizational support systems benefitting virtual knowledge work are functional processes (skill management and task design), communicational processes (dialog, norms of communication) and specific structural factors (technology support systems and confidentiality, performance monitoring and reward systems). There is a clear need for a facilitator, who functions as a catalyst both in activating the task procedures at hand as well as monitoring the communicational processes and norms of communication. The talent management of experts is based on implemented knowledge management practices and persuasive user design methods.
11
Cuevas, Garcia Carlos Adrian. "Sense-making and self-making in interdisciplinarity : an analysis of dilemmatic discourses of expertise". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/33552/.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis explores the discursive environment in which the ‘interdisciplinary self’ is constructed. Interdisciplinarity is part of research policy agendas across the globe; however, there are competing and contrasting discourses about its value. On the one hand, interdisciplinarity is meant to foster innovation and to address contemporary world problems; on the other hand, it represents an intellectual and a professional risk for those who engage in it. Interdisciplinarity has become a research topic in itself, but scholars have not engaged with contemporary literature on ‘the self’ and on expertise. This limits our understanding of the individuals who engage in interdisciplinary research and how they deal with their intellectual and professional challenges. This thesis aims to fill this gap by reviewing literature on expertise and analysing 27 semi-structured interviews with researchers and administrators from a large research-oriented British university. The analysis draws on an approach that focuses on how ‘the self’ is constructed in discourse and biographical narrative, taking up but also resisting widely established meanings (e.g. what is an expert, what is worthwhile professionally, etc.). The analysis identifies in particular four ‘ideological dilemmas’ that the interviewees struggle with in their arguments about their background, their skills, and the value of their careers; namely the dilemmas of ‘openness and rigour’, ‘individualism and collectivism’, ‘disciplinary tolerance and expert prejudice’, and ‘effort and reward’. These dilemmas suggest that the ‘interdisciplinary self’ is performatively and discursively constructed in a rhetorical context in which no position can remain untroubled. Therefore associating interdisciplinary individuals with idealised traits, personalities and ‘virtues’ is not so adequate. It is suggested that ‘interdisciplinary expertise’ consists of the skills of managing these dilemmas, which may be partially but not permanently solved.
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Duan, Tinghua. "CEOs with international experience under weak institutions". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29641.
Abstract (sommario):
In the context of the globalization of human capital, this thesis examines the role of CEOs with international experience, known as returnee CEOs. The first essay argues that that CEOs’ international expertise is acquired at the opportunity cost of local social capital, such as political and business ties, which is more critical than expertise in transition economies with weak legal institutions. Based on the sample of 2847 CEOs appointments in China, I find that returnee CEOs are associated with inferior performance, lower market reactions to appointment announcements and an adverse regulatory environment. The negative relation disappears when social capital is acquired, regional legal institutions are strong or returnees’ international expertise is in demand. Exploiting an exogenous increase in the supply of returnee talent as a result of new provincial policies, I find the results consistent. The second essay examines the returnee CEOs in newly public entrepreneurial firms that are in transition period. I propose that returnee CEOs possess the tacit knowledge of foreign advanced legal institutions, which can help entrepreneurial firms overcome the formalization challenges they face in getting listed. The results based on 355 newly public Chinese entrepreneurial firms indicate that returnee CEOs, especially those who have returned from countries with advanced legal institutions are associated with superior post-IPO performance. In addition, foreign venture capitals (VCs) are found to strengthen the positive impact of returnee CEOs, especially when both VCs and CEOs are from countries with advanced institutions. In the third essay, I examine returnee CEOs’ managerial decision of listing location. Based on the sample of IPOs of Chinese entrepreneurial firms, I find that returnee CEOs are more likely to undertake foreign IPOs, especially for entrepreneurial firms operating in high-tech industries, until the credibility crisis of US-listed Chinese firms was triggered by Muddy Water Research in 2011. Overall, this thesis provides original evidence on the impact of international experience of CEOs and makes important implication on the benefits realization of brain gains in countries with weak legal institutions.
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De, Pryck Kari. "Expertise under controversy : the case of the Intergovernmental Panel on climate change (IPCC)". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0037/document.
Abstract (sommario):
L'expertise internationale joue un rôle important dans la mise à l’agenda d’enjeux environnementaux globaux. Ces évaluations sont souvent contestées, en particulier là où les faits et les valeurs sont fortement imbriqués. Cette thèse examine le cas du Groupe d'experts intergouvernemental sur l'évolution du climat (GIEC), une des organisations d’experts les plus contestées. Elle s'intéresse plus généralement à comment ces organisations maintiennent leur autorité, en croisant les apports théoriques des études des sciences et des techniques et de la sociologie des organisations internationales. Un argument central est que le GIEC, en partie à cause de l'univers controversé dans lequel il évolue, est devenu une bureaucratie internationale. La thèse identifie quatre arrangements institutionnels sur lesquels l'organisation s'est appuyée pour maintenir son autorité. Premièrement, elle s'est efforcée de maintenir une représentation équilibrée des États, principalement entre pays développés et pays en développement. Deuxièmement, il a mis en place des mécanismes de gouvernance qui permettent aux gouvernements de jouer un rôle dans le processus d'évaluation, encourageant la “reappropriation” de ses conclusions. Troisièmement, il a procéduralisé le processus d'évaluation pour formaliser le rôle de ses différentes parties et protéger l'organisation contre les critiques. Quatrièmement, il est plus attentif à la gestion de la communication. Ces arrangements sont régulièrement renégociés dans le contexte de nouveaux défis et controverses. Au-delà du GIEC, ils offrent de nouvelles perspectives pour observer l'imbrication de l'autorité politique et épistémiqueIn the last decades, international expertise has been essential to put global environmental problems on the international agenda. These assessments are often contested, especially on issues where facts and values are profoundly entangled. This thesis investigates the case of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), one of the most authoritative, albeit contested expert organisation. It is more generally interested in how these organisations construct and maintain their authority, drawing on insights from Science and Technology Studies and sociological approaches to international organisations. A central argument is that, partly as a result of the controversial universe in which it has evolved, the IPCC has grown into an international bureaucracy. The thesis identifies four institutional arrangements on which the organisation has relied to maintain its authority. First, it has strived for a balanced representation of all nations, and in particular between developed and developing countries. Second, it has put in place governing mechanisms that allow governments to play a central role in the assessment process, encouraging the ‘ownership’ of its conclusions. Third, it has increasingly proceduralised the assessment, to formalise the role of its different parts and protect the organisation against criticism. Four, it has been more attentive to the management of the information displayed about its work. These arrangements are regularly renegotiated in the context of new challenges and controversies. Beyond the IPCC, they provide relevant lenses to observe the intertwining of political and epistemic authority at the international level
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Ladienė, Gina. "Atestacija socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo procese". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100621_084944-02353.
Abstract (sommario):
Socialinis darbas Lietuvoje yra pagalbos žmogui profesija, padedanti atstatyti santykius tarp asmens, šeimos, grupės ir visuomenės, kai klientai to padaryti nepajėgia. Socialinio darbuotojo klientu gali būti kiekvienas visuomenės narys, patekęs į sudėtingą gyvenimišką situaciją. Socialinių darbuotojų praktinės veiklos sėkmę lemia jų profesinė kompetencija – žinių, įgūdžių ir vertybių visuma. Labai svarbu, kad profesinė kompetencija būtų nuolatos plėtojama, kad socialiniai darbuotojai nuolat mokydamiesi aktyviai dalyvautų kaitos procese. Formaliai socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijos yra įvertinamos atestacijos metu, suteikiant jiems kvalifikacinę kategoriją. Socialiniai darbuotojai privalo dalyvauti atestacijoje kas 5 metai.
Tyrimo objektas - socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo procesas. Tyrimo dalykas - atestacija socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo procese.
Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti, kaip socialiniai darbuotojai vertina atestaciją kvalifikacijos kėlimo procese. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1) Apibūdinti socialinių darbuotojų kvalifikacijos kėlimo procesą juridiniu, teoriniu ir praktinės veiklos aspektais. 2) Nustatyti socialinių darbuotojų kompetencijos plėtotės poreikį ir įvertinti atestacijos vaidmenį nuolatiniame kvalifikacijos kėlimo procese.
Tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros analizė; teisės aktų ir kitų dokumentų analizė; apklausa raštu; statistinė duomenų analizė. Tyrimo procese remtasi kiekybinio tyrimo metodologija. Tyrimo instrumento rengimas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]Social Work in Lithuania is the new support for human occupation, which helps to restore relations between the state and society when a person is unable to do so. The social worker's client may be any member of the public who fell into the difficult life situations. Social workers practice's success due to their professional competence - the knowledge, skills and values as a whole. It is important that professional competence is developed so that social workers actively participate in continuous learning process. Formally, the social workers' skills are valued at the time of certification. Social workers must continually upgrade their professional skills and participate in the certification reports produced every five years. The object of research - social workers in the training process. The subject - social worker certification training process. Purpose of the survey - to reveal how social workers assess the certification training process. Objectives: 1) To describe the social workers' training process, legal, theoretical and practical aspects of business. 2) To investigate the social competence of staff development needs and participation in training process. Research methods: • the analysis of scientific literature; • the analysis of legislation and other documents; • questionnaire; • the statistical analysis of data. The study based on quantitative methodology. For study instrument theoretical analyses was made. The study surveyed 102 social workers from various... [to full text]
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Pulkki-Brännström, Anni-Maria Katariina. "International diffusion of new technology". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3188/.
Abstract (sommario):
This study explores the international diffusion of new technology i.e. changes over time in the extent to which world output is produced using, or world consumption is made up of products incorporating, specific new technologies. This topic has received relatively little attention in the literature. Many of the theoretical arguments developed in the literature for the study of domestic diffusion are here systematically applied to international diffusion for the first time. We propose that patterns of international diffusion derive from two related processes: inter-country diffusion or the extensive margin, and intra-country diffusion or the intensive margin. We start with a study of the relative importance of these two processes. Using data on four technologies we show that the relative importance of the intensive to the extensive margin increases over time. The same pattern was identified by Battisti and Stoneman (2003) in their study of the importance of inter- and intra-firm diffusion in domestic diffusion. The main body of the thesis is concerned with the question how (if at all) does international diffusion affect domestic diffusion? Two theoretical arguments are explored: the first uses an epidemic and the second a decision-theoretic model. The models are extensions of the seminal models of Bass (1969), Mansfield (1961) and Reinganum (1981b). Two specific hypotheses arise, namely that international diffusion affects domestic diffusion through: i) an exogenous learning effect or inter-country spillovers; and ii) a negative stock effect. The hypotheses have contradictory empirical implications. The epidemic model is tested using data on steam- and motor ship diffusion. We find evidence of spillovers however the direction of the effect is not robust across countries. We discuss the time-series properties of the data, which is rarely done in the literature, and find some problems which may partly explain the results. We then develop an international stock effect hypothesis using a decision-theoretic model based on the closed economy model of Reinganum (1981b). This allows for firm heterogeneity in production costs. We discuss how heterogeneity impacts on international diffusion patterns when some of that heterogeneity is on the country-level. Empirically we find evidence of an international stock effect in the diffusion of the basic oxygen furnace. A number of explanatory variables which capture cross-country differences in production and adoption costs are also significant.
16
Cardenas, Christopher. "Implementing Decision-based Learning in a Peruvian University". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8406.
Abstract (sommario):
Decision-based learning (DBL; Plummer, Swan, & Lush, 2017) addresses the difficulty that professors may have when teaching their expertise to their students. The purpose of this study was to understand the perspectives of professors and students implementing DBL in a Peruvian university. Professors at a Peruvian university implemented the DBL pedagogy in their classes. The research questions were (a) how effectively can professors in a Peruvian university implement DBL, (b) what benefits and challenges do professors perceive from implementing DBL, and (c) how did using DBL as a homework strategy affect student learning? We collected 74 implementation videos, 42 professor surveys, 5 professor interviews, 34 student surveys, 2 student interviews, and we performed an independent samples t test to explore if DBL influenced student academic achievement. Professors implemented the pedagogy at a 72% fidelity level. Professor benefited from the pedagogy for its practicality and struggled with the amount of preparation required. Students benefited from the ability to correct their mistakes and struggled with needing to put more effort into their DBL homework. The p value of the independent samples t test was 0.002. The students who used DBL outperformed the students who didn’t use DBL on the quiz. In conclusion, DBL seems beneficial but some aspects of the pedagogy should be adjusted to make it easier for professors to prepare and students to experience. Future research should include how DBL affects professors and students when implemented for longer periods of time.
17
Clark, Rob. "Integration, mobility, and development International trade and organization networks, 1980--2000 /". [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3274262.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Indiana University, Dept. of Sociology, 2007.Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-07, Section: A, page: 3171. Adviser: Arthur S. Alderson. Title from dissertation home page (viewed Apr. 15, 2008).
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Brechbiel, Julia. "Pathways Linking Clinician Demographics to Mental Health Diagnostic Accuracy: An International Perspective". VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/5120.
Abstract (sommario):
Significant research efforts have focused on examining the effect of patient factors on providing diagnoses across clinical settings; however, the influence of clinician demographics have received less attention. This study aimed to understand the impact of nonclinical factors such as clinician characteristics and response time on diagnostic accuracy. The study used data from a WHO field study of the ICD-11 development (n = 1822) that required clinicians to diagnose two case vignettes. Clinicians’ slower response times had a significant positive impact on their rates of diagnostic accuracy. However, there was no evidence that clinicians’ demographic features were directly related to their diagnostic accuracy. Rather, clinicians’ age, years of experience, world region, and their clinical profession indirectly predicted accuracy through their overall response time. Contradictory to decision-making theories, older clinicians and clinicians with more years of experience had higher rates of diagnostic accuracy when they spent more time completing the study. Additionally, clinicians in South America with slower response times had higher accuracy compared to clinicians in North America. Clinicians in Asia had faster response times that negatively impacted their accuracy rates compared to North America clinicians. These findings suggest differences in response time and the applicability of the ICD-11 across cultures. Consistent with previous research, medical professionals with quicker response times had the lowest rates of accuracy compared to psychologists and other clinical professionals. These findings highlight the need for researchers and clinicians to consider the role their dispositional features have in the diagnostic process. Moreover, it is crucial that future research into diagnostic decision-making and accuracy should consider additional mediating factors such as response style, culture, and experience.
19
Plata-Stenger, Véronique. "Une voie sociale pour le développement : le Bureau international du travail et les débuts de la coopération technique (1919-1949)". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100049.
Abstract (sommario):
Fondée essentiellement sur l’exploitation des archives de l’Organisation internationale du travail (OIT), cette thèse analyse l’émergence de discours et de pratiques du développement au niveau international entre 1919 et 1949. Elle questionne plusieurs points importants de l’historiographie sur le développement, notamment son cadre chronologique et ses origines idéologiques. Elle se focalise sur les formes concrètes que prend cette coopération technique internationale naissante. Elle étudie en particulier les missions d’assistance technique organisées par le Bureau international du travail jusqu’à la mise en place du Programme élargi d’assistance technique de l’ONU en 1949, qui constitue le premier programme multilatéral de développement de l’après-Seconde Guerre mondiale. Cette thèse accorde donc une attention particulière aux situations d’expertise, aux experts et fonctionnaires internationaux impliqués dans la diffusion de savoirs techniques. Elle invite à renouveler la problématique du développement international dans une perspective socialeBased mainly on the exploitation of the ILO archives, this thesis analyzes the emergence of development discourses and practices at the international level between 1919 and 1949. This offers the opportunity to challenge several important presumptions of development historians with regard to the chronology of development and its ideological origins. This thesis focuses on the practical aspects of this emerging international technical cooperation. It analyzes in particular the technical assistance missions organized by the International Labour Office until the implementation of the United Nations’ Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance created in 1949, which was the first multilateral program of international development after World War II. This thesis pays special attention to the situations where ILO expertise played a role and to the international experts and ILO officials involved in the dissemination of technical knowledge. This thesis opens some new perspectives on the problem of international development from a social point of view
20
Marianno, Bradley D. "Communities of Innovation: Composition, Climate, and Process Variables in Group Innovation". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3770.
