Tesi: "Sino-foreign"

1

Hoon-Halbauer, Sing Keow. "Management of Sino-foreign joint ventures". Lund : Lund University Press, 1994. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/39520078.html.

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2

Yan, Daniel Ting Kwan. "Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation : an organisational learning perspective". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.615933.

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3

Käfling, Åsa. "The Chinese Volvo : Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures and Perceived Performance". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för ekonomisk och industriell utveckling, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17210.

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This dissertation describes and analyzes the perceived performance of Sino-foreign joint ventures. The dissertation is based on an in-depth qualitative longitudinal real time case study of the joint venture known as Jinan Hua Wo Truck Corporation (Hua Wo), between Volvo Trucks and China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co. Ltd. in China. The purpose of the dissertation is to contribute to the understanding of Sino-foreign perceived performance by suggesting an elaborated model, which captures situated and dynamic features. Perceived performance is defined as the joint venture executives’ assessment of strategic goal achievement and overall satisfaction. Findings from the study of the Hua Wo joint venture indicate that what determines perceived performance is the outcome of activities initiated in order to achieve or to facilitate goals. The dissertation presents an analytical model of Sino-foreign joint venture perceived performance which comprises the four concepts: goals, stakeholder relations, political influence and control. The conclusion of the dissertation is that in order to understand what decides perceived performance, it is necessary to assess system size, in other words, the number of stakeholders able to influence goal achievement, and also the intended duration of the activities. It is proposed that the configuration of the suggested model of perceived performance will be dependent upon these two dimensions. For activities taking place in a restricted system over a restricted time period, perceived performance depends primarily on the goals of the activity. The perceived performance of activities of a restricted system carried out over an extended period of time is more influenced by control. On the other hand activities carried out in an extended system over a restricted period of time are mainly determined by stakeholder relations for perceived performance, whereas activities which take place in an extended system for an extended time period are vulnerable to political influence.
Den här avhandlingen beskriver och analyserar uppfattat utfall i Sino-utländska samriskföretag. Avhandlingen är baserad på en longitudinell kvalitativ realtidsstudie av samriskföretaget Jinan Hua Wo Truck Corporation (i dagligt tal benämnt Hua Wo) vilket ägs av Volvo Lastvagnar och China National Heavy Duty Truck Group Co. Ltd. Avhandlingens syfte är att bidra till förståelsen av uppfattat utfall i Sino-utländska samriskföretag, genom att utveckla en modell vilken tar hänsyn till situationsbaserade och dynamiska karaktäristika. Med uppfattat utfall menas i avhandlingen samriskföretagets intressenters bedömning av strategisk måluppfyllelse och generell tillfredställelse med samriskföretaget. Resultaten från fallstudien av Hua Wo indikerar att det är utfallet av aktiviteter som initierats för att uppnå mål eller möjliggöra måluppfyllelse som avgör det uppfattade utfallet. Avhandlingen presenterar vidare en modell för att analysera uppfattat utfall i Sino-utländska samriskföretag vilken kombinerar de fyra koncepten mål, intressentrelationer, politiskt inflytande och kontroll. Slutsatsen i avhandlingen är att för att förstå vad som avgör uppfattat utfall i Sino-utländska samriskföretag så bör systemstorleken (antalet intressenter som kan påverka ett samriskföretags måluppfyllelse) och tidsramen utvärderas. Vidare argumenterar avhandlingen för att det är systemstorleken och tidsramen som avgör konfigurationen av analysmodellen för uppfattat utfall. Vad gäller de aktiviteter som genomförs i ett system med få intressenter under en kort tid, så är målen i sig viktigast, medan kontroll är viktigare för aktiviteter som sker i ett system med få intressenter under en längre tid. Aktiviteter som genomförs i ett system med många intressenter under kort tid blir beroende av intressentrelationerna, medan aktiviteter som sker i ett system med många intressenter över en lång tidsperiod istället blir sårbara för politisk intervention.

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4

Käfling, Åsa. "The Chinese Volvo : sino-foreign joint ventures and perceived performance /". Linköping : Department of Management and Engineering, Linköping University, 2009. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl//disp/disp2009/arts472s.pdf.

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5

Guo, Se. "Decision Making From Chinese Partners' Perspective In Sino-Foreign Joint Ventures". Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-106683.

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As the Chinese rate of growth has accelerated, China is increasingly considered as an important market for a diverse range of goods and services, including the advancedand complex. This has caught the attention of foreign firms in general and Swedish multinational companies in particular (Demir & Söderman 2007). This thesis focuses on a Chinese perspective of Chinese partners' decision making in SFJV, which is lacking in previous research. Six variables which are related to Chinese partners'decision making in SFJV are founded on a theoretical background. Then these six variables are compiled into a Chinese partners' decision making model. Each of these six variables is further divided into several factors. Data is then collect by a case study in which several SFJVs and their Chinese parents-Chinese partners are interviewed.This data is later used to verify and improve the original model which is founded on theoretical background. Finally an updated Chinese partners' decision making modelis created. The thesis concludes with the important findings and a discussion of the applicability of this model, contribution of the research, and future possible research orientation.

