Tesi sul tema "Socio-Spatial concepts and practices"

This thesis explores the relationship between culture and human-centred design in Botswana, a topic on which there is little previous research. The pinnacle of good product innovation is when it is grounded on sensitive cultural analysis of users' culture; however, it has been observed that designers have not yet been able to encode cultural phenomena to the same extent as cognitive and physical human factors. The study develops a theoretical framework of cultural analysis, comparing traditional with contemporary socio-cultural factors that can be applied to designing products. The content analysis method was used to extract and synthesise traditional and contemporary socio-cultural factors from Botswana's cultural sources. An experimental study was undertaken in Botswana to investigate how socio-cultural factors can be integrated in product design, and the participants' challenge was to transfer and apply these into product features that reflect Botswana's culture. This data was analysed using the qualitative method of textual and visual content analysis. A culture-orientated design model has been proposed to assist designers to consciously integrate culture in their design practice. The framework demonstrates how to specify, analyse and integrate socio-cultural factors in the early stages of the design process by advancing local thought, content and solutions. It advances a new approach to design education, theory, research and practice. It emerged that culture can be used as a resource of information and a source of inspiration for product innovation that connects with users' traditions. The research findings show that culture-orientated products have meaningful content that reflects users' lifestyles as well as providing them with symbolic personal, social and cultural values, and that these aspects facilitate product acceptance.

This thesis explores the relationship between culture and human-centred design in Botswana, a topic on which there is little previous research. The pinnacle of good product innovation is when it is grounded on sensitive cultural analysis of users' culture; however, it has been observed that designers have not yet been able to encode cultural phenomena to the same extent as cognitive and physical human factors. The study develops a theoretical framework of cultural analysis, comparing traditional with contemporary socio-cultural factors that can be applied to designing products. The content analysis method was used to extract and synthesise traditional and contemporary socio-cultural factors from Botswana's cultural sources. An experimental study was undertaken in Botswana to investigate how socio-cultural factors can be integrated in product design, and the participants' challenge was to transfer and apply these into product features that reflect Botswana's culture. This data was analysed using the qualitative method of textual and visual content analysis. A culture-orientated design model has been proposed to assist designers to consciously integrate culture in their design practice. The framework demonstrates how to specify, analyse and integrate socio-cultural factors in the early stages of the design process by advancing local thought, content and solutions. It advances a new approach to design education, theory, research and practice. It emerged that culture can be used as a resource of information and a source of inspiration for product innovation that connects with users' traditions. The research findings show that culture-orientated products have meaningful content that reflects users' lifestyles as well as providing them with symbolic personal, social and cultural values, and that these aspects facilitate product acceptance.

Cette recherche prend source dans le contexte de l'Anthropocène, aujourd'hui fortement marqué par l'héritage d'un système colonial d'exploitation des territoires, et du constat de l'impact des modes de vie modernes sur le système Terre, mettant en risque son habitabilité pour l'ensemble des populations, humaines et autres qu'humaines. Le problème est abordé par l'habitat au sens large, qui, au-delà de l'habitation, inclut partie de l'espace territorial et des espèces qui le composent, permettant à une population spécifique de subvenir à ses besoins matériels et immatériels. Dans ce travail, nous explorons les possibilités de transformer nos modes de vie et d’habiter pour mettre en œuvre les nécessaires transitions sociales et écologiques et pour s'adapter aux changements climatiques, notamment en limitant les impacts de certains modes de vie sur le système Terre.Cette recherche se focalise sur les habitats alter-hégémoniques, qui se positionnent comme d'autres possibles face aux modes d'habiter induits par un système moderne capitaliste tendant à invisibiliser les aspects endogènes de cultures et cultures constructives locales. Pour cela, nous avons donc étudié deux types d'habitats alter-hégémoniques qui présentent des contextes socio-économiques et historiques différents, appartenant aux deux extrémités du système colonial, et induisant des questionnements quant aux revendications actuelles de décolonisation (culturelle, politique, économiques, épistémologiques) : l'habitat des indigènes Guarani au Brésil et les habitats participatifs en France.Plus spécifiquement, cette recherche vise à explorer comment la matérialisation du Buen Vivir et des propositions alternatives dans la production de l'habitat indiquent des pratiques inspiratrices pour s'adapter à l'évolution actuelle et future des écosystèmes qui puissent minimiser l'impact des modes de vie au niveau local et global et contribuer ainsi à l'habitabilité du système Terre.Nous nous appuyons sur la compréhension du Buen Vivir, philosophie de peuples indigènes des Andes, puis sur celle du Nhanderekó, le Buen Vivir des Guarani du Brésil. Dans les habitats guarani, les matérialisation socio-spatiales du Nhanderekó sont identifiées, que ce soit dans l'architecture, l'occupation des territoires ou les systèmes de gouvernance déclinés à différentes échelles. Dans les habitats participatifs en France, nous nous basons sur l'identification de leurs valeurs et modes de gouvernance, pour comprendre comment leurs organisations spatiales contribuent à ces dynamiques qui cherchent également à tisser du lien avec leurs territoires.Nous cherchons à montrer comment, d'un point de vue élargi, ces deux habitats alter hégémoniques présentent des convergences et complémentarités constituant des pistes de réflexion pour penser des habitats propices à des modes de vie en adéquation avec le système Terre. Nous relevons notamment les aspects de collectif et de mutualisation en interne, l'activation des réseaux en externe, l'intergénérationnel et l'éducation, la résilience constructive et alimentaire, la mise en commun des savoir et savoir-faire, entre autres. La prise en compte de ces aspects représente une diversité de pistes à suivre pour envisager de mettre en place de manière effective de nouvelles pratiques endogènes de conception, de production, d'usage de l'habitat vers un mieux vivre ensemble, viabilisé par des gouvernances dynamiques, voire des cosmopolitiques spécifiques à chaque contexte
This research is taking place in the context of the Anthropocene, which is today strongly marked by the legacy of a colonial system of territorial exploitation, and by the impact of modern lifestyles on the Earth system, putting its habitability at risk for all populations, both human and non-human. The problem is tackled through habitat in the broadest sense, which, beyond habitation, includes part of the territorial space and the species that make it up, enabling a specific population to meet its material and immaterial needs. In this work, we are exploring the possibilities of transforming our ways of living and inhabiting in order to implement the necessary social and ecological transitions and to adapt to climate change, in particular by limiting the impact of certain lifestyles on the Earth system.This research focuses on alter-hegemonic habitats, which are positioned as possible alternatives to the ways of living induced by a modern capitalist system that tends to invisibilise the endogenous aspects of local cultures and building cultures. To this end, we have studied two types of alter-hegemonic habitat with different socio-economic and historical contexts, belonging to both ends of the colonial system, and raising questions about current demands for decolonisation (cultural, political, economic and epistemological): the habitat of the Guarani indigenous people in Brazil and participatory habitats in France.More specifically, this research aims to explore how the materialisation of Buen Vivir and alternative proposals in habitat production point to inspirational practices for adapting to the current and future evolution of ecosystems that can minimise the impact of lifestyles at local and global level and thus contribute to the habitability of the Earth system.Our approach is based on an understanding of Buen Vivir, the philosophy of the indigenous peoples of the Andes, and Nhanderekó, the Buen Vivir of the Guarani people of Brazil. In the Guarani habitats, the socio-spatial materialisations of the Nhanderekó are identified, whether in the architecture, the occupation of territories or the systems of governance at different scales. In the case of participatory housing in France, we are basing ourselves on the identification of their values and modes of governance, in order to understand how their spatial organisations contribute to these dynamics, which also seek to forge links with their territories.Our aim is to show how, from a broader perspective, these two alter-hegemonic habitats have convergences and complementarities that provide food for thought for designing habitats conducive to lifestyles in tune with the Earth system. In particular, we note the aspects of collective and mutualisation internally, the activation of networks externally, intergenerational and educational aspects, constructive and food resilience, and the pooling of knowledge and know-how, among others. Taking these aspects into account represents a diversity of avenues to follow if we are to envisage effectively implementing new endogenous practices in the design, production and use of housing, with a view to better living together, supported by dynamic governance and even cosmopolitics specific to each context

The principal focus of this thesis is the representation of a significant creative practice in relation to the design and installation of the Location-Based Game, SCOOT. This project demonstrates new understandings relating to the contingencies and potentials for transferring positive aspects of digital gameplay to everyday physical environments in an effort to reveal hidden histories and revitalise peoples’ interactions with their local urban spaces.

