Tesi sul tema "Social ecology – india"

The Indian Chipko movement is analyzed as a case study employing a geographically-informed political ecology approach. Political ecology as a framework for the study of environmental movements provides insight into the complex issues surrounding the structure of Indian society, with particular attention to its ecological and political dimensions. This framework, with its focus on social structure and ecology, is distinct from the more traditional approaches to the study of social movements, which tend to essentialize their purpose and membership, often by focusing on a single dimension of the movement and its context. Using Chipko as a case-study, the author demonstrates how a geographical approach to political ecology avoids some of this essentialization by encouraging a holistic analysis of environmental movements that is characterized by a bottom-up analysis, grounded at the local level, which also considers the wider context of the movements growth by synthesizing socio-political and ecological analyses. Also explored are questions on the importance of gender-informed approaches to the study of environmental activism and participation in environmental movements in India.

La presente tesis contribuye a la comprensión del metabolismo social. Específicamente, analiza el rol de los residuos en el metabolismo. Primero, reflexiona sobre la relación existente entre el metabolismo social y los conflictos ambientales, examinando cómo diferentes estructuras metabólicas condicionan las dinámicas del conflicto; todo ello desde la perspectiva de la ecología política situada en el espacio y el tiempo. En segundo lugar, se investiga una parte olvidada, pero muy importante del metabolismo social que es el reciclaje informal de residuos. Para ello, se evalúa la contribución del reciclaje informal e investigo cómo el poder influye en las relaciones de la producción (o reciclado) de residuos, y cómo éstas desplazan los costos de la producción a los recicladores informales. Por último, se reconoce la importancia de los recicladores informales al contribuir en hacer más circular el metabolismo social; por lo que se propone que se indemnicen debidamente los servicios que prestan los recicladores a la sociedad, en lugar de que se les desposea de sus medios de producción, y se les traspasen los costos sociales de las empresas y los consumidores. Mis casos de estudio presentan una serie de experiencias empíricas, en la India especialmente, que ilustran cómo el medio ambiente se moldea, politiza y disputa.
This thesis contributes to our understanding of social metabolism, and more precisely waste in social metabolism. First, I shed light in particular on the relationship between social metabolism and conflict, looking from a situated political ecology perspective, at how differences in the structure and nature of particular social metabolisms create different conflict dynamics. Second, I look at an often forgotten but very important part of social metabolism which is the informal recycling of waste. I evaluate the contribution of informal recycling, and I investigate how power influences the social relations of production (or recycling), and how these shift costs to informal recyclers. Then, I make a case for the recognition of the important contribution of informal recyclers in making social metabolism more circular, and I call for due compensation of the services they provide, instead of a dispossession from their means of production, and a shifting of social costs of enterprises and consumers to them. My case studies present a range of experiences, mostly in India, to inform theory on how environments are shaped, politicized and contested.

Recently, India has come under increasing scrutiny for its failure to improve food and nutrition security (FNS). Prominent governmental and nongovernmental development strategies addressing FNS include promoting horticultural crops to increase incomes, distributing food, and providing nutritional education. These programs, however, have seen mixed results. Analyzing qualitative data collected in the summer of 2013, this paper examines programs in Uttarakhand, India where hunger has been eradicated, yet malnutrition persists. I suggest that the intersection of horticultural development with existing gendered labor practices helps explain why malnutrition remains a problem despite high program functionality. Specifically, I find that inequitable gendered labor burdens are largely responsible for poor eating practices and lowered nutritional levels. I argue that interventions to improve FNS reinscribe and legitimize these burdens by promulgating a discourse situating the problem with women, whose lack of education or poor time management is seen as the source of the problem. Additionally, I find that horticultural development leads to increased reliance on market-based foods, which villagers find less nutritious. Following Mansfield (2011) I employ the concept of food as a “vector of intercorporeality” (Stassart and Whatmore 2003:449) to unpack why health perceptions are entwined in shifting landscapes of agricultural production and food consumption. I bring this conceptualization into conversation with the notion of social reproduction, investigating the human and nonhuman bodies that produce economic, ecological, and health outcomes. I argue that who, or what, these bodies are and the relations in which they are entangled matter to both material and social concerns.

