Articoli di riviste sul tema "Small-scale miners"
Segui questo link per vedere altri tipi di pubblicazioni sul tema: Small-scale miners.
Cita una fonte nei formati APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard e in molti altri stili
Vedi i top-50 articoli di riviste per l'attività di ricerca sul tema "Small-scale miners".
Accanto a ogni fonte nell'elenco di riferimenti c'è un pulsante "Aggiungi alla bibliografia". Premilo e genereremo automaticamente la citazione bibliografica dell'opera scelta nello stile citazionale di cui hai bisogno: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver ecc.
Puoi anche scaricare il testo completo della pubblicazione scientifica nel formato .pdf e leggere online l'abstract (il sommario) dell'opera se è presente nei metadati.
Vedi gli articoli di riviste di molte aree scientifiche e compila una bibliografia corretta.
1
Moyo, Dingani, Ronald Ncube, Fungai Kavenga, Lilian Chikwava, Tawanda Mapuranga, Nathan Chiboyiwa, Chipo Chimunhu et al. "The Triple Burden of Tuberculosis, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Silicosis among Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners in Zimbabwe". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 21 (24 ottobre 2022): 13822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113822.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Artisanal and small-scale mining is characterized by an excessive exposure to silica-containing dust, overcrowding, poor living conditions and limited access to primary health services. This poses a risk to tuberculosis, HIV infection and silicosis. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate the burden of tuberculosis, HIV and silicosis among artisanal and small-scale miners. We conducted a cross sectional study on 3821 artisanal and small-scale miners. We found a high burden of silicosis (19%), tuberculosis (6.8%) and HIV (18%) in a relatively young population, with the mean age of 35.5 years. Men were 1.8 times more likely to be diagnosed with silicosis compared to women, adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR = 1.75 (95% CI: 1.02–2.74)]. Artisanal and small-scale miners who were living with HIV were 1.25 times more likely to be diagnosed with silicosis compared to those who were negative, [aPR = 1.25 (1.00–1.57)]. The risk of silicosis increased with both duration as a miner and severity of exposure to silica dust. The risk of tuberculosis increased with the duration as a miner. Zimbabwe is currently experiencing a high burden of TB, silicosis and HIV among artisanal and small-scale miners. Multi-sectoral and innovative interventions are required to stem this triple epidemic in Zimbabwe.
2
Otoijamun, Itohan, Moses Kigozi, Sikiru Ottan Abdulraman, Adelana Rasak Adetunji e Azikiwe Peter Onwualu. "Fostering the Sustainability of Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) of Barite in Nasarawa State, Nigeria". Sustainability 13, n. 11 (24 maggio 2021): 5917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115917.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The exploration and mining of Nigerian barite are primarily by artisanal and small-scale miners (ASM) whose operations are characterized by poor productivity. As a result, the quantity and quality of barites produced do not satisfy the nation’s oil sector demands and other industries that require the mineral. This situation leads to massive importation of the mineral with negative impact on the country’s drive toward increasing the contribution of solid minerals to the gross domestic product (GDP). This study reviews the existing policies and government interventions on ASM of Nigerian barite; evaluates the operations of ASM through a survey of mines in Nasarawa state, Nigeria; identifies factors that affect sustainability of the sector and proffers solutions to foster sustainability of ASM of barite in the region. The study adopted the 4Is optimization technique (Information gathering, Interpretation, Implication, and Implementation) through personal interactions with the stakeholders at the barite mining sites, and government agencies, regarding policies and interventions specific to ASM of barite. Challenges identified include: weak implementation and enforcement of mining laws; inadequate support from government and development partners; poor access to mining equipment and technology; poor infrastructure (access road, water, electricity); poor pricing of products (marketing challenges); poor remuneration of mine workers; poor mining skills; inadequate formal education; limited awareness on environmental health and safety hazards; fragility and conflict; insufficient information and data on mines and miners; security issues; lack of access to finance; lack of formalization of operations and poor legal framework for operations. The strategies suggested for fostering the sustainability of ASM of barites include: enhanced policy and legislation formulation and implementation, strengthening of institutions, formalization of ASM operations, training of miners, awareness campaign, improvement in environmental and safety of operations, empowerment and support by government and development partners for individual miners and processors and organized groups within the sector (such as Miners Association of Nigeria, Association of Miner and Processors of Barite, AMAPOB). Implementation of these strategies will lead to sustainable operations of the sector and hence improved rural livelihoods, stimulation of entrepreneurship in an environmentally responsible manner, and improvement in the contribution of the mineral sector to the nation’s gross domestic product (GDP), and hence national development.
3
Wireko-Gyebi, Rejoice Selorm, Michael Osei Asibey, Owusu Amponsah, Rudith Sylvana King, Imoro Braimah, Godfred Darko e Anne Mette Lykke. "Perception of Small-Scale Miners on Interventions to Eradicate Illegal Small-Scale Mining in Ghana". SAGE Open 10, n. 4 (ottobre 2020): 215824402096366. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244020963668.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The proliferation of illegal mining in Ghana, coupled with its environmental impacts, especially on water bodies has compelled the government to ban all artisanal small-scale mining (ASM) activities in the country. The ban is intended to promote environmental sustainability while the government takes steps to provide sustainable health, and environmental-friendly ASM in Ghana. This paper assesses the perception of registered miners on the current approach by the Ghanaian government to stop illegal mining. Analyses of data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews revealed that the miners felt “left out” of the entire process. They maintained that they were not directly involved in the process to ban illegal mining in Ghana. To them, the proliferation of illegal mining in Ghana is the result of non-performing government institutions, corruption, and cumbersome licensing procedures. The article calls for improvement in the collaboration between the government and miners through a simplified participatory framework for the management of ASM in Ghana.
4
Dehnert, Jörg, Jens Stopp, Peter Windisch e Bernd Schönherrt. "Quick-Erect Stopping System for Radiation Protection and Mine Rescue in Small-scale Mining". Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration 37, n. 6 (23 luglio 2020): 1807–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42461-020-00261-2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe Quick-Erect Stopping System (QESS) offers a new way of reducing the radon exposures of miners in Germany, especially during remediation work in old mines. The QESS is a light-weight, modular, and reusable construction kit of interlocking telescopic aluminum tubes, radon-proof foil, and expanding foam. It is designed to seal off radon-rich parts of galleries within only a few minutes. Originally, the QESS was developed to protect miners against radon exposures. Then, the QESS found the attention of several mine rescue teams at a German mining conference. The Student Mine Rescue of the Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg and the Wismut Mine Rescue carried out first mine rescue drills in Freiberg and Schlema. Additionally, a mine rescue drill was carried out by the Front Range Mine Rescue in the Edgar Experimental Mine of the Colorado School of Mines. These drills helped to improve the system and highlighted its potential for mine rescue operations. Now, the QESS is well-suited for small-scale mining. The QESS can be used to seal off galleries in only a few minutes to both protect miners from radon exposures and to support mine rescue operations. Moreover, the QESS was also successfully used in ventilation experiments.