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6

Li, Lifen 1971. "Managerial relationships in Sino-foreign joint ventures : a cross-cultural perspective". Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=33299.

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This study explores the dynamics of the managerial relationship in Sino-foreign joint ventures from the perspectives of both Western expatriates and local Chinese. It is based on observations of one joint venture and some formal and informal interviews of a few other joint ventures. Through examining cross-cultural trust, communication, decision making and conflict management, this study has presented some of the problems which have appeared, shed light on their origins and suggests possible resolution strategies. The author argues that mutual understanding between Westerners and Chinese is needed to form a basis for successful managerial relationships. Furthermore, understanding must be based on equality, respect and a knowledge and appreciation of the other people's different customs and forms of self-expression. This study also cautions against the use of Western concepts in pursuing cross-cultural studies of managerial relationships in the Sino-foreign joint venture context.

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7

Leung, Thomas K. P., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University e Faculty of Management. "An empirical study of a holistic Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model". THESIS_FMAN_XXX_Leung_T.xml, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/690.

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The purpose of the thesis is to provide an empirical study of a Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model that integrates strategies from western literature into a Chinese environment and cultural context. The findings and recommendations of the study aim to help foreign negotiators penetrate the important Chinese market through a systematic approach emerging from this Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model. The thesis provides a holistic view on Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation. Case study method was determined as the best methodology. The suitability of the Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model and the research protocol of this study were demonstrated via 5 in-depth interviews and a pilot test before the actual fieldwork. The major findings of this thesis suggest that foreign negotiators need to manage complex areas such as the Chinese environment, the company requirements of both organisations and the Chinese negotiating process. Besides, the foreign negotiators need to equip themselves with Problem Solving Attitude (PSA) and an understanding of Chinese cultural concepts, such as guanxi, face, renqing, reciprocity and trust so as to make the negotiation effective. Different strategies emerge at different stages of the process and there is no direct relationship between successful negotiation and joint venture outcomes. A model and strategies for joint venture establishment in China are provided, but the model itself has no predictive power on joint venture outcomes such as profit satisfaction.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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8

Zhai, Pu. "Strategy for Sino-foreign joint venture formation : a resource-based process view". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268615.

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9

Leung, Thomas K. P. "An empirical study of a holistic Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model". Thesis, [Richmond, N.S.W.} : University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/690.

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Abstract (sommario):

The purpose of the thesis is to provide an empirical study of a Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model that integrates strategies from western literature into a Chinese environment and cultural context. The findings and recommendations of the study aim to help foreign negotiators penetrate the important Chinese market through a systematic approach emerging from this Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model. The thesis provides a holistic view on Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation. Case study method was determined as the best methodology. The suitability of the Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model and the research protocol of this study were demonstrated via 5 in-depth interviews and a pilot test before the actual fieldwork. The major findings of this thesis suggest that foreign negotiators need to manage complex areas such as the Chinese environment, the company requirements of both organisations and the Chinese negotiating process. Besides, the foreign negotiators need to equip themselves with Problem Solving Attitude (PSA) and an understanding of Chinese cultural concepts, such as guanxi, face, renqing, reciprocity and trust so as to make the negotiation effective. Different strategies emerge at different stages of the process and there is no direct relationship between successful negotiation and joint venture outcomes. A model and strategies for joint venture establishment in China are provided, but the model itself has no predictive power on joint venture outcomes such as profit satisfaction.

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10

Leung, Thomas K. P. "An empirical study of a holistic Sino-foreign joint venture negotiation model /". [Richmond, N.S.W.} : University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999. http://library.uws.edu.au/adt-NUWS/public/adt-NUWS20030624.085939/index.html.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury, 1999.
Spine title: Sino-foreign negotiation. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Includes bibliographical references (p. 572-574).

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11

Randall, Dimitri. "The impact of Sino-Indian energy security ambitions on Burma's domestic and foreign politics". Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10679.

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The rivalry between China and India poses significant challenges for the regional security of Southeast Asia, and particularly for the security of Burma. Within the context of their rivalry, China and India compete over oil and gas resources in Burma. They seek not only to establish energy security for their own countries, but to reaffirm an economic and political presence in the region. This thesis will explore the impact of China and India's pursuit of energy resources on Burma's domestic and foreign politics. It will show how, over the last few years, the competitive agendas of these two countries over the natural resources in Burma, has strengthened the military junta in the country. In particular, it will detail how, with the revenues from selling its energy resources, the government of Burma is able to operate with relative autonomy and impunity in formulating authoritarian domestic policies and pursuing foreign policy. It suggests that progress on democratization and liberalization in Burma is likely to occur more slowly as a result of this access to energy revenue.