Abstract (sommario):
Drawing upon the Communities of Innovation (COI) framework, this study seeks to identify the composition (functional demographic diversity), team climate (vision, participatory safety, task orientation, support for innovation), and process (group reflection, group flow, group conflict, dynamic expertise) variables that influence team-level innovation. Using data from 15 business school teams enrolled in a class on innovation and entrepreneurship, I explore the extent to which the proposed composition, team climate, and process variables discriminate between high-ranking and low-ranking innovative teams. I also investigate the degree to which these variables are conceptually and empirically distinct. Given the relative importance of dynamic expertise as a group process, I seek to answer how dynamic expertise is fostered in COIs. Finally, this study seeks to answer the degree to which the proposed composition, team climate, and process variables influence team level innovation. I found significantly greater levels of vision, participatory safety, support for innovation, group reflection, group flow, and dynamic expertise and significantly lower levels of group conflict in high-ranking innovative teams. No significant differences in levels of task orientation and functional diversity existed. Furthermore, the identified COI elements, particularly the team climate measures, are moderately correlated, suggesting that some elements of the COI are not empirically distinct. I found dynamic expertise to be of particular importance to COIs, and demonstrated that a supportive environment and group flow are particularly important to its development. Finally, results from a multinomial logistic regression model showed that support for innovation, group flow, and dynamic expertise were positively associated with the likelihood of being in a high-ranking innovative team. Implications for the COI framework are discussed.
21
Törnquist-Chesnier, Marie. "Expertise et éthique dans la fabrication du droit international public : la contribution des organisations non gouvernementales : trois cas d'étude". Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004IEPP0030.
Abstract (sommario):
L'analyse de la participation des ONG au processus d'élaboration normative rend compte des transformations du droit international à l'oeuvre. L'affirmation de la figure de l'expert non gouvernemental dans les négociations internationales en découle. La juridicisation de nouveaux objets et le renforcement des normes protègeant les droits de l'homme génèrent un courant éthique dans les relations internationales. La contribution des organisations non gouvernementales à la fabrication des normes est conditionnée par leur capacité à se professionnaliser, à mobiliser et médiatiser leur action, ainsi qu' à instaurer des rapports de coopération avec les autres acteurs de la scène internationale. Les cas d'étude sur le statut de la Cour pénale internationale, le droit de la propriété intellectuelle (ADPIC) et l'accès aux médicaments, et la Convention sur l'interdiction des armes bactériologiques permettent une comparaison de cette contribution selon les manières de faire le droit et les domaines du droit international concernés.
22
Pal, Maia. "The politics of extraterritoriality : a historical sociology of public international law". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2013. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/45248/.
Abstract (sommario):
This dissertation develops a historical and theoretical reconstruction of the category and praxis of extraterritoriality in the fields of International Relations and Public International Law. The analysis first addresses the dominant Neo-Liberal tradition and its focus on the concept of 'judicial globalisation', before engaging with critical and Marxist studies that rely on imperialism and capitalism as explanatory phenomena. In response, the thesis argues that extraterritoriality is a political process, covering a set of jurisdictional struggles determined by contested social property relations. As legal strategies of accumulation, these struggles can neither be explained by a chronologically and discursively progressive deterritorialising world order, through which they emerge as depoliticised events, nor by structural and functional theories of capitalist or Western imperialism that narrowly assume their logic and behaviour. This argument emerges from the analysis of three historical case studies: 16th to 17th century Spain, 17th to 18th century France, and 19th century Britain. Each case, set in its international context, evinces the role of specific intellectual debates, juridical institutions and legal strategies of accumulation in shaping contending extraterritorial regimes and legal world orders. Thereby, the thesis reformulates a Political Marxist approach as a historical sociology that places the actors and politics of international legal processes at the forefront of the history of Public International Law. This approach enables a non-determinist understanding of contemporary extraterritoriality. It dissociates its analysis from a naturalised history of judicial globalisation and from a monolithic history of capitalism, to resituate extraterritorial practices in a more open and contested field in between those of International Relations and Public International Law. In conclusion, examining the politics of extraterritoriality exposes Public International Law as a practical site of struggle between legal strategies of expansion, accumulation and resistance. This historical and theoretical reconstruction asserts the political legitimacy and agency of otherwise excluded legal actors and ideas, affected by and involved in the multiple transitions in the forms of sovereign jurisdiction and territorial control.
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Pereyra, Lic Diego. "International networks and the institutionalisation of sociology in Argentina (1940-1963)". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.536481.
Abstract (sommario):
My dissertation studies the role of international networks in the institutionalisation of sociology in Argentina from 1940 to 1963. This study aims to offer, through an archival investigation and the reconstruction of life stories, a new explanation of the historical patterns of the institutionalisation of sociology in that country, opposed to the mythical and parochial narration that is usual in the current literature. The institutionalisation of the field in Argentina was very problematic and institutionally disrupted. The central concern of my research is the study of the impact and contribution of that technical cooperation on the local sociological field from a moment when local universities started training in social investigation techniques to a time in which two leading local sociologists reached the top positions at the international institutional level. I shall demonstrate the role of certain international bodies and US funding organisations in the promotion of sociological teaching and research in Argentina, showing the interrelation between local and international factors. Both academic and non-academic factors influenced the professional careers of home sociologists. That process happened in a time marked by the institutional and personal competition between two main local sociologists: Gino Germani and Alfredo Povifia, who argued with each other and competed locally and internationally for funds, networking and prestige. Their actions were defined by the chance of accessing to a set of institutional and individual relationships in which it was possible to exchange experiences, knowledge, methods, strategies and technologies. I will argue that the emergence of the international networks in that dispute contributed even more to the fragmentation of the field. I will also explain that the final victory of Germani can not only be explained by cognitive factors, but also by timing and the use of certain managerial and entrepreneurial skills.
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Wild, Nigel Robert. "Ethical procurement strategies for international aid non-government organisations". Thesis, University of Greenwich, 2012. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/11988/.
Abstract (sommario):
International aid non-governmental organisations (IANGOs) are expected by the public and government institutions funding them to focus upon maximising effectiveness for the delivery of aid and in the process adopt ethical procurement (EP) practices. Concerns have been voiced by governments and media regarding the perceived lack of coordination between IANGOs. The motivation for this thesis stems from a societal and personal evaluation of the need for ethical behaviour in the procurement of goods and services for international aid and is supported by a willingness by IANGOs to explore the potential for conducting procurement practices in their supply networks in an ethical manner. To address these issues this research aims to explore ethical procurement strategies for IANGOs in humanitarian supply chains. To achieve these aims our methodological approach is qualitative, which means that it studies the subjects in their natural environments, and seeks to understand phenomena by understanding the meanings given to them by actors. We undertook a multiple case study approach and conducted in-depth interviews with senior logistics and purchasing managers in IANGO organisations, together with a survey of IANGO suppliers. Our contribution to EP strategies for IANGOs at the strategic level is to develop a conceptual framework for collaborative ethical procurement due diligence (CEPDD) between IANGOs in HSCs. At the tactical level we identify inhibitors and enables to CEPDD between IANGOs, their suppliers’ networks and donors. At the operational level we develop a risk-rating framework which provides IANGOs with a tool to establish a collaborative procurement code of conduct (COC) ethics system which can be used to assess ethical risks in HSCs. Our findings demonstrate SC co-opetition strategies are being enacted by IANGOs to explore the formulation of CEPDD. We establish there are concerns surrounding ethical risk in HSCs that differ from CSCs in relation to IANGO relationships with donors, and supplier networks. We apply our risk rating framework to highlight inhibitors to CEPDD throughout IANGO supplier networks and donor relations, and in doing so we determine that apart from the actions of a lead IANGO, ethical procurement due diligence is not instigated in a formalised manner. Tactically our risk-rating framework is of practical importance as it allows IANGOs to access the relevant information concerning inhibitors and enablers in order to evaluate CEPDD ideas and schemes, and to make informed decisions towards participation. These factors facilitate initiatives by directing efforts towards issues of concern and shifting focus towards the critical problem areas which need to be addressed. Operationally it provides a guide in horizontal cooperation considerations in CEPDD by acting as a basis of decision choices for the construction of a framework of COCs between IANGOs.