The spatial modulation (SM) concept combines, in a novel fashion, digital modulation and multiple antenna transmission for low complexity and spectrally efficient data transmission. The idea considers the transmit antenna array as a spatial constellation diagram with the transmit antennas as the constellation points. To this extent, SM maps a sequence of bits onto a signal constellation point and onto a spatial constellation point. The information is conveyed by detecting the transmitting antenna (the spatial constellation point) in addition to the signal constellation point. In this manner, inter-channel interference is avoided entirely since transmission is restricted to a single antenna at any transmission instance. However, encoding binary information in the spatial domain means that the number of transmit antennas must be a power of two. To address this constraint, fractional bit encoded spatial modulation (FBE—SM) is proposed. FBE–SMuses the theory of modulus conversion to facilitate fractional bit rates over time. In particular, it allows each transmitter to use an arbitrary number of transmit antennas. Furthermore, the application of SM in a multi-user, interference limited scenario has never been considered. To this extent, the average bit error rate (ABER) of SM is characterised in the interference limited scenario. The ABER performance is first analysed for the interference-unaware detector. An interference-aware detector is then proposed and compared with the cost and complexity equivalent detector for a single–input multiple–output (SIMO) system. The application of SM with an interference-aware detector results in coding gains for the system. Another area of interest involves using SM for relaying systems. The aptitude of SM to replace or supplement traditional relaying networks is analysed and its performance is compared with present solutions. The application of SM to a fixed relaying system, termed dual-hop spatial modulation (Dh-SM), is shown to have an advantage in terms of the source to destination ABER when compared to the classical decode and forward (DF) relaying scheme. In addition, the application of SM to a relaying system employing distributed relaying nodes is considered and its performance relative to Dh-SM is presented. While significant theoretical work has been done in analysing the performance of SM, the implementation of SM in a practical system has never been shown. In this thesis, the performance evaluation of SM in a practical testbed scenario is presented for the first time. To this extent, the empirical results validate the theoretical work presented in the literature.

This doctoral thesis documents a collaborative ethnographic study in a junior school setting applying the Social and Emotional Aspects of Learning (SEAL) curriculum - ‘an explicit, structured, whole-curriculum framework and resource for teaching social, emotional and behavioural skills to all pupils’ (DfES 2005, pg. 5). Children’s emotional skills in particular are positioned as a remedy for the mental health problems perceived to be facing contemporary society (Seligman 2005). However, Gillies (2011) has shown how such understandings of emotion in education categorise particular emotions as right or wrong. This, she suggests, works to pathologise the emotional lives of children (Gillies 2011). In response, Kenway and Youdall (2011) call for a move towards a ‘socio-cultural-spatial analysis of emotion ... [that] ... allows us to engage with emotion in new ways’ (pg. 132). Like Kenway and Youdell (2011) I have found that few educational studies make links between space. place and emotionality, and particularly from children’s perspectives. The thesis develops a socio-spatial lens in order to foreground a definition of emotion as the meanings that people make of affective experiences and productions in relation to particular contexts. In this thesis I am interested in children’s meaning-making and how this is influenced by the school setting. The thesis is divided in two intersecting volumes. Volume A documents how I have developed a methodology for researching emotion from children’s perspectives and Volume B presents a series of vignettes that capture children’s meaning-making. The methodological approach was foregrounded by a concept of emplacement (Pink 2009), which considers place (which is considered to be emotionally textured) as dynamic and socially produced. This perspective attends to the ways that children are both shaped by and shape the emotional landscapes of schooling. In line with this theoretical lens I co-developed arts-orientated methodologies with a group of nine children (aged 9 and 10) to examine the social and spatial dimensions of emotion, such as den-building, film-making and scrapbooks. To reflect the way that the research design shapes research findings, the thesis is designed in a way that supports the reader to make choices about how they move between these two volumes. In doing so I also intend for the reader to construct their own understandings as they navigate the thesis, in order to reflect the subjective and unfolding nature of the research process. The design of the thesis also reflects the complexities of capturing the intersectional nature of the material and immaterial in children’s constructions of emotion, it shows how different moments in children’s school lives are intertwined in the social production of emotional landscapes. In essence this doctoral study aims to show how a socio-spatial analysis of emotion enables alternative (by this I mean moving away from a ‘skills’ orientated perspective) and productive ways of thinking about emotion to enter into educational settings and educational research.

The occupation of public squares during the Arab Spring in 2011 across the Middle East and North Africa have revealed new layers of complex practices of liberation used to counter the strategies of the regime’s security apparatus. There emerged a need to critically detect and analyse the spatial practices of the liberated spaces as forms of sustained resistance that facilitated political gains. During the 18 days of the Egyptian Revolution of 2011, public space, long neglected, again became a political domain that witnessed unusual spatial practices and a contested terrain for society, in sum, a space for protest and resistance for the entire population of Cairo. This research shall focus on Tahrir Square in Cairo as ‘space of politics’ during the eighteen days long Egyptian Revolution, i.e., from Jan 25 till Feb 11 2011. The aim of the research is to investigate how socio-spatial practices transformed public space from being a congested traffic hub into an active and animated space for resistance that was equally accessible to different factions, social strata, media outlets, and urban social groupings, as determined by popular cultures and social responsibilities. It advances our knowledge on the way social movements manipulate, manage and occupy vast urban spaces with great flexibility and autonomous spatial tactics. Tahrir Square was reproduced, in a process of “space adaptation,”1 to accommodate forms of social organization and administration. This adaptation of space embedded spatial patterns of activities and practices from the earliest days, all of which shall be described and classified by the research through a frame structure. This research investigates the physical appearance of democratic performance in public space through acts of resistance over a delineated space from three-years of socio-spatial fieldwork and spatio-political research. The thesis employs an inter-disciplinary case study methodology comprising of two phases – descriptive explanatory and exploratory – to investigate the change in socio-spatial practices and dynamics of urban space. In this research, an interactive representation of narratives will be presented in order to address the complexity of the problem, i.e., the integration of architectural, social, political, historical, and spatial materials to construct a multi-layered analysis and significant account. Diverse research methods are utilized, such as: the collection of historical background data of space, contemporary reports, unstructured interviews with 50 involved actors, documented narratives, and direct observations. Through undertaking analytical surveys and decoding of information of the events, a systematic classification of socio-spatial patterns and distribution of activities of daily intervals through the five main themes was generated. This research presents a matrix of analytical maps tracing the five main themes: hospitalization and emergency support, living and life needs supplies, media and news display, prayers and ritual practices, and art and freedom of expression. This matrix is a tool with which to display conflict over space, and explicitly, how Tahrir Square was re-conceptualized. In doing so, this thesis deploys innovative ways to highlight social practices that spatially occupied a significant part of downtown Cairo and how changes occurred over the time. Studying the evidence of each theme separately, the dynamics and changing location of activities and rational processes of management can be systematically analyzed and the complexity of the performative space understood. The physical space, hence, became a socio-spatial sphere that is adjustable, flexible domain of human praxis rather than a rigid physical container of human actors. Thus, this approach proposes a new perspective for looking at the recent uprisings and revolts in public squares through tracing their dynamics and socio-spatial practices. This can be useful in understanding similar cases of uprisings and suggests the value of further research into the process of re-conceptualization of public space. The research presented here, and it is supporting methodology, developed as a way to capture the values and capacities that are in play during such particular ‘spatial of revolt’. The thesis is a valuable addition to literature on the understanding of qualities of, human interaction with urban spaces, and their political role in the contemporary city. It has potential application for activists, public space occupiers, planners, architects, anthropologists, theorists and dictators or governments seeking to control urban unrest.

O presente trabalho propõe a reflexão sobre as práticas socioespaciais enquanto manifestações espaciais e sociais de praticantes, considerando a interação entre os mesmos e entre eles e o espaço urbano. Por meio da observação de dois objetos empíricos distintos o Baixo Augusta - São Paulo/Brasil e a Alameda de Hércules Sevilha/Espanha, enquanto espaços urbanos em transformação e manchas de ócio e lazer , são feitas, inicialmente, reflexões cruzadas teóricas e análises da conformação urbana e histórica de cada um. Em seguida, analisam-se suas atuais configurações a partir das práticas socioespaciais observadas. Para tanto, emprega-se uma abordagem entre escalas e um método experimental, a fim de construir um olhar que busque tornar visíveis aspectos e processos que não se refiram somente a contextos urbanos particulares, mas que também permitam a abordagem de aspectos da cidade contemporânea de modo amplo. Como resultado destas análises, foram elaboradas cartografias socioespaciais capazes de revelar as urbanidades de cada um deles, permitindo-se leituras individuais e conjuntas.
The present work proposes the reflection on socio-spatial practices as spatial and social manifestations of practitioners, considering the interaction between them and between them and the urban space. By observing two distinct empirical objects - the Baixo Augusta - São Paulo / Brazil and the Alameda de Hércules - Seville / Spain, as urban spaces in transformation and spots of leisure and leisure - are initially made , theoretical cross-reflections and analysis of the urban and historical conformation of each one. Then, their current configurations are analyzed based on the observed socio-spatial practices. In order to do so, an approach between scales and an experimental method is employed in order to construct a look that seeks to make visible aspects and processes that do not refer only to particular urban contexts, but that also allow the approach of aspects of the contemporary city of mode. As a result of these analyzes, socio-spatial cartographies capable of revealing the urbanities of each of them were developed, allowing individual and joint readings.