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12

Yan, Yanni. "Ownership and control in international joint ventures : a study of Sino-foreign joint ventures". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389427.

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13

Zhang, Hong. "Developing embedded human resource management practices in Sino-foreign joint ventures : the Chinese perspective". Thesis, Abertay University, 2002. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/ca6e4aa4-6865-4c56-a2ea-ab716fd4de3b.

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One of the critical debates in IHRM concerns the influence of globalisation and multinational enterprises on convergence in HRM practices. In this context, much of the literature on HRM policies and practices in Sino-foreign joint ventures (SFJVs) has been written either from this convergence/universalistic perspective, which has emphasised the transfer of Western ‘best practice’, or from a comparative perspective, which is still underpinned by convergence assumptions on the idea of ‘progress’against universalistic Western standards. This literature has pointed out how SFJVshave either transplanted Western-style HRM or else have adapted them to form some kind o f‘hybrid’ HRM mode. Viewed from a relativistic epistemology, however, these models of ‘progress’ may be misleading. Instead, if we look from the perspective of the Chinese managers to see how HRM practices have developed in SFJVs, we are likely to get an alternative account that has less to do with such a ‘progress’ of so called ‘Westernisation’ and convergence and more to do with developing workable HRM policies and practices which are not only differentiated from those of their Western partners and the traditional Chinese personnel management, but also capable of becoming embedded in the distinctive Chinese business system. It is believed that such embedded HRM practices in SFJVs will lead to positive results. This thesis attempts to see how HRM operates in SFJVs from the perspective of their Chinese HR managers/professionals. Based on a small sample of interviews with Chinese HR managers (i.e. key informants) from various SFJVs in Beijing and a survey of Chinese HR practitioners in 102 SFJVs in the same region, the thesis examines policies and practices in a wide range of HRM activities. The author concludes that, in general, SFJVs have been developing embedded HRM practices by moving away from the Chinese traditional ‘iron rice-bowl’ system. The effectiveness of such workable HRM practices is significantly associated with a ‘hybrid’ corporate culture. More specifically and practically, the HR-related managerial patterns and local managers’HR-related knowledge and skills have been identified, from the Chinese perspective, as two key success factors for SFJVs to enhance the effectiveness of their embedded HRM practices. This study attempts not only to contribute to the theory regarding how HRM operates in SFJVs and provide evidence to support the institutionalist predictions on the embeddedness of IHRM practices in a SFJV in the national business system of the host country, but also to provide mangers with some practical guidance to enhance HRM effectiveness in SFJVs.

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14

Leung, Yuk-sim Catherine. "An analysis of success and failure in Sino-foreign joint ventures in the PR China /". [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13055070.

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梁玉嬋 e Yuk-sim Catherine Leung. "An analysis of success and failure in Sino-foreign joint ventures in the PR China". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1991. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31265017.

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16

Zhang, Muchun. "The Sino-Indian Border War and the foreign policies of China and India (1950-1965)". Thesis, Bangor University, 2018. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-sinoindian-border-war-and-the-foreign-policies-of-china-and-india-19501965(32bc5179-c994-4885-a0c0-fe9e981cdf09).html.

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There has been growing interest in the historical analysis of the Sino-Indian relations and the Sino-Indian border issue, yet little research has focus on the impact of two Government’s foreign policies on the Sino-Indian border issue. This study examines the Sino-Indian relations, particularly the Sino-Indian border issue, Tibetan issues and China and India’s foreign policies in the middle 20th century. This research will examine the origin and development of the Sino-Indian border issue and connections between and national diplomatic policies and the border disputes in China and India. More specifically, this research aims to illustrate the origins of the Sino-Indian border dispute, the role Tibet played in the Sino-Indian border issue, the impacts of their foreign policies on the Sino-Indian border issue from the 1950s to the 1960s, the measures both states took to ease boundary intension and conflicts, why the 1962 Border War happened, and what changes to foreign policies two governments made before and after the 1962 Border War. This study involves the collection and analysis of historical archival materials and official documents from both China and India.

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17

Claassen, Carike. "The state of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Africa / Carike Claassen". Thesis, North-West University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/6281.