xvi, 203 p. : ill. (some col.)
Global climate negotiations have been at a standstill for over a decade now over the issue of distributing the responsibility of mitigating climate change among countries. During the past few years, countries such as India and China - the so-called emerging economies that were under no obligation to mitigate under the Kyoto Protocol - have increasingly come under pressure to accept limits comparable to those for industrialized countries. These countries, in turn, have strongly resisted these pressures. My dissertation examines India's participation in these ongoing climate negotiations. Based on qualitative interviews with relevant Indian officials, textual analysis and participant observation, I tell the story of why and how this so-called emerging economy has been resisting a cap on its emissions despite being one of the most vulnerable countries to the consequences of climate change. I draw upon the literatures of environmental justice, international relations, postcolonialism and political ecology to develop my dissertation and adopt a self-reflexive approach in my analysis. The need for global cooperation to address global environmental issues has arguably provided greater bargaining power to countries formerly marginalized in the global political economy. Following the dynamics of North-South environmental politics, India's climate politics consists of utilizing this power to increase its access to global resources as well as to hold hegemonic industrialized countries accountable for their historical and continuing exploitation of the environmental commons. A key aspect of India's climate politics consists of self-identification as a developing country. Developed countries with higher cumulative and per capita emissions are seen to have the primary responsibility to mitigate climate change and to provide financial and technological support to developing countries to mitigate and adapt to climate change. Developing countries are seen to have a right to pursue development defined as economic growth. The climate crisis is thus seen by my respondents as an opportunity to address the unequal status quo between developed and developing countries. I suggest that this crisis also creates opportunities to redefine development beyond a narrow focus on economic growth. This may be enabled if the demand for justice in an international context is extended to the domestic sphere.
Committee in charge: Shaul Cohen, Chairperson; Alec Murphy, Member; Ted Toadvine, Member; Peter Walker, Member; Anita Weiss, Outside Member

Globalization and international competition put pressure on local communities to adjust to international standards of price and quality in production. Tirupur in India produces clothes for exports to the first world market. Because of the process of dyeing and bleaching of fabrics the river Noyyal that flows through the town and the surrounding ground water have become polluted. At the local level actors, like the state, business, NGOs and grassroots take action in different ways depending on their interests. The aim with this thesis is both to analyze the situation at the local level from the views and actions of different actors and how the local situation is influenced by globalization. Qualitative interviews have been made with representatives from these actors in Tirupur and its surroundings. This material has then been analyzed from the theory of Third World political ecology and globalization. The conclusions drawn from this study are that the situation in Tirupur cannot exclusively be explained at just one level. Local, national and global politics affect Tirupur. A politicized environment characterizes the local situation where actions against the pollution are not taken for the benefit of the powerful. People also lack empowerment to take action because of dependency on the industry. At the national level centralization is a problem in India because it results in difficulties for the civil society and people to reach elected representatives and influence from the local community. Another problem is the policy maker’s lack of understanding of the local situation. At last globalization limits the way to handle the pollution because of the global competition and the retreat of the state. But it also gives possibilities for the civil society to grow stronger internationally, perhaps with the possibility to create a change.