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Freitas, Cristina Almeida de. "Segurança, poder e expertise: O papel das think tanks norte-americanas na Governamentalidade da ordem internacional pós-89". Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2011. http://www.adm.ufba.br/sites/default/files/publicacao/arquivo/cristina_almeida.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
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A temática da segurança tem ganhado cada vez mais importância no cenário global diante dos crescentes desafios abarcados pelas transformações econômicas, políticas, ambientais, humanitárias e culturais contemporâneas. Estes desafios contribuíram para alimentar o debate em torno de uma concepção mais ampla de segurança internacional, tensionando perspectivas mais tradicionais das relações internacionais juntamente com novas abordagens que priorizam os indivíduos como centro da análise e ampliam os estudos de segurança para áreas até então desconsideradas pelo viés mais estrutural e geopolítico. Paralelo a essa tensão, encontram-se os Estados Unidos e seu posicionamento na ordem internacional pós-1989, que apresentou e apresenta, por meio de sua estratégia de segurança nacional, uma política externa que tem fortes impactos no cenário internacional, destacando a contínua relevância deste país para o mundo em constante transformação. De modo a colocar essas diversas questões em diálogo, tanto no que diz respeito às muitas dimensões da segurança internacional como a posição dos Estados Unidos para uma arquitetura mundial (tendo em mente que sua posição é efeito de um aparato complexo que envolve não somente os EUA, mas sua interação com os demais atores no cenário global), este trabalho resgata a concepção foucaultiana de governamentalidade, extrapolando este conceito para a esfera internacional através das análises das relações entre saber/poder e discurso. A governamentalidade é definida por Michel Foucault como o “conjunto constituído pelas instituições, procedimentos, análises e reflexões, cálculos e táticas que permitem exercer esta forma bastante específica e complexa de poder, que tem por alvo a população, por forma principal de saber a economia política e por instrumentos técnicos essenciais os dispositivos de segurança”, tendo como fundamento de sua existência um regime de verdade que consiste basicamente no livre mercado. A ideia de governamentalidade da ordem internacional consiste essencialmente na percepção de que o regime de verdade em torno dos mercados aponta para uma série de práticas organizadas, as quais podem ser provenientes da ação de um ou mais atores internacionais, individualmente ou em conjunto, tendo como objeto de atuação as populações e repercutindo internacionalmente. Os Estados Unidos se encontram no cerne da discussão uma vez que suas estratégias de segurança internacional refletem uma razão de Estado que tem no regime liberal sua premissa maior, constituindo dispositivos de segurança em defesa de uma ordem internacional liberal. Esta relação não é construída unicamente pelo governo norte-americano, mas conta com o suporte de importantes atores de política externa nos Estados Unidos, as think tanks, organizações de pesquisa e advocacy promotoras e propagadoras de ideias. Estas possuem um importante papel na governamentalidade da ordem internacional não apenas pela influência que exercem junto ao governo na formulação de estratégias políticas e à opinião pública norte-americana, mas também porque compartilham do regime de verdade defendido pelo Estado norte-americano. Este trabalho traz o exemplo de três importantes think tanks norte-americanas (The Brookings Institution, Council on Foreign Relations e American Enterprise Institute) a fim de mostrar o papel que elas desempenharam na governamentalidade da ordem internacional pós-1989, tendo como foco o próprio campo da segurança internacional.
Salvador
26
Coey, Christopher. "International academics in English higher education : practising and capturing mobile 2013 careers". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2013. http://livrepository.liverpool.ac.uk/17813/.
Abstract (sommario):
Academics, and the institutions which host them, are increasingly positioned as central components of national and regional innovation systems and as producers of skilled workers for the purported knowledge society. At the same time, globalising and internationalising discourses have constructed an image of highly skilled knowledge workers, including academics, as in demand and highly mobile. In academia, these trends have converged in the idea of a ‘war for talent’, in which institutions compete internationally to attract and retain the ‘best’ people. To some extent these notions extend already established understandings of academics as cosmopolitan and academic fields as transnational, yet their scale and instrumentalisation represents a distinct break from the past. The purpose of this thesis is to explore the empirical reality underlying these discourses through experiences and practices of non-UK citizen academics in the English higher education sector. Using original analysis of HESA data, it first describes recent trends and patterns in non-UK academic staffing in the English sector, and relates these trends to a qualitative analysis of the internationalisation policies of a broad sample of English institutions and other stakeholder organisations. Interviews with 23 non-UK citizen academics in two English higher education institutions explore the ways in which they understand, engage with and practice migration in their careers. It explores incentives and disincentives for migration, rationales for the directions and destinations of migratory flows, and the degree to which these non-UK citizen academics are represented in the imagined ‘mobile academic’ of policy and discourse. In addition, it explores the ways in which non-UK citizen academics in two universities contribute to the internationalisation of their institutions. The study provides a rich understanding of the character and role of non-UK academics in the internationalisation of English higher education, and the ways in which their practices and experiences reflect broader trends, policy agendas and discourses. Outcomes of the study build on and contribute to existing literature and theory, and are relevant to policy makers at institutional and other policy scales.
27
Buquiran, Eleuterio Salvador. "Factors affecting members' retention in Toastmasters International". Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3622733.
Abstract (sommario):
Toastmasters International (TI) is a well-known worldwide association focused on communication skills and leadership development. TI clubs are designed to build confidence in public speaking. Despite the benefits that members gain from joining Toastmasters clubs, the organization is concerned with the factors that affect members' retention in TI.
This mixed-methods study of TI clubs in Southern California included member surveys completed at club meetings, interviews with club leaders, and the researcher's extensive field notes. A stratified purposeful sampling method was used to ensure that the sample size included each club category and quota of the target population of TI club members and leaders. One hundred twelve members completed the members' survey, representing a 56% response rate of the paid members in the clubs surveyed. Twelve club leaders participated in long semi-structured interviews.
The findings revealed that members join TI for self-improvement and development in speaking: the purpose of the TI curriculum. The surveys revealed that 45% of the members join TI to improve communication skills and advance their career. Fifty-six percent indicated that constant participation and attendance at TI meetings helped them to overcome their fear of public speaking. Fifty-seven percent of the members stated that they continue their membership with TI to alleviate their fear of public speaking, improve their communication, and participate in speech contests.
The survey indicated that 64% of the members enjoyed activities that allowed them to speak during the club meetings. Thirty-nine percent of the members surveyed were able to achieve their competent communicator (CC) and competent leader (CL) awards. Another 39% of the members were also in progress of completing these awards.
The convenience and location of the club was important for members in terms of their attendance. Members attended meetings when there were enough parking spaces, the club was centrally located and accessible to public transportation, and the club was comfortable as well as conducive for club meetings. It is recommended that TI develop facilities requirements to meet the needs of members and encourage them to remain in the club.
28
Sundback, Nick. "International Relations or International Sanitations? Exploring Student Perceptions of Intro to IR Course Content". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/120.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis draws on student testimony, curriculum analysis, and statistical tests to explore 1) the degree to which gender, financial aid status, and race/ethnicity correlate with student perceptions of Intro to IR course content and 2) the degree to which students conceptualize IR as interrelated with social identities, as opposed to an abstracted state-centric discipline.
29
Schild, Ingrid. "The politics of international collaboration in Polar research". Doctoral thesis, University of Sussex, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-42850.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates the tension between science and politics in contemporary polar research. Twin objectives underpin this central theme. The first is to investigate the relationship between science and politics when analysed through an understanding of international collaboration in Arctic and Antarctic research. The second is to gain an understanding of the nature of research collaboration as an important mode of working in modern science. A framework for analysing collaboration as a work process is proposed. The empirical research interprets how and why polar researchers collaborate. This is done by investigating a number of collaborative projects with reference to their policy and political context. Three countries with contrastive polar political interests were chosen within which to conduct the empirical work: the UK, Norway and Germany. Science logistics (the means of supporting research in the field, e.g. transport, research platforms) are identified as the most significant enabling factor in experimental polar research. They also perform a symbolic political role for governments. In the three countries forming the focus of this study, science logistics are controlled bygovernment polar research institutes which also house multidisciplinary research programmes. Logistics are traced to the heart of collaboration; they bring researchers together, and shape the nature of collaborative research. Differences in ease of access to national logistics structure collaboration. The interface between these politics of access andnational political agendas is blurred, owing to the central role played by logistics in both science and politics. However, the apparent conflict between scientists' careers and polar politics masks the finding that scientists shape their careers in creative ways, despite, or perhaps because of the constraints imposed by structural conditions. Viewing science as work reveals the importance of taking account of what scientists do when analysing the relation between science and politics.
30
Kovacs, Zoltan Balazs. "International labour standards, codes of conduct and multinational enterprises". Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=32809.
Abstract (sommario):
Multinational enterprises shape global and national politics by their enormous economic power. In the introduction, I briefly discuss the definition of a multinational, as well as the role of labour standards relating to child labour.In Part I, I will focus upon the political and economic relationship between States and MNEs. I will also discuss the tensions this relationship creates. In the second part, I focus on the issue of child labour and different kinds of approaches countries take.