5
Holley, Elizabeth A., Oscar Felipe Rodriguez, Stewart D. Redwood e Nicole M. Smith. "Coexistence of Large-Scale Mining with Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining—A Guide for Geologists". SEG Discovery, n. 130 (1 luglio 2022): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5382/geo-and-mining-16.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Editor’s note: The aim of the Geology and Mining series is to introduce early career professionals and students to various aspects of mineral exploration, development, and mining in order to share the experiences and insight of each author on the myriad of topics involved with the mineral industry and the ways in which geoscientists contribute to each. Abstract Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) takes place in approximately 80 countries, and it is widespread in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Oceania. Estimates range from 40 to 100 million ASM miners operating worldwide, and ASM generates a significant share of global production for commodities such as gold, tantalum, tin, gemstones, and diamonds. Geologists may encounter ASM activity when exploring new areas or when ASM miners move into existing exploration projects or the vicinity of large-scale mines. These interactions can be contentious, leading to conflicts that force project delays or abandonment. Alternatively, both groups can collaborate to generate mutual benefits, enabling mining companies to gain social license to operate and at the same time manage the environmental impacts of ASM, while the ASM miners maintain culturally and economically important livelihoods. Technical and social factors can help to predict the potential for coexistence or conflict with ASM operators, including the geology of the deposit type, the mining method, and the economic, legal, historical, and cultural context of a project. We present a series of case studies on ASM in Latin America, highlighting five coexistence models that have been previously implemented between mining companies and ASM operators. Our intent is to raise awareness of ASM, so that geologists can consciously consider its impacts on early exploration and subsequent decision-making. Secondly, we aim to encourage broader discussion of the role of ASM in mineral production and sustainable development.
6
Rumbidzai, P. Mutare, Wadesango Newman e Malatji. "The Effectiveness of Tax Systems on Artisanal Miners and Small-Scale Miners". International Journal of Economics and Business Administration IX, Issue 4 (1 ottobre 2021): 32–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35808/ijeba/732.
Testo completo
7
Yao, Wei, Aiming Wang, Yifan Nie, Zhengyan Lv, Shuai Nie, Congwei Huang e Zhenyu Liu. "Study on the Recognition of Coal Miners’ Unsafe Behavior and Status in the Hoist Cage Based on Machine Vision". Sensors 23, n. 21 (28 ottobre 2023): 8794. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23218794.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The hoist cage is used to lift miners in a coal mine’s auxiliary shaft. Monitoring miners’ unsafe behaviors and their status in the hoist cage is crucial to production safety in coal mines. In this study, a visual detection model is proposed to estimate the number and categories of miners, and to identify whether the miners are wearing helmets and whether they have fallen in the hoist cage. A dataset with eight categories of miners’ statuses in hoist cages was developed for training and validating the model. Using the dataset, the classical models were trained for comparison, from which the YOLOv5s model was selected to be the basic model. Due to small-sized targets, poor lighting conditions, and coal dust and shelter, the detection accuracy of the Yolov5s model was only 89.2%. To obtain better detection accuracy, k-means++ clustering algorithm, a BiFPN-based feature fusion network, the convolutional block attention module (CBAM), and a CIoU loss function were proposed to improve the YOLOv5s model, and an attentional multi-scale cascaded feature fusion-based YOLOv5s model (AMCFF-YOLOv5s) was subsequently developed. The training results on the self-built dataset indicate that its detection accuracy increased to 97.6%. Moreover, the AMCFF-YOLOv5s model was proven to be robust to noise and light.
8
Appel, Peter W. U., e Leoncio Na-Oy. "The Borax Method of Gold Extraction for Small-Scale Miners". Journal of Health and Pollution 2, n. 3 (1 giugno 2012): 5–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-2.3.5.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. More than ten million small-scale miners (SSM) worldwide use mercury to extract gold, releasing large amounts of the toxic element into the environment. Alternatives to mercury have been suggested over the years to little avail. A group of miners in the Philippines has demonstrated that borax, when used as a flux for smelting gold out of heavy mineral concentrates, is an effective and safer substitute for mercury. Objectives. To present a basic comparison of the mercury amalgamation and borax methods of gold extraction for SSM. Methods. Borax was added to milled ore to reduce the melting point of gold to a level accessible to SSM. The amount of gold captured, and the amount of mercury released into the environment, was compared to two common amalgamation methods: whole ore and heavy metal. Discussion. The borax method appears to capture more gold, as well as eliminate the use of mercury. It is also less expensive. It is important to stop the use of mercury amongst SSM. However, health and environmental arguments alone are not enough to convince miners to switch. The argument of improving gold-capture rates while reducing costs is more compelling, and may help propagate the technique among small-scale miners. Conclusions. Scientific research should continue in order to further establish the uses and limitations of the borax method.
9
Kyaw, Win Thiri, Xiaoxu Kuang e Masayuki Sakakibara. "Health Impact Assessment of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Area in Myanmar, Mandalay Region: Preliminary Research". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 18 (16 settembre 2020): 6757. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186757.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Increasing artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) in developing countries has raised health concerns in mining communities. A preliminary health survey was conducted in Thabeikkyin Township, Mandalay Region, Myanmar, in February 2020 to assess the health conditions of an ASGM community. Respiratory function and other clinical assessments were evaluated in miners and non-miners, and participants’ hair was analyzed for heavy metals. Respiratory function of miners was similar to that of non-miners. However, miners’ respiratory function declined with longer mining activity duration. In total, 3 out of 18 miners showed neurological signs and symptoms of chronic mercury intoxication. The median concentration of the hair mercury was significantly higher in miners than non-miners (P = 0.01), and 9 out of 18 miners and 2 out of 11 non-miners showed the warning level of mercury. We found that, despite an association between declining respiratory function and length of time mining, only a minority of miners showed clinical features of chronic mercury intoxication. Further clinical surveys with a larger sample size are necessary to determine the broader health status of this community. In addition, clinical indicators such as pulmonary function tests are recommended as additional criteria for the diagnosis of mercury intoxication.
10
Lu, Jinky Leilanie. "O7A.4 Hazards and injuries associated among small scale gold miners in the philippines". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (aprile 2019): A62.1—A62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.166.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Worldwide, small-scale mining (SSM) provides employment to about 13 million people and affects the livelihood of 80–100 million. This study investigated the ergonomic and safety hazards of small scale miners in one of the largest small scale mining area in the Philippines which is the area of Itogon, Benguet. There were 93 small scale miners who were included in the study as they complied with the inclusion criteria. The methods consisted of survey questionnaires, health physical examination guide, individual interviews, and work process observation tool. The results showed that the small-scale miners worked for an average of 10.7 years, and a maximum work year of 40. The most widely employed mining technique was the dog-hole mining consisting of several sub-processes -tunneling, ball milling and gravity concentration, cyanide leaching, and smelting. The ergonomic and safety hazards identified were noise exposure from the dynamite blast, temperature extremes, and exposure to dust from dynamite blasting. The miners experienced prolonged crouching and bending, prolonged handling of tools, and carrying heavy sacks filled with mineral ores. In the ball milling and gravity concentration process, machine-related accidents were noted such as cuts from the crusher. In the cyanide leaching which uses massive amounts of cyanide, the most prevalent hazards were heat, dust, and chemicals such as cyanide fumes. In the smelting process, smoke from burning ore and coal as well as exposure to borax and nitric acid fumes. Burn injuries were reported among miners. A third (31.2%) of miners have experienced accidents. The most common injury was laceration at 47.8%, followed by methane inhalation, fracture of hand digits, and contusion at 17.4%. The most prevalent health symptom reported by the miners was muscle pain. It is suggested that intervention programs for ergonomics and safety measures be implemented by the local government.