This research provides policy-relevant insights into how a mass-scale, equitable transition to the use of Advanced Biomass (cook) Stoves (ABSs) can be achieved in India, with the aim of improving public health, especially for women and children. The research uses socio-technical systems to provide a characterisation of transition processes, and governance to explain issues of power influencing transition. A review of previous government cook-stove programmes in India and China highlights governance shortcomings in the former, in particular a lack of functional links between layers of administration and poor engagement with community institutions and cooks. Primary data from West Bengal and Karnataka highlighted sophisticated, skilful, flexible and culturally context specific cooking practices. Reasons for apparent low demand for improved stoves, characterised as lock-in, are found to include a combination of risk aversion and habits, lack of affordability, low awareness of the health consequences, as well as a mis-match between the normative priorities of policy makers – currently health- and those of cooks. It is found that the majority of polluting emissions within households - as well as greenhouse gases - from cooking derive from poorer households. A sectoral carbon offset strategy is proposed as a means of funding subsidies for ABSs and programme support measures. Several large corporations have invested significant sums in technology development, community outreach and dissemination, resulting in sales of over 600,000 ABSs. Reasons for their involvement appear mixed. Their market-based activities have generally not reached poor households and there are questions about their ability to build viable businesses in this highly dispersed and heterogeneous sector. A fundamental dichotomy is highlighted between large, centralised cooking programmes and the diverse, complex and changing reality of cooking activities, beliefs and behaviours on the ground. The research concludes that functional multi-level and multi-actor governance structures would be required to achieve a mass-scale transition to clean cooking using ABSs, with a lead role for the public sector. A key component of future success will involve building structures that ensure the agency of cooks and account for their socio-cultural cooking practices in the processes of technology and programme design and implementation.

Aquesta tesi contribueix a examinar com i per què el carbó continua dominant la matriu energètica mundial, malgrat les velles i noves preocupacions socioecològiques i com i per què es posa en dubte, utilitzant narratives de justícia ambiental i climàtica. Tot i que el carbó continua regnant en la matriu energètica mundial, els patrons del comerç mundial de carbó estan canviant. L’Índia està preparada per jugar un paper de lideratge en un futur pròxim, ja que la producció, el consum i el comerç de carbó engloben noves geografies al sud global. Al mateix temps, l’Índia també lidera la transició cap a les energies renovables a nivell mundial. Primer exploro aquesta paradoxa mirant els patrons metabòlics socials i els factors d’ecologia política i argumento que la transició energètica es dirigeix, en realitat, cap a més carbó tot i una retòrica dominada per les renovables. A continuació, exploro com això s’està facilitant amb la creació d’una nova geografia costanera, en paral·lel a les antigues geografies del carbó. Tot seguit, exploro com s’està qüestionant aquesta pujada del carbó i com s’estan configurant les protestes en regions amb poblacions marginades amb desigualtats preexistents. Defenso la necessitat d’una justícia ambiental decolonial per esbrinar com interactuen les múltiples formes de violència i perpetuen les injustícies ambientals mitjançant el que anomeno violència processal. Finalment, examino les múltiples maneres com les protestes contra el carbó de tot el món que fan servir una narrativa de justícia climàtica estan connectades. Exploro 61 casos de resistència i esbosso tres grans tipus de classificacions sobre les connexions. Defenso la necessitat de moviments decolonials per la justícia climàtica que s’adhereixin a les preocupacions locals i que no impulsin una narrativa global de dalt a baix, proporcionant dos exemples de l’Índia en què aquest enfocament perjudica més que beneficia a un moviment. La tesi es basa en un enfocament de mètodes mixts, que se centra en la investigació transdisciplinària i coproduïda, i mobilitza conceptes de les tres disciplines interconnectades de l’ecologia política, la justícia ambiental i l’economia ecològica.