Before dealing with international efforts to create a universal code, I examine two internal codes.
Part III addresses two main issues. First, the question how human rights and MNEs relate to each other is dealt with. Then the issue of international legal responsibility will be elaborated.
Finally, the thesis concludes that public opinion and shame may be the key to successfully address the issue of child labour.
31
Tomescu, Irina. "Abandoned Children and International Adoption: An Analysis of Unintended Consequences of Institutional Arrangements in Romania, 1990-2001". The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392805477.
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Gumbrell-McCormick, Rebecca Anne. "The International Confederation of Free Trade Unions : structure, ideology and capacity to act". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/56529/.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis shows the ways in which the strategies and tactics of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU) have evolved, in response to changes in the world economy and society and as part of the development of an international industrial relations system. It uses a series of cases to examine key features of the organisation and to show how it has responded to important challenges. These include: the creation of a separate European trade union organisation and the nature of the ICFTU's relation to it; the relations and the search for unity between the ICFTU and its Christian rival, the WCL; the campaign against apartheid in South Africa and violations of human rights in Chile and other countries; the rise of women's participation and representation within the world body, and most importantly, the development of the international trade union movement's campaign against the multinational corporations and around the theme of 'globalisation'. I conclude that the ICFTU is constrained on all sides as an organisation - through limited independent powers of action, disunity among its affiliates, the decline in the membership and influences of national unions, the scarcity of resources, and other factors - but that it has been able to act effectively under certain circumstances and when certain key conditions are met, such as the willingness to act among affiliated unions that was built up around the problem of apartheid, or the leading role played by the confederation in promoting women's equality.
33
Turton, Helen Louise. "The sociology of a diverse discipline : international relations, American dominance and pluralism". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/13868.
Abstract (sommario):
The discipline of International Relations is frequently depicted as an American dominated discipline. This disciplinary self-image has become so entrenched that it is rarely questioned and operates as a ‘quasi-fact’ within the field. However, the manner in which this widespread claim has been put forth is largely speculative. There is a surprising lack of data verifying the prominent notion, and indeed the ‘evidence’ that does exist is largely out-dated and methodologically problematic. As such, this thesis attempts to remedy this dearth of data by systematically investigating if and how the United States dominates the discipline of IR. Rather than speaking of a generic and ambiguous form of dominance this thesis begins by disaggregating the concept of dominance and stating the ways in which an actor can potentially dominate and how this can be measured. What this crucially means is that the US may dominate in some ways and not others. Through exploring twelve of discipline’s international journals over a ten-year period from 1999-2009, and four international conferences from 2005-2011 it becomes clear that the central issue is not whether the United States dominates the discipline but the degree and manner in which it does. Through demonstrating the numerous current trends and inclinations in the discipline a complex image of the IR emerges; an image that challenges a number of prevalent assertions about the disciplinary character of IR. The findings presented illustrate how the discipline of IR is more international and more diverse than is commonly perceived, and yet how the discipline of IR still experiences certain forms of American dominance. This thesis aims to highlight the importance of perspective and consequently how we need to be more nuanced and reflective in the ways we characterize the discipline’s dominance claims. Overall this thesis aims to highlight the many dynamics occurring at different levels of the discipline, all of which shape the contours of the field and IR’s relationship with the American academy.
34
Bahri, Hassen. "Pour en finir avec la dépolitisation : le développement international et son discours face aux pratiques locales du pouvoir". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/36435.
Abstract (sommario):
Diagnostic des forces et des faiblesses, traitements, bilans, perspectives et prédictions, les institutions financières internationales conditionnent les prêts octroyés aux États financés à une série d’ajustements et de mesures auxquelles leurs économies devraient être soumises. Leurs documentations en matière de développement économique prennent un ton qui n’est pas sans rappeler les écrits religieux. Naturalisé, simplifié et dépolitisé, le discours de ces institutions se veut une sorte de catéchisme de l’orthodoxie économique, des commandements (censés représenter la culmination du savoir économique et le consensus de ses savants) dont la stricte obéissance mènerait vers la terre promise du développement et de la prospérité et dont le rejet représenterait une hérésie démagogique. Les auteurs critiques des politiques de développement de ces bailleurs de fonds arguent que les États receveurs de l’aide financière sont en train de perdre le contrôle sur leurs économies et que leurs populations, en plus du coût social auquel elles sont soumises, voient le pouvoir décisionnel leur échapper pour devenir l’apanage d’une élite d’experts. Grâce à la place hégémonique du savoir économique dont ils se prévalent, ils occuperaient un poids de plus en plus prépondérant dans le processus de prise de décisions politiques.
Conçu et prescrit via l’angle de l’expertise, le développement serait réduit à ces éléments techniques et contribuerait ainsi à la dépolitisation du politique et à asseoir le pouvoir des bailleurs de fonds, détenteurs du monopole de l’expertise du développement, sur les politiques économiques de l’État financé.
Toutefois, les disparités régionales en matière d’applications des politiques néolibérales des institutions financières et les difficultés éprouvées par l’élite économique dans certains pays à imposer leur savoir comme savoir hégémonique et à s’installer dans les rouages clés de la prise de décision politique nous poussent à considérer l’importance des dynamiques locales du pouvoir. Mais encore, ils nous contraignent à rejeter toute velléité de comprendre l’économie de l’État financé via uniquement le prisme d’une domination d’institutions toutes puissantes qui imposeraient un savoir-faire hégémonique à des États soumis et sans recours.
Dans cette thèse, nous défendrons l’idée que si le développement est bel et bien une manifestation de rapports de pouvoir, il faudrait plutôt chercher à le comprendre via les pratiques qui le composent. Ce que nous proposons c’est une lecture de l’entreprise du développement via ses contraintes bureaucratiques, via les différentes stratégies de contournement des exigences des institutions financières et les mécanismes de leur interprétation, mais également à travers les différentes luttes internes qui définissent le polity et les limites du pouvoir de l’État. Cette approche, nous l’espérons, permettrait de mieux saisir les dynamiques qui sous-tendent les politiques économiques de l’État financé, de mieux dégager le rôle des institutions financières et de situer la place de l’idéologie néolibérale dans le processus décisionnel.
35
Bosley, Christopher C. "A grand unified theory of world politics| The stability imperative and reifying imagined communities in a global society". Thesis, Georgetown University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10240576.
Abstract (sommario):
The emerging global structure is wrought with tension. The contemporary international system, marshaled by the communications-and-information revolution and characterized by dense interaction capacities among transnational actors, can be conceived as a global society wherein a common normative framework guides and constrains state behavior. Its intersection with revisionist rising powers harboring intentions to mold that framework to reflect their own preferences risks an ambiguous standard of behavior, confusion, and a clash of norms that threatens to transform the cohesion that underpins accord in the global society into chaos. As the state upon whose values and principles the existing international system is based upon, it is the responsibility of the United States to ensure the stability and viability of that system and – as far as other states are expected to conform to the normative standards thereof – its ability to accommodate the development of the states within it. The United States has traditionally promoted the democratic peace as the key stabilizing mechanism in the international system. While fully institutionalized democracies may be more stable and less aggressive than other forms of government, however, emerging democracies tend to be extraordinarily violent as self-rule precipitates secessionist wars, pathological homogenization, and ethnic cleansing as “the people” are defined and those excluded are sorted out. In regions beset by the legacies of colonialism and multi-ethnic empires, wherein state boundaries were arbitrarily drawn to aggregate and divide a complex mosaic of social identity groups, the results are national cascades fueling pervasive identity-driven conflict in a struggle to reify into the primary organizing structure of modernity: the nation-state.
36
Obinna, Denise N. "American Deportation and the `Non-Criminal’ Criminals". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1437579909.
37
Ebrahim, Arwa. "The effectiveness of the implementation of international women's conventions in Muslims : Bahrain as a case study". Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2016. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/6555/.
