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Articoli di riviste sul tema "SLAM (Computer program language)"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 19 febbraio 2022

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1

Radune, Maya, Alex Radune, F. Assous e Michael Zinigrad. "Investigation of a Mathematical Model of High-Temperature Diffusion Controlled Heterogeneous Reaction between Metal and Oxide Melts". Defect and Diffusion Forum 297-301 (aprile 2010): 1475–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.297-301.1475.

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A deterministic computational model of high-temperature heterogeneous re- action between metal and oxide melts has been developed. Transport of reagents and products of reaction occur simultaneously both by diusion and by laminar natural con- vection of the melting metal and oxide uxes. The convection-diusion equations have been numerically solved by a nite-dierences time-implicit discretization scheme. The model was implemented by program which had been written in C# language. The com- putations have been performed for desulfurization reaction between liquid steel and slag phases.The computed results agree well with the results which were found by experimen- tal methods.

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Harris, Kisa K., Frances Henderson, Wendy B. White, Amel Mohamed e Asoka Srinivasan. "The Jackson Heart Study: Preparing African American High School Students for Health Careers and Research". Ethnicity & Disease 30, n. 1 (16 gennaio 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18865/ed.30.1.25.

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In 1999, Tougaloo College (TC), located in Jackson, Mississippi, was charged, as a part of its role in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), with creating a pool of well-trained high school students who, upon entering college, could successfully complete undergraduate and graduate or professional degrees in the health professions, biomedical research, and public health. TC identified the following educational challenges experienced by Mississippi high school students: inadequate exposure to reading, writing, logic, and quantitative skills; inadequate course work in science and mathematics; lack of mentors and role models in science-related fields as well as for exploration and identification of career options in the health professions and biomedical research. To this end, the JHS Undergraduate Training and Education Center (JHS UTEC) developed three four-week summer workshops in Science, Language Arts, and Mathematics (SLAM) for high school students in grades 9 through 11. Since SLAM’s inception, more than 900 students have completed the program, and more than 90% have enrolled in college. In addition, according to National Student Clearinghouse and participant-reported data, many of the SLAM participants have earned not only undergraduate degrees in science, but also graduate degrees in a health-related and STEM fields. This article details the SLAM curricula and strategies for recruiting, selecting, training, and retaining high school students; we also present data to illustrate the success of the SLAM program. Ethn Dis. 2020;30(1):25-32; doi:10.18865/ed.30.1.25

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Karn, Helen E., e MacEnglish. "Pronunciation Plus (Computer Program)". TESOL Quarterly 30, n. 1 (1996): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587618.

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Solomon, Gabriela R., e Ford Language Institute. "The American Accent Program (Computer Program, Version 4.0)". TESOL Quarterly 27, n. 4 (1993): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587425.

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Wu, Yakun, Li Luo, Shujuan Yin, Mengqi Yu, Fei Qiao, Hongzhi Huang, Xuesong Shi, Qi Wei e Xinjun Liu. "An FPGA Based Energy Efficient DS-SLAM Accelerator for Mobile Robots in Dynamic Environment". Applied Sciences 11, n. 4 (18 febbraio 2021): 1828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041828.

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The Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithm is a hotspot in robot application research with the ability to help mobile robots solve the most fundamental problems of “localization” and “mapping”. The visual semantic SLAM algorithm fused with semantic information enables robots to understand the surrounding environment better, thus dealing with complexity and variability of real application scenarios. DS-SLAM (Semantic SLAM towards Dynamic Environment), one of the representative works in visual semantic SLAM, enhances the robustness in the dynamic scene through semantic information. However, the introduction of deep learning increases the complexity of the system, which makes it a considerable challenge to achieve the real-time semantic SLAM system on the low-power embedded platform. In this paper, we realized the high energy-efficiency DS-SLAM algorithm on the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based heterogeneous platform through the optimization co-design of software and hardware with the help of OpenCL (Open Computing Language) development flow. Compared with Intel i7 CPU on the TUM dataset, our accelerator achieves up to 13× frame rate improvement, and up to 18× energy efficiency improvement, without significant loss in accuracy.