Esta tesis contribuye a examinar cómo y por qué el carbón continúa dominando la oferta energética global a pesar de las viejas y nuevas preocupaciones socio-ecológicas y cómo y por qué se cuestiona, utilizando narrativas ambientales y de justicia climática. Aunque el carbón sigue reinando en la cesta energética mundial, los patrones del comercio mundial de carbón están cambiando. India va a desempeñar un papel destacado en un futuro cercano a medida que la producción, el consumo y el comercio de carbón abarcan nuevas geografías en el Sur Global. Al mismo tiempo, paradójicamente, India también lidera la transición hacia las energías renovables a nivel mundial. Primero exploro esta paradoja estudiando los patrones metabólicos sociales y los factores ecológico-políticos. Sostengo que la transición energética es, de hecho, hacia más carbón a pesar de la retórica de las energías renovables. Luego estudio cómo esto se está facilitando con la creación de una nueva geografía costera, en paralelo a las geografías más antiguas del carbón. A continuación, analizo cómo se está impugnando este aumento del carbón y cómo se están configurando las protestas en regiones con poblaciones marginadas con desigualdades preexistentes. Abogo por la necesidad de justicia ambiental decolonial para desentrañar cómo interactúan las múltiples formas de violencia y se perpetúan las injusticias ambientales mediante lo que denomino violencia procesal. Finalmente, examino las múltiples formas en que se encuentran conectadas las protestas contra el carbón de todo el mundo que emplean una narrativa de justicia climática. Analizo 61 casos de resistencia y trazo tres tipos amplios de clasificaciones sobre las conexiones. Argumento que los movimientos decoloniales por la justicia climática deben apegarse a las preocupaciones locales en vez de imponer desde arriba una narrativa global, mostrando dos ejemplos de la India donde tal enfoque global hace más daño que bien al movimiento. La tesis se basa pues en métodos mixtos, está centrada en la investigación transdisciplinaria y coproducida movilizando conceptos de tres disciplinas interconectadas: ecología política, justicia ambiental y economía ecológica.
This thesis contributes to examining how and why coal continues to dominate global energy mix despite old and new socio-ecological concerns and how and why is it contested, using environment and climate justice narratives. Although coal continues to reign in the global energy mix, the patterns of global coal trade are shifting. India is primed to play a leading role in the near future as coal production, consumption and trade encompasses new geographies in the Global South. At the same time, India is also leading the transition towards renewables globally. I first explore this paradox by looking at social metabolic patterns and political ecological factors and argue that the energy transition is in-fact towards more coal despite a renewables-led rhetoric. I then explore how this is being facilitated with the creation of a new coastal geography, in parallel to the older coal geographies. This is followed by an exploration of how this rise in coal is being contested, and how are the protests being shaped in regions with marginalized populations with pre-existing inequalities. I argue for the need of decolonial environmental justice scholarship to unpack how the multiple forms of violence interact and perpetuate environmental injustices by what I term procedural violence. Finally, I examine the multiple ways in which coal protests from across the world which employ a climate justice narrative are connected. I explore 61 cases of resistance and draw three broad types of classifications about the connections. I argue for the need of decolonial climate justice movements which adheres to local concerns and doesn’t push for a global top-down narrative, by providing two examples from India where such approach does more harm than good to a movement. The thesis is based on a mixed-methods approach, focusing on transdisciplinary, co-produced research, and mobilizes concepts from the three interconnected disciplines of political ecology, environmental justice and ecological economics.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals