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Chinese economic growth has astounded the world of late, with China officially becoming the world’s second largest economy in August 2010. China has also been following a more outward-orientated economic stance over the past two decades and has actively been engaged in trade, aid and investment in the world economy. As China emerges as a new global economic powerhouse, analysts strive to understand the impact that the rise of China will have on the rest of the world. The possible economic impact of China on Africa is one of the most debated and often contentious aspects of studies regarding China. Sino-African relations, though certainly not a new phenomenon, have seen a significant impetus since 2000. A popular explanation for China’s recent engagement of Africa seems to be that China is hungry for resources needed to fuel its economic growth. This conception has led to much criticism of China’s increasing involvement in Africa, causing concern that China’s interest in Africa will entrench corruption and deepen the so-called resource curse experienced in many resource abundant African countries. China’s official policy on Africa, as embodied in its White Paper on Africa, which was released in 2006, and also in FOCAC (Forum on China-Africa Cooperation) refutes the notion of a neo-colonialist relationship with Africa. China’s official stance on Sino-African relations, as based on these documents, declares the need for a relationship based on mutual benefit and respect for sovereignty. Sino-African relations encompass many modes of economic interaction, including investment, trade and aid. This study focuses on Chinese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to Africa, and the possible impact thereof on Africa. It is an important issue since Africa is still the poorest continent in the world and needs to manage its resources carefully in order to enhance growth on the continent. FDI has also frequently been identified as a possible catalyst for growth in Africa. This study investigates the potential impact of Chinese FDI in Africa by means of a literature study which focuses on the theoretical relationship between FDI and economic growth in developing countries, and in Africa specifically. A survey of the literature on the relationship between FDI and economic growth published between 1998 and early 2010 shows that studies on this topic are varied and inconclusive. Though there is no proof of a positive, uni-directional relationship between FDI and economic growth, it is generally accepted that FDI can enhance economic growth in a host economy, given certain basic levels of educational attainment and institutional quality. Following the literature study, the state of global FDI is investigated, focusing on the volumes of nominal FDI flows that have been received by developed and developing countries between 1990 and 2008. As expected, developed countries dominated FDI inflows during this period. Africa, as a developing region, lagged behind most other developing regions in terms of FDI inflows during this period, though the continent has seen an exponential increase in nominal FDI receipts since 2000. Looking at developing regions, developing Asia received the largest volume of FDI inflows during the period 1990 to 2008, while Developing Oceania received the smallest inflows. A basic profile of Chinese investment in Africa is also provided, illustrating clearly that Chinese investment in Africa has been rising steadily since 2000 and 2006 in particular. The profile provides background information on the specific African countries, sub regions and economic growth performers that have received Chinese FDI during the period covered. Chinese investment in Africa is widespread, with 45 of the 53 African nations receiving FDI from China between 2003 and 2008. In contrast with more traditional investors, who focus mostly on North Africa, Chinese FDI to Africa during the period under revision was concentrated mostly in Southern Africa. Surprisingly, Chinese FDI was also aimed at the more diversified countries that had achieved sustainable economic growth rates in the preceding decade. The analysis of Chinese FDI also shows that Chinese firms follow an unconventional way of doing business, often undertaking the building of infrastructure in return for access to various natural resources, such as oil and other minerals. Using data obtained from the 2008 Statistical Bulletin of China’s Outward Foreign Direct Investment, issued by the Chinese Ministry of Commerce, a basic cross-section panel model is estimated. The model investigates the determinants of Chinese FDI to Africa and finds that China’s motivations for investing in Africa are more diverse than initially suspected. Though oil is an important factor in attracting Chinese FDI, agricultural land and market size are also found to be significant factors which determine Chinese FDI flows to Africa. This study concludes that Chinese FDI in Africa between 2003 and 2008 does not follow the conventional, preconceived notion of Sino-African relations. Though resources are important considerations for Chinese investors in Africa, resource security is not the only motive for Chinese FDI in Africa. Africa could potentially benefit from increased Chinese FDI, though the challenge lies in strategically managing these investments in order to ensure that Africa reaps the highest possible growth and development spillover benefits.
Thesis (M.Com. (Economics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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18

Bayley, Trevor C. R. "Enhancing student engagement in information systems education : a longitudinal case study from a Sino-Foreign university". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43029/.