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McMinn, Mark R., e James D. Foster. "A Computer Program to Teach Nonsexist Language". Teaching of Psychology 18, n. 2 (aprile 1991): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top1802_16.

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Reps e Teitelbaum. "Language Processing in Program Editors". Computer 20, n. 11 (novembre 1987): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mc.1987.1663414.

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Yalcin, Hatice, e Murat Demirekin. "Training Program Supporting Language Acquisition". International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science 13, n. 3 (8 giugno 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijmecs.2021.03.01.

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Baniassad, Elisa, e Clayton Myers. "An exploration of program as language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, n. 10 (25 ottobre 2009): 547–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1639949.1640132.

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Underwood, John, Keith Cameron, Theo Bongaerts, Pieter de Haan, Sylvia Lobbe e Herman Wekker. "Computer Assisted Language Learning: Program Structure and Principles". Modern Language Journal 74, n. 4 (1990): 511. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/328534.

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Walczyk, Jeffrey J. "A computer program for constructing language comprehension tests". Computers in Human Behavior 9, n. 1 (marzo 1993): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(93)90026-o.

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Wolach, Allen H. "Developing a computer program to facilitate language training". Computers in Human Behavior 10, n. 4 (dicembre 1994): 541–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0747-5632(94)90046-9.

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Baughan, Carolyn E. "Daedalus Integrated Writing Environment (Computer Program)". TESOL Quarterly 29, n. 2 (1995): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3587635.

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Jacobs, Paul S. "TRUMP: A transportable language understanding program". International Journal of Intelligent Systems 7, n. 3 (marzo 1992): 245–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/int.4550070303.

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Sulzmann, Martin, e Răzvan Voicu. "Language-Based Program Verification via Expressive Types". Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 174, n. 7 (giugno 2007): 129–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2006.10.041.

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Kelsick, Jason, Judy M. Vance, Lori Buhr e Cheryl Moller. "Discrete Event Simulation Implemented in a Virtual Environment". Journal of Mechanical Design 125, n. 3 (1 settembre 2003): 428–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1587745.

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Virtual reality (VR) technology provides a human-computer interface that allows participants to interact naturally with digital objects which are represented as three-dimensional images that occupy positions in a three-dimensional world. Related to problems of engineering design and manufacturing, this new technology offers engineers the ability to work with computer models in a three-dimensional, immersive environment. This paper describes a virtual reality application where the results of a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing cell are integrated with a virtual model of the cell to produce a virtual environment. The program described in this paper, the VRFactory, combines results from a commercial discrete event simulation program, SLAM II, with a virtual environment. This allows the user to investigate, using three-dimensional computer models, how various changes to the manufacturing cell affect part production. This investigation is performed while immersed in a computer-generated three-dimensional representation of the cell. Existing discrete event programming software allows only two-dimensional views of the factory as the parts progress through the simulation. Parts are shown only as primitive geometric shapes on the computer monitor and instantaneously move from one station to the next. The virtual environment implementation of the SLAM II results allows users to experience the simulation in a fully immersive three-dimensional digital environment. The virtual environment used here is a CAVE™-like projection screen-based facility called the C2, which is located at Iowa State University. This paper describes the creation of the VR model of the manufacturing cell, the animation of the environment and the implementation of the results of the discrete event simulation.

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Sklenar, Ivan. "Programming language assessments using the program profiles". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 20, n. 4 (aprile 1985): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/988316.988324.

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Jones, Mark P., e Iavor S. Diatchki. "Language and program design for functional dependencies". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 44, n. 2 (28 gennaio 2009): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1543134.1411298.

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Schetz, Katherine F. "Computer-Aided Language/Concept Enrichment in Kindergarten". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 20, n. 1 (gennaio 1989): 2–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2001.02.