Examining emerging themes from the data, the thesis discusses personal and organisational journeys into blind golf. The impact of less tangible barriers, particularly disabling attitudes, on the player’s experiences of access to, and sense of inclusion in, golf are explored. I argue that barriers are embedded in the ‘everyday’ encounters in the golfing landscape between blind and sighted people. Although the golfers have accessed their chosen sport, this participation remains an unequal and disabling experience. The thesis moves from considerations of the golfers’ relationships with (sighted) others predominantly out with blind golf, to the inter-personal relationships between players (blind golfer) and their guide (sighted person). The need for a guide raises key issues connected to disability and feminist debates surrounding the social relations of help. I focus on the way in which help is given and experienced from the perspectives of the player. The thesis then considers the processes through which identities as ‘blind golfers’ take shape within the spaces of blind golf. It demonstrates how the golfers actively mediate their own identities and relationships in blind golf. Identifying, or being identified, as a ‘blind golfer’ is not intrinsically negative yet can be fraught with contradictions. I therefore argue for a more nuanced understanding of blind identities. In conclusion, the thesis suggests that examining subjective experiences of disability allows perspectives on disability to shift from socio-spatial structures to socio-spatial practices. This approach greatly enriches discussion of processes of inclusion and exclusion in relation to disability.

We designed an experiment to evaluate change in students' spatial skills as a result of specific interventions. Our test subjects included high school students in earth science classes, college level non-science majors enrolled in large enrollment introductory geoscience courses and introductory level geoscience students. All students completed spatial tests to measure their ability to mentally rotate three-dimensional objects and to construct a three-dimensional object from a two-dimensional representation. Results show a steady improvement in spatial skills for all groups. They also indicate that students choosing science majors typically have much higher spatial skills as they enter college. Specific interventions to improve spatial skills included having a subgroup of the non-science majors and high school students complete a suite of Geographic Information System (GIS) activities. The intervention at the high school level was more extensive and resulted in significant improvements in both categories of spatial ability. At the college level, the non-science majors that received the intervention showed no significant difference from those that did not, probably because the time spent on the intervention was too short. The geoscience majors had nearly three times the improvement of non-science majors in both categories of spatial ability attributed to hands-on weekly laboratory experiences. These results reveal a wide range of abilities among all groups of students, and suggest that we evaluate teaching strategies in all courses to ensure that students can interpret and understand the visual imagery used in lectures.

The literature shows that many university students, both globally and in South Africa, do not understand what fully constitutes referencing and why referencing is important in their scholarly journey and in academic institutions. As a result students neglect referencing in their academic work. It has been documented that poor referencing practices, or lack of referencing, might contribute to the persistent rise of plagiarism in higher educational institutions all over the world. I have observed similar trends among our B-Tech students at the University of Technology where I lecture. B-tech students seem to battle to understand the importance of referencing and as a result their assignments are not referenced even though students have been at the university for more than three years. These observations spiked an interest in me to explore the reasons behind this persistent issue. Therefore the aim of this study was to investigate the socio-educational and cultural factors that might influence the way students think about referencing and related practices beyond textual issues. The main reason for looking at these socio-educational and cultural factors is related to the South African diverse cultural and educational context. South Africa has eleven official languages, varied cultural beliefs and value systems, wide-ranging schooling systems in spite of the demise of apartheid, and its people have different socio-economic statuses, and political interests. Therefore, I considered that these differences need to be taken into consideration when dealing with issues of unintentional plagiarism and poor referencing skills in universities. After ethical approval, fifteen third year and B-Tech (fourth year) students from one of the University of Technology (UOT) campuses in South Africa, and with varied cultural value systems, varied educational schooling backgrounds, and varied home language backgrounds were chosen to participate in the study, using a heterogeneous purposeful sampling technique. Data were collected using face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews. Transcripts from the interviews were analysed using elements of Grounded theory. The results show that, despite their different cultural and schooling backgrounds, the majority of the students in the sample had never been exposed to formal instruction on referencing skills in high school. Their first formal referencing training was at the university. The students felt that the training provided at our UOT was not in-depth, practical or extensive enough. Furthermore the students reported that the reading and writing practices in high school were limited to memorising and regurgitating chunks of text from authoritative texts without necessarily being encouraged to acknowledge sources of information. The students were used to being given all the information considered necessary by teachers in class, and therefore saw no need to search for information themselves. Based on these findings, the following recommendations are suggested: lecturers at our and other higher education institutions need to be cognisant that critical reading and writing, referencing and its related practices might be an unknown concept and practice for new students joining the university. Lecturers therefore need to provide a more detailed and comprehensive training on referencing and its related concepts. In addition, higher educational institutions should provide extensive training for lecturers on referencing, on how to teach referencing, and how to provide informative and developmental feedback to the students.

Cette thèse étudie la focalisation spatiale de données (FSD) comme moyen d'effectuer la diffusion géolocalisée de données sans fil sur la couche physique, c'est-à-dire la multidiffusion basée sur la position ou la diffusion géographiquement limitée. Cette nouvelle approche peut aider à fournir des services et des messages basés sur la position à de grands groupes d'appareils mobiles qui existent dans les cadres émergents de l'internet des objets pour les villes intelligentes, les industries, les soins de santé, etc. Il permet de résoudre et d'éviter les problèmes de confidentialité qui existent dans les services de géodiffusion classiques, où les utilisateurs sont tenus de révéler leur position. En outre, il surmonte les exigences d'auto-localisation des nœuds et l'équilibre difficile entre la complexité, l'évolutivité et le taux de livraison qui existent dans les algorithmes de routage de géodiffusion de la couche réseau. Plus important encore, elle réussit à augmenter la précision, à réduire la taille du réseau d'antennes et à minimiser la complexité - les conditions les plus cruciales pour faire de la géodiffusion sur la couche physique un système attrayant - par rapport aux approches conventionnelles de focalisation de la puissance basées sur la formation de faisceaux. Dans le cadre du FSD, il remédie en outre à deux lacunes fondamentales. Il s'agit (i) d'une limitation à la focalisation dans le domaine angulaire uniquement ou, de manière équivalente, de l'incapacité de focaliser dans le domaine de la distance et (ii) d'une forte sensibilité à la propagation par trajets multiples qui compromet le fonctionnement correct en dehors des canaux hypothétiques de l'espace libre. Ces problèmes sont résolus par la conception de deux nouvelles architectures FSD qui exploitent les ressources de transmission multifréquence dans un cadre de multiplexage par répartition orthogonale de la fréquence (orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, OFDM) et de réseaux de fréquences diverses (frequency diverse array, FDA). En outre, une architecture SDF expérimentale a été mise au point pour démontrer sa faisabilité pratique en tant que nouvelle technique de géocasting
This thesis investigates spatial data focusing (SDF) as a means of performing wireless physical-layer geocasting, i.e. location-based multicasting or geographically-confined broadcasting. This novel approach can aid in providing location-based services and messaging to large groups of mobile devices that exist in emerging internet-of-things frameworks for smart cities, industries, healthcare, etc., providing users with information that is related or contextualized to their geographical location. It addresses and avoids privacy concerns that exist in conventional location-based services, where users are required to disclose their location. In addition, it overcomes node self-localization requirements and the challenging balance between overhead, scalability, and delivery rate that exist in network-layer geocast routing algorithms. Most importantly, it succeeds in increasing precision, reducing array size, and minimizing complexity - the most crucial conditions in making physical-layer geocasting an attractive scheme - compared to conventional beamforming-based power focusing approaches. Within the SDF framework, it additionally addresses two fundamental shortcomings. That is, (i) a limitation to focusing in the angular domain only or, equivalently, the inability for range-domain focusing and (ii) a severe sensitivity to multipath propagation that jeopardizes correct operation outside hypothetical free space channels. They are overcome by designing two novel SDF architectures that exploit multi-frequency transmission resources in an orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) and frequency diverse array (FDA) framework. Additionally, an experimental proof-of-concept SDF architecture is developed that demonstrates its practical achievability as a novel geocasting technique

This cross disciplinary study was conducted as two research and development projects. The outcome is a multimodal and dynamic chronicle, which incorporates the tracking of spatial, temporal and visual elements of performative practice-led and design-led research journeys. The distilled model provides a strong new approach to demonstrate rigour in non-traditional research outputs including provenance and an 'augmented web of facticity'.

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Esta tese trata do tema da diferenciação socioespacial na cidade de Mossoró-RN, segunda maior cidade do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, que é analisada a partir da investigação e do estudo da transformação da área urbana, engendrada pelos novos equipamentos voltados para a prática e consumo do lazer, da cultura, do turismo e do entretenimento, bem como da valorização imobiliária seletiva. Busca-se, com base nesses elementos, analisar e compreender a reprodução dessa diferenciação socioespacial. Procura-se compreender a produção desigual do espaço urbano de Mossoró e a própria construção dessa desigualdade, para, então, investigar quais áreas na cidade estão sendo valorizadas (sob vários aspectos) e quais são os agentes que estão “orquestrando” esse processo. É também nossa preocupação avaliar como a diferenciação socioespacial ocorre e se é reproduzida também por meio das práticas espaciais. Percebe-se que a diferenciação socioespacial em Mossoró se revela em seu espaço urbano por processos que foram se mantendo ao longo do tempo e por fatores de âmbito local, nacional ou até global, que se combinaram ao preexistente. Conclui-se, assim, que o processo de produção do espaço urbano de Mossoró dá-se marcado pela diferenciação socioespacial, e que esse processo caracteriza-se por uma combinação de mudanças e permanências.
This thesis deals with the issue of socio-spatial differentiation in the city of Mossoro-RN, the second largest city of Rio Grande do Norte State. It was studied and analyzed the transformation of the urban area engendered by the new equipment designed to leisure practice and consumption, culture, tourism and entertainment, as well as, the selective real estate valuation. The analysis and understandings of reproduction of socio-spatial differentiation was based in these aspects. It was tried to understand the uneven production of urban space of Mossoro and the actual construction of this inequality, to then investigate which areas in the city would be appreciating (in many ways) and who are the agents that were "orchestrating" the process. It was also our concern assess how socio-spatial differentiation occurs and is also reproduced by means of socio-spatial practices. It is noticed that the socio-spatial differentiation in Mossoro is revealed in its urban space, in processes that have remained over time, and local, national or global level factors to combine the existing. Therefore, in conclusion, the process of urban space production in Mossoro was marked by socio-spatial differentiation, and this process was characterized by a combination of changes and stays.