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This doctoral thesis describes five years of research on an undergraduate accounting information systems module at the China campus of Nottingham University Business School. The central research question is ‘How can small group interactions be designed to improve student engagement in information systems education?’. To this end, an interpretive philosophical paradigm is adopted to address three research questions which are explored in distinct phases: In the first phase a grounded approach is taken to address the question - What influences engagement in small group interactions? The second phase takes the themes identified in the first phase and addresses the question - What strategies might be adopted to address these influences? In the third and final phase, a longitudinal study is conducted, in which the strategies identified in the second phase are then applied, in 3 cycles of action research, addressing the question – How, why and what would be good practice in implementing such strategies? This research finds 36 themes that influence engagement in small group interactions, strategies are then identified to address those themes and those within the scope of control of the researcher are tested. This research confirms that the findings in the extant literature relating to mainland Chinese undergraduate student engagement, in Western undergraduate programmes overseas, also apply to such programmes conducted in the mainland Chinese context. In addition a sense of student empowerment over influencing pedagogy to suit preference in terms of classroom environment, interaction timing, second language use, and tutor focus is found. Among the strategies tested, a problem-based group project, set within a familiar context and informed by an evidence-based design approach, which values the opinion and experience of the student as designer of the proposed problem solution, was found to be the most effective in promoting early engagement in the desired learning process. This study supports the argument that case study approaches, where those studies are set in unfamiliar contexts, may not be best suited for undergraduate programmes due to their inherent contextual uncertainties. This research finds that, through adopting an evidence-based approach to research for such group projects, student evaluation of their own experience and insights changes positively, enabling more rounded and reflective critical argument and decision-making. This work may be seen to contribute to fill gaps both in evidence from practice and in the body of ‘scientific’ evidence in respect of the following contexts, such gaps having been identified by the cited authors as follows: Theoretical contributions 1. Research into the area of Chinese student engagement in Western educational settings e.g. Li and Campbell (2008). 2. Qualitative research methods in general and the adaptation of western approaches to the Chinese context e.g. Watkins-Mathys (2007). 3. Literature relating to evidence-based design in teaching and learning e.g. Groccia and Buskist (2011), Rousseau and Mc Carthy (2007), Wastell (2011) and Ahmadi et al. (2012). 4. Literature relating to alignment of the expectation gap between tutors and students in cross-cultural settings e.g. Zhou et al. (2008). 5. Literature relating to evidence-based design in information systems and accounting literature e.g. Marr (2009), Baskerville (2011), Wastell (2011). Practical contributions 6. The call for case studies that “lionise” evidence-based design and avoid the contextual challenges of [case study] approaches e.g. Starkey and Tempest (2009) and Wastell (2011). 7. Further evidence from the process of adapting British teaching and learning practices for use in the Chinese undergraduate context (Zhou et al., 2008). 8. Further evidence to inform both student/staff induction processes and the body of research on the design of teaching and learning practices at NUBS in China e.g. Waters (2007).

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19

Kowarski, Arthur Derenusson. "Fortalecendo laços: o conceito chinês de parceria estratégica aplicado às relações bilaterais sino-russa e sino-brasileira". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7404.

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Esta dissertação trata das relações bilaterais sino-russa e sino-brasileira a partir do conceito de parceria estratégica, tal como este aparece na formulação teórica dos chineses. Neste sentido, a análise recai sobre o pensamento político chinês e como este articula uma concepção própria sobre as relações internacionais, na qual é dada uma ênfase às relações bilaterais da China com países aos quais confere peso estratégico no rol de suas relações bilaterais. O conceito de parceria estratégica, neste trabalho, refere-se a relações bilaterais constituídas com um grau de institucionalização de meios de consulta e organismos permanentes entre os Estados, sem com isso em traduzir-se em alianças entre os dois países ou voltadas contra um terceiro Estado. Oficialmente, o termo parceria estratégica aparece na diplomacia chinesa para caracterizar as relações bilaterais da China com o Brasil e a Rússia, por exemplo, entendidas como o tipo de relacionamento mais harmonioso do país asiático com outros Estados, uma vez que a República Popular não constitui mais alianças ou relações de muita proximidade com qualquer membro do sistema internacional. Levando em conta a validade deste conceito de parceria estratégica, são analisadas as relações bilaterais sino-russa e sino-brasileira, para compreender até que ponto é válido o conceito como ferramenta explicativa.
This paper addresses the bilateral Sino-Russian and Sino-Brazilian from the concept of strategic partnership, as it appears in the Chinese theoretical formulation. In this sense, the analysis falls on Chinese political thought and how this articulates its own conception of international relations, in which emphasis is placed on the bilateral relations between China and the countries to which it confers strategic weight. The concept of strategic partnership in this work refers to bilateral relations established with a degree of institutionalization means of consultation and with permanent organs between Member States, without thereby translating into alliances between the two countries or directed against a third State. Officially, the term strategic partnership in China's diplomacy appears to characterize China's bilateral relations with Brazil and Russia, for example, understood as the kind of relationship more harmonious Asian country with other states, since the Republic is not more alliances or relationships very closely with any member of the international system. Taking into account the validity of the concept of strategic partnership, it is discussed Sino-Russian and Sino-Brazilian bilateral relations, in order to understand to what extent the concept is valid as explanatory tool.

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Kee, Michele Siang-Hwa. "An Old Dragon in a Changing Safari: An Investigation of Chinese Foreign Direct Investment in Africa and Its Implications for Beijing's Foreign Policy Goals of 'Non-Intervention’". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/797.

