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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Sirex noctilio"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Sirex noctilio"

van Nouhuys, Saskya, David C. Harris e Ann E. Hajek. "Population level interactions between an invasive woodwasp, an invasive nematode and a community of native parasitoids". NeoBiota 82 (9 febbraio 2023): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.82.96599.

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Parasitic nematodes and hymenopteran parasitoids have been introduced and used extensively to control invasive Eurasian Sirex noctilio woodwasps in pine plantations in the Southern Hemisphere where no members of this community are native. Sirex noctilio has more recently invaded North America where Sirex-associated communities are native. Sirex noctilio and its parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, plus six native hymenopteran woodwasp parasitoids in New York and Pennsylvania, were sampled from 204 pines in 2011–2019. Sirex noctilio had become the most common woodwasp in this region and the native parasitoids associated with the native woodwasps had expanded their host ranges to use this invader. We investigated the distributions of these species among occupied trees and the interactions between S. noctilio and natural enemies as well as among the natural enemies. Sirex noctilio were strongly aggregated, with a few of the occupied trees hosting hundreds of woodwasps. Nematode parasitism was positively associated with S. noctilio density, and negatively associated with the density of rhyssine parasitoids. Parasitism by the parasitoid Ibalia leucospoides was positively associated with host (S. noctilio) density, while parasitism by the rhyssine parasitoids was negatively associated with density of S. noctilio. Thus, most S. noctilio come from a few attacked trees in a forest, and S. noctilio from those high-density trees experienced high parasitism by both the invasive nematode and the most abundant native parasitoid, I. l. ensiger. There is little evidence for direct competition between the nematodes and parasitoids. The negative association occurring between rhyssine parasitoids and I. l. ensiger suggests rhyssines may suffer from competition with I. l. ensiger which parasitize the host at an earlier life stage. In addition to direct competition with the native woodwasp Sirex nigricornis for suitable larval habitat within weakened trees, the large S. noctilio population increases the parasitoid and nematode populations, which may increase parasitism of S. nigricornis.

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Burnip, G. M., I. C. Harvey, D. Voice e M. Braithwaite. "New host association for Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum on Cedrus atlantica". New Zealand Plant Protection 61 (1 agosto 2008): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2008.61.6866.

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Wood boring larvae considered to be Sirex wood wasp were found together with its symbiot the pathogenic Amylostereum fungi associated with ca 20 dead and dying cedar trees at a Christchurch golf club MAF Biosecurity New Zealand was contacted because it was thought that the Sirex was possibly a species not present in New Zealand such as Sirex juvencus or Urocerus gigas (both high impact forest pests) since the single Sirex species present here (Sirex noctilio) had not previously been recorded attacking Cedrus sp (cedar) in New Zealand or elsewhere Furthermore if the Sirex was a recent incursion of a new to New Zealand species the Amylostereum fungi might also have been an exotic species Further examinations revealed a single adult Sirex (live preemergence) within a larval tunnel This allowed definitive morphological identification as Sirex noctilio the species already present in New Zealand Molecular diagnostics (direct sequencing) determined the fungi to be Amylostereum areolatum; the Amylostereum fungi commonly found in association with Sirex noctilio in New Zealand Pinus spp Investigations suggest tree stress (probably nontarget herbicide impacts) resulted in the cedar becoming susceptible to Sirex noctilio attack This represents a new record of association between Sirex noctilio and Amylostereum areolatum on Cedrus atlantica host

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Gomez, Demian, Andrea Lucky e Jiri Hulcr. "Sirex Woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae)". EDIS 2017, n. 1 (2 settembre 2020): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-in1154-2017.

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Contents: Introduction - Distribution - Description - Biology - Hosts - Damage - Management - Selected References Also available on the Featured Creatures website at http://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/wasps/Sirex_noctilio.htm

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Olatinwo, Rabiu O., Timothy D. Schowalter, Daniel Doucet, Susan Bowman, Wood C. Johnson e Jeremy D. Allison. "Intergenic Spacer Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms for Genotyping Amylostereum areolatum (Russulales: Amylostereacea) Symbionts of Native and Non-native Sirex Species". Annals of the Entomological Society of America 113, n. 4 (16 marzo 2020): 280–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aesa/saz058.