L’objectif de cette thèse était de discuter la relation entre les pratiques quotidiennes et les émotions dans le processus organisationnel du cirque contemporain. En vue de cela, une étude ethnographique dans le contexte situé au Brésil et au Canada pendant les années 2011 dans la ville brésilienne de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, et 2013 dans la ville canadienne de Montréal, dans la province de Québec. Dans la première base théorique de cette étude, j’effectue une discussion à propos de la dimension politique des pratiques, des façons de faire des sujets sociaux, dans les processus organisationnels quotidiens soulignant la (i)mobilité des organisations en Études organisationnelles. En effet, considérons la routine organisationnelle comme des espaces de pratiques qui constituent la micropolitique - politique de la vie quotidienne - par la sphère normative des processus de gestion. La micropolitique se réfère à la comparaison des relations pratiques avec action logique historique et culturelle; présenter un caractère procédural, car les formes d’organisation des espaces multiples et interconnectés dans la pratique ; produire des effets dans la vie quotidienne en raison de son caractère relationnel avec sphères normatives de la société. En mettant en évidence les émotions comme des pratiques dans la routine organisationnelle qui doit être articulées à d'autres pratiques quotidiennes forment la dimension politique émotionnelle des processus organisationnels. L’un des effets identifiés de la politique émotionnelle dans le travail quotidien du cirque était la production de plusieurs spatialités. Malgré que ces dernières permettent les cirques de chercher la reconnaissance de leur légitimité artistique qui est le produit des contrepoints concernant l’ordre établi dans le domaine politique des arts dans les villes étudiées. En effet, les cirques ne pouvaient être considérés comme des espaces hétérotopiques organisationnels, ou des espaces constituant l’ordre social, mais leurs relations pratiques établies forces inverses. Ainsi, la thèse que je défends dans cet article affirme que la relation entre les pratiques et les émotions quotidiennes est la politique émotionnelle des processus organisationnels résultant de la production de hétérotopies. Les principaux résultats de cette recherche soulignent l’importance des émotions dans les organisations. En montrant comment ces éléments pratiques influencent le développement d'une théorie politique des émotions dans les études organisationnelles. La contribution méthodologique que je présente dans cette thèse est l’appropriation de l’ ethnographie multissituée comme une stratégie de recherche pour les entreprises qui sont basées sur la mobilité socio-spatiale et dans de différents endroits comprendre.En termes appliqués à la gestion, les résultats de l'enquête mettent en évidence que le processus de création des artistes de cirque est centré sur une dynamique collective. Ainsi que l’engagement de la conversation comme pertinente pour la transmission de la connaissance de la production artistique. De plus, la réalisation de résidences de création dans de différents contextes culturels de base pour la formation technique et le développement social du cirque. Sur le processus de formation des artistes, souligner la nécessité d'intégrer des études sur la dimension collective de l’organisation de la formation des artistes de cirque dans les écoles de cirque. Ceci dit, le sujet producteur culturel comme articulateur de pratiques artistiques à des pratiques de gestion.
O meu objetivo nesta tese foi discutir as relações entre as práticas cotidianas e as emoções no processo organizativo do circo contemporâneo. Para tanto, eu realizei um estudo etnográfico multissituado no contexto Brasil-Canadá entre os anos de 2011, na cidade brasileira de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, e 2013, na cidade canadense de Montréal, na província de Quebeque. No primeiro eixo teórico deste estudo, realizo uma discussão a respeito da dimensão política das práticas, as maneiras de fazer dos sujeitos sociais, no cotidiano dos processos organizativos e destaco a (i)mobilidade das organizações nos Estudos Organizacionais. Com efeito, considero o cotidiano organizacional como espaços de práticas que constituem micropolíticas – políticas da vida cotidiana – em meio à esfera normativa dos processos de gestão. As micropolíticas referem-se às relações do confronto das práticas com lógicas de ação determinadas histórico-culturalmente; apresentam um cunho processual; e produzem efeitos no cotidiano devido ao seu caráter relacional com as esferas normativas da sociedade. Destaco as emoções como práticas no cotidiano organizacional que ao serem articuladas às outras práticas cotidianas formam a dimensão política emocional dos processos organizativos. Um dos efeitos da política emocional no cotidiano de trabalho dos circenses que identifiquei foi a produção de múltiplas espacialidades que, apesar de possibilitar aos circos a busca pelo reconhecimento de sua legitimidade artística, produziu contrapontos em relação ao ordenamento estabelecido no campo político das artes nas cidades estudadas. Com efeito, considero que os circos podem ser compreendidos como espaços organizacionais heterotópicos, ou seja, espaços que constituem o ordenamento social, mas que suas práticas invertem as relações de forças estabelecidas na sociedade. Sendo assim, a tese que defendo nesse trabalho é que as relações entre as práticas cotidianas e as emoções constituem a política emocional dos processos organizativos resultando na produção de heterotopias organizacionais. Os principais resultados desta pesquisa destacam a importância das emoções como práticas nas organizações evidenciando elementos para o desenvolvimento de uma Teoria Política das Emoções nos Estudos Organizacionais. A contribuição metodológica que eu apresento nesta tese é a apropriação da etnografia multissituada como estratégia de pesquisa para compreensão de processos organizativos que se constituem com base em mobilidades sócio-espaciais e em diferentes locais. Em termos aplicados à gestão, os resultados da pesquisa destacam que o processo criativo dos artistas circenses é centrado em uma dinâmica coletiva, a prática de conversação como relevante para a transmissão do conhecimento da produção artística e a realização de residências criativas em diferentes contextos culturais como base para o desenvolvimento técnico e de formação social dos circenses. Sobre o processo de formação dos artistas, destaco a necessidade de incorporação de estudos sobre a dimensão coletiva de organização dos circenses na formação dos artistas nas escolas de circo e o sujeito produtor cultural como articulador das práticas artísticas às práticas de gestão.
The aim of this thesis was to discuss the relationship between everyday practices and emotions in organizational process of contemporary circus. For this purpose, a multisited ethnographic study in the context Brazil - Canada between the years 2011 in the Brazilian city of Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, and 2013 was held in the Canadian city of Montreal, in the province of Quebec. In the first theoretical basis of this study, I realize a discussion about the political dimension of practices, ways of making social subjects, in everyday organizational processes highlighting (i)mobility of organizations in Organizational Studies. Indeed, consider the organizational routine as spaces of practices that constitute micro - politics of everyday life - in the midst of a normative management processes. The micro refer to the comparison of practical relations with logical action of certain historical and culturally; present a procedural nature, because the forms of organization are multiple and interconnected spaces in practice; produce effects in everyday life due to its relational character with normative spheres of society. Highlight the emotions like practices in organizational routine that to be articulated to other daily practices form the emotional political dimension of organizational processes. One of the identified effects of emotional politics in the everyday work of the circus was the production of multiple spatialities that despite, enable circuses by seeking recognition of their artistic legitimacy, produced counterpoints regarding the order established in the political field of the arts in the cities studied. Indeed, circuses could be understood as organizational heterotopic spaces, or spaces constituting the social order, but their practical relations established reverse forces. Thus, the thesis that I defend in this paper is that the relationship between everyday practices and emotions are emotional politics of organizational processes resulting in the production of heterotopias. The main results of this research highlight the importance of emotions in organizations showing how practical elements for the development of a Political Theory of Emotions in Organizational Studies. The methodological contribution that I present in this thesis is the appropriation of multisited ethnography as a research strategy for understanding organizations that are based on socio- spatial mobility and in different locations. In terms applied to management, the survey results highlight that the creative process of circus performers is centered on a collective dynamic, engaging in conversation as relevant to the transmission of knowledge of artistic production and the realization of creative residencies in different cultural contexts as a basis for technical training and social development of the circus. On the process of training of artists, highlight the need to incorporate studies on the collective dimension of organizing the training of circus performers in circus schools and the subject cultural producer as articulator of artistic practices to management practices.