Abstract (sommario):
The debate regarding whether or not Islam is inherently discriminatory towards women is endless. Even though the Quranic verses emphasize equality between man and woman and the supremacy of human dignity, the interpretation of the Islamic texts related to women are often influenced by the values of patriarchal societies resulting in discriminatory practices against women in many Muslim countries worldwide. The Convention of the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) is often referred to as the ‘women’s bill of rights’ as it is the first international legally-binding document that specifically deals with all areas related to women’s lives. This convention is believed to aim at achieving equality between men and women in every field and supports women’s access to equal opportunities in the political and social spheres trying to overcome the social and cultural obstacles that might exist so they can have full rights in areas of legal rights, education, employment, healthcare, politics and finance. However, the implementation of this convention in Muslim societies remains as an ineffective remedy to the problems of women due to a number of reasons mainly related to lack of real government will and strict social and religious values. Like most Muslim countries, Bahrain has ratified the CEDAW while putting reservations on its main articles, leaving the convention without any real effect. Bahrain is a Muslim state that is small in population but serves as a good representation of the dilemma that Muslim societies experience in general, which is their eagerness to adapt to modern values whilst clinging at the same time to their religious roots. This thesis studies the Bahraini society in terms of its application of the CEDAW and the legislations related to women in different fields by giving a special focus to the controversial issues in Islam that hinder a full implementation of the CEDAW. This research has taken the challenge of investigating the situation of women rights in Bahrain and its compatibility with the international laws. Through using a research strategy based on questionnaires and interviews with different stakeholders, the thesis was able to present the views the society in Bahrain holds about the situation of women and the challenges facing women hindering them to further develop their situation. The outcomes of the work undertaken will put recommendations to improve the situation for Muslim women as states or concerned stakeholders should not rely only on trying to fully apply the CEDAW, but should work towards renewing the religious mindsets, create social awareness, and have a genuine political will to achieve equality. In a nutshell, the main target for change is to work essentially towards making a change that comes from within.
38
Aunio, Anna-Liisa. "Changing the climate: international environmental institutions, non-governmental organizations and mobilization in a post-Kyoto world". Thesis, McGill University, 2009. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40695.
Abstract (sommario):
In this study, I define and assess the institutionalization of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) within transnational politics by examining the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its relationship to accredited non-governmental organizations (NGOs) from 1991 to 2007. I combine participant observation, interview, and network analysis in order to assess institutionalization as part of a multi-level polity, in which NGOs interact with states and international institutions in both domestic and international contexts. Embedded in this analysis is an examination of the Climate Action Network (CAN) in Canada and the United States following Canada’s ratification and the US’s non-ratification of the Kyoto Protocol. By assessing the intra- and inter-organizational dynamics of NGOs within the UNFCCC negotiations, I demonstrate that transnational coalitions may be one of the primary ways in which NGOs are becoming institutionalized in transnational politics. By assessing the construction of insider and outsider identities within one transnational coalition—CAN—I demonstrate that insiders enacted their identities by constructing and communicating the institutional memory of the framework. Outsiders, beginning in 2005, enacted their identities by doing the ‘emotion work’ of the mobilization around the 2005 Climate Change Conference in Montreal, Canada. Their enactment of these roles and their relationship to one another redefined the boundaries between institutionalized and contentious politics. Finally, I demonstrate how CAN’s institutionalization within the UNFCCC shifted down in Canada after Canada’s ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by acting as a cohesive coalition and engaging in institutionalized politics. In the US, by contrast, CAN organizations fell back upon relations outside of CAN and engaged in contentious politics. The insights of this study provide theoretical insight into NGOs’ institutionalizatiDans cette étude, je définie et évalue l’institutionnalisation d’organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG) sous des politiques transnationales en examinant la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) et sa relation avec l’accréditation d’ONG, de 1991 à 2007. Je combine observation participante, entrevues et analyse des réseaux dans le but d’évaluer l’institutionnalisation comme faisant partie d’une politique multi-niveaux, dans laquelle les ONG interagissent avec les états et les institutions internationaux, à l’échelle locale et internationale. Intégrée dans cette analyse est l’étude du Réseau action climatique (RAC) au Canada et aux États-Unis, suivant la ratification du Canada et la non-ratification des États-Unis du protocole de Kyoto.En évaluant les dynamiques intra et inter-organisationelles des ONGs dans les négociations du CCNUCC, je démontre que les coalitions transnationales seraient une des premières façons pour les ONG de s’institutionnaliser dans les politiques transnationales. En évaluant la construction des identités de l’initié et du profane à l’intérieur d’une coalition transnationale (RAC), je démontre que les initiés promeuvent leurs identités en effectuant du « travail émotif » de la mobilisation autour de la Conférence sur les changements climatiques de Montréal, Canada, en 2005. La promotion de leurs rôles, ainsi que leurs relations entre elles, ont redéfini les frontières entre politiques institutionnalisées et politiques contentieuses. Finalement, je démontre comment l’institutionnalisation du RAC sous le CCNUCC s’est détériorée au Canada, après la ratification du Canada au protocole de Kyoto, en servant de coalition cohésive et an s’impliquant dans les politiques institutionnalisées. Aux États-Unis, par ailleurs, les organisations du RAC se sont tournées vers des relations avec des non-initiés du RAC et se sont engagées dans$
39
Hellawell, Sarah. "Feminism, pacifism and internationalism : the Women's International League, 1915-1935". Thesis, Northumbria University, 2017. http://nrl.northumbria.ac.uk/36129/.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis examines the Women’s International League (WIL) to explore the wider themes of feminism, pacifism and transnational activism during the Great War and the interwar years. WIL was formed in October 1915 as the British national section of what came to be known as the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). The thesis interrogates the concept of feminist pacifism by analysing WIL’s campaigns for peace, disarmament and international law alongside its pursuit of women’s rights. The thesis also demonstrates the interplay between activism on the local, national and international stages. In chronological terms, the focus is on the first twenty years of WIL’s activism: from the circumstances that led to its foundation in 1915 to the challenges faced in 1935 – a time when the political consensus within WILPF came under threat and when hopes that internationalism would secure peace began to fade. The study comprises five chapters. The first explores the foundations of WIL and examines the methods it used to link its opposition to war to its feminist demands. The remaining chapters are thematic and cover the organisation’s work during the interwar years. Chapter Two analyses WIL’s campaigns for women’s rights, including the nationality of married women and the debate over protective legislation. Chapter Three highlights the organisation’s gendered approach to peace, including its campaigns for disarmament. Chapter Four investigates WIL’s commitment to internationalism through an analysis of its organisational structure and its work at the transnational level. The final chapter examines how the organisation built and maintained a network of activists, exploring the shared interests between WIL and a range of other voluntary associations, including those working for peace, humanitarian relief, liberal internationalism and socialism. This study firmly places WIL within British and international movements for peace and women’s rights. Work by Leila Rupp, Marie Sandell and Karen Offen demonstrates the wealth of activism by and for women at the international level during the twentieth century. However, previous scholarship has not focussed on WIL in any depth. By offering a detailed analysis of this organisation, the thesis sheds light on a range of issues: the campaign for female citizenship and political participation; the connections between feminism and pacifism; the development of international organisations during the interwar years; and the nature of transnational women’s activism.
40
Abbott, Keith. "Seeking the enlightened self : a sociological study of popular teachings about spiritual enlightenment". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9070.
Abstract (sommario):
This is a study of self and authority in the popular spiritual field. Since Heelas's The New Age Movement (1996), the notion of a common Self-spirituality in which seekers trust the authority of the Self has been familiar within academe. Yet, contrary to the direction of Heelas's earlier work on indigenous psychologies and self-religions, the different ways participants conceive terms like seeker and self has largely escaped analysis. This omission allows scholars to homogenise diverse activities and portray broad cultural trends. But, it also black boxes the self, side-lines how authority actually works, and obscures conflicts between participants. I address such gaps by examining four international enlightenment cultures, each with a guru (Andrew Cohen; Gangaji; Tony Parsons; and Steven Saunders of Holigral ). Research materials include field experiences, recorded events, and participants printed and online publications. Combining multi-site ethnography with sociological conversation and discourse analysis, and drawing upon science and technology studies throughout, my argument addresses three themes: seekers; gurus; and truths. Developing Heelas's earlier work, I show seekers are not pre-constituted but configured in interactional practices which draw upon various cultural idealisations of the self. An enlightened self is likewise configured differently in each culture. I show such mundane local practices constitute gurus as experiential experts through associating their personas with participants configured experiences of self. Different configurations of self are consequential, implying differing modes of engagement with wider society and figuring in credibility contests between different cultures. I provide a way of understanding enlightenment cultures which avoids homogenising them, considers their respective potentials to promote social change, and accounts for antagonisms between them. As tangential themes, through a literary Seeker Self voice, I address issues of distance and engagement in studying spirituality and the often transparent penetration of academic discourse by the discourse of spirituality, or its spiritual repertoire.