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Abstract In North America Amylostereum areolatum (Chaillet ex Fr.) Boidin is a fungal symbiont associated with both the non-native Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and less commonly the native Sirex nigricornis Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) woodwasps. The relationship between S. noctilio and A. areolatum constitutes a serious threat to pine plantation in the southern hemisphere. Studies have shown evidence of exchange of symbionts between non-native and native Sirex species. Our objectives were 1) to identify and assemble a panel of rDNA intergenic spacer–single nucleotide polymorphisms (IGS-SNPs) for genotyping strains of A. areolatum symbionts associated with Sirex species in North America, and 2) to develop genetic markers for monitoring the spread of specific A. areolatum haplotypes associated with S. noctilio across regions. The IGS-SNPs panel analyzed included haplotypes B1, B2, D1, D2 (from known IGS type B and D), E, and F. Genetic markers and haplotype-specific primers were designed to detect the IGS haplotypes D and E of A. areolatum. We found that haplotype D was absent in A. areolatum from S. nigricornis in Louisiana, while haplotype E was detected in all A. areolatum from S. nigricornis in Canada and Louisiana. Both haplotype D and E were co-detected in approximately 5% of samples from Canada. The IGS-SNP markers detected specific haplotypes accurately. Observing haplotype D in any A. areolatum from the native S. nigricornis likely indicates the presence of the potentially harmful S. noctilo-A. areolatum complex. The work highlights how IGS-SNPs can help in early detection without direct occurrence/observations of the non-native species of concern.

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Ipinza Carmona, Roberto, e María Paz Molina Brand. "Control integrado de Sirex noctilio". Ciencia & Investigación Forestal 5, n. 1 (6 luglio 1991): 96–150. http://dx.doi.org/10.52904/0718-4646.1991.149.

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El desarrollo actual y futuro de la actividad forestal exhibe una marcada dependencia de la especie pino insigne, esto obliga a extremar las medidas de seguridad en torno a la sanidad de esta especie forestal. Todo programa de protección sanitaria debe estar basado en un profundo conocimiento tanto de los agentes bióticos como abióticos causantes de daños, y particularmente de aquellos agentes bióticos exóticos que no poseen enemigos naturales. El insecto Sirex noctilio F. o avispa de la madera se incluye dentro de este grupo, pudiendo transformarse en una plaga de extraordinaria gravedad, como lo demuestran los niveles de ataque alcanzado en países donde se ha introducido. Uno de ellos es Australia, en el que debido a la similitud de características climáticas y de crecimiento del pino insigne con respecto a Chile, merece una especial atención. A pesar de que las características climáticas y de crecimiento del pino en Chile son similares a las de Australia, es difícil predecir el impacto económico que causaría el comportamiento epidémico de Sirex noctilio. En virtud de lo anterior se ha creído conveniente realizar una revisión de los antecedentes bibliográficos relacionados con Sirex noctilio, de modo que estos puedan contribuir al conocimiento de esta plaga, y así estar en condiciones de enfrentar adecuadamente su accionar epidémico.

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Long, Stefan J., David W. Williams e Anne E. Hajek. "Sirex species (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) and their parasitoids in Pinus sylvestris in eastern North America". Canadian Entomologist 141, n. 2 (aprile 2009): 153–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/n08-068.

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AbstractSiricids and their parasitoids were reared from Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L. (Pinaceae)) trees infested by Sirex noctilio F. in central New York State. Sirex noctilio accounted for 94.3% of the siricid specimens emerging, totaling 1313 specimens from six trees, with a maximum of 495 from one tree. Of the individuals emerging per tree, 20.6 ± 5.2% were female. Two native siricids, Sirex nigricornis F. and S. edwardsii Brullè, also emerged from trees but in low numbers. Three hymenopteran parasitoid species that attack siricids emerged, totaling 21.8 ± 6.4% parasitism per tree. Ibalia leucospoides ensiger Norton (Ibaliidae) was by far the most abundant parasitoid, at 20.5 ± 6.3% parasitism per tree. The percentage of female S. noctilio emerging was positively correlated with wood diameter, whereas percent parasitism by I. l. ensiger was negatively correlated with wood diameter.

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Krivak-Tetley, Flora E., Jenna Sullivan-Stack, Jeff R. Garnas, Kelley E. Zylstra, Lars-Olaf Höger, María J. Lombardero, Andrew M. Liebhold e Matthew P. Ayres. "Demography of an invading forest insect reunited with hosts and parasitoids from its native range". NeoBiota 72 (25 marzo 2022): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.72.75392.