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A model program for language/concept enrichment was set up with 22 kindergarten students as participants. A total screening score during routine kindergarten screenings relative to the areas of articulation, language and concepts was low for each of these students, but not low enough to recommend indepth diagnostic testing. The objective of the program was to demonstrate the role of the speech-language pathologist as consultant, an alternate service delivery model for public school speech-language services. Language/concept enrichment was provided by volunteers using four educational software programs for the microcomputer. Concepts taught included quantity, quality, time/sequence, nouns, and verbs. Program structure, implementation, and evaluation are discussed.

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Sarkisyan, A. A., e Yu G. Shukuryan. "Program testing technology based on specification language". Cybernetics 26, n. 6 (1991): 795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01069487.

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Leidy, Judy, Ann Burke, Anne Merkel e Marlin Howard. "Using Computer Assisted Instruction in an ESL Language Program". IALLT Journal of Language Learning Technologies 15, n. 1 (29 gennaio 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/iallt.v15i1.9074.

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Van Merriënboer, Jeroen J. G., e Marcel B. M. De Croock. "Strategies for Computer-Based Programming Instruction: Program Completion vs. Program Generation". Journal of Educational Computing Research 8, n. 3 (agosto 1992): 365–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/mjdx-9pp4-kfmt-09pm.

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Two instructional strategies were implemented in a two-and-a-half hour computer-based training program that was designed to teach elementary turtle graphics programming techniques to novice undergraduate students ( N = 40). Learning activities that either emphasized the completion of existing programs or the generation of new programs were studied for the two strategies. In the completion group, the information needed to perform the program completion tasks appeared to be largely available in the to-be-completed programs; in the generation group, students frequently had to search for useful examples while they were performing their program generation tasks. It is hypothesized that during practice, the direct availability of examples in the form of incomplete computer programs facilitates the acquisition of programming language templates, especially because students cannot complete a program without carefully studying it so that “mindful abstraction” is explicitly provoked. Data in this study on learning outcomes support this hypothesis: the completion group showed a superior use of programming language templates in both a program construction test and a multiple choice test that measured the knowledge of language statements.

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Chen, Jun, Shize Guo, Xin Ma, Haiying Li, Jinhong Guo, Ming Chen e Zhisong Pan. "SLAM: A Malware Detection Method Based on Sliding Local Attention Mechanism". Security and Communication Networks 2020 (25 settembre 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6724513.

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Since the number of malware is increasing rapidly, it continuously poses a risk to the field of network security. Attention mechanism has made great progress in the field of natural language processing. At the same time, there are many research studies based on malicious code API, which is also like semantic information. It is a worthy study to apply attention mechanism to API semantics. In this paper, we firstly study the characters of the API execution sequence and classify them into 17 categories. Secondly, we propose a novel feature extraction method based on API execution sequence according to its semantics and structure information. Thirdly, based on the API data characteristics and attention mechanism features, we construct a detection framework SLAM based on local attention mechanism and sliding window method. Experiments show that our model achieves a better performance, which is a higher accuracy of 0.9723.

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Vistein, Michael, Frank Ortmeier, Wolfgang Reif, Ralf Huuck e Ansgar Fehnker. "An Abstract Specification Language for Static Program Analysis". Electronic Notes in Theoretical Computer Science 254 (ottobre 2009): 181–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.entcs.2009.09.066.

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Ensink, Brian, Joel Stanley e Vikram Adve. "Program Control Language: a programming language for adaptive distributed applications". Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing 63, n. 11 (novembre 2003): 1082–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0743-7315(03)00117-5.

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Lomax, A. "The suitability of language syntaxes for program generation". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 22, n. 3 (marzo 1987): 95–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/24697.24707.

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De Niel, Anne, Eddy Bevers e Karel De Vlaminck. "Program bifurcation for a polymorphically typed functional language". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 26, n. 9 (settembre 1991): 142–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/115866.115880.

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Gallimore, R. M. "UMIST OBJ: a Language for Executable Program Specifications". Computer Journal 32, n. 5 (1 maggio 1989): 413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/comjnl/32.5.413.

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Sharvelle, Derek J. "A BASIC language computer program for intraocular lens power calculations". American Intra-Ocular Implant Society Journal 11, n. 4 (luglio 1985): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0146-2776(85)80074-4.