41
Deery, Phyllis Anne 1967. "The indigenous international diplomacy of Indian Territory". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278023.
Abstract (sommario):
Because of the removal policy of the American government, Indian Territory was made the new home of over thirty Indian nations, including the Five Civilized Tribes of the Southeast. In an effort to stabilize and maintain peaceful and helpful relations between these immigrant nations over fifty international councils were called throughout the history of this territory. During the 1870's, the delegates of the nations attending the Okmulgee Council also attempted to form a confederacy. These circumstances provide an excellent microcosm of Native American internationalism, and by analyzing the nature of the diplomacy that occurred among these nations this thesis will propose a pattern or model that will hopefully be useful in understanding the international relations that occurred between the indigenous nations over the last 500 years.
42
Gregory, Amber Michelle. "Negotiating Muslim Womanhood: The Adaptation Strategies of International Students at Two American Public Colleges". Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5229.
Abstract (sommario):
From a Western perspective, North Americans and Western Europeans perceive Muslim women as being oppressed (Andrea 2009; Lutz 1997, 96; Ozyurt 2013). Led by this assumption, some view studying abroad as an international student as an experience that allows Muslim women the opportunity to "escape" this supposed oppression and to know "freedom" in the U.S. However, Muslim women's experiences are more dynamic and complex than this dualism suggests. In this thesis, I explore adaptation strategies of Muslim women international students, and how gender, race, and religion affect their experiences while abroad. Furthermore, I explore the women's use of emotion management as a means of navigating their experiences during their study abroad. Data consist of qualitative interviews with 11 Muslim women students from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Nigeria, Morocco, Oman, The Gambia, Kuwait, and India. Findings in this study are consistent with previous research of international students' challenges; Muslim women face difficulties with English language proficiency, new social network creation, transition to a student role, and management of finances during their study abroad. In addition, Muslim women international students actively synthesize traditional gender norms from their countries with new identity formations but also "police" others to ensure that they abide by traditional gender expectations. The Muslim women in this study learn and apply American racial schemas (Roth 2012) within a context of constructing the U.S. as a racial and religious paradise. Paradoxically, these women still feel the need to actively debunk negative stereotypes of Muslim communities. Yet, they still maintain connected with their home countries through daily religious involvement such as prayer and wearing the hijab.
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Yoshioka, Takeko. "National crime prevention strategies for Japan: Implications of scientific knowledge and international guidelines". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/27091.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis identifies what Japan could do to implement effective crime prevention nationally. It analyzes (1) official reports and announcements from the government and mass media reports in Japan (Chapter 2); (2) scientific analyses of crime prevention programs and policing that have influenced governments and policies in other countries (Chapter 3 and 4); (3) international guidelines (Chapter 5), and (4) a preliminary assessment of the implementation of effective crime prevention in the United Kingdom (Chapter 6). It makes eight recommendations for Japan.
The official crime reports in Japan have reported a rapid increase in overall crime rates. The government continues to use situational crime prevention and police. However, the causes of crime can only be tackled by social policy. Scientific evaluation in other countries emphasizes that a multi-sector approach is essential to tackle problems in family, school and community. Review of the effectiveness of policing particularly in the United Kingdom shows that modern policing does not reduce crime while partnership with other agencies and strong police leadership for reform would. Guidelines by the United Nations and the World Health Organization recommend a permanent national responsibility center for crime prevention and a systematic implementation cycle where there are 4 stages; analysis, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
44
Pullen, Carrie A. "A phenomenological study of families who participate in long term independent international travel| The family gap year". Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3713885.
Abstract (sommario):
Moustakas (1994) emphasizes that phenomenological study arises from the experiences and passions of the researcher that in turn focus and drive the research. This researcher’s own experiences include a 9-month trip around the world with my family that led me to conduct this study exploring the phenomenon of the family gap year. Existing research focuses on the traditional gap year taken by a young person in between graduation from high school and beginning college. This study seeks to add to that knowledge by exploring the related, but also unique, experience of families who take an extended time period off from career and formal school in order to participate together in a multi-continent international trip. The study addresses why families may decide to take such a trip, what they hope to gain from such an experience and whether or not the trip actually met those expectations. It is also attempts to establish whether or not any changes in family members were identified by participants and believed to be attributable to the experience of the family gap year. Findings from this study indicate that the families examined chose this experience because of a desire to travel and see the world with their children. Subjects agreed that the experience met or exceeded expectations in that it provided a unique opportunity to learn about other peoples and cultures and also provided concentrated time to be together and grow closer as a family. Subjects also however referred to less desirable aspects of the trip related to the maintenance required to keep the family on the road, such as travel planning and laundry. Finally many of the participants in the study referenced learning and personal growth in family members that they attributed to the experience of the family gap year. Together these findings represent an early effort to establish an understanding of the phenomenon of the family gap year.
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Gilliland, Maria Deborah. "Great expectations : exploring the hopes and experiences of international business students in the United Kingdom". Thesis, Keele University, 2016. http://eprints.keele.ac.uk/2391/.
Abstract (sommario):
The number of international students coming to the UK to study has increased significantly over the past decade and while much has been written about their recruitment and retention, the development of a deeper understanding of the international student experience is often overlooked. This thesis does two things; first it critically analyses the policy context and international student experience literature from a theoretical perspective concerned with transitional capital. Secondly, it offers an insight into the diversity of these experiences from the perspective of a particular cohort of international business students at a post 1992 UK university. Drawing on interviews with twelve students at the start and towards the end of their study, it explores how they are negotiating the transaction of different forms of capital during their time in the UK. The study finds some diversity among this group, but also a consistently complex process of reprioritisation of different forms of capital, with some clear points of imaginative transition and consistent reference to the importance of family expectation and inter-student relations. The multiple realities that emerge challenge current international student discourses which tend to assume that international students are a homogeneous group. This perspective needs to be revised to take account of the diverse reality and complexity of the international student experience.
46
Cruz, Christine S. "Use of technologies for American expatriate training". Thesis, Pepperdine University, 2013. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1542256.
Abstract (sommario):
This study examined the use of technology-based training and development within expatriate populations after the 2008 global recession. A quantitative survey design was used to collect data. The study results were shared with a live, face-to-face group forum of training and development practitioners. A total of 46 participants answered the survey. Findings related to participant demographic data as well as their perceptions regarding the impacts of the 2008 recession, training timing and topics, and training methods were reported. The study findings indicated that the 2008 global recession did not have a strong impact on these participants. They also tended to receive training after they arrived onsite. Technology-based training was not viewed as highly effective by expatriates. Rather, it is traditional instructor-led classroom training that best prepared American expatriates for their work assignment abroad, second to blended learning of classroom and technology training.
47
Beerli, Monique J. "Saving the saviors : an international political sociology of the professionalization of humanitarian security". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017IEPP0033.