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The Sirex woodwasp Sirex noctilio Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Siricidae), a widespread invasive pest of pines in the Southern Hemisphere, was first detected in North America in 2004. This study assessed the impacts of life history traits, host resistance and species interactions on the demography of S. noctilio in New York, Pennsylvania and Vermont, then compared key metrics to those found in the native range in Galicia, Spain. Many trees naturally attacked by S. noctilio in North America produced no adult woodwasps, with 5 of 38 infested trees (13%) sampled across six sites yielding 64% of emerging insects. Reproductive success was highest in the introduced host scots pine, Pinus sylvestris, but native red pine, Pinus resinosa, produced larger insects. Sirex noctilio required one or sometimes two years to develop and sex ratios were male biased, 1:2.98 ♀:♂. Body size and fecundity were highly variable, but generally lower than observed in non-native populations in the Southern Hemisphere. Hymenopteran parasitoids killed approximately 20% of S. noctilio larvae and 63% of emerging adults were colonized by the parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola, although no nematodes entered eggs. Demographic models suggested that S. noctilio in the northeastern USA have a higher potential for population growth than populations in the native range: estimated finite factor of increase, λ, was 4.17–4.52 (depending on tree species colonized), compared to λ = 1.57 in Spain.

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Sun, Xueting, Qiang Xu e Youqing Luo. "A Maximum Entropy Model Predicts the Potential Geographic Distribution of Sirex noctilio". Forests 11, n. 2 (5 febbraio 2020): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11020175.

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Sirex noctilio, the Sirex woodwasp, is an invasive pest that causes significant economic damage to native and commercial conifer stands through the introduction of a fungal wood decay pathogen. We combined the latitudes and longitudes of S. noctilio distribution points with historical climate data to predict its potential global distribution using a maximum entropy model implemented in the Maxent software. The annual mean temperature, the mean temperature of the warmest quarter, and the precipitation of the wettest month were important meteorological factors that affected the predictions, probably because they have a strong effect on the development of S. noctilio. Our predictions cover the most recent occurrence sites of S. noctilio in China. We predict that suitable habitats for S. noctilio are currently concentrated between 30° N to 60° N and 25° S to 55° S on the world map. All continents except for Antarctica contain suitable areas for S. noctilio, and such areas account for approximately 26% of the total area of these six continents. Predictions for 2050 and 2070 show that global climate change will affect the distribution of S. noctilio. With a decrease in carbon dioxide emissions, areas of moderate to high habitat suitability for S. noctilio will increase; with an increase in emissions, these areas will decrease.

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Wooding, Amy L., Michael J. Wingfield, Brett P. Hurley, Jeffrey R. Garnas, Peter de Groot e Bernard Slippers. "Lack of fidelity revealed in an insect–fungal mutualism after invasion". Biology Letters 9, n. 4 (23 agosto 2013): 20130342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0342.

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Symbiont fidelity is an important mechanism in the evolution and stability of mutualisms. Strict fidelity has been assumed for the obligate mutualism between Sirex woodwasps and their mutualistic Amylostereum fungi. This assumption has been challenged in North America where the European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio , and its fungal mutualist, Amylostereum areolatum , have recently been introduced. We investigate the specificity of the mutualism between Sirex and Amylostereum species in Canada, where S. noctilio co-infests Pinus with native Sirex nigricornis and its mutualist, Amylostereum chailletii . Using phylogenetic and culture methods, we show that extensive, reciprocal exchange of fungal species and strains is occurring, with 75.3 per cent of S. nigricornis carrying A. areolatum and 3.5 per cent of S. noctilio carrying A. chailletii . These findings show that the apparent specificity of the mutualism between Sirex spp. and their associated Amylostereum spp. is not the result of specific biological mechanisms that maintain symbiont fidelity. Rather, partner switching may be common when shifting geographical distributions driven by ecological or anthropogenic forces bring host and mutualist pairs into sympatry. Such novel associations have potentially profound consequences for fitness and virulence. Symbiont sharing, if it occurs commonly, may represent an important but overlooked mechanism of community change linked to biological invasions.

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Dodds, Kevin J., Peter de Groot e David A. Orwig. "The impact of Sirex noctilio in Pinus resinosa and Pinus sylvestris stands in New York and Ontario". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 40, n. 2 (febbraio 2010): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x09-181.

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Sirex noctilio Fabricius has a long history as an invasive insect species in pine plantations throughout the Southern Hemisphere and has been recently discovered in North America, where it is uncertain how this insect will behave in pine ecosystems. To assess the impact and attack behavior of S. noctilio, forest surveys and measurements from attacked and unattacked trees were taken in nine Pinus resinosa Ait. and Pinus sylvestris L. plantations in New York, USA, and Ontario, Canada. There was a trend of S. noctilio attacking suppressed trees with smaller live crowns and reduced growth. Some S. noctilio attacks were also found in dominant crown classes but at a lower rate than overtopped or intermediate classes. Sirex noctilio appeared to have more of an impact in P. sylvestris forests, as they attacked more stems (9%–18%) and higher basal area (1.6–5.5 m2/ha) than P. resinosa stands (3%–8% of stems and 0.4–2.4 m2/ha). Dead trees with signs of Siricidae and dead from other causes were also quantified, and in some P. resinosa stands, levels were greater in magnitude than S. noctilio losses. Data from this study suggest that silvicultural treatments should be a key component of integrated pest management plans for S. noctilio.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Sirex noctilio"

Zieman, Elliott Andrew. "Distribution and genetic structure of Deladenus proximus, a nematode parasite of the woodwasp Sirex nigricornis in the eastern United States". OpenSIUC, 2014. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/1356.