La thèse étudie, à partir du cas des pensionnats privés internationaux de Suisse romande, les mécanismes de l’acquisition d’un pouvoir social sur l’espace et d’une gestion spatiale des ressources, notamment économiques, pour les établissements et pour les élèves. La thèse porte sur les mécanismes par lesquels les pensionnats produisent des ancrages sur le territoire suisse pour les élèves et les anciens élèves. Cette recherche repose sur des entretiens semi-directifs auprès de plusieurs établissements privés, avec directeurs et managers, anciens élèves, enseignants et tuteurs d’internat et sur un travail socio-historique et quantitatif. La première partie étudie au XXe siècle la genèse progressive du secteur du secondaire privé des « pensionnats pour étrangers » et des « écoles internationales » de la région lémanique. L’attraction des grandes fortunes, notamment européennes et états-uniennes, dans ces écoles privées et l’organisation locale de ce secteur éducatif se sont appuyées sur des discours et des pratiques liées aux ressources du territoire suisse. Si les pensionnats suisses occupent aujourd’hui une place périphérique dans le monde international des certifications d’une éducation « d’élite », récemment, de nouveaux processus d’intégration financière mondiale et de défense de la place éducative suisse permettent de redéfinir leur mise en concurrence dans un espace international « d’écoles d’élites ». La deuxième partie porte sur le rôle que joue l’espace suisse dans des stratégies de placement multidimensionnelles en pension par les familles fortunées et sur les rapports à l’espace suisse des élèves et anciens élèves. La notion d’école « refuge » prend un triple sens, celui d’éducation « familiale » et affective de la vie à l’internat, celui d’un évitement des institutions très sélectives sur le plan scolaire et celui lié à un envoi en pension sur le territoire suisse. Les origines nationales des élèves se sont progressivement transformées depuis les années 1950 pour accueillir des nouvelles fortunes non européennes et non américaines, mais les anciens élèves continuent de revenir ou de rester en Suisse. Les forces de rappel des anciens élèves sur le territoire suisse sont le fruit d’une tension : manifestation d’une centralité suisse de leurs carrières financières, espace protecteur face à des incertitudes familiales, politiques et nationales
The thesis examines how international boarding schools in Switzerland have been producing spatial resources for their students and alumni. The research is based on socio-historical analysis, quantitative analysis, and on semi-directive interviews with headmasters and managers, alumni, teachers and boarding staff at a diversity of international private schools in the Lake Geneva region. The first part of the thesis focuses on the emergence of the private educational sector progressively uniting « boarding schools for foreigners » and « international schools ». Since the beginning of the 20th c., schools have promoted their territorial resources for attracting the very rich, notably from Europe and the United States, and organized sectorial interests accordingly. Swiss boarding schools now have a peripheral part to play in the international spheres of certification and accreditation that govern elite education on a global scale. Nevertheless, recent processes of financialization of the educational sector and ways of protecting the Swiss educational sector contribute to redefine their place within internationalizing governance schemes of elite schools. The second part of the thesis examines the role played by spatial resources in wealthy families’ educational strategies in Switzerland and the spatial relations to Switzerland that students and alumni develop. The notion of « refuge school » or « recovery school » encompasses three dimensions : the « family » education that the boarding schools promote, parental strategies of avoiding selective national educational systems, socio-political determinations. Under the rise of non-European and non-American wealthy clienteles, students’ national origins have changed since the 1950s, but alumni continue to stay or come back to Switzerland. This results from a tension : Swiss centrality for financial careers and protection against family, political and national uncertainties

Public space in many communities around the world has been identified as over-regulated and devoid of social vibrancy. This research contributed new knowledge regarding the way local residents territorialise and take ownership of streets and open areas in a favela, or informal settlement, in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil. Findings showed that public spaces were only partly activated by spatial pattern or structure. User agency also played a significant role, despite recent regulatory and policing interventions in the favela. This may have important implications for new communities where design could allow for more flexible usage and thereby enhance social vibrancy.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar o processo de construção do conceito de bacia hidrográfica numa perspectiva sociointeracionista. A pesquisa teve um caráter qualitativo. Com base teórica em Vigotski (2001a), nas etapas de desenvolvimento do pensamento e nas construções teóricas de Wertsch (1984), na Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal (ZDP). As atividades foram desenvolvidas em uma turma de estudantes do 5º ano do ensino fundamental, com aproximadamente nove anos de idade, de uma escola municipal de Lorena, estado de São Paulo. A proposta privilegiou a problematização, a interação entre os alunos, a professora e o ambiente e o uso de tecnologias, a fim de analisar os conceitos construídos. Os resultados indicam que as atividades sociointeracionistas colaboraram com o desenvolvimento do pensamento dos alunos, que evoluíram do \"pensamento por complexo\", identificado no início do trabalho, ao \"conceito potencial\". Apontam também para a importância do trabalho em grupo, com envolvimento de atividades práticas no ensino de Ciências, incitando a reflexão sobre o quanto é necessário repensar as práticas pedagógicas, para que o ensino proposto seja focado na construção da aprendizagem.
This work is aiming to investigate the process of construction of the concept of hydrographic basin made by students of the 5th grade of elementary school of a municipal school in Lorena, São Paulo, in a socio-interactionist perspective. The qualitative research, featured a case study with pedagogical intervention. With theoretical basis of Vygotsky (2001a), in the development stages of thought and theoretical constructs of Wertsch (1984), in the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), the activities were developed in a group of students from the 5th grade of elementary school, and they were about nine years old. The methodology favoured the questioning, the interaction between the students, the teacher, the environment and the use of technology in order to analyze the constructed concepts. The results indicate that socio-interactionist activities contributed to the development of the students\' thinking, which evolved from the \"thought for complex\", identified at the beginning of the work, to the \"potential concept\". Also pointing to the importance of teamwork, involving practical activities in science teaching by encouraging reflection on how we need to rethink the pedagogical practices, so that the proposed education is focused on building learning.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
This is a thesis, whose general objective is to study the influence of socio-spatial trajectories in reading practices of university students in the final periods of undergraduate courses in the UFG Goiânia campus. Specifically: to describe the socio-spatial trajectories of university young people before and during their college life; identify the reading territory of university students and the process of identity construction from these reading practices to thus highlight behaviors and ways of thinking of youth; verify that the reading practices performed under the influence of university space contribute to information literacy of students; identify spaces of belonging the young university before the reading; analyze cyberspace as a source of university students reading and knowing what types of reading are practiced in this environment and this space can influence further searches of reading; discuss the relationship of prejudice to the non-formal areas of reading practices in youth own perception. The methodology was qualitative, with questionnaires, interviews and essays. From the results, we conclude that there are different practices of reading, but they are not single. They depend on the socio-spatial trajectory of the people and also their life experience and membership of a particular place. This time, some interviews and questionnaires to show that being close to a reading space enhances their practices. Multiple regions contribute to the establishment of different reading practices, which can facilitate or impede access. This fact because reading depends on access to text independent of format or support. And if these multiple territories text is present, but can enhance their practices. Reading practices of youth held in his university career, contribute to the construction of their identities. These practices and the subjective appropriation of the meanings depend on the socio-spatial environment he lives. Finally, the university is a flattering territory of different reading practices, as young people are encouraged to seek new theoretical readings to overcome challenges posed by this institution.
Objetiva-se estudar a influência das trajetórias socioespaciais nas práticas de leitura dos estudantes universitários dos últimos períodos dos cursos de graduação na UFG dos campus de Goiânia. Especificamente: descrever as trajetórias socioespaciais da juventude universitária antes e durante sua vida universitária; identificar os territórios de leitura do jovem universitário e o processo de constituição do pensamento reflexivo a partir dessas práticas de leitura ao destacar, assim, comportamentos e modos de pensar da juventude; verificar se as práticas de leitura realizadas sob a influência do espaço universitário contribuem para o letramento informacional dos estudantes; identificar espaços de pertencimento do jovem universitário perante a leitura; analisar o ciberespaço como fonte de leitura da juventude universitária e conhecer que tipos de leitura são praticados nesse ambiente e se esse espaço pode influenciar em novas buscas de leitura; discutir a relação de preconceito com os territórios não formais de práticas de leitura na percepção próprios jovens. Nesse sentido, nossa problemática central se funda na seguinte questão: As trajetórias socioespaciais antes e durante a universidade influenciam nas práticas de leitura dos estudantes universitários dos cursos de graduação da UFG dos campus I e II de Goiânia?. A metodologia utilizada foi a qualitativa, com aplicação de questionários, entrevistas e redações. A partir dos resultados, é possível concluir que existem diferentes práticas de leitura, porém elas não são unas; dependem da trajetória socioespacial dos sujeitos e também da sua experiência de vida e pertencimento a determinado lugar. Dessa feita, algumas entrevistas e até questionários mostram que estar próximo a um espaço de leitura potencializa suas práticas. Os múltiplos territórios contribuem para o estabelecimento de diferentes práticas de leitura, o que pode facilitar ou dificultar o acesso. Tal fato porque a leitura depende do acesso ao texto independentemente do formato ou suporte. E se nesses múltiplos territórios o texto estiver presente, pode sim potencializar suas práticas. As práticas de leitura da juventude, realizadas na sua trajetória universitária, contribuem para a construção de suas identidades. Essas práticas e a apropriação subjetiva dos significados dependem do ambiente socioespacial que ele convive. Por fim, a universidade é um território favorecedor de diferentes práticas de leitura, pois os jovens são instigados a buscar novas leituras para vencer os desafios teóricos propostos por essa instituição.