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Irshad, Mufeeda, Merel Keijzer, Martijn Wieling e Marjolijn Verspoor. "Effectiveness of a dynamic usage based computer assisted language program". Dutch Journal of Applied Linguistics 8, n. 2 (11 aprile 2019): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dujal.16018.irs.

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Abstract The current paper explores whether a Dynamic Usage Based (DUB) approach – which takes authentic meaningful language use with repetition and scaffolding for comprehension as its basis – can also be implemented in a CALL environment. The effectiveness of the DUB-CALL program was tested in a semester-long experiment, comparing it with a teacher-fronted DUB program (using the same materials as the CALL program) and a traditional CLT program; 228 university undergraduates in Sri Lanka participated. Language gains were assessed in a pre-post design with an objective General English Proficiency (GEP) test and a writing task. The results show that the students in the DUB-CALL condition performed significantly better on the GEP test than the students in the two teacher-fronted classes. The results of the writing tests show that all groups improved significantly, but here there were no differences among groups.

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Dobizha, N. "THE USE OF COMPUTER TRAINING PROGRAM IN THE FOREIGN LANGUAGE CLASSROOM". Information Technologies in Education 2, n. 35 (giugno 2018): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.14308/ite000669.

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Hakim, Badia. "Implementing A Computer Assisted Language Learning Training Program for English Teachers". Arab World English Journal 6, n. 1 (15 marzo 2015): 100–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol6no1.8.

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Dobizha, N. "The use of computer training program in the foreign language classroom". Інформаційні технології в освіті, Вип. 2 (35) (2018): 89–99.

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Coniam, David. "A COMPUTERISED ENGLISH LANGUAGE PROOFING CLOZE PROGRAM". Computer Assisted Language Learning 10, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0958822970100106.

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Gillam, Ronald B. "Computer-Assisted Language Intervention Using Fast ForWord®". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 30, n. 4 (ottobre 1999): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.3004.363.

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A computer-assisted language intervention program called Fast ForWord® (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1998) has received a great deal of attention at professional meetings and in the popular media. Newspaper and magazine articles about this program contain statements like, "On average, after only 6 to 7 weeks of training, language-learning impaired children ages 4 to 12 showed improvement of more than one and a half years in speech processing and language ability." (Scientific Learning Corporation, 1997). Are the claims that are being made about this intervention approach just a matter of product promotion, or is this really a scientifically proven remedy for language-learning impairments? This article critiques the theoretical basis of Fast ForWord®, the documented treatment outcomes, and the clinical methods associated with the procedure. Fifteen cautionary statements are provided that clinicians may want to consider before they recommend Fast ForWord® intervention for the children they serve.

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Ciobâcă, Ştefan, Dorel Lucanu, Vlad Rusu e Grigore Roşu. "A language-independent proof system for full program equivalence". Formal Aspects of Computing 28, n. 3 (7 marzo 2016): 469–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00165-016-0361-7.

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Leung, Wu-Hon F. "Program entanglement, feature interaction and the feature language extensions". Computer Networks 51, n. 2 (febbraio 2007): 480–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2006.08.002.

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Siegfried, Robert M. "A scripting language to help the blind to program visually". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 37, n. 2 (febbraio 2002): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/568600.568611.

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Reiser, John F., e Joseph P. Skudlarek. "Program profiling problems, and a solution via machine language rewriting". ACM SIGPLAN Notices 29, n. 1 (gennaio 1994): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/181577.181583.

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Pezold, Mollee J., Caitlin M. Imgrund e Holly L. Storkel. "Using Computer Programs for Language Sample Analysis". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 51, n. 1 (8 gennaio 2020): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_lshss-18-0148.