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Deladenus proximus (Neotylenchidae) is a nematode associated with pine trees and woodwasps, Sirex nigricornis (Hymenoptera). Previous to this study, little was known about the geographic distribution and variability of D. proximus. Herein I present information about their life cycle, pathogenicity, and variability. The life cycle is similar to that of other species of Deladenus in that it includes mycetophagous and entomopathogenic stages. Fertilized female nematodes penetrate siricid larvae and grow in the body cavity releasing thousands of larvae. These larvae invade the gonads, mycangia (sacs containing symbiotic fungus) and eggs upon metamorphosis of the host. Females oviposit infected eggs and spores of fungus (Amylostereum chailletii) into stressed trees, where nematodes mature and feed on the fungus, completing the life cycle. From 2009 to 2012 a total of 1,574 woodwasps were collected from Arkansas, Illinois, Louisiana, and South Carolina. Woodwasps were dissected and live nematodes were reared on cultures of A. chailletii and examined upon maturation. Reared nematodes were compared against type specimens of D. ipini and published descriptions of D. proximus. My study indicates prevalence varied across localities but every infected female wasp was sterilized, as indicated by presence of nematodes in the eggs. In addition I compared diagnostic characteristics of adult nematodes from each locality and found no significant difference in their size and structures. The nuclear loci 18S, 5.8S and ITS1 and 2 and the mitochondrial locus cox1 were amplified from each nematode. Nuclear DNA was invariable from all 4 locations and had 99% identity to the invasive species Deladenus siricidicola. Analysis of mitochondrial DNA showed more variability so these data were used to evaluate genetic structure across localities. Analysis of the cox1 data revealed 19 haplotypes and the absence of any geographic clusters or subpopulations. The lack of geographic structure may be due to the fact that each female wasp is infected with only one adult female nematode and therefore larvae within a wasp are siblings. With a generation time of 2 weeks these nematodes can have 20 generations without immigration or emigration, suggesting these nematodes are inbred. The pattern of transmission of this nematode and pathogenicity is similar to that of Deladenus siricidicola, which is used as a biocontrol against the invasive species Sirex noctilio. Experimental infections of Deladenus proximus in Sirex noctilio are recommended to test their viability as a biocontrol agent.

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Batista, Elder Simões de Paula [UNESP]. "Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) e seus inimigos naturais em Pinus taeda e caracterização morfológica de Deladenus siricidicola". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115967.

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Espécies de pínus são plantadas em vários países e a área plantada no Brasil ocupa atualmente 1.562.782 hectares. O Estado de São Paulo possui 144.802 ha de pínus plantado e junto com os estados da região Sul do país possuem 94% da área brasileira. A principal praga dessa cultura é a vespa-damadeira Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) e está presente em mais de 1.000.000 ha no país. A utilização de métodos silviculturais e controle biológico auxiliam no controle dessa praga. No Brasil ela é considerada sob controle, com relatos esporádicos de surtos. Sendo assim, é importante prever a dispersão e ocorrência de novos surtos da praga para manter sua população controlada. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram desenvolver uma ferramenta para definir a susceptibilidade de talhões à ocorrência da praga; verificar o controle proporcionado pelos principais inimigos naturais da vespa-da-madeira; e caracterizar morfologicamente a população de Deladenus (=Beddingia) siricidicola presente no Brasil através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia ótica. Verificou-se que a metodologia de atribuição de níveis de risco de ocorrência da vespa-da-madeira poderá ser adotada como ferramenta para auxiliar o gerenciamento dos povoamentos de pínus em relação à ocorrência da praga, já que os níveis de risco atribuídos e o ataque efetivamente observados apresentaram relação direta (r=0,5127). A partir dessa metodologia foi desenvolvido uma planilha eletrônica no qual o usuário pode preencher os dados dos talhões de pínus plantado e o nível de risco é calculado automaticamente. Constatouse que o parasitoide I. leucospoides está bem estabelecido na região estudada e proporciona nível de controle em torno de 40% em talhões onde o nematoide não foi aplicado. O nematoide não apresentou alto índice de parasitismo, possivelmente em função da baixa ocorrência da vespa-da-madeira, provocada ...
Pine species are planted in various countries and the current area occupied by this crop in Brazil is 1.562.782 hectares. São Paulo State has 144.802 ha of pine stands and in addition to the southern States, they have 94% of the Brazilian area occupied with pine. This crop’s main pest is the sirex woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) which is present in more than 1,000,000 ha in the country. The employment of silvicultural and biological control methods help in monitoring and controlling such pest and allow to keep it under control, with some outbreaks reported occasionally. This way, the need is to predict the pest’s spread and occurrence. Therefore, the objectives in this thesis were develop a tool to define the susceptible of pine stands to the occurrence of the pest; verify the control promoted by the sirex woodwasp’s main natural enemies; and morphologically characterize the population of Deladenus (=Beddingia) siricidicola present in Brazil using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. We verified the risk-level prediction methodology can be used as a tool to assist the management of the pine stands in relation to the pest’s occurence, as the risk-levels attributed and the effectively observed attack presented direct relation (r=0,5127). From this methodology an electronic sheet was developed, in which the user can fill with pine stands data and the risk-level is automatically calculated. We observed that the parasitoid I. leucospoides is well established in the region studied as it promotes a control level around 40% in stands where the nematode was not applied. The nematode didnnot presented a high parasitism, possibly due to the low occurrence of the sirex woodwasp, promoted by the control measures in previous years. Beside this, it was presented morphometric data of the population of D. siricidicola present in Brazil, highlighting some morphological traits not described before, such as the ...