11
Vergara-Murillo, Fredy, Shirley González-Ospino, Nazly Cepeda-Ortega, Fredy Pomares-Herrera e Boris Johnson-Restrepo. "Adverse Health Effects and Mercury Exposure in a Colombian Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Community". Toxics 10, n. 12 (25 novembre 2022): 723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10120723.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this study was, first of all, to associate the mercury (Hg) concentrations and respiratory functions of the gold miners in the artisanal small-scale gold mining (ASGM) environment in San Martín de Loba, Colombia. We carried out a cross-sectional study using a survey whereby we collected basic demographic information, occupational medical history, and applied two validated questionnaires (Q16 and SF36). We measured Hg levels in all volunteers using direct thermal decomposition-atomic absorption spectrometry. Univariate and bivariate statistical analyses were carried out for all variables, performing logistic regression to assess the effect of ASGM on health outcomes. Volunteers enrolled (n = 124) were between the ages of 20 and 84 years (84% miners and 79% males). No changes were found in the systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate from the ASGM miners, in crude and adjusted statistical analyses. ASGM miners increased 8.91 (95% confidence interval, 1.55–95.70) times the risk of having these than of having neurotoxic effects. Concentrations of total whole blood mercury (T-Hg) in all participants ranged from 0.6 to 82.5 with a median of 6.0 μg/L. Miners had higher T-Hg concentrations than non-miners (p-value = 0.011). Normal and abnormal respiratory spirometry patterns showed significant differences with the physical role and physical function of quality-of-life scales (the (p-value was 0.012 and 0.004, respectively). The spirometry test was carried out in 87 male miners, with 25% of these miners reporting abnormalities. Out of these, 73% presented a restrictive spirometry pattern, and 27%, an obstructive spirometry pattern. The ASGM population had higher Hg concentrations and worse neurotoxic symptomatology than non-miners of the same community.
12
H. Clarke, Rohan, Rebecca L. Boulton e Michael F. Clarke. "Estimating population size of the Black-eared Miner, with an assessment of landscape-scale habitat requirements". Pacific Conservation Biology 11, n. 3 (2005): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050174.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The decline of the Black-eared Miner Manorina melanotis has been caused primarily by habitat degradation and vegetation clearance. To better direct conservation actions for this species there was a need to assess habitat requirements on a regional-scale and to estimate the population size using quantitative methods. We used vegetation mapping and the current distribution of the Black-eared Miner to determine regional-scale habitat requirements. These findings were combined with the results of distance sampling to provide population estimates. The species is restricted to large tracts of intact mallee in the Murray Mallee of southeastern Australia that have not been burnt for at least 45 years. The density of Black-eared Miners is highest in areas that are dominated by mallee-Triodia associations and have not been intensively grazed. The Bookmark Biosphere Reserve supports an estimated 501 (270-927, 95% CI) colonies, containing 3 758 (2 026-6 954) phenotypically pure Black-eared Miners, 2 255 (1 215-4 170) hybrids and small numbers of Yellow-throated Miners Manorina flavigula. However, the effective population size is considerably smaller (390 Black-eared Miners (210-726) and 234 hybrids (126-433)). due to a skewed adult sex ratio (1 female: 1.81 males) and complex social organization. A smaller population also persists in the Murray Sunset National Park containing 53 (32-85) Black-eared Miner/hybrid colonies. Both populations face a high risk of extinction from large-scale wildfire. The endangered status of the species under IUCN criteria remains warranted.
13
Sarpong, Sam. "Sweat and Blood: Deific Interventions in Small-Scale Mining in Ghana". Journal of Asian and African Studies 52, n. 3 (8 giugno 2015): 346–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021909615587366.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Small-scale mining in Ghana has been proclaimed as a net contributor to local economies in many scholarly works. Many writeups have lauded the significant contributions these miners have made or are making in terms of poverty alleviation. Quite significantly too, other commentaries have dwelt on the environmental degradation the miners effect on the communities within which they operate. Such activities have led to the destruction of forest areas, the creation of dangerous pits and diversion of rivers. Besides, the incessant use of mercury in the course of mining has also led to serious consequences for their host communities. This article, however, sets out to explore an aspect of small-scale mining operations which is yet to see much scholarly work, perhaps due to its surreptitious manner. It looks at the rituals that permeate the workings of these miners in order to tilt the tides of fortune in their favour and how such determination is leading them to the cauldron of spiritual elements in order to accomplish their objectives.
14
Agyei, G. "Internationalisation of Artisanal and Small Scale Mining in Ghana: Opportunities and Challenges". Ghana Mining Journal 16, n. 2 (20 dicembre 2016): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v16i2.3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The last few years have witnessed internationalisation of small scale mining in Ghana. The entry of migrant artisanal miners has brought losers and winners in the subsector, creating myriad of socio-political problems. However, official attempts to curb it have exacerbated the systemic problem of mineral governance. This paper analyses the emerging challenges and opportunities posed by the entrance of migrant miners into the country with insights into assumptions on resources and conflicts. It takes a closer look at the causes, effects and dynamics of confrontation and collaboration between migrant artisanal and small scale miners and their counterparts in the host nation. It argues that the current governance system of small scale mining based on national control over exploitation is anachronic and not well adapted to competitive, sustainable and fair management of mineral resources. In addition, it proposes a sustainable partnership to harness complimentary skills in order to avoid deepening the resources conflicts which have plagued the mining districts. Keywords: Internationalisation, Artisanal, Small Scale Mining, Sustainability
15
Obadia, Paul Musa, Joseph Pyana Kitenge, Trésor Carsi Kuhangana, Remy Mpulumba Badiambile, Taty Muta Musambo, Malick Useni Mutayo, Jeef Numbi Mukanya et al. "SS08-02 BIOMONITORING OF TRACE METALS IN BLOOD AND URINE AMONG ARTISANAL MINERS IN THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO". Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (1 luglio 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0087.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Introduction In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, artisanal and small-scale mining employ an estimated 200,000 people, and over a million are indirectly involved through trade and transport. We assessed metal exposure in artisanal miners involved in mining three types of commodities (copper-cobalt, tin, diamonds). Materials and Methods In cross-sectional studies (March 2021 - August 2022), we measured trace metals by Inductive Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in blood (µg/L) and urine (µg/g creatinine) in convenience samples of miners (mostly males) extracting copper-cobalt (n=147, four mines, Kolwezi), tin (n=99, three mines around Manono), and diamonds (n=80, Mbuji-Mayi). Results Diamond miners had generally low concentrations (GM with IQR) for most trace metals, except for Pb in blood [74.2 (60.6-90.4)] and urine. Compared to diamond miners, copper-cobalt miners had higher blood concentrations for several elements, especially Co [5.55 (2.87-10.74)], but also Ge, As and Hg; they also had higher urinary concentrations for Co [28.3 (13.5-60.5), Mn, As, Sn, and U [0.031 (0.018-1.265)]. In general, tin miners did not exhibit higher metal concentrations than diamond miners, except for Pb in blood [318 (260-727)] and urine, Tl in blood [0.20 (0.14-0.26)] and urine, as well as As, Sn and U in urine; compared to copper-cobalt miners, tin miners had lower Sn in blood and in urine. Conclusions In this cross-sectional study, we found evidence of substantially higher occupational exposure to cobalt and toxic trace metals in copper-cobalt artisanal miners than in diamond and tin miners. The relatively high concentrations of lead and thallium among tin miners need further research.