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To feed the voracious economic machine that is China’s economy, Beijing’s foray into the global sphere has become increasingly resource driven. In the past two decades, China’s formation of strategic partnerships has manifested in its symbolic bilateral cooperation with resource-rich actors outside the Western sphere. This being said it is important to explore Chinese foreign direct investments in the developing world, more specifically the critical ties it has fostered in Africa. Since 1996, Africa has been a key recipient of Chinese FDI. As the bulk of Chinese investments are increasingly directed towards Africa’s more politically volatile states, this Thesis seeks to understand the motivations of Beijing’s outward FDI and the risk management strategies it has developed for the region. Taking into account China’s rise to global power, the author will further investigate whether China’s increasing role in Africa will force the PRC to change its foreign policy goals of ‘non –intervention’ under the pressures of the international community. The author will then purpose that despite increased international scrutiny, structural inadequacies of the Chinese state will be too great an obstacle for any real change in policy.

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21

Lee, Yiu-wa, e 李耀華。. "The foreign policy of an incompetent empire: a study of British Policy towards the Sino-Japanese War in 1937-1941". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31221294.

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22

Komine, Yukinori. "U.S. foreign policy towards Sino-U.S. rapproachment in the early 1970s : a study of secrecy in bureacratic politics". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431462.

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23

Roehrig, Michael Franz. "Government policy and Sino-foreign joint venture operations the role of local bargaining in policy implementation in contemporary China /". The Ohio State University, 1992. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/29741561.html.

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24

Willis, Michael 1957. "The evaluation of behavioural, structural and educational delivery factors relating to the perceived success of Sino foreign university alliances". Monash University, Dept. of Marketing, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5446.

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25

Dong, Hongbo. "A qualitative exploration of how host Chinese staff make sense of their intercultural experiences in a Sino-foreign cooperative university". Thesis, Durham University, 2014. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/10688/.

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This study is concerned with how host Chinese staff (HCS) make sense of their intercultural experiences in a Sino-foreign cooperative university from a sensemaking perspective. Specifically, the study qualitatively explores HCS’s perceptions of and their responses to cultural differences. The empirical findings show that: 1) HCS construct cultural differences from three perspectives: personality traits, communication styles, and cultural values. 2) HCS’s responses to cultural differences are identified as three types: fight-flight, acceptance, and intercultural sensemaking which encompasses three concurrent processes: learning, identity construction, and relationship building. In addition, the findings also show the hindrances of intercultural sensemaking from the perspective of HCS: lack of language proficiency, lower self-esteem, lack of similarity, lack of availability, and perceived communication difficulties. 3) HCS’s engagement in intercultural sensemaking can lead to the development of intercultural competence in terms of awareness of the self and the other, communicating across culture, acquiring cultural knowledge, intercultural responsibility building, and positive attitudes. A model of HCS’s intercultural interaction is developed based on the empirical findings. It provides a holistic overview of HCS’s intercultural interaction, and highlights the dynamic nature of sensemaking. The findings give valuable insights and have practical implications for multicultural organisations and individuals working or interested in working in multicultural organisations, especially in the context of China.

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26

Lee, Yiu-wa. "The foreign policy of an incompetent empire : a study of British Policy towards the Sino-Japanese War in 1937-1941 /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20731632.

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27

Debeche, Ismail. "The role of China in international relations the impact of ideology on foreign policy with special reference to Sino-African relations (1949-1986) /". Thesis, Online version, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.377281.

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28

Nguyen, Thach Hong Politics Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Vietnam between China & the United States (1950-1995)". Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Politics, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38753.

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Vietnam is a tragic land, which has witnessed three successive wars since it won independence in 1945. The purpose of this dissertation is to seek answers to the question of why so many tragedies struck the Vietnamese people, and in particular to examine the contribution made by Sino-American competition to this tragic history. Analysing the IMPACT of Sino-American relations on Chinese and American policies towards Vietnam, the study finds that Vietnam never was the primary subject of American foreign policy, though America was deeply involved in Vietnam during the twenty-five years between 1950 and 1975. Washington???s Vietnam policy was largely based on its perception of China. Likewise, Beijing???s policy towards Vietnam was greatly affected by the state of its relations with Washington. Vietnam was a victim of their confrontation. The analysis shows that the increase in American involvement during the last stage of the first Vietnam War and the start of the second Vietnam War was due to enmity between China and the United States. US neglect was a result of Sino-American rapprochement while US isolation of Vietnam resulted from Sino-American strategic co-operation. Though the third Vietnam War was a consequence of Sino-Soviet competition, Washington also indirectly encouraged Beijing to be tough with Vietnam, as it needed Chinese support in its relations with Moscow. Analysing changes in Chinese and American polices towards Vietnam, the study observes that when a small state is caught in an intra-power struggle, bug powers will always try to use the small state as a tool in their rivalry. The main lesson for small states is to avoid being caught in such big-power competition. Politicians in small states should also avoid taking sides with big powers lest this create opportunities for big power interference and draw the small state into big power competition. This needs the political acumen and flexibility to distinguish national interest from self-interest.