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Purpose Although language sample analysis is widely recommended for assessing children's expressive language, few school-based speech-language pathologists routinely use it, citing a lack of time, resources, and training ( Pavelko, Owens, Ireland, & Hahs-Vaughn, 2016 ). The purpose of this clinical tutorial is (a) to describe options for language sample analysis using computer programs and (b) to demonstrate a process of using language sample analysis focused on the assessment of 2 preschool children as case studies. Method We provide an overview of collecting and analyzing child language samples and describe 3 programs for language sample analysis: 2 dedicated software programs (Computerized Language Analysis [ MacWhinney, 2000 ] and Systematic Analysis of Language Transcripts [ Miller & Iglesias, 2015 ]) and 1 protocol for using word processing software to analyze language samples (Sampling Utterances and Grammatical Analysis Revised; Pavelko & Owens, 2017 ). We also present analysis results from each program for play-based language samples from 2 preschool children and detailed analysis of the samples with potential treatment goals. Results Each program offers different analyses, comparison databases, and sampling contexts. We present options for additional analysis, clinical interpretations, and potential treatment goals based on the 2 preschool cases. Conclusion Clinicians can use computer programs for language sample analysis as part of a process to make naturalistic language assessment more feasible. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.10093403

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Telap, Cherry, Benny Pinontoan e Jullia Titaley. "Derivation of Quantum Guarded Command Language Program for Average". d'CARTESIAN 4, n. 2 (26 giugno 2015): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.35799/dc.4.2.2015.9055.

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Has conducted research to determine the derivation of quantum guarded command language (qGCL) program for average. Initially calculation of average value was made in guaded command language (GCL) which is then implemented on a digital computer into the Pascal programming language. Furthermore GCL to calculate the average value was analyzed again to be made in the quantum guarded command language (qGCL). qGCL implementation is on a quantum computer is a future computer could perform calculations very quickly because it uses a superposition state is referred to as quantum bits (qubits). Keywords : GCL, qGCL, Quantum Computer

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COSTANTINI, STEFANIA. "SEMANTICS OF A METALOGIC PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE". International Journal of Foundations of Computer Science 01, n. 03 (settembre 1990): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129054190000175.

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This paper presents the declarative and procedural semantics of Reflective Prolog, a new logic language able to represent metaknowledge and use it in the proof process via an extended resolution procedure including forms of implicit reflection. The declarative semantics of a Reflective Prolog definite program is provided in terms of the Least Reflective Herbrand Model of the program, characterized by means of a suitable mapping. The extended resolution is then shown to be sound and complete with respect to the Least Reflective Herband Model.

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Dévai, Gergely, Zoltán Gera e Zoltán Kelemen. "Language abstractions for low level optimization techniques". Computer Science and Information Systems 11, n. 4 (2014): 1499–514. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/csis130224080d.

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Programmers are often forced to implement performance-critical applications at a low abstraction level. This leads to programs that are hard to develop and maintain because the program text is mixed with low level optimization tricks and is far from the algorithm it implements. Even if compilers are smart nowadays and provide the user with many automatically applied optimizations, practice shows that in some cases it is hopeless to optimize the program automatically without the programmer?s knowledge. A complementary approach is to allow the programmer to fine tune the program by providing him with language features that make the optimization easier. These are language abstractions that make optimization techniques explicit without adding too much syntactic noise to the program text. This paper presents such language abstractions for two well-known optimizations: bitvectors and SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data). The language features are implemented in the embedded domain specific language Feldspar which is specifically tailored for digital signal processing applications. While we present these language elements as part of Feldspar, the ideas behind them are general enough to be applied in other language definition projects as well.

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Zuidema, Johan, Gellof Kanselaar, H. Wichmann, M. Giezeman, L. Koster e J. van der Veen. "Vrue Taalprodukties En De Computer". Computer-ondersteund talenonderwijs 33 (1 gennaio 1989): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ttwia.33.05zui.