16
Bangash, Arshad Khan, e Syed Owais. "PROBLEMS IN STREAMLINING THE GEMSTONE SECTOR OF GILGIT-BALTISTAN: PERSPECTIVES OF GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS". Pakistan Journal of Social Research 05, n. 02 (30 giugno 2023): 605–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v5i02.1143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper analyses the perceptions of staff members of the Mines and Mineral Department of Gilgit-Baltistan using qualitative methodology. The paper relies on stakeholder workshops and five qualitative interviews conducted with the staff members of the Mines and Minerals Department of GB. The data reveals that artisanal and small-scale miners (ASMs) oppose mine leasing which creates hurdles for them in getting explosives and obtaining compensation in case of injuries and casualties. In some parts of GB, check posts are available for collection of collecting transit duties, but no mechanism is found to detect gemstones moving out of GB, their actual price, and subsequent transit duty fee. The department lacks enough human resources which is why it cannot extend full assistance to the mining sector in the region. Although, some improvements have been made in the form of training provisions and testing facilities still ASMs do not benefit from these opportunities. In addition to differences in perspectives between ASM and staff members of the mines and minerals department, the locals also dispute with each other on mining sites and possession. To resolve these disputes at the doorstep, a District Supervisory Committee headed by the Deputy Commissioner and comprising of locals and government officials is established in each district of GB. Yet these do not offer a viable solution. The concerned department also does not have any data about injuries and casualties in mines as neither data is shared by the miner nor they are registered with the department. That is why the government is unable to extend its support and compensation. Lastly, the direct intervention of external agents, and private sector and non-governmental organizations’ involvement in the illegal trading of gemstones is also blamed for the backwardness of the gems industry. Key Words: Gemstones, Artisanal Small-Scale Miners, Disputes resolution, District Supervisory Committee, and Gilgit-Baltistan
17
Ayoo, Beth Akinyi, e James Moronge. "Factors influencing compliance with occupational safety regulations and requirements among artisanal and small-scale miners in central sakwa ward, siaya county". Journal of Sustainability, Environment and Peace 1, n. 1 (4 febbraio 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.53537/jsep.2019.02.001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper emanates from a larger study on occupational safety compliance in artisanal and small-scale gold mines in Siaya County, Kenya. One of the key objectives of the study was to establish the factors influencing compliance with occupational safety regulations and requirements, among artisanal and small-scale miners in the study area. The study utilized a proportionate random sampling design to draw a sample of 97 miners. Primary data were obtained mainly through field interviews, observations and photography while secondary data were obtained from published and unpublished sources. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. Research findings indicate that compliance with occupational safety regulations and requirements is influenced by awareness of the regulations and requirements, the use and cost of personal protective equipment, gender and administrative failure/incompetence. The study concludes that that the non-compliance factors need to be urgently addressed through appropriate policy, legal and institutional interventions.
18
Caballero, Evelyn. "Advocating Policy: Initiatives in Mining and Development". Practicing Anthropology 28, n. 4 (1 settembre 2006): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.28.4.r333404465k5n173.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper shares my experience as an anthropologist in affecting policy makers in the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) of the Philippines Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to recognize and institutionalize the term traditional small scale miners. The MGB then and now is predominantly staffed by personnel from technical fields related to mining with minimal staff from the social sciences.
19
Meaza, Hailemariam, Mushir Ali, Solomon Hishe e Zbelo Tesfamariam. "Small scale gold mining effects on the miners and local communities in semi-arid region of Ethiopia". Journal for Geography 10, n. 1 (15 giugno 2015): 25–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/rg.10.1.3935.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
North Ethiopian highlands are traditionally known for gold mining which has been means of livelihood of the rural community. The present work was conducted to investigate socio-economic conditions of gold miners, ways of obtaining the gold, their earning and negative consequences of the gold mining. On the basis of random sampling, 140 miners were interviewed. Moreover, focus group discussions transect walks and practical observations across the mining sites were made with team leaders on different issues of gold mining and its effects. Descriptive statistics was used to compute socio-economic characteristics, gold harvesting, and income dynamics. ANOVA was run to observe variations of income from gold mining and other sources, 2009 to 2012. The positive effects of gold mining for involved people were regarding income, employment, expenditure on education, health and food consumption. On the other hand, conflicting interest, communicable diseases, aggressive child labour, school dropouts, social disruptions and injuries were challenges of the small scale gold mining. The findings highlight that the income generated from small scale gold mining plays a pivotal role in reducing rural poverty. Therefore, providing integrated training for gold miners can mitigate the challenges of small scale gold mining and thereby to improve livelihoods of the small scale gold miners in Ethiopia.
20
Mabe, Franklin N., Ebenezer Owusu-Sekyere e Oluyemi Theophilus Adeosun. "Livelihood coping strategies among displaced small scale miners in Ghana". Resources Policy 74 (dicembre 2021): 102291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102291.
Testo completo
21
Kyeremateng-Amoah, E., e Edith Clarke. "Injuries among Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Miners in Ghana". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, n. 9 (2 settembre 2015): 10886–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120910886.
Testo completo
22
Fisher, Eleanor, Marjo de Theije, Carlos H. X. Araujo, Jorge Calvimontes, Esther van de Camp, Lorenzo D'Angelo, Cristiano Lanzano et al. "The lifeways of small-scale gold miners: Addressing sustainability transformations". Global Environmental Change 82 (settembre 2023): 102724. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2023.102724.
Testo completo
23
Dzvimbo, Munyaradzi A., Colleen Ncube e Monica Monga. "Scratching the Surface: Exploring Women's Roles in Artisanal and Small Scale Mining in Zimbabwe". Budapest International Research and Critics Institute (BIRCI-Journal) : Humanities and Social Sciences 2, n. 3 (2 agosto 2019): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/birci.v2i3.398.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Artisanal mining communities around the world are diverse, dynamic and distinct in nature they vary from culture-to-culture, region-to-region and mine-to-mine, and change over the course of time.Women within these communities are also heterogeneous and unique; however, they tend to be engaged in specific roles throughout the world.A qualitative approach in form of a descriptive survey research design was adopted, in which purposive systematic sampling was used and qualitative data was generated. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect data from predominantly mining towns Kadoma, Kwekwe and Shurugwi as well surrounding areas.The sample size was compelled by the different mining areas which are a considerable distance from each other with sparsely distributed population. The focus of data collection was on women’s responsibilities in mineral processing activities range from crushing, grinding, sieving, washing and panning, to amalgamation and amalgam decomposition in the case of gold mining.Typically, women are labourers (e.g. panners, ore carriers and processors), providers of goods and services (for instance cooks, shopkeepers) and are often solely responsible for domestic chores. The total number of artisanal miners for the three mining towns was 1500 and a sample of 10% (150 miners) of the three towns, with each town having 50 was sampled. The artisanal miners taken to be part of the population sample were systematic selected till the last person. The composition of the miners was made up 41% of the females while the remaining 59% were male respondents.