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Batista, Elder Simões de Paula. "Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) e seus inimigos naturais em Pinus taeda e caracterização morfológica de Deladenus siricidicola /". Jaboticabal, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115967.

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Orientador: Jaime Maia dos Santos
Coorientador: Ricardo Antonio Polanczyk
Coorientador: Edson Tadeu Iede
Banca: Susete do Rocio Chiarello Penteado
Banca: Wilson Reis Filho
Banca: Antonio Carlos Busoli
Banca: Jose Carlos Barbosa
Resumo: Espécies de pínus são plantadas em vários países e a área plantada no Brasil ocupa atualmente 1.562.782 hectares. O Estado de São Paulo possui 144.802 ha de pínus plantado e junto com os estados da região Sul do país possuem 94% da área brasileira. A principal praga dessa cultura é a vespa-damadeira Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) e está presente em mais de 1.000.000 ha no país. A utilização de métodos silviculturais e controle biológico auxiliam no controle dessa praga. No Brasil ela é considerada sob controle, com relatos esporádicos de surtos. Sendo assim, é importante prever a dispersão e ocorrência de novos surtos da praga para manter sua população controlada. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram desenvolver uma ferramenta para definir a susceptibilidade de talhões à ocorrência da praga; verificar o controle proporcionado pelos principais inimigos naturais da vespa-da-madeira; e caracterizar morfologicamente a população de Deladenus (=Beddingia) siricidicola presente no Brasil através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia ótica. Verificou-se que a metodologia de atribuição de níveis de risco de ocorrência da vespa-da-madeira poderá ser adotada como ferramenta para auxiliar o gerenciamento dos povoamentos de pínus em relação à ocorrência da praga, já que os níveis de risco atribuídos e o ataque efetivamente observados apresentaram relação direta (r=0,5127). A partir dessa metodologia foi desenvolvido uma planilha eletrônica no qual o usuário pode preencher os dados dos talhões de pínus plantado e o nível de risco é calculado automaticamente. Constatouse que o parasitoide I. leucospoides está bem estabelecido na região estudada e proporciona nível de controle em torno de 40% em talhões onde o nematoide não foi aplicado. O nematoide não apresentou alto índice de parasitismo, possivelmente em função da baixa ocorrência da vespa-da-madeira, provocada ...
Abstract: Pine species are planted in various countries and the current area occupied by this crop in Brazil is 1.562.782 hectares. São Paulo State has 144.802 ha of pine stands and in addition to the southern States, they have 94% of the Brazilian area occupied with pine. This crop's main pest is the sirex woodwasp Sirex noctilio (Hymenoptera: Siricidae) which is present in more than 1,000,000 ha in the country. The employment of silvicultural and biological control methods help in monitoring and controlling such pest and allow to keep it under control, with some outbreaks reported occasionally. This way, the need is to predict the pest's spread and occurrence. Therefore, the objectives in this thesis were develop a tool to define the susceptible of pine stands to the occurrence of the pest; verify the control promoted by the sirex woodwasp's main natural enemies; and morphologically characterize the population of Deladenus (=Beddingia) siricidicola present in Brazil using scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. We verified the risk-level prediction methodology can be used as a tool to assist the management of the pine stands in relation to the pest's occurence, as the risk-levels attributed and the effectively observed attack presented direct relation (r=0,5127). From this methodology an electronic sheet was developed, in which the user can fill with pine stands data and the risk-level is automatically calculated. We observed that the parasitoid I. leucospoides is well established in the region studied as it promotes a control level around 40% in stands where the nematode was not applied. The nematode didnnot presented a high parasitism, possibly due to the low occurrence of the sirex woodwasp, promoted by the control measures in previous years. Beside this, it was presented morphometric data of the population of D. siricidicola present in Brazil, highlighting some morphological traits not described before, such as the ...
Doutor