Sikh leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale’s militant and masculinist discourses were embraced by Punjabi Sikhs because of his presence as a charismatic authority, a concept first developed by sociologist Max Weber to understand the conditions surrounding and personal qualities of a figure which attracts followers. The rebellion he led in Punjab resulted from his radical exploitation of issues concerning the Sikh community. Religion was wielded as a tool, legitimizing Sikh violence as commanded by the Gurus. Radical interpretations of Sikh scripture and folklore were initially preached to rural, less educated crowds. While his sermons brought out their frustrations with the government, his charisma allowed him to manipulate young men, his largest demographic of supporters, into embracing violence. This study analyzes Bhindranwale from the perspective of the people that supported him. By identifying multiple social factors through which to understand Bhindranwale’s reign, this study exhibits his importance in understanding Sikhism in Modern India.

Orientador: Leda Maria Caira Gitahy
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociências
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Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar uma experiência de articulação entre a Universidade e o Movimento Indígena, buscando verificar como se dá a interação entre dois tipos de conhecimento (científico e tradicional) no interior dessa experiência. O estudo empírico foi realizado nos cursos de graduação (licenciaturas plenas para formar professores indígenas) originados da interação da Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) com o Movimento Indígena. Os resultados mostram que os cursos do Projeto 3º Grau Indígena se configuram como "zonas de contato", em que se relacionam, além de pessoas de diferentes grupos étnicos, também seus conhecimentos e saberes, ou seja, um espaço de interação entre os vários tipos de conhecimento (científico, tecnológico, tradicional, de senso comum, etc.) e de múltiplas formas de enxergar e pensar o mundo. Essa dinâmica fertiliza o processo de produção de conhecimento, promovendo a ecologia de saberes e traz consequências tanto para a universidade como para as comunidades indígenas. São práticas que promovem uma nova convivência ativa entre saberes, no pressuposto de que todos eles, incluindo o saber científico, podem se enriquecer nesse diálogo
Abstract: The objective of this thesis is to analyze the experience of articulation between the University and the Indigenous Movement, seeking verify how the interaction between two types of knowledge (scientific and traditional) within this experience. The empirical study was conducted in undergraduate courses (undergraduate full to train Indian teachers) arising from the interaction of the State University of Mato Grosso (UNEMAT) with the Indigenous Movement. The results show the courses Project 3rd Degree Indigenous configure themselves as "contact zones" in which they made relationships, and people from different ethnic groups, also their knowledge and expertise, i.e. , a space for interaction between various types of knowledge (science, technology, traditional, common sense, etc..) and multiple ways of seeing and thinking about the world. This dynamic fertilizes the process of knowledge production, promoting the ecology of knowledge and has consequences both for the university and for indigenous communities. These are practices that promote active living among a new knowledge on the assumption that all of them, including scientific knowledge, can enrich this dialogue
Mestrado
Politica Cientifica e Tecnologica
Doutora em Política Científica e Tecnológica

This paper examines the causes for socioeconomic variation between African Americans and West Indians in the United States, focusing primarily on New York City. Nearly 2 million African Americans live in New York, 30 percent of whom are black immigrants, and likely another 15 percent that are the children of these foreign-born individuals. I provide an overview of the socioeconomic positions of both groups, focusing especially on residential patterns, labor market participation, and educational attainment. I then compare leading theories used to explain West Indian success, arguing that selective United States immigration practices account for most variation both between the two groups and also within the West Indian immigrant population itself. The success of many black immigrants, including West Indians, is attributed to their motivation and ability to leave their home country and pursue opportunities abroad, rather than by virtue of being born of their individual culture. Selective immigration practices have privileged many West Indians who’ve settled in the country, especially in regard to educational attainment. Critiquing current affirmative action programs, I offer policy suggestions to ensure restitution for African Americans who remain persistently disadvantaged by the legacies of slavery.

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O estudo teve como objetivos estimar a abundância e o tamanho da área de vida de botos-do-Araguaia (Inia araguaiaensis), caracterizar seu habitat, e descrever seu uso do habitat no baixo rio Tocantins, Amazônia Oriental. Os dados foram coletados entre novembro de 2015 e março de 2016. Quando avistados, os botos eram contados e fotografados, sua localização era registrada e eram mensurados parâmetros ambientais (profundidade e turbidez) e de paisagem (distância dos avistamentos até o mercado de Cametá). A abundância foi estimada por meio de um método de marcação e recaptura aliado à foto-identificação e a área de vida, pelo método do polígono convexo e pelo estimador de densidade Kernel. Modelos Lineares Generalizados foram usados para avaliar os padrões de uso de habitat dos botos. Foram observados dois animais solitários e agregações de até oito indivíduos (̅= 6,43 ± 1,13 indivíduos). Foram identificados 13 indivíduos e estimados um total de 18 botos na área. A área de vida e área nuclear estimadas foram de até 14,55 km² e 5,25 km², respectivamente. Uma alta frequência de registros ocorreu em frente ao mercado municipal de Cametá, Amazônia Oriental. A distância dos avistamentos até este mercado foi a única métrica com efeito significativo no uso do habitat (GLM, z = 2,79; p < 0,01). A alta frequência está associada ao provisionamento de alimentos aos botos no mercado.
The aims of this study were to estimate the abundance and home range size of Araguaian river dolphin’s (Inia araguaiaensis), to characterize their habitat, and to describe their habitat use in lower Tocantins River, Eastern Amazonia. Data were collected in November 2015 and March 2016. When encountered, the dolphins were counted and photographed, their location was recorded and environmental parameters (depth and turbidity) and landscape parameters (distance from sightings to the Cametá market) were measured. Abundance was estimated by marking and recapture method allied to photo identification, and home range was measured by minimum convex polygon method and by Kernel density estimator. Generalized Linear Models were used to evaluate dolphins’ habitat use patterns. Solitary animals and assemblies of up to eight individuals were observed (X ̅ = 6,43 ± 1,13 individuals). Thirteen individuals were identified and a total of 18 dolphins were estimated in the area. Estimated home range and core area were up to 14.55 km² and 5.25 km², respectively. A high frequency of records occurred in front of Cametá market. The distance from sightings to this market was the only metric with a significant effect on habitat use (GLM, z = 2.79, p <0.01). This high frequency is associated with food provision to dolphins in the market.