24
Smidth, Margrethe, Pedro Byron Blandon e Chris Kuylenstierna. "O-212 AN INTERVENTION TO IMPROVE HEALTH AMONG SMALL-SCALE GOLD MINERS IN NICARAGUA BY ELIMINATING THE USE OF MERCURY". Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (1 luglio 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.1007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Introduction Small-scale gold mining is a big mercury polluter worldwide and not just locally among the miners and their community. Although most countries find it difficult to follow the intentions of the Minamata Convention there seem to be more activities to effectuate the ban among the 123 signatories. Law enforcement, support of new technologies, community awareness and focus on health and environment are pivotal in the National Plan model suggested by United Nations Environmental Programme, UNEP. Diálogos has for many years worked all over the World with different models to implement the Benquet mercury-free method. In the mining community La Libertad in Nicaragua focus is on four cooperatives and educating and supporting the interested miners in teaching their peers. Materials and Methods Interviews, questionnaires and focus group are used during an eight months data collection among miners and their families. Data are analysed and presented using sound statistical and analytical methods. Results The results from the one-year intervention in La Libertad in Nicaragua are presented with a focus on the female miners. The result of this intervention and its effect on health will be compared with other interventions in other parts of the world. Discussion- Conclusion The preliminary results show huge interest and ability to change technology among the miners. The stronger the cooperative and the responsibility towards each other in the community, the better the outcome in form of better sustainability and ability to teach other miners the mercury-free method. Hereby gaining a better health outcome for both miners and their families.
25
Buyela, Charles, Paul Njogu, Gideon Kikuvi, Joseph Kamau e Charles Mburu. "Occupational exposure risk to radiation in open cast artisanal and small-scale gold mining in Western Kenya". Journal of Agriculture, Science and Technology 21, n. 3 (2 agosto 2022): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jagst.v21i3.3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASSGM) is practiced at open-cast gold mines in Western Kenya. Mining is still going on in deep mines, with huge tailings littering the workplace for most miners. This mining exercise brings to the surface myriad radioactive materials from the earth’s crust, which pose physical and radiation hazards to miners. The aim of this study was to determine occupational exposure to radiation at artisanal gold mining sites. Four sites were studied for a period of six months. Environmental radiation exposure levels were measured using the Geiger Mueller tube (GMT) model; PHYWE, whereas thermoluminescent dosimeter badges (TLB) 802A were used to record personal radiation exposure levels. d-Orbital Limited Company provided UD-716AGL, used to read the radiation levels from the TLB. Exposure levels were reported in terms of monthly skin, eye, and body exposures. Results revealed an increase in counts per minute with an increase in depth in a range of 19.83 ± 3.87 to 27.83 ± 2.10 and a mean of 23.62 ± 5.17 cpm. Personal effective radiation exposure doses for the skin, eye and body were 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.01 and 0.18 ± 0.015 for two sites in Western Kenya, whereas those in Nyanza had 0.27 ± 0.01, 0.27 ± 0.01 and 0.25 ± 0.05 mSv on skin, eye and body. The maximum dose threshold limit was estimated at 1.67 mSv per month. There was no significant difference in the radiation exposure of the eye, skin, and body between the sites as indicated by χ2 = 2.0 and p = 0.157 (at p<0.05) with df = 1. The study revealed that workers are exposed to ionising radiation, but the measured levels were within safe limits.
26
Ekawanti, Ardiana, e Baiq Dewi Krisnayanti. "Effect of Mercury Exposure on Renal Function and Hematological Parameters among Artisanal and Small-scale Gold Miners at Sekotong, West Lombok, Indonesia". Journal of Health and Pollution 5, n. 9 (1 dicembre 2015): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-5-9.25.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. Mercury is a toxic metal with effects on human health ranging from acute to chronic in a very short time of exposure. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the main source of direct human exposure to mercury. Human exposure to mercury (Hg) can occur through both direct inhalation of mercury vapor and consumption of material taken from contaminated areas. To protect the health of ASGM workers and surrounding communities, a health assessment of mercury exposure and its effects is urgently needed. However, analysis of hair and urine samples as a proof test for mercury toxicity is very expensive. Therefore other tests must be considered to identify the first symptoms of mercury toxicity in miners and the surrounding community. Objectives. The present study aimed to determine the effects of mercury exposure on renal function along with the hematological parameters of gold miners and the community as a first indication of mercury exposure symptoms. Methods. The study was designed as a purposive field sampling study and was conducted in 3 main villages in Sekotong District, West Lombok Regency, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. The 100 subjects were miners that have been exposed to mercury for at least 5 years and their wives and children (non-miners) who lived around the gold processing area. Blood and urine samples were then obtained from the subjects. The miners and non-miners were questioned about their mercury exposure over the previous 5 years, duration of exposure, and how mercury was handled in their daily life. Blood and urine samples were collected at the time of the study, around 10 ml of urine and 0.1 ml of blood (2 drops) were collected per subject. In order to determine the parallel results between the blood-urine and hair results, hair from the miners was collected at a different time for analysis. Results. The results showed that the subjects had low proteinuria, hemoglobin and hematocrit concentrations as a consequence of chronic mercury intoxication. This finding was parallel with results of high mercury concentrations in urine (>7 – 273.3 μg/l) and miners' hair (>1 – 12.93 μg/g). Miners and non-miners in the exposure area were found to have proteinuria levels of more than 0.3 g/L. Proteinuria (≥0.3 g/L) was observed in 92.6% of miners and 72.4% of non-miners. Conclusions. The results of the present study suggest that urinalysis of proteinuria and hemoglobin values can be used as a screening test to detect renal impairment due to mercury intoxication.
27
Chikwanha, Annie Barbara. "The Bricoleur Economy". African Journal of Political Science 11, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2024): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/xhfzaq60.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article uses the concept ‘Bricoleurs’ to analyse the different categories of indigenous small- scale miners in Zimbabwe. Indigenous citizens constitute the bulk of the small and medium scale gold miners who continue to use antiquated methods of extraction and processing and they market their gold through illegal networks managed by middlemen. The study highlights the challenges Bricoleurs encounter in forcing inclusion into the mainstream mining economy, and the government’s failure to capture them into the formal gold market. The indigenous gold miners’ experiences reveal the trials posed by fragmented and incoherent legal and institutional policy frameworks that militate against the Bricoleur miners’ productivity. With gold deposits found all over the country, and in the absence of supporting organisational structures, the Bricoleurs’ self-empowerment through devious means has become accepted by mining authorities. Data for this article was collected mostly through interviews with different stakeholders in the gold mining industry in Harare, Shurugwi and Chakari in Zimbabwe.
28
Teghe, Daniel, e Jim McAllister. "The Demise of Central Queensland's Small-scale Sapphire Miners: 1970–1995". Queensland Review 11, n. 1 (aprile 2004): 83–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1321816600003573.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the capitalistic drive for economic and social ‘restructuring’ and an increase in economic ‘efficiency’, some of the industries supporting small-scale enterprises have been marginalised and labelled as ‘anachronistic’. Whilst studying the culture of the Queensland small-scale sapphire miner, we took the opportunity to observe and analyse a case of how this phenomenon and its consequences can develop in a specific community. Generally, we found that, when state policy supports and encourages larger enterprises to displace established small-scale enterprises in a particular industry, this can have dire consequences for small communities.
29
Yamaguchi, Asuka. "Energy Use in the Japanese Copper Industry from the Meiji Period to World War I". Asian Review of World Histories 9, n. 1 (11 dicembre 2020): 82–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22879811-12340086.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In recent years, energy constraints have been discussed from a historical point of view. This study aims at examining the copper industry’s energy use in Japan from the Meiji period to the time of World War I and clarifying the process of, and reasons for, the selection of energy sources. This study considered not only energy use in the large-scale mines but also energy use in the small-scale mines and miners’ homes. As a result, it was clarified that the mines changed into a space that was based on a diverse combination of energy sources, depending on differences in location (access to energy), natural conditions, financial power, the required amount and price of energy, energy use technologies, ore quality, and end product (usage).