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Mlonyeni, X. O. M. (Xolile Osmond Mnyamezeli). "High throughput development of population genetic markers for the Sirex noctilio woodwasp and its nematode parasite, Deladenus siricidicola". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31289.

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Sirex noctilio is a major pest to Pinus spp. and threat to the Forestry industry in the Southern Hemisphere. The varying level of efficacy of its primary biological control agent, Deladenus siricidicola, is also of serious concern. There is a need to better understand the diversity of both the pest and its biological control agent, as one of the factors that could influence this biological control system. One of the short‐comings is that molecular markers did not exist to study the population diversity of the nematode and wasp. As part of this study it was illustrated how next generation sequencing (454 pyrosequencing) can be used to enhance microsatellite marker discovery tools, and produce a more robust, rapid and economical tool for the development of these markers. The developed markers for D. siricidicola and S. noctilio proved to be highly efficient in characterizing the population diversity of both of these organisms.It was shown that the populations of D. siricidicola in the Southern Hemisphere is highly homozygous at all the loci developed, which likely resulted from human selection of favorable strains, genetic bottlenecks during transfer and subsequent inbreeding. This result likely suggested a reduced ability of the nematode to adapt to the diverse environmental conditions, different Pinus spp. and S. noctilio populations found in the various regions. The populations from Southern Hemisphere and Canadian sources were distinct at most loci and illustrate the unexplored potential of exploring diverse populations of D. siricidicola in order to screen for useful phenotypic variation. The microsatellite markers that were developed were also effectively used to characterize representative samples of S. noctilio in the Southern Hemisphere. The alleles are largely shared amongst countries, reflecting the shared history of introduction. It also shows a stepwise invasive process in South Africa, leading to a genetic bottleneck which might have a significant impact on the population ecology of the wasp, as it can influence its sex ratio. This thesis contributes critical tools and knowledge necessary to understand the population diversity of both D. siricidicola and S. noctilio. As argued in the final chapter, this information and the use of these tools in future is critical to understand aspects such as the evolution of virulence and population ecology of the organisms, which should be used to direct biological control programs.
Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Genetics
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Verleur, Peter Marcel. "Development of biological control strategies against sirex noctilio (Fabricius) on Sappi Forests (Ltd) Landholdings in the summer rainfall regions of South Africa". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1273.

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The commercial forest industry in South Africa is predominantly dependent on large tracts of exotic monoculture plantations. While this simplifies management practice, there is always the inherent danger posed by introduced pests and diseases. Classical biological control is usually the most effective control method against introduced exotic pests. Climatic factors and seasonal differences may negatively affect the ability of the natural enemies to establish successfully at the new location. Successful establishment of the natural enemies usually results in control over the pest within four years. Sirex noctilio naturally occurs in the mediterranean countries of Europe and North Africa. It is the only member of the Siricid family capable of killing living pine trees. Sirex noctilio was accidentally introduced into New Zealand from Europe during the early 1900s. It has since been found in Australia, Brazil, Argentina South Africa and Chile. Initial biological control in New Zealand and Tasmania was through the release of Siricid specific parasitoid wasps from Europe and North America. The discovery of the accidental introduction of the entomophagous nematode Beddingia siricidicola and its subsequent artificial culturing for release provided the platform for the biological control methodology, which brought the Sirex woodwasp under control. The methods and natural enemies used in New Zealand and Australia were introduced by the South American countries and in the Western Cape of South Africa. Successful biological control was achieved in the Western Cape within two years after the initial introduction of the nematode B. siricidicola. The migration of S. noctilio into the summer rainfall regions of South Africa occurred in the absence of the associated natural enemies. This resulted in rapid population growth of the pest and substantial damage was caused to plantations of Pinus patula in the Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. Initial attempts at introducing B. siricidicola during 2004 were not very successful. This study contributes to the understanding and adaptation of the biological control methods to the summer rainfall climate. The key finding was that in the summer rainfall climate, only the bottom third of nematode inoculated S. noctilio infested trees produced parasitized adults during the emergence period. A comparative study was done on log samples from S. noctilio infested trees collected in the Western Cape and KwaZulu-Natal. iv An adapted nematode inoculation technique for pulpwood plantations in the summer rainfall regions was developed and implemented in mass inoculations with B. siricidicola during 2007 and 2008. Locally available herbicides were tested for suitability of use in the establishment of trap trees, which would attract ovipositing S. noctilio females in situations where low numbers of the woodwasp occur. Determination of the levels of natural B. siricidicola parasitism in S. noctilio adults during the 2008 emergence period indicate successful establishment of the nematode in KwaZulu-Natal. Successful introduction of the parasitoid wasp Ibalia leucospoides into the summer rainfall regions has also been achieved.