Rejoindre la Liste du Patrimoine mondial de l’UNESCO nourrit des espérances économiques, sociales et culturelles de la part des gestionnaires locaux, qui sont le plus souvent à l’initiative de la candidature. En effet, la valorisation du patrimoine porte des enjeux territoriaux tels que la mise en tourisme de la ville ou l’amélioration du cadre de vie pour ses habitants. Pourtant la littérature scientifique pointe aussi les effets pervers d’une patrimonialisation urbaine, notamment quand sont décrits les processus de gentrification des centres villes ou leur muséification. À l’interstice de ces aspects, notre questionnement porte sur les conséquences socio-spatiales de l’action patrimoniale sur ses ressortissants, c’est-à-dire ceux qui en sont les principaux destinataires. Notre parti pris méthodologique a été, à partir du cas de la Cité épiscopale d’Albi (Tarn) inscrite sur la Liste du Patrimoine mondial en 2010, de mobiliser une approche quantitative et qualitative auprès des principaux destinataires (résidents, commerçants, visiteurs). Le résultat de notre thèse est de confirmer que les conséquences socio-spatiales de l’action publique patrimoniale ne sont pas univoques selon les acteurs et les échelles d’analyse considérés. Elle produit des effets ambivalents par rapport aux objectifs annoncés dans le domaine de l’attractivité, dans celui de l’implication des habitants à la vie de la cité et dans le sentiment d’appartenance à la ville. De même, les pouvoirs publics n’arrivent pas à totalement empêcher la patrimonialisation de produire des effets non désirés dans le domaine de l’altération du cadre de vie des habitants
Joining the UNESCO World Heritage Sites brings economic, social and cultural hope to the local administrators, who are, the most often, at the initiative of the application. As a matter of fact, the enhancement of the heritage carries territorial stakes such as the touristic development of the city or the quality of life improvement for the inhabitants. However, the scientific literature also points out the negative sides of an urban heritage designation, for instance, when in city centres gentrification or “museumification” processes are described. At the crossroads of these aspects, we question the socio-spatial consequences of the heritage activities on the inhabitants, i.e. those who are the main recipients. Our methodological bias was to mobilise a quantitative and qualitative approach to the main recipients (inhabitants, shopkeepers, visitors) in the case of the Episcopal City of Albi (Tarn) registered on the UNESCO’s list of world heritage in 2010. The result of our thesis is to confirm that the socio-spatial consequences of the public heritage action are not unequivocal depending on the stakeholders and the scale of analysis considered. It produces ambivalent effects compared to the goals announced regarding the attractiveness, the inhabitants' implication in the city life and sense of belonging to the city. Likewise, public authorities are not fully able to avoid the heritage activities producing undesired effects on the living conditions of the inhabitants

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
La production de la différenciation socio-spatiale est analysée, en tenant compte de leurs dimensions objectives et subjectives, à partir de la comparaison entre deux villes de taille moyenne avec de différents niveaux de complexités, Catanduva et São José do Rio Preto. Le quotidien, tandis qu’une unité de l'espace et de temps est notre dimension de l’analyse, en ayant les pratiques spatiales des sujets sociaux étudiés, alors que le plan analytique, qui nous a permis d'identifier la façon dont le processus de fragmentation socio-spatiale s’exprime dans la production de l'espace urbain, surtout à partir des espaces vécus, donnant du sens et de la signification à des pratiques, qui entourent des relations contradictoires entre l'intérieur et à l'extérieur, avant et après, le changement et la permanence, l'espace et le temps. Sur la base de la réalisation de 22 entretiens et des observations sur le terrain, la recherche a révélé que, dans le discours d'une recherche de sécurité, les personnes interrogées, des habitants des espaces résidentiels fermés de classe moyenne et de l'élite, valorisent et produisent des stratégies de distinction socio-spaciale, auxquelles l'espace est dimension stratégique qui ne se limite pas au cadre d’habiter. Telle recherche modifie les façons de comme ces sujets sociaux connaissent l’urbain et ce qui lui est inhérente, étant la ville de plus en plus vécue et représentée dans les fragments. Cette tendance à la séparation, présente dans les deux villes étudiées, étend également aux pratiques de consommation, ce qui démontre de manière plus significative à São José do Rio Preto, une ville où il y a une plus grande présence de espaces fermés, d’ habitation et de consommation, largement valorisés par les segments de la classe moyenne et de l’élite. À Catanduva, il reste encore des pratiques de consommation «traditionnelles», dans le centre-ville traditionnel. Cependant, quand nous opérons à partir du processus de mise à l'échelle commune, en tenant compte les pratiques des consommations des interviewés de Catanduva qui fréquentent certains centres commerciaux de Sao Jose do Rio Preto, on vérifie que la production de la différenciation socio-spatiale est efficace, mais il exige une transposition de l'échelle intra-urbaine à être considérée dans le contexte des villes non métropolitaines. Nous concluons qu'il ne traite pas de mesurer dans quelle ville le processus se produit avec plus ou moins d'intensité, mais d'identifier les logiques qui guident les processus d'urbanisation dans la période contemporaine.
A produção da diferenciação socioespacial é analisada levando em conta suas dimensões objetivas e subjetivas, a partir da comparação entre duas cidades médias com diferentes níveis de complexidades, Catanduva e São José do Rio Preto-SP. O cotidiano, enquanto unidade de espaço e tempo, é nossa dimensão de análise, tendo as práticas espaciais dos sujeitos sociais pesquisados, enquanto plano analítico, o que nos permitiu identificar como o processo de fragmentação socioespacial se expressa na produção do espaço urbano, sobretudo a partir dos espaços vividos, conferindo sentidos e significados às práticas, que envolvem relações contraditórias entre dentro e fora, antes e depois, mudança e permanência, espaço e tempo. Com base na realização de 22 entrevistas e em observações de campo, a pesquisa revelou que, sob o discurso da busca por segurança, os sujeitos pesquisados, moradores de espaços residenciais fechados de classe média e elite, valorizam e produzem estratégias de distinção socioespacial, nas quais o espaço é dimensão estratégica que não se limita ao âmbito do morar. Tal busca modifica as maneiras como esses sujeitos sociais vivenciam o urbano e aquilo que lhe é inerente, sendo a cidade cada vez mais vivida e representada em fragmentos. Essa tendência à separação, presente nas duas cidades pesquisadas, estende-se também para as práticas de consumo, evidenciando-se de maneira mais significativa em São José do Rio Preto, cidade na qual há maior presença de espaços fechados de moradia e consumo, amplamente valorizados. Em Catanduva, ainda há permanências das práticas tradicionais de consumo, no centro principal da cidade. Porém, quando operamos a partir do processo de articulação escalar, levando em conta as práticas de consumo dos entrevistados de Catanduva que frequentam certos shopping centers de São José do Rio Preto, verifica-se que a produção da diferenciação socioespacial se efetiva, mas exige uma transposição da escala intraurbana para ser apreendido no contexto de cidades não metropolitanas, sobretudo cidades médias nos limiares. Concluímos, assim, que não se trata de medir em que cidade a diferenciação ocorre com maior ou menor intensidade, mas de identificar as lógicas que guiam os processos de urbanização no período contemporâneo.
The production of socio-spatial differentiation is analyzed in this paper considering its objective and subjective dimensions, through the comparison of two midsize cities with different complexity levels, Catanduva and São José do Rio Preto. The daily life, understood as a space-time unity, is our analysis dimension, and the spatial practices of the researched subjects are our analytical plan, which allowed us to identify how the social and spatial fragmentation process is expressed in the production of the urban space. This occurs mainly in relation to the lived spaces, which attributes meaning and significance to the practices that involve contradictory relations between the inside and the outside, the before and the after, the transformation and the continuity, space and time. We conduct our research through 22 interviews and field observations, which revealed that the researched subjects – middle class and elite residents of gate communities -, under the speech of search for security, value and produce strategies of social and spatial distinction, in which the space is a strategic dimension that is not restricted to the scope of inhabiting. This quest modifies the ways these social subjects experience the urbane, with all the things that are connected to it, and in this manner the city is progressively lived and represented in fragments. This tendency to separation, observed in the two researched cities, also reaches the purchasing practices, despite being more significant in São José do Rio Preto, because there are more gated spaces of residence and purchase in this city. In Catanduva, there still are traditional practices of purchasing in the center of the city. However, when we operate in the scale articulation process, considering the purchasing practices of the interviewed subjects that live in Catanduva but attend the shopping centers of São José do Rio Preto, we observe the existence of the differentiation process as well. The difference is that this process requires a transposition of the intra-urban scale in order to be apprehended in the context of non-metropolitan cities, mainly in the case of threshold midsize cities. Our conclusion is that we should not consider the size of the city in order to analyze the process, but to identify the logics that drive the urbanization processes in the contemporary period.