30
Macháček, Jan, Martin Schlossarek e Philemon Lindagato. "The Livelihood of Artisanal and Small-Scale Miners and Awareness of the Use of 3T Minerals in Rwanda—A Case Study in the Rutsiro District: A Qualitative Assessment". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 19 (1 ottobre 2022): 12570. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912570.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article examines the impact of artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM) on livelihood in mining communities in Rwanda (Rutsiro) where wolframite and coltan are mined. The paper discusses the development of ASM and other entrepreneur activities, in particular agriculture. With ASM activities, there is environmental degradation on the one hand but also an improvement in the well-being of the local population on the other. The 3T (tin, tungsten, tantalum) minerals extracted by ASM are used in the electronics industry for products such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops, which are mainly consumed in the developed world. Based on questionnaires and structured research with miners, it was determined how ASM affects their lives, or whether there is a deterioration or improvement in their well-being. The research builds on previous field research in Rwanda. Because of mining, communities in the mining areas have access to health care, they can pay tuition fees, insurance, etc. On the other hand, the lives of miners are endangered by respiratory diseases, accidents in mines, landslides in mining areas, and other negative environmental impacts. The extraction of these minerals, however, may lead to a worse quality of life for the miners responsible for the extraction in developing countries. This different view is also illustrated by the fact that miners themselves often do not know what 3T minerals are used for. ASM benefits miners from an economic perspective but may worsen their quality of life due to unsuitable working conditions. This study covers a broader understanding of socioeconomic impacts of ASM and tries to point out the lack of awareness about the mining of minerals important for the daily use of modern technologies. This article would like to contribute to the larger debate about the lack of awareness of the origin of 3T minerals.
31
Appel, Peter W. U. "Small-scale mining – hazards and opportunities in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia". Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) Bulletin 7 (29 luglio 2005): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.34194/geusb.v7.4847.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Small-scale mining is the main source of income for about 100 million people in Asia, Africa and South America. However, the processing of raw materials during this mining activity results in the release of large amounts of mercury to the environment, creating serious environmental problems. Small-scale mining, or artisanal mining, is exploitation using only shovels, picks and hammers, carried out by individuals or small groups. A wide variety of commodities are exploited in this way, ranging from gold, diamonds, precious stones, tin, coal, dimension stones and slate. Small-scale mining is often carried out by labourers with virtually no knowledge of safety procedures. Tunnel cave-ins leading to loss of life are common, and the widespread use of mercury in gold extraction causes many long-term health problems for the miners. It is estimated that about 650 tonnes of mercury are annually released during small-scale mining to the environment, and this figure is likely to increase in the future. Mercury is highly toxic and its use causes health problems not only for the miners, but also to the entire population in areas where small-scale mining takes place. Some miners are aware of the dangers of using mercury, but have no knowledge of recycling procedures. Several international organisations, such as the World Bank, UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organisation), ILO (International Labour Organisation) and UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), have launched programmes to examine the problems associated with small-scale mining. Progress so far has been slow, and much more international awareness of the global mercury pollution of the environment from smallscale mining is required. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) has worked as consultant to the World Bank on projects involving small-scale mining in Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia and Laos, and has also undertaken programmes concerning small-scale mining in Lesotho for UNDP and in Tanzania for the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA). This paper reports on some of the initiatives carried out in Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia, to secure and sustain the small-scale mining industry in these regions.
32
Zolnikov, Tara Rava. "My Failed Attempt to Gain Access to Small-Scale Gold Miners". American Journal of Public Health 107, n. 4 (aprile 2017): 507–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2017.303656.
Testo completo
33
Appel, Peter Wiltje Uitterdijk, e Leoncio Degay Na-Oy. "Mercury-Free Gold Extraction Using Borax for Small-Scale Gold Miners". Journal of Environmental Protection 05, n. 06 (2014): 493–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2014.56052.
Testo completo
34
Mabe, Franklin N. "Small-scale mining policies in Ghana: Miners’ knowledge, attitudes and practices". Resources Policy 85 (agosto 2023): 103924. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103924.
Testo completo
35
Quispe Aquino, Rolando, Fredy Fortunato García Zúñiga e Aaron Malone. "Soil and Urine Mercury Levels in Secocha: A Case Study of Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining in Peru". Mining 4, n. 2 (23 maggio 2024): 389–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mining4020022.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent decades, artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) has spurred population and economic growth in the small rural communities in which it is located, along with causing contamination of the soil, air, and water with grave effects on human health due to the uncontrolled use of mercury for gold processing activities. This study analyzes the levels of mercury in Secocha, an ASGM community in Arequipa, Peru. A total of 44 soil samples were taken from two ASGM commercial-extractive zones (n = 18) and non-processing urban zones (n = 26). Soil mercury analysis with atomic absorption spectrometry revealed average mercury levels of 86.11 mg/kg in commercial-extractive zone I, where ore processing has occurred for about 17 years, and mercury levels of 43.81 mg/kg in commercial-extractive zone II, where processing has occurred for about 7 years. In the urban zone, the average mercury level was 9.53 mg/kg. The average mercury concentrations for each zone exceed the relevant environmental quality standards established by the Peruvian Ministry of the Environment. In addition, urine samples were obtained from 15 miners and 15 people from the general urban population (non-miners). The average mercury level in the urine of miners was 7.04 µg/L, and in the urine of non-miners it was 0.49 µg/L. In both cases, the mercury urine level did not exceed the limits established by WHO and the Peruvian Ministry of Health, though miners’ elevated levels do raise concerns.
36
Gottesfeld, Perry, Gabriella Meltzer, Sadie Costello, Jane Greig, Natalie Thurtle, Karla Bil, Benjamim Janeiro Mwangombe e Manti Michael Nota. "Declining blood lead levels among small-scale miners participating in a safer mining pilot programme in Nigeria". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, n. 11 (5 settembre 2019): 849–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2019-105830.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ObjectivesOur objective was to monitor blood lead levels (BLLs) of miners and ore processors participating in a pilot programme to reduce lead poisoning and take-home exposures from artisanal small-scale gold mining. A medical surveillance programme was established to assess exposures as new methods aimed at reducing lead exposures from ore were introduced in a community in Nigeria where children experienced substantial lead-related morbidity and mortality.MethodsExtensive outreach and education were offered to miners, and investments were made to adopt wet methods to reduce exposures during mining and processing. We conducted medical surveillance, including a physical exam and repeated blood lead testing, for 61 miners selected from among several hundred who participated in the safer mining pilot programme and consented to testing. Venous blood lead concentrations were analysed using the LeadCare II device at approximately 3-month intervals over a period of 19 months.ResultsOverall geometric mean (GM) BLLs decreased by 32% from 31.6 to 21.5 µg/dL during the 19-month project. Women had a somewhat lower reduction in GM BLLs (23%) compared with men (36%). There was a statistically significant reduction in log BLLs from baseline to the final test taken by each participant (p<0.001).ConclusionsThe observed reductions in GM BLLs during the pilot intervention among this representative group of miners and ore processors demonstrated the effectiveness of the safer mining programme in this community. Such measures are feasible, cost-effective and can greatly improve health outcomes in mining communities.