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Hurley, Brett Phillip. "Factors influencing the control of the Sirex woodwasp in South Africa". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28962.

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The woodwasp Sirex noctilio is one of the most serious invasive pests of Pinus plantations in the southern hemisphere. Extensive control programs have been developed to manage this pest, of which biological control has been a major component. This thesis examined the factors that could influence the control of S. noctilio in South Africa. A critical comparison of S. noctilio infestations and control efforts throughout the southern hemisphere revealed that control has not been uniformly effective, and local adaptation of control strategies is likely required as S. noctilio moves to new areas. The parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola is considered the primary biological control agent of S. noctilio. This nematode also feeds on the fungal symbiont of S. noctilio, Amylostereum areolatum. Possible factors influencing the success of this nematode in the summer rainfall areas of South Africa were examined. Data from a field trial revealed that moisture content of the wood influences inoculation success and this is influenced by the time of inoculation and the section of the tree inoculated. Laboratory-based assays revealed that incompatibility between the strain of A. areolatum and D. siricidicola was unlikely to be the cause of low inoculation success with the nematode, but that artificial inoculations could be affected by competition of A. areolatum with sapstain fungi. The parasitic wasp Ibalia leucospoides is another biological agent for S. noctilio. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data reflected the extensive introduction of I. leucospoides into the southern hemisphere, followed by genetic bottlenecks that fixed only a few haplotypes in the introduced populations. Promoting awareness of S. noctilio in the forestry community has also been an important component of the control strategy. Data from a survey questionnaire showed that the awareness campaign had been generally successful, but the lack of basic knowledge to identify S. noctilio and its symptoms and the poor reach of the awareness media to some sectors of the forestry community, was of concern. This thesis has contributed towards understanding the factors that influence the control of S. noctilio in South Africa, with relevance to other regions where S. noctilio has been introduced.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Zoology and Entomology
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Ismail, Riyad. "Remote sensing of forest health : the detection and mapping of Pinus patula trees infested by Sirex noctilio". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/417.

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Ryan, Kathleen. "Interactions between the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio and Co-habiting Phloem- and Woodboring Beetles, and their Fungal Associates in southern Ontario". Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/29855.

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In its introduced southern hemisphere range, Sirex noctilio causes considerable mortality in non-native pine forests. In its native Eurasian range however, S. noctilio is of little concern perhaps due to interactions with a well-developed community of pine-inhabiting insects and their associated microorganisms. If such interactions occur, they may limit the woodwasp’s impact in its newly introduced range in North America. My research addresses two broad questions: 1) Does S. noctilio share its habitat with other insects and if so, with whom? 2) Is there evidence that co-habitants affect S. noctilio, and if so how might such interactions occur? Field studies undertaken to describe the woodwasp’s host-attack ecology in Pinus sylvestris showed S. noctilio activity occurred between mid-July and late August, and other phloem- and woodborers sometimes entered the tree after the woodwasp. Tree mortality occurred from two weeks to several months after initial woodwasp symptoms. Suppressed or intermediate trees, those with ≤ 25% residual foliage, or those with stem injury or previous woodwasp symptoms were most likely to have symptoms of woodwasp attack. A second field study conducted to identify associated insect species in S. noctilio-infested Pinus sp. showed the wasp was sometimes found alone, but usually shared the tree with other phloem- or woodboring insects, most commonly the curculionids Tomicus piniperda, Pissodes nemorensis and Ips grandicollis and the cerambycid Monochamus carolinensis. I found no indication that wasps were absent when beetles were present, but there was evidence that woodwasps were less abundant, but larger, when beetles were present. Experiments showed that indirect interactions can occur between the two insect groups via fungal associates of one or both. In the laboratory, the woodwasp symbiont was outcompeted by two beetle-associated fungi, Leptographium wingfieldii and Ophiostoma minus, over a range of temperatures. Under field conditions the woodwasp was able to detect and avoid ovipositing in P. sylvestris inoculated with L. wingfieldii, but its oviposition was unaffected by O. minus. My results show that insects co-habiting pine with S. noctilio have potential to exert a measure of biological control on the woodwasp and may help to limit its impact in North America.