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29

Zhang, Kan, e 張侃. "The Sino-American Cold War in the US senate: a study of the role of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations inthe making of China policy, 1953-1972". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31463381.

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30

Moazzin, Ghassan. "Networks of capital : German bankers and the financial internationalisation of China (1885-1919)". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267734.

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This dissertation examines the hitherto neglected role foreign, and specifically German, bankers played in the Chinese economy and the history of modern economic globalisation in China during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By following the history of the German Deutsch-Asiatische Bank (DAB) during the last two decades of the Qing dynasty and the first years of the Chinese republic, this dissertation shows how the interaction between foreign bankers and Chinese officials, bankers and entrepreneurs led to the rapid internationalisation of Chinese finance, both in terms of public finance and the banking sector of China’s treaty port economy. Unlike most previous literature, which only depicts foreign banks in modern China as mere manifestations of foreign imperialism, this dissertation demonstrates that foreign banks acted as intermediary institutions that financially connected China to the first global economy and provided the financial infrastructure necessary to make modern economic globalisation in China during the late 19th and early 20th centuries possible. At the same time, this dissertation stresses the importance of Chinese agency for the operation of foreign banks in China’s treaty ports and shows that the interaction between foreign bankers and Chinese actors was made up as much of cooperation as of conflict. In sum, this dissertation not only furthers our knowledge of the role foreign banks played in the modern Chinese economy, but also contributes to our understanding of how China was financially integrated into the first global economy.

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31

Zhang, Kan. "The Sino-American Cold War in the US senate a study of the role of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations in the making of China policy, 1953-1972 /". Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2004. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31463381.

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32

Fawcett, Alicia. "U.S. Chinese relations in a Global Perspective". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-191482.

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Title: Diplomacy with Chinese Characteristics: The Cultural Aspect of Chinese Foreign Policy in the Example of Sino-American Relations Ambiguity in answers, lack of communication or justification of actions have resulted in a negative depiction of Sino-American relations. I would like to prove the cultural significance as a major factor in influencing Chinese foreign policy regarding the example of Sino-American relations. By applying elements of constructivism, one is able to understand the cultural perspective of Chinese foreign policy in the example of Sino-American relations. Furthermore, this is proven through philosophical application of game theory stratagem.

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33

Brundage, Mathew Thomas. "“Where We Would Extend the Moral Power of Our Civilization”: American Cultural and Political Foreign Relations with China, 1843-1856". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1448395090.

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34

Funaiole, Matthew. "History and hierarchy : the foreign policy evolution of modern Japan". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5843.

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This thesis examines the foreign policy evolution of Japan from the time of its modernization during the mid-nineteenth century though the present. It is argued that infringements upon Japanese sovereignty and geopolitical vulnerabilities have conditioned Japanese leaders towards power seeking policy objectives. The core variables of statehood, namely power and sovereignty, and the perception of state elites are traced over this broad time period to provide a historical foundation for framing contemporary analyses of Japanese foreign policy. To facilitate this research, a unique framework that accounts for both the foreign policy preferences of Japanese leaders and the external constraints of the international system is developed. Neoclassical realist understandings of self-help and relative power distributions form the basis of the presented analysis, while constructivism offers crucial insights into ideational factors that influence state elites. Social Identity Theory, a social psychology theory that examines group behavior, is integrated to conceptualize the available policy options. Surveying Japanese foreign policy through this framework clarifies the seemingly irreconcilable shifts in Japan's foreign policy history and clearly delineates between political groups that embody distinct policy strategies and norms. Consequently, the main contribution of this thesis lies in the development of a theoretical framework that is uniquely positioned to identify historical trends in foreign policy. Owing to the numerous shifts in modern Japan's foreign policy history, this research identifies and examines three distinguishable Japanese “states”: Meiji Japan (1868 - 1912), Imperial Japan (1912 - 1945), and postwar Japan (1945 - present).

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35

Wick, Shelley D. "Constructing Threat: How Americans Identify Economic Competitors". FIU Digital Commons, 2013. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/860.