Postnatal depression (PND) is a significant global health issue, which not only impacts maternal wellbeing, but also infant development and family structures. Mental health disorders represent approximately 14% of global burden of disease and disability, including low and middle-income countries (LMIC), and PND has direct relevance to the Millennium Development Goals of reducing child mortality, improving maternal health, and creating global partnerships (United Nations, 2012; Guiseppe, Becker & Farmer, 2011). Emerging evidence suggests that PND in LMIC is similar to, or higher than in high-income countries (HIC), however, less than 10% of LMIC have prevalence data available (Fisher, Cabral de Mello, & Izutsu 2009; Lund et al., 2011). Whilst a small number of studies on maternal mental disorders have been published in Vietnam, only one specifically focuses on PND in a hospital-based sample. Also, community based mental health studies and information on mental health in rural areas of Vietnam is still scarce. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of PND, and its associated social determinants in postnatal women in Thua Thien Hue Province, Central Vietnam. In order to identify social determinants relevant to the Central Vietnamese context, two qualitative studies and one community survey were undertaken. Associations between maternal mental health and infant health outcomes were also explored. The study was comprised of three phases. Firstly, iterative, qualitative interviews with Vietnamese health professionals (n = 17) and postpartum women (n = 15) were conducted and analysed using Kleinman's theory of explanatory models to identify narratives surrounding PND in the Vietnamese context (Kleinman, 1978). Secondly, a participatory concept mapping exercise was undertaken with two groups of health professionals (n = 12) to explore perceived risk and protective factors for postnatal mental health. Qualitative phases of the research elucidated narratives surrounding maternal mental health in the Vietnamese context such as son preference, use of traditional medicines, and the popularity of confinement practices such as having one to three months of complete rest. The qualitative research also revealed the construct of depression was not widely recognised. Rather, postpartum changes in mood were conceptualised as a loss of 'vital strength' following childbirth or 'disappointment'. Most women managed postpartum changes in mood within the family although some sought help from traditional medicine practitioners or biomedical doctors. Thirdly, a cross-sectional study of twelve randomly selected communes (six urban, six rural) in Thua Thien Hue Province was then conducted. Overall, 465 women with infants between 4 weeks and six months old participated, and 431 questionnaires were analysed. Women from urban (n = 216) and rural (n = 215) areas participated. All eligible women completed a structured interview about their health, basic demographics, and social circumstances. Maternal depression was measured using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) as a continuous variable. Multivariate generalised linear regression was conducted using PASW Statistics version 18.0 (2009). When using the conventional EPDS threshold for probable depression (EPDS score ~ 13) 18.1% (n = 78) of women were depressed (Gibson, McKenzie-McHarg, Shakespeare, Price & Gray, 2009). Interestingly, 20.4% of urban women (n = 44) had EPDS scores~ 13, which was a higher proportion than rural women, where 15.8% (n = 34) had EPDS scores ~ 13, although this difference was not statistically significant: t(429) = -0.689, p = 0.491. Whilst qualitative narratives identified infant gender and family composition, and traditional confinement practices as relevant to postnatal mood, these were not statistically significant in multivariate analysis. Rather, poverty, food security, being frightened of your husband or family members, experiences of intimate partner violence and breastfeeding difficulties had strong statistical associations. PND was also associated with having an infant with diarrhoea in the past two weeks, but not infant malnutrition or acute respiratory infections. This study is the first to explore maternal mental health in Central Vietnam, and provides further evidence that PND is a universally experienced phenomenon. The independent social risk factors of depressive symptoms identified such as poverty, food insecurity, experiences of violence and powerlessness, and relationship adversity points to women in a context of social suffering which is relevant throughout the world (Kleinman, Das & Lock, 1997). The culturally specific risk factors explored such as infant gender were not statistically significant when included in a multivariable model. However, they feature prominently in qualitative narratives surrounding PND in Vietnam, both in this study and previous literature. It appears that whilst infant gender may not be associated with PND per se, the reactions of close relatives to the gender of the baby can adversely affect maternal wellbeing. This study used a community based participatory research approach (CBPR) (Israel.2005). This approach encourages the knowledge produced to be used for public health interventions and workforce training in the community in which the research was conducted, and such work has commenced. These results suggest that packages of interventions for LMIC devised to address maternal mental health and infant wellbeing could be applied in Central Vietnam. Such interventions could include training lay workers to follow up postpartum women, and incorporating mental health screening and referral into primary maternal and child health care (Pate! et al., 2011; Rahman, Malik, Sikander & Roberts, 2008). Addressing the underlying social determinants of PND through poverty reduction and violence elimination programs is also recommended.

Naučno-istraživački rad iz oblasti fenomenologije arhitekture;bavi se uspostavljanjem zasnovanog i analitičkog odnosa kaosnovnim odrednicama koje su predmet istraživanja. To su:efemerna arhitektura, granični prostori, prostorne prakse,redefinisanje odnosa arhitekture i tehnologije, ukazivanje naprimenu teorije funkcija arhitekture, te sintetičko određenje kakorelirajućim transdisciplinarnim teorijama prostora.
Scientific research from the field of phenomenology of architecture;considers establishment of the discursive analytical relations towards thenotions of the ephemeral architecture, liminal space, spatial practice;redefinition of the relation between architecture and technology and theirfuture unitary action; indication of the architectural functions theoryapplication, and finally, synthetically defined attitude towards all of thecorrelating factors and transdisciplinary theories of space.

Inscrite dans le courant de recherches actuelles portant sur les déterminants des comportements en lien avec la santé, cette thèse a pour objectif de contribuer, au travers du développement d'un modèle à base d'agents, à une meilleure connaissance des relations entre le cadre de vie d'adolescents et leurs pratiques d'activité physique. Questionnant les fondements théoriques et empiriques du modèle socio-écologique qui guide la majorité des études actuelles, ce travail a conduit à l'élaboration d'un schéma conceptuel relationnel intégrant les notions de positions et dispositions sociales, ainsi que les liens entre pratiques de mobilité quotidienne et pratiques d'activités situées dans le temps et l'espace géographique. L'implémentation de ce schéma conceptuel a abouti à la réalisation de trois modèles à base d'agents de complexité croissante, dont l'originalité réside dans la non-inclusion explicite d'interactions. Ce travail, bien qu'inachevé en ce quiconcerne l'exploration des propriétés des modèles, a permis de souligner l'intérêt heuristique de la modélisation, permettant d'un côté d'ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives d'analyses, et d'un autre côté, d'offrir un retour sur les données utilisées.

Le présent travail de thèse aborde la problématique des effets de pairs en contexte scolaire. A partir de l'analyse détaillée d'une large base des données issue d'une enquête nationale au Chili (SIMCE 2004), on s'interroge sur les mécanismes qui véhiculent les influences entre élèves différemment dotés d'un point de vue de leurs capitaux culturels, humains et scolaires. Ces influences sembleraient présentes sur différents résultats à l'école, y compris ceux de type académique. Considérant la littérature produite sous différentes approches disciplinaires --sociologie, économie, psychologie sociale et sciences de l'éducation -- on s'attarde sur les manières d'identifier et de mesurer lesdits effets de pairs. En même temps, on considère la présence de dimensions subjectives capables d'exprimer, en partie, le vécu scolaire des élèves. Ces dimensions seraient, par ailleurs, reliées à la présence des pairs et aux interactions entre élèves. De manière additionnelle, on propose une révision de la littérature sur le système scolaire au Chili, notamment sur sa segmentation socio-scolaire et sa relation avec le mécanisme de vouchers. Dans ce cadre, trois interrogations principales organisent ce travail. D'une part, l'existence ou non d'un impact net sur les acquis scolaires des pratiques d'étude faisant appel aux camarades. Ensuite, la présence probable des influences sous la forme des " transferts des capitaux " entre élèves différemment dotés et déclarant pratiquer l'entraide. Enfin, les relations qui s'avèrent visibles entre ces pratiques et des dimensions telles que le bien-être à l'école ou le concept du soi académique, mais aussi, entre ces dernières et les acquis scolaires. Une séquence d'analyses est entreprise visant à donner des bases robustes aux éventuelles réponses à ces questions. Entre autres, différentes séries d'analyses de régression hiérarchique et par quantiles ont été conduites sur quatre disciplines scolaires. Les principaux résultats de recherche indiquent, d'un côté, que les interactions entre élèves sont assez répandues en milieux scolaire (entre 22% et 41% en moyenne), mais leur proportion varie d'une discipline à l'autre et selon la direction qui prend l'aide. Plus encore, ces interactions sont significativement liées aux résultats scolaires. A conditions comparables, les élèves académiquement faibles gagnent à être aidés par leurs camarades, quelque soit la discipline concernée. En même temps, les élèves qui aident leurs camarades montrent toujours un profil académique fortement associé à des gains de score assez importants. D'un autre côté, on trouve que les élèves possédant plus de capital culturel ont, toutes choses égales par ailleurs, de plus fortes chances de déclarer aider leurs camarades. Enfin, les analyses confirment que les interactions entre élèves sont, de manière importante et significative, liées aux sentiments de bien-être à l'école et au concept de soi académique. La construction d'indices pertinents pour ces derniers est, d'ailleurs, discutée. Différents résultats secondaires ont été aussi produits et discutés, notamment la confirmation, pour la première fois dans le cas chilien, des hypothèses associées au paradigme BFLPE (Marsh, 1987). Ces résultats sont discutés dans leurs probables conséquences en termes de politique éducative, notamment dans le cadre des systèmes éducatifs à forte ségrégation sociale et scolaire.