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Libri sul tema "Sirex noctilio"

Haugen, Dennis A. Sirex woodwasps--Sirex noctilio F. (Hymenoptera, Siricidae). [Newtown Square, Pa: USDA Forest Service, State and Private Forestry, Northeastern Area, 2005.

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Iede, Edson Tadeu. Proceedings of a conference: Training in the control of Sirex noctilio by the use of natural enemies : Colombo, Brazil November 4 to 9, 1996. Morgantown, WV: USDA, Forest Service, Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team, 1998.

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The Sirex Woodwasp And Its Fungal Symbiont Research And Management Of A Worldwide Invasive Pest. Springer, 2011.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Sirex noctilio"

Crook, Damon J., Katalin Böröczky, Kelley E. Zylstra, Victor C. Mastro e James H. Tumlinson. "The Chemical Ecology of Sirex noctilio". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 149–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_11.

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Ryan, Kathleen, e Brett P. Hurley. "Life History and Biology of Sirex noctilio". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 15–30. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_2.

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Bordeaux, John M., e Jeffrey F. D. Dean. "Susceptibility and Response of Pines to Sirex noctilio". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 31–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_3.

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Dodds, Kevin J., e Peter de Groot. "Sirex, Surveys and Management: Challenges of having Sirex noctilio in North America". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 265–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_19.

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Iede, Edson T., Susete R. C. Penteado e Wilson R. Filho. "The Woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Brazil: Monitoring and Control". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 217–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_16.

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Wermelinger, Beat, e Iben M. Thomsen. "The Woodwasp Sirex noctilio and Its Associated Fungus Amylostereum areolatum in Europe". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 65–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_5.

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Cameron, E. Alan. "Parasitoids in the Management of Sirex noctilio: Looking Back and Looking Ahead". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 103–17. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_8.

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Klasmer, Paula, e Eduardo Botto. "The Ecology and Biological Control of the Woodwasp Sirex noctilio in Patagonia, Argentina". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 203–15. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_15.

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Williams, David W., Kelley E. Zylstra e Victor C. Mastro. "Ecological Considerations in Using Deladenus (=Beddingia) siricidicola for the Biological Control of Sirex noctilio in North America". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 135–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_10.

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Corley, Juan C., e José M. Villacide. "Population Dynamics of Sirex noctilio: Influence of Diapause, Spatial Aggregation and Flight Potential on Outbreaks and Spread". In The Sirex Woodwasp and its Fungal Symbiont:, 51–64. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1960-6_4.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Sirex noctilio"

Sopow, Stephanie. "Sirex wood wasp,Sirex noctilio(Hymenoptera: Siricidae)". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.92738.

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Thompson, Brian M. "Sirex noctilio — microbial symbiont interactions and nutrition". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.91885.

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Hajek, Ann E. "Sirex noctilio-Amylostereum-Deladenusinteractions in North America". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.91890.

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Villacide, José. "Potential responses of the invasive European woodwasp,Sirex noctilio, to a warming world". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.107834.

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Faal Mohammad Ali, Hajar. "Response of wasp parasitoidIbalia leucospoidesto volatiles from fungal symbiont (Amylostereumareolatum) of Sirex noctilio". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.111454.

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Menon, C., J. F. V. Vincent, N. Lan, L. Bilhaut, A. Ellery, Y. Gao, D. Zangani et al. "Bio-Inspired Micro-Drills for Future Planetary Exploration". In CANEUS 2006: MNT for Aerospace Applications. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/caneus2006-11022.

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In a domain such as space technology, where robustness, mass, volume and power efficiency are key, biological organisms may provide inspiration for new systems with high performance. By using micro-technology processes, designers of space systems may take advantage of the millions of years over which miniaturised mechanisms in plants and animals have been optimised for survival. Space exploration often requires systems equipped with drills, and miniaturised drillers could enable a number of new space operations. Two natural digging systems have been studied as potential miniature space digging systems; the ovipositors of the female locust and of sirex noctilio, a species of woodwasp. Being insectoid systems, the mechanics of their design work on an inherently small scale, though they are also thought to be scalable. Results of preliminary studies, performed during collaboration between the Advanced Concepts Team of ESA, the University of Bath, the University of Surrey, D’appolonia and EADS-Astrium, are presented and discussed. Engineering solutions are proposed and analysed to assess the potential of new bio-inspired miniaturised digging systems for space applications.

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