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In second language teaching a great deal of attention is paid to the learning of communicative skills. The computer program PRESTIGE (Productive and Receptive English, a Smart Tutor and Intelligent Generator of Exercises) subscribes to the views currently held in communicative language teaching. Among these are learning the meaning of a word through deduction of the word's meaning from contexts, and emphasizing the use of productive language. The computer program PRESTIGE, written in PROLOG, consists of several parts: A parser, which checks if syntax, spelling and inflection of pupils' input sentences, words, and verbs are correct. The parser is the heart of the program, and is capable of analysing most English sentence structures which are used in the first years of secondary education. A database of descriptions of words and context sentences in everyday English (taken from Collins COBUBLD English Language Dictionary). Both databases can be consulted by the pupil at any moment and thus constitute an extensive help facility. A database of texts. These texts are taken from a method called "Notting Hill Gate" (Malmberg). A generator of exercises. The program is able to generate exercises for both receptive and productive language use. Receptive: a story fragment is selected from the database. For every word, pupils can ask for a description (in English) or for a context sentence in which the word is used. Productive: several different exercises can be generated. They vary from cloze texts: the parser leaves out words that belong to a certain grammatical class (adjectives, prepostions, etc.), to free language productions: writing a composition. Furthermore, exercises can be generated in which interrogative or negative sentences have to be made. When the pupil is writing a composition, the parser checks whether the sentences are grammatically correct. Here as well, all help options from the databases are available. Pupil registration. For every pupil the program keeps track of the words that (s)he has studied, what kind of help (s)he has asked for, and what the results of the exercises are. The advantage of PRESTIGE over existing courseware for second language teaching is the open structure of the program, which makes free input of language possible. In the article the possibilities of the parser are shown and illustrated by examples. The article concludes with a discussion of the uses of PRESTIGE as an intelligent generator of exercises, and some plans for further research.

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van Rensburg, Henriette Janse, e Jeong-Bae Son. "Improving English Language and Computer Literacy Skills in an Adult Refugee Program". International Journal of Pedagogies and Learning 6, n. 1 (gennaio 2010): 69–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/ijpl.6.1.69.

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Vu, Ngoc Thiem, Shinn Liang Chang, Jackson Hu e Tacker Wang. "Computer Program in Visual Basic Language for Manufacture of Helical Cutting Tools". Advanced Materials Research 488-489 (marzo 2012): 813–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.488-489.813.

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The helical cutting tools have complex geometries. A rack cutter is the most economical tool that has been used for manufacturing helical cutting tool. In this paper, the computer program has been designed to evaluate the manufacture abilities following design concept and analyze the technical parameters of helical cutting tool. The program can simulate the sections of helical cutting tool and the rack cutter, analyze the clearance angle, relief angle, and width top of the helical cutting tool, and modify the rack cutter profile to show the helical cutting tool profile suitably. This program can predict the differences during manufacture process and give the best solution for economical consideration.

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Oxford, Rebecca, Young Park‐Oh, Sukero Ito e Malenna Sumrall. "Factors affecting achievement in a satellite‐delivered Japanese language program". American Journal of Distance Education 7, n. 1 (gennaio 1993): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08923649309526807.

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48

Little, Sherry Burgus. "The computer as audience: Using Homer, a text analysis program". Computers and Composition 4, n. 2 (aprile 1987): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8755-4615(87)80006-3.

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49

Stine, Linda J. "Computers and commuters: A computer-intensive writing program for adults". Computers and Composition 6, n. 2 (aprile 1989): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8755-4615(89)80012-x.

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50

Del Bonifro, Francesca, Maurizio Gabbrielli, Antonio Lategano e Stefano Zacchiroli. "Image-based many-language programming language identification". PeerJ Computer Science 7 (23 luglio 2021): e631. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.631.

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Programming language identification (PLI) is a common need in automatic program comprehension as well as a prerequisite for deeper forms of code understanding. Image-based approaches to PLI have recently emerged and are appealing due to their applicability to code screenshots and programming video tutorials. However, they remain limited to the recognition of a small amount of programming languages (up to 10 languages in the literature). We show that it is possible to perform image-based PLI on a large number of programming languages (up to 149 in our experiments) with high (92%) precision and recall, using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and transfer learning, starting from readily-available pretrained CNNs. Results were obtained on a large real-world dataset of 300,000 code snippets extracted from popular GitHub repositories. By scrambling specific character classes and comparing identification performances we also show that the characters that contribute the most to the visual recognizability of programming languages are symbols (e.g., punctuation, mathematical operators and parentheses), followed by alphabetic characters, with digits and indentation having a negligible impact.

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