The problems of social inequality has plagued the Indian society since the history known. The caste system and its intersection with other religions have compounded the situations even further. This study focuses on the issue of marginalization between the three religious communities of India, namely Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam. Furthermore this investigation try to propose a solution to this ensuing problem of marginalization by involving the case of green energy sector and its components. The potential that green energy entails for the economy will be studied at close quarters and evidences will be portrayed to see the positive effects. The creation and realization of the fertile grounds for the intersection or the juxtaposition of green energy over marginalization will be studied by combining the two philosophies of complex equality and equality of condition. The investigation reveals that marginalization can be solved by introducing Green energy on a large scale. The proposed model under the architectures of the conceptual frameworks of Spheres of Justice and Development as Freedom creates Green Energy as an independent sphere of influence that shows positive effect in reducing Inequality by interacting with other spheres of influence. Keywords Social inequality,green energy,HDI,Capability...

Water scarcity and water contamination are persistent problems facing large numbers of people in India. In order to combat scarcity, the Indian Federal government designated 2016 to be the Year of Water Conservation. In order to prepare for the success of this initiative, different management strategies and awareness campaigns began in 2015. Critics have generally responded favourably to these shifts in water management because conservation is considered a benevolent and even environmentally-friendly, or “green” process that can successfully combat water scarcity. However, these initiatives often change the ways in which people access water based upon new governing mentalities. The governing mentality most strongly underpinning these initiatives is based on a neoliberal rationality, which is generally admonished by academics and activists due to the production of uneven socio-economic landscapes under neoliberal economics. Similarly, in an effort to combat water contamination, governing authorities have initiated programs and policies to ensure that safe water is provided for citizens. However, this too has often been influenced by neoliberal governing mentalities. In order to analyze these shifts, this dissertation takes a closer look at the narratives of water conservation, water scarcity, and water contamination using a political ecology framework in three states in North Western India: Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, and Haryana. The following manuscript style thesis consists of five independent papers, plus an introduction and conclusion, linked thematically through the discussion and analyses of the shifting nature of the hydro-social cycle under the pressure of various neoliberal reforms and processes initiated by federal and state governing authorities in North Western India. Having independent papers lends itself to a more nuanced discussion of the ways in which neoliberal water management strategies are lived-out in various communities. Neoliberalism is not an overarching hegemonic project or phenomenon, and as such the discourses of neoliberalism have had different consequences for different communities and populations. As such, this thesis highlights the ways in which the shifting hydro-social cycle has changed gender-related activities of water collection, the ways in which contamination is a form of slow violence, the ways in which defacto public-private partnerships operate in water scarce urban centres, and the ways in which discourses of conservation can be misleading and even manufactured.
Graduate
2019-05-23