37
Poncian, Japhace, e Henry Michael Kigodi. "Natural Resource Conflicts as a Struggle for Space: The Case of Mining in Tanzania". International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences 4, n. 3 (30 novembre 2015): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.17583/rimcis.2015.1773.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p><em>Natural resource extraction in Africa has been characterised by conflicts between large scale and small scale miners on the one hand and large scale miners and the communities on the other. In some countries such as Sudan, Democratic Republic of Congo, Angola, Mozambique, Sierra Leone and Liberia, natural resources have bred political instability and civil wars. A great deal of academic discourse on resource conflicts in Africa focuses on greed, corruption, political struggles for state capture and control over resources, economic liberalisation policies for attracting foreign investors and creating conducive climate for them to invest their capital in natural resource extraction, and foreign forces. While recognising the significance of the above approaches in explaining resource conflicts in Africa, this paper aims at explaining resource conflicts as a struggle for space between the communities, artisanal and small scale miners and large scale foreign mining corporations. The paper, therefore, argues that natural resource extraction conflicts in Africa can well be understood if we approach them as a struggle for space. Data for this paper are drawn from secondary sources including academic literature, government reports, media reports and internet sources.</em></p>
38
Jørs, Erik, Omar Huici, Margrethe Smith e Chris Kuylenstierne. "SS08-01 INTERVENTIONS TO REDUCE MERCURY USE AND POISONINGS AMONG SMALL-SCALE MINERS: PRACTICAL EXAMPLES FROM BOLIVIA AND OTHER PARTS OF THE WORLD". Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (1 luglio 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0086.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Introduction Mercury pollution from small-scale mining is a global problem affecting not only miners’ health but also the health of people living close by or even far from the mining sites. Several methods are applied to reduce mercury use e.g. by banning and substitution. In Bolivia, prevention of poisoning is promoted not only by introducing mercury-free gold mining techniques, but also by strengthening leadership and organisational training, and training in alternative income generating activities like pesticide-free agriculture. Changes in society are hard to achieve by only focusing on technical solutions. Materials and Methods Data gathered among miners during the last four years by interviews, focus group discussions and questionnaires are analysed and presented using sound statistical and analytical methods. Results The results from the last three years of intervention in Bolivia among male miners and the actual status of the intervention among female miners and children are presented. In addition, experiences from other parts of the world with the introduction of mercury-free gold mining and effect on health are discussed and compared with the results from Bolivia. Conclusions The preliminary results show an economically sound outcome by introducing mercury-free gold mining techniques, but low sustainability if miners do not take ownership of the process or are not well organized in their miners’ societies. Therefore, changing habits takes more than only introducing technical solutions.
39
Wanyana, Mercy Wendy, Friday E. Agaba, Deogratias K. Sekimpi, Victoria N. Mukasa, Geoffrey N. Kamese, Nkonge Douglas e John C. Ssempebwa. "Mercury Exposure Among Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Miners in Four Regions in Uganda". Journal of Health and Pollution 10, n. 26 (giugno 2020): 200613. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-10.26.200613.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. Artisanal and small-scale gold mining is a human health concern, especially in low-income countries like Uganda due to the use of mercury (Hg) in the mining process. Objective. The aim of the present study was to assess Hg exposure among artisanal and small-scale gold miners in Uganda through biologic monitoring parameters and Hg-related clinical manifestations. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to July 2018 among 183 miners from Ibanda (Western region), Mubende (Central region), Amudat (Karamoja region) and Busia (Eastern region) in Uganda. An interviewer-administered questionnaire and health assessment were used to collect socio-demographic, exposure and self-reported Hg poisoning symptoms. In addition, 41 urine, 41 blood and 26 environment samples were assessed. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparison of Hg levels in urine and blood among miners were performed while logistic regression was used to assess associations between exposure and Hg poisoning-related symptoms. Results: The miners ranged from 15 to 65 years old and were primarily male (72.6%). The majority (73.3%) had worked directly with Hg for an average duration of 5.3 years. Symptoms associated with working directly with Hg included chest pain (odds ratio (OR)=9.0, confidence interval (CI)=3.3 to 24.6), numbness (OR=8.5, CI=2.1 to 34.4), back pain (OR=6.2, CI= 2.2 to 17.5), fatigue and stress (OR=5.4, 2.0 to CI=14.9), headache (OR=4.7, CI=1.9 to 11.3), dizziness (OR=3.8, CI=1.5 to 9.7) joint pain (OR=3.2, CI=1.3 to 8.3) and respiratory problems (3.2, 1.0 to 10.1). Statistically significant differences in Hg levels with p-values less than 0.05 were observed across district, gender and type of work. Mubende had the highest blood and urine levels (136 μg/l and 105.5 μg/l) in comparison with Busia (60 μg/l and 70.6 μg/l) and Ibanda (43 μg/l and 58 μg/l). Females (84.7 μg/l), panners (109 μg/l) and those with knowledge of occupational health and safety measures (95.6 μg/l) reported higher levels of Hg in urine. The average levels of Hg in water and soil samples were 23.79 μg/l and 0.21 μg/l, respectively. Conclusions. Variation in Hg levels were attributed to varied duration of exposure across geographical sites. There was considerable exposure to Hg as indicated by both clinical manifestations and biologic parameters among miners in Uganda with Hg in urine exceeding the recommended thresholds. Participant Consent. Obtained Ethics Approval. Ethical approval was obtained from the Makerere University School of Health Science Institutional Review Board (reference number SHSREC REF 2018–2019) and Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (reference number SS 4577) Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.
40
Kimijima, Satomi, Masayuki Sakakibara, Masahiko Nagai e Nurfitri Abdul Gafur. "Time-Series Assessment of Camp-Type Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining Sectors with Large Influxes of Miners Using LANDSAT Imagery". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 18 (7 settembre 2021): 9441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189441.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mining sites development have had a significant impact on local socioeconomic conditions, the environment, and sustainability. However, the transformation of camp-type artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) sites with large influxes of miners from different regions has not been properly evaluated, owing to the closed nature of the ASGM sector. Here, we use remote sensing imagery and field investigations to assess ASGM sites with large influxes of miners living in mining camps in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, Indonesia, in 1995–2020. Built-up areas were identified as indicators of transformation of camp-type ASGM sites, using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, from the time series of images obtained using Google Earth Engine, then correlated with the prevalent gold market price. An 18.6-fold increase in built-up areas in mining camps was observed in 2020 compared with 1995, which correlated with increases in local gold prices. Field investigations showed that miner influx also increased after increases in gold prices. These findings extend our understanding of the rate and scale of development in the closed ASGM sector and the driving factors behind these changes. Our results provide significant insight into the potential rates and levels of socio-environmental pollution at local and community levels.