Thesis (M. A. (Social Work)) -- University of Limpopo, 2019
Child sexual abuse is a social and health issue that occurs across cultures globally. The central concern to it is disclosure. Children and their caregivers do not easily disclose or report child sexual abuse due to a variety of influences. This study was qualitative in nature and its aim was to explore the influence of socio-cultural practices amongst the Venda speaking people towards the disclosure of child sexual abuse. Purposive sampling was used to select the participants who possess intensive knowledge of Venda culture. Data was collected from fifteen (15) participants through the use of semi-structured in-depth interviews which were guided by an interview schedule with open ended questions. This study has used both ecological and socio-cultural theories to zoom into the nature of child sexual abuse and socio-cultural practices which have an influence in disclosing this social and health phenomenon in Venda. The findings show that Venda speaking caregivers have contradictory knowledge with regard to what constitutes child sexual abuse. Traditionally, caregivers are assigned the duty of taking care of children, therefore, it becomes difficult to draw a line between abuse and traditional duty. Forceful sexual intercourse, pornography and sexual grooming, and sexual violence were acknowledged as child sexual abuse. The findings of this study have shown that disclosure of child sexual is dependent on the social and cultural contexts within which people live. It was found that disclosure hardly occurs because of fear of bringing shame into the family name and its dignity. The findings also show that socialisation of children inevitably brings social gender-role expectations that make it difficult for male children to disclose their sexual abuse experiences for fear of being perceived to be more feminine than masculine. Children learn from initiation schools to be strong and brave. This makes it difficult for disclosure of child sexual abuse to take place. Cultural norms of secrecy inhabits disclosure to take place amongst the Venda speaking people because of fear of being reprimanded. The findings have shown that disclosure hardly takes place because of lack of child-parent open discussion about sex related matters. Child-perpetrator relationship was found to determine viii disclosure. It is difficult to disclose intra-familial child sexual abuse for fear of dividing the family. The study also revealed that because of the patriarchal system, the majority of women do not disclose child sexual abuse because they are afraid of losing financial support as they mostly depend on their husbands financially. It is therefore recommended that awareness campaigns be continuously conducted with the aim of capacitating the Venda speaking people with in-depth knowledge with regard to child sexual abuse and its disclosure. Caregivers should work to improve relationships with their children. Schools should improve programmes that educate children about sexual matters. Different stakeholders should work together to bring about the environment that enables women to participate in the economic sector so that they can be financially dependent. This is because it was found that disclosure of child sexual abuse can be inhibited due to their financial dependency to their husbands. Community dialogues could also be helpful in shifting the mindset associated with gender roles and social expectations.

Although an increasing number of donors try to improve the living conditions of inhabitants in informal urban settlements, some studies show that only a very limited amount of provided resources reach those impoverished. The inability of projects to change the situation for the better could point to dubious practices. Despite academia trying to produce socially relevant work, it has failed to translate its criticism into actions at the substantive level. Researchers are perturbed from engaging because of meta-theoretical concerns in regard to normativity, among others. The study scrutinises this dilemma and proposes a solution. It recon- siders the core of critical realism and enhances its metaphysical accounts with epistemological ones from both phronetic social science and the French school of géopolitiques. It argues that political geography can challenge dubious practices in the socio-spatial world without losing neither philosophical nor scienti c rigour. The ideas are assessed in a short study on a development project in Cairo, Egypt, demonstrating their applicability and usefulness. Keywords: philosophy of science - critical realism - phronetic social science - phronesis - Yves Lacoste - géopolitiques - power - space - scale - justice - normativity - poverty reduction

The aim of this quantitative study was to determine whether there were significant relationships between cultural factors and academic achievement of secondary school female learners in the Chimanimani district of Manicaland in Zimbabwe. According to literature, home environment variables, school environment variables and learner variables influence academic achievement of learners. The home environment includes family's expectations, the family's socio-economic status, exposure to role models and child-rearing practices. The school environment includes teacher's attitudes and the curriculum. Learner variables encompass self-concept, gender role concepts as well as the learner's attitude and aspirations. The empirical research found significant correlations between all cultural factors and academic achievement, particularly in English and at times in mathematics. These correlations were low but positive. The investigation also revealed that diverse age groups did not differ significantly in academic achievement in mathematics or in English. However, females from diverse socio-economic backgrounds differed significantly in their academic achievements.
Psychology of Education
M.Ed.(Psychology of Education)

Food security has become crucial in many developing countries, especially those with large populations, including Bangladesh. Future uncertainties about environmental and socio-economic changes, including climate change and the spatial variability thereof, need to be addressed. While it is well established that there are spatial differences in production, distribution and socio-economic conditions, no previous study on food security in Bangladesh has explicitly considered the spatial variability of factors that influence food security. The main objectives of this thesis are: (1) to understand the need and potential for spatially informed policy development; (2) to assess the spatially variable climate effects on three main rice ecotypes (Aus, Aman, and Boro) in Bangladesh during 1981-2010; (3) to evaluate the combined impact of both climate and management factors on total rice yield and (4) to understand the influence of household and regional capitals on food security in the North West region of Bangladesh. The rice yield data was collated from the Agricultural Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh for the study period of 1981-2010. The climatic and management practices database was collated from the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) and the Agricultural Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh respectively for the same time period. The present study also used the 2010 Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES) dataset from the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS). The results from the review of spatial aspects of food security implies the need to consider a regional food security assessment in the country (Chapter 2). The study indicated a potential way for better research and policy linkages in the country, to improve food security. The climatic conditions of the growing period have a significant influence on rice yield across Bangladesh. Furthermore, the magnitude of the impact is ecotype-specific. This analysis indicates that any increase in temperature would decrease regional rice yield for Aus and Aman in many districts of the country. However, regional Boro yield will derive benefit in some of the districts from increases in temperature (Chapter 3). A more detailed analysis evaluates the relative influence of climate variability and management variables of the rice yield in Bangladesh. The total rice yield was more strongly dependent on management factors than climatic variables. Water management, through various types of irrigation, has become the most important determinant of rice yield (Chapter 4). The key natural and management determinants were identified by the previous analysis (Chapter 3 and Chapter 4). Additional socio-economic factors were used for the subsequent analysis. Both household socio-economic assets and regional conditions were categorized as livelihood capitals in order to assess the influence of these on household calorie consumption and income. Physical and natural capitals exhibited a much greater share of explained variations in income than in calorie consumption. However, financial and human capitals are the catalysts for determining income. Diverse solutions to the livelihood outcomes will be useful in the long term in the case of the intense use of different household and regional capitals to improve food security (Chapter 5). Overall, the findings imply that policies to improve food security need to account for regional differences. Climate change, particularly temperature increase need to be considered as important, as this will affect the regional rice yield in most of the districts in Bangladesh. In addition to climate change, the means of irrigation will also impact on rice yield. The high dependence of rice production on the available means of irrigation implies that special attention needs to be given to the optimum use of ground water in order to sustain future use. On the other hand, sustainable socio-economic development may secure food access through an increase in income and nutrition consumption. The present thesis further suggests more region-specific investigations should be undertaken in order to understand spatial responses to food security, more completely, incorporating further climatic variables, natural resources, technological improvements and infrastructural development.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, 2017

An investigation into a possible counter strategy that challenges destructive spatial practices in contested urban territories by cultivating networks of opportunity. The study focusses on interventions that deal with the micro level and is applied in a South African urban context, specifically Festival Street in Hatfield, Pretoria.
Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Architecture
unrestricted

The primary aim of this study in creative writing is research into an aspect of the writing process, namely the creation of spatial dynamics in a novel. This objective required the creation of an artefact. A novel titled Somersneeu was written in order to examine the very process of generating spatial dynamics in this novel in particular, as well as in the novel as such. Somersneeu was published by Human & Rousseau in 2010. Practice-based as well as practice-led research was fundamental to this study. An artistic creator registers intellectually whatever unfolds during the creative process and so new knowledge can simultaneously be created. The process of creating a work of art as well as the reflection thereon is fundamental to practice-led research. In other words, the creative process of an artefact like the novel Somersneeu is the source of a certain kind of knowledge that gradually emerges and can eventually be verbalised. Therefore a design concept for creating spatial dynamics may be articulated. It is a fact that a definite coherence exists between space and spatial dynamics. These two concepts are in reality inseparable and this cohesion is what is also being investigated in this study. Space actually consists of spatial dynamics since all the different facets of space, concrete as well as abstract, have definite and inseparable repercussions upon one another, causing a dynamic interaction among all facets of space. Apart from concrete or physical space, numerous abstractions of space take part in this interplay. These spatial abstractions are, for instance culture, identity, zeitgeist and the all-encompassing human psyche. The intense interplay among all the facets of space triggers spatial dynamics. This is the case in real life as well as in fiction. The above mentioned discussion of space and spatial dynamics is followed by an intense and heuristic view of the process of creating spatial dynamics. In order to create spatial dynamics in a novel, a novelist should have a strong sense of place. The essence of creating spatial dynamics in a novel consists mainly of the transformation of sense of place. The main aim of this study is then to present a design concept for the creation of spatial dynamics in a novel. This design concept may be used by other writers in order to create spatial dynamics in a novel. The novel Somersneeu as well as the questionnaire, reception documents and a list of publications of the writer are included as appendixes.
PhD (Afrikaans and Dutch), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014