The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami created a catastrophic disturbance at several scales along the entire Andaman Sea coast. As the first large-scale tsunami occurring in recent history, this event provided a unique opportunity to use modern instrumentation and in situ observation to study tsunami dynamics and effects on coastal systems. Along Thailand’s coast, consequences of this disturbance were highly variable in space and time, with pronounced changes to certain coral reefs and human communities. This thesis outlines two case study-based research projects designed to gain some understanding of the ecological and social dynamics of the tsunami in Thailand. From a Geographical perspective, responses to this massive disturbance may support an incentive-based direction for marine conservation in Thailand. The first project occurred within Mu Koh Surin Marine National Park, Thailand. Variability in the physical response of fringing hard coral reefs to the tsunami was examined using SCUBA surveys. Patterns in variability were distinct from typical hard coral responses during tropical storms suggesting differences in the nature of these hydrodynamic disturbances. Coral colony morphologies and reef shape mainly did not influence variability in tsunami response; however, unique effects were observed on reef slopes over 45°. There was no detected influence of reef depth. Variability in effects based on the spatial location of reefs was observed: proximity to bathymetrical constrictions accounted for substantial variability, while reef aspect did not. Overall, just over 10% of sampled reef area was affected, with evidence of rapid coral recovery in the form of tissue re-growth and apical skeletal growth within four months of the event at most sites. The second project explored the effects of the tsunami on Phuket’s diving industry. The response of industry members and recreational divers to tsunami effects was examined using interviews and questionnaires as well as observational dives with dive guides and clients on chartered trips during the 2004-5 post-tsunami diving season. A short-term reduction in the number of diving companies and diving tourism in Phuket was observed immediately following the tsunami; this can be attributed to terrestrial damage and trip cancellations. Although there were expectations for high levels of dive site damage, most recreational divers did not perceive any damage on dive sites in 2005 – even while diving on surveyed sites with as much as 76-100% of reef area reportedly affected. This low rate of perception may be partially explained by diving ability, but was more likely due to site variability and variability in tsunami response within dive sites allowing guides to preferentially avoid acutely damaged areas. During the post-tsunami low tourism period, industry members contributed substantial resources to rescue, relief and restoration efforts along Thailand’s Andaman Sea Coast. Industry members also participated in several government and university-led tsunami monitoring and rehabilitation efforts. While measurable changes to Phuket’s diving industry seem to have been short-term, this response of industry members to the event may have increased potential for long-term collaboration with government and universities. Enhanced communication among these parties could facilitate future incentive-driven industry contributions toward marine conservation in Thailand.

Time-shared rental has been developed as an emerging model in the area of sharing economy in recent years in China. Since the technology of Internet of Things (IoT) and new energy automobile evolved, there are more and more people paying attention to innovative transportation such as eco-car sharing. As attitude towards eco-car, which may profoundly influence the industry, is on the turning point, the purpose of this dissertation is to examine what influence consumers` intention on e-car sharing and to understand how to better increase consumer intention to use time-shared rental. A 14-item survey was cited and developed to collect data from China delivered through Internet. Responses were collected from 183 participants. The results show that PEOU, GSI and CID have positive impact on intention to use time-shared rental while PE doesn`t associate with it. At the same time, the analysis of moderating roles indicates that neither age nor gender has moderating effect on the relationships between intention and the predicted variables. However, the income level of participants was identified to be the moderator of PE to intention, which is slightly positive.
O aluguel de time-shared foi desenvolvido como um modelo emergente na área de economia compartilhada nos últimos anos na China. Com a evolução prosseguida da tecnologia da Internet of Things (IoT) e da nova energia automóvel, há cada vez mais pessoas a prestar atenção ao transporte inovador, tal como a eco-car sharing. Como a atitude em relação ao eco-car poderá ter grande impacto na indústria, este novo transporte ainda está num ponto de viragem. O objetivo desta dissertação é examinar o que é que influencia a intenção do consumidor em e-car sharing e entender como melhorar a intenção do consumidor em uso o aluguel de time-shared. Uma pesquisa de 14 itens foi citada e desenvolvida para recolher os dados que são transmitidas pela Internet. As respostas foram obtidas de 183 participantes. Os resultados mostram que PEOU, GSI e CID têm um impacto positivo na intenção de uso do aluguel time-shared enquanto o PE não se associa a ele. Ao mesmo tempo, a análise dos papéis moderadores indica que nem a idade nem o gênero têm efeito moderador nas relações entre a intenção e as variáveis previstas. No entanto, o nível de rendimento dos participantes foi identificado como sendo o moderador da PE para intenção, o que é ligeiramente positivo.