41
Eshun, P. Arroja, e E. Okyere. "Assessment of the Challenges in Policy Implementation in the Small Scale Gold Mining Sector in Ghana – A Case Study". Ghana Mining Journal 17, n. 1 (30 giugno 2017): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/gm.v17i1.6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent times, stakeholders in the mining sector have expressed concerns about the environmental degradation and the social impacts of uncontrolled Small Scale Mining (SSM) activities in Ghana despite the existence of legislative instruments that define the procedures required for the acquisition of licences and operations of SSM activities in the country. This paper assesses the challenges in policy implementation in the small scale gold mining sector of Ghana by reviewing policies on regularisation and environmental management. It further identifies challenges faced by small scale mining operators in adhering to laid down policies for the smooth operation of the sector and furthermore assesses the views of some principal stakeholders on the benefits and challenges of small scale mining using the Dunkwa mining district as a test case. The methods employed include: field visits to some small scale mining sites within the Dunkwa mining district; interviews and questionnaire administration; and statistical and content analysis of data. The study reveals the following factors, among others, to have contributed largely to the difficulty in regularisation, environmental and social challenges that have plagued the SSM sector: low level of education of majority of miners; bureaucracies and centralisation of licence acquisition processes; lack of sources of finance for SSM projects; lack of geological information on mineable areas; and lack of adequate knowledge of the laws and regulations on mining and environment. In addressing the challenges the following recommendations are made: decentralisation of the regularisation processes to simplify licence acquisition; adequate geological investigations should be undertaken on SSM blocked-out areas to reduce the try and error mining approach adopted by miners; and continuous education and training of miners on good mining and environmental practices. Keywords: Small Scale Mining, Mineral Policies, Environmental Impact, Regularisation, Challenges
42
Appel, Peter W. U., Astrid Andersen, Leoncio D. Na-Oy e Rudy Onos. "Introduction of Mercury-free Gold Extraction Methods to Medium-Scale Miners and Education of Health Care Providers to Reduce the use of Mercury in Sorata, Bolivia". Journal of Health and Pollution 5, n. 9 (1 dicembre 2015): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-5-9.12.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. Artisanal and small-scale miners in Bolivia release on the order of 120 tons of mercury annually. The mercury finds its way to the Amazon with catastrophic consequences for the biosphere. A project aimed at reducing the release of mercury was carried out in 2013 and 2014. Objectives. The project had two objectives: to test whether the mercury-free gold extraction method could be an alternative to whole ore amalgamation in medium-scale mining in Bolivia and to teach mercury toxicology to health care providers in the gold mining area. The mercury-free gold extraction method has been successfully introduced in other countries, but mainly in very small-scale mining communities. Materials and Methods. The targets in Bolivia were medium-scale miners processing over a hundred tons of ore per day. The chosen gold ores proved amenable to gold extraction using mercury-free extraction. Demonstrations of the mercury-free methods were carried out by processing similar quantities of gold ores using the amalgamation and the mercury-free method. Miners, mining communities and local health providers were informed on the toxicity of mercury. Health providers were shown how to conduct epidemiological surveillance. Posters explaining the path of mercury from the processing stations to local households were prepared. Conclusions. The gold ores tested during the project proved amenable to mercury-free gold extraction using borax smelting. The miners also realized that gold recovery increased when performing mercury-free gold extraction. The miners decided to stop using mercury and a follow-up project cleaned their mining equipment for mercury and modified the processing lines. The health care providers were also successfully trained.
43
MURAO, S., K. NAITO, S. HAMASAKI, S. H. SIE e G. DEJIDMAA. "BISMUTH CONTENT OF ELECTRUM FROM MONGOLIAN ARTISANAL/SMALL-SCALE MINING SITES". International Journal of PIXE 16, n. 01n02 (gennaio 2006): 145–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083506000903.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bismuth ( Bi ) content of electrum from Mongolian artisanal/small-scale mining sites was determined by micro-PIXE at CSIRO. This is to provide artisanal/small-scale miners information on the valuable trace element in electrum which they recover from quartz veins. The analysis was done using a 3 MeV micro-beam (30 micrometer in diameter) with an aluminum filter of 125 micrometer thickness. The result showed that electrum grains from the study area contains Bi with a range from 0 to 2,530 ppm.
44
Pedersen, Anna Frohn, Jonas Østergaard Nielsen, Cecilie Friis e Jesper Bosse Jønsson. "Mineral exhaustion and its livelihood implications for artisanal and small-scale miners". Environmental Science & Policy 119 (maggio 2021): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.02.002.
Testo completo
45
De Theije, Marjo, e Marieke Heemskerk. "Moving Frontiers in the Amazon: Brazilian Small-Scale Gold Miners in Suriname". European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies | Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe, n. 87 (15 ottobre 2009): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.18352/erlacs.9600.
Testo completo
46
Yakovleva, Natalia, e Diego Alfonso Vazquez-Brust. "Multinational mining enterprises and artisanal small-scale miners: From confrontation to cooperation". Journal of World Business 53, n. 1 (gennaio 2018): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2017.08.004.
Testo completo
47
Bryceson, Deborah Fahy, e Jesper Bosse Jønsson. "Gold Digging Careers in Rural East Africa: Small-Scale Miners’ Livelihood Choices". World Development 38, n. 3 (marzo 2010): 379–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.09.003.
Testo completo
48
Hougaard, Inge-Merete, e Irene Vélez-Torres. "Shifting sands: Legal dispossession of small-scale miners in an extractivist era". Geoforum 115 (ottobre 2020): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.06.022.
Testo completo
49
Rahmawati, D., J. S. Adiansyah, B. F. A. Matrani e H. I. Johari. "Mercury Reduction on Gold Extraction in Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Mining. A Case Study in Pelangan Village, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1175, n. 1 (1 maggio 2023): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1175/1/012020.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The most common method used for gold processing in artisanal and small-scale mining is amalgamation using mercury as a gold extracting agent. Indonesia is one of the countries that ratify the Minamata Convention, meaning that Indonesia has agreed to reduce or even eliminate the use of mercury. Some methods for replacing mercury as a gold-extracting agent are cyanidation and borax. The research aims to determine whether the miners in Pelangan still use mercury in gold processing. The method of this research is observation, interviews, and literature review. The data obtained were then analyzed descriptively. The result indicates that the miners in Pelangan Village use two methods of gold processing from ore: (1) amalgamation using mercury followed by cyanidation and (2) cyanidation. Most of the miners use the cyanidation method without going through amalgamation. The main reason they do not use mercury are amalgamation method yields low gold recovery and the price of mercury is high. This indirectly shows that the miners in Pelangan Village have contributed to efforts to reduce mercury use in Indonesia.
50
Singo, Josephine, John Bosco Isunju, Dingani Moyo, Stephan Bose-O’Reilly, Nadine Steckling-Muschack e Antony Mamuse. "Accidents, Injuries, and Safety among Artisanal and Small-Scale Gold Miners in Zimbabwe". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n. 14 (16 luglio 2022): 8663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19148663.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) employs 14–19 million people globally. There is limited research on accidents, injuries, and safety in Zimbabwe’s ASGM. This study investigates the prevalence of accidents and injuries, as well as the associated risks and existing safety practices. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among artisanal and small-scale gold miners. Data from 401 participants were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. The prevalence of accidents and injuries was 35.0% and 25.7%. Accidents associated with experiencing injuries included mine collapses and underground trappings. The major injury risk factors were digging, blasting, being male, being 18–35 years old, crushing, and the underground transportation of workers and materials. Injuries were reported highest among the miners working 16 to 24 h per day. Participants had heard about personal protective equipment (PPE). There was training and routine inspections mainly on PPE use. Mine owners and supervisors were reported as responsible for OSH, which was mainly PPE use. Practices including the use of wire winch ropes and escape routes were rare. There was ignorance on underground mine shaft support. The mining regulations that had the potential to introduce comprehensive safety controls were not adaptable. We recommend applicable health and safety regulations for Zimbabwe’s ASGM.