Abstract (sommario):
Aujourd’hui, un discours dominant affirme que le travail humanitaire est devenu dangereux. Face à l’insécurité croissante, les organisations humanitaires ont développé de nouvelles politiques de sécurité afin de mieux protéger le personnel et les infrastructures. En se fondant sur la sociologie des professions d’Abbott, ainsi que sur la théorie du pouvoir de Bourdieu, cette thèse propose une sociologie politique internationale de la professionnalisation de la sécurité humanitaire. Afin de combler les lacunes des explications et des critiques de la sécurité humanitaire, ce travail examine les conditions de possibilités à l’émergence d’un microcosme de professionnels. Du fait de cette transformation de la division du travail, les humanitaires considèrent désormais que certaines des populations les plus nécessiteuses se trouvent au-delà des limites raisonnables du sacrifice. En comparant le coût de la perte d’une « vie d’humanitaire » à la valeur potentielle du sauvetage des vies, les humanitaires participent à l’intensification des inégalités mondiales. Les humanitaires ne contentent plus seulement d’atténuer la souffrance de lointains étrangers, mais ils contribuent aussi à redéfinir la notion de « populations dans le besoin », en les étiquetant comme « populations dangereuses ». Ainsi, la mise en place de la sécurité comme sens pratique de l’humanitaire inverse les impératifs humanitaires fondés sur le sauvetage des vies et sur la défense d’une humanité partagée. Tout en contribuant aux débats sur la sécurité humanitaire, cette thèse participe également à faire avancer les études sur les élites transnationales, sur la sécurité et sur les organisations internationalesIn recent years, a dominant discourse has emerged asserting that humanitarian work has become a dangerous profession. In response to growing insecurity in the field, humanitarian organizations have developed new security policies to better protect humanitarian staff and infrastructures. Drawing from Andrew Abbott’s historical sociology of professions and Pierre Bourdieu’s social theory of power, this thesis proposes an international political sociology of the professionalization of humanitarian security. To address the shortcomings of normative-functionalist explanations and poststructuralist critiques of humanitarian security, this thesis examines the conditions of possibility fostering the emergence of a microcosm of humanitarian security professionals. As a consequence of this transformation in the division of humanitarian labor, humanitarian organizations now classify some of world’s neediest populations as beyond the limits of reasonable sacrifice. In the production of this exclusion, humanitarian actors reconstruct “populations in need” as “dangerous populations.” By weighing the cost of the loss of a “humanitarian life” against the potential value of saving the lives of needy others, humanitarian actors contribute to the intensification of global divides in their quest for a common humanity. In sum, the imposition of security as a humanitarian logic of practice is analyzed as a driving force of the inversion of the humanitarian imperative to save lives and act in defense of a shared humanity. Contributing to debates on humanitarian security, this thesis also advances the study of international organizations, security, and transnational power elites
48
Rizk, Stephanie Carissa. "Service Sector Growth and Income Inequalities: A Longitudinal Analysis from an International Sample". NCSU, 2003. http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/theses/available/etd-05092003-124333/.
Abstract (sommario):
The rise of the service sector has been offered as a possible reason for rising income inequalities in highly developed countries. Here, data from 1980, 1990 and 1995 are analyzed to investigate the effects of growth in the service sector on income inequalities for 77 nations around the world. Statistical models examine the effects that the state, through redistribution efforts, has on income inequality. Results of random effects models show that 1)service sector growth has a positive relationship with income inequality, 2) that level of development has a strong positive relationship with income inequality, and 3) that redistribution efforts have had little impact on income inequality over time. Some support is given to the idea that there is an interaction effect between service sector growth and relative placement within the overall world system. This raises the question of whether service sector growth affects the income inequality of a nation differently based on where they are ranked in the hierarchy of world development.
49
Young, Tardif Kristin J. "Global Citizen Leader| Successful Maine Leaders Engaging in International Trade and Global Assignments". Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3716783.
Abstract (sommario):
This study was in partnership with the Maine International Trade Center. The Maine International Trade Center was formed to help Maine businesses develop trade internationally and successfully network with international businesses, and connect with governmental and business professionals globally. Maine’s leaders have added resources to the Maine International Trade Center, feeling that it is crucial to Maine’s economic recovery. Maine’s International Trade Center and the Maine Legislature commissioned an extensive research study in 2013. The outcome from this study was the need for further research on global competencies, citizenship and leadership.
The global economies are more connected than any other time in history, consequently so is business. Businesses are competing globally; cost and performance pressures are relentless. Our societies are changing, some having more, and some having less. This study researched the phenomenon of the global citizen leader, and what the cognitive, metacognitive, attitudes and behaviors are for successful executive level business professionals, who are engaged in international trade and global assignments. By studying the dimensions of cultural intelligence, social responsibility, global competence and global civic engagement rich schemas of the complex construct of a global citizen leader came from the experience and stories of thirteen Maine leaders.
50
Lampridi, Athina. "Egypt’s National Interest. A ‘Sociology of Power’ Analysis". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/117451.
Abstract (sommario):
La importancia de Egipto en el mundo árabe y sus características particulares despertó nuestro interés y nos planteó muchas preguntas: ¿Cómo los regímenes respectivos de Nasser, Sadat y Mubarak lograron permanecer en el poder? ¿Por qué los egipcios se mantuvieron dóciles durante tantos años? ¿Por qué las fuerzas de oposición se vieron incapaces de desafiar al régimen autoritario? ¿Fue la Hermandad Musulmana una fuerza de oposición real? ¿Por qué y cómo El Cairo sigue siendo el aliado más cercano de Washington?
La "tercera revolución egipcia" puso fin al régimen autoritario de Mubarak. Inspirados por la revuelta de Túnez, los egipcios se lanzaron a las calles con el lema: "Túnez no es mejor que Egipto", y después de 18 días de protestas masivas los egipcios lograron lo impensable: deponer a su presidente. Estos acontecimientos recientes agregaron más preguntas: ¿Cuáles son los factores que permitieron la caída de Mubarak? ¿Los "días de la ira" pusieron fin al autoritarismo? ¿Cuáles son las fuerzas democráticas del actual Egipto? Y por último, ¿es la transición democrática alcanzable?
Con el fin de dar respuestas a estas preguntas, vamos a desarrollar un marco teórico -la Sociología del poder-, que se va a aplicar en el caso de Egipto en un largo período a partir de la revolución de los Oficiales Libres en 1952 hasta el comienzo de la "tercera revolución egipcia".
El presente trabajo se divide en diez secciones, además de la teórica representando cada uno un capítulo separado. La línea de demarcación del estudio de caso es marcada por importantes acontecimientos históricos de la historia moderna de Egipto, desde 1952 hasta 2010. Esta división temporal, la cual representa sólo una de las posibles opciones para estructurar la investigación, se introdujo a fin de facilitar el trabajo y también la tarea de los lectores.
En cada capítulo, los principales intereses de las élites principales son examinados. En el plano interno, después de identificar los principales agentes y de los recursos de poder que cada uno de ellos controla, tratamos de ofrecer explicaciones de las diferentes coaliciones formadas y rivalidades dentro de la escena egipcia. Esta tarea, ofrece toda la información necesaria para comprender las políticas adoptadas, ya sean de carácter nacional, regional o internacional.
En el ámbito internacional, nuestro principal objetivo es relacionar estas políticas, producto de los intereses de las élites primarias a los intereses de las elites extranjeras. Egipto forma parte de la periferia, por lo que sus élites dependen en gran medida de sus relaciones con elites globales y extranjeras. Por lo tanto, las élites egipcias, por lo general privadas del poder necesario para el control de los recursos de poder más allá del ámbito nacional, están obligadas a aprovechar la coyuntura internacional a fin de promover sus objetivos.The importance of Egypt in the Arab world and its particular features triggered our interest on the Egyptian case and raised many questions: How the respective regimes of Nasser, Sadat and Mubarak managed to remain on power? Was Egypt one man’s stooge? Why Egyptians remained docile for so many years? Why opposition forces are seen incapable of challenging the authoritarian rule? Is Muslim Brotherhood a real opposition force? Why and how Cairo remains Washington’s closest ally? The ‘third Egyptian revolution’ put an end Mubarak’s authoritarian rule. Inspired by the Tunisian revolt, Egyptians took to the streets with the slogan: “Tunisia is not better than Egypt”, and after 18 days of massive protests Egyptians managed the unthinkable: oust their rais. These recent developments added more questions: What are the factors that permitted Mubarak’s fall? Did the ‘days of anger’ put an end to the authoritarianism? Which are the democratic forces of the actual Egypt? And finally, is the democratic transition attainable? In order to give answers to these questions we are going to develop a theoretical framework –the Sociology of power-, which is going to be applied on the Egyptian case in a long period starting from the Free Officers’ revolution in 1952 up to the beginning of the ‘third Egyptian revolution’. The present work is divided into ten sections in addition to the theoretical one each one representing a separate chapter. The demarcation line of the case study is drawn by significant historic events of the Egyptian modern history, from 1952 until 2010. This chronological division, which represents only one of the possible choices to structure the research, was introduced so as to facilitate our work and also the task of the readers. In each chapter, the main interests of the principal elites are examined. In the internal level, after identifying the principal agents and the power resources that each one of them controls, we try to furnish explanations of the different coalitions and rivalries formed inside the Egyptian scene. This task, offers all the necessary information in order to comprehend the policies adopted, whether those are national, regional or international. In the international field, our main focus is to relate these policies, product of the interest of the primary elites to the interests of the foreign elites. As Egypt forms part of the periphery relying heavily on central powers, the power capabilities of the Egyptian elites are strongly related to their relations with foreign-international elites. Therefore, the Egyptian elites, usually deprived of the necessary power to control extra national power resources, are obliged to exploit the international conjuncture so as to further their aims.