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China’s emergence as an economic powerhouse has often been portrayed as threatening to America’s economic strength and to its very identity as “the global hegemon.” The media’s alarmist response to an economic competitor is familiar to those who remember US-Japanese relations in the 1980s. In order to better understand the basis of American threat perception, this study explores the independent and interactive impact of three variables (perceptions of the Other’s capabilities, perceptions of the Other as a threat versus as an opportunity, and perceptions of the Other’s political culture) on attitudes toward two different economic competitors (Japan 1977-1995 and China 1985-2011). Utilizing four methods (historical process tracing, public polling data analysis, social scientific experimentation, and content analysis), this study demonstrates that increases in the Other’s economic capabilities have a much smaller impact on attitudes than is commonly believed. It further shows that while perceptions of threat/opportunity played a significant role in shaping attitudinal response toward Japan, perceptions of political culture are the most important factor driving attitudes toward China today. This study contributes to a better understanding of how states react to threats and construct negative images of their economic rivals. It also helps to explain the current Sino-American relationship and enables better predictions as to its potential future course. Finally, these findings contribute to cultural explanations of the democratic peace phenomenon and provide a boundary condition (political culture) for the liberal proposition that opportunity ameliorates conflict in the economic realm.

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36

Kopecká, Petra. "Čína a Afrika : Znovuobjevené partnerství a implikace pro Evropskou unii". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-11715.

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China is becoming an increasingly important actor in international political and economic relations. The pace of Chinese economic growth triggers a progressively growing demand for natural resources. After launching the "open-door" policy in the Chinese modern history (which attracted the important sources of capital inflows), the Chinese government introduced a "go-out" strategy for the Chinese companies to integrate them into the global structures. This strategy has its direct impacts on developing countries, where the Chinese presence is apparent the most. China is cooperating with all of the developing regions; however, sixty-year long cooperation with Africa is outstanding in many ways. In this continent China has to encounter other traditional actors -- European Union above all, as Africa constitutes a centrepiece in European development cooperation policy. The aim of this master thesis is to describe the shape and evolution of long-term Sino-African relations into today's "strategic partnership", which is being regarded as "rediscovered" in this thesis, and to conclude with the implications for the EU policy. To achieve this, the thesis is divided into three chapters. First chapter deals with the theoretical basis for the shape of Sino-African relations, in broad terms of Chinese foreign policy towards developing countries. The second chapter looks onto actual, mainly economic and developmental, impacts of the Chinese "go-out" strategy on Africa. The thesis indicates the approach of the European Union to the rediscovered partnership.

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37

Sim, Patrick Puay-I. "A Sociocultural Investigation of Learning and Transition in SFEC". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-14905.

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^{With the advent of globalisation driving the People.s Republic of China to embrace its future,}^{the local government has shown great enthusiasm promulgating one of the oldest industries.}^{Foreign higher educational providers that operate in China through the mode of joint venture}^{cooperatives between a Chinese and foreign institution of higher learning are becoming}^{increasingly .knowledgeable-hungry. public or private universities and colleges. Such}^{operations commonly known as Sino-foreign educational cooperatives}

^(SFEC)^{, are hotly}^{spawned on the mainland, enrolling Chinese students through the division of responsibilities,}^{roles and resources. The Chinese party is mostly responsible for the hardware support,}^{supplying facilities and logistics as the part of the bargain, whereas the foreign party provides}^{the intellectual software of academic programs.}^{The locus of this qualitative study aims to present and investigate a distinct phenomenon of}^{learning in SFEC through the theories of sociocultural perspective encumbered in a transitional}^{context; Sino-foreign}^(SF)^{graduates to other workplace communities. Without common}^{interests of social interaction, co-participation, and transformation, SFEC are often discredited}^{due to various factors. The learning aims will feature participative and transformative themes}^{that feature qualitative and interpretive methods. Thus, this research involves interviewing four}^{relevant participants from the likes of two Chinese nationals and two non-Chinese, and how}^{they view learning in SFEC applied to a transitional context, the workplace.}^{My furtherance of analysis will generally stress learning, co-participation and transformative}^{learning in activities that circumvents discriminatory elements of artifacts, identity profiling,}^{relationships, commitment and workplace employment for the necessary transition. In the}^{initial research phase, it did seem that putting learning into community practice in China was}^{essential. In the closing stages, thoughts will flow to the legitimisation of participative and}^{transformative learning, which forms the backdrop of this original theme of research gathered}^{through previous works of similar purview. Prawatt and Floden (1994) remark that knowledge,}^{and the belief that knowledge is the result of social interaction and language usage, and thus is}^{a shared, rather than an individual, experience. Presumably, my chosen theories frame the}^{interactive and shared communal nature of the Chinese society and learning systems.}

na

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38

De, Matteis Pietro. "Sino-European energy, environmental and climate change diplomacy". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.610458.

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39

LEE, Yu Pan. "The security dilemma in Sino-Japanese relations". Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2009. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/pol_etd/2.

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Even though economic relations between China and Japan have improved in recent decades, their security relations raise the prospect of clashes due to the perceived incompatibility of their interests, as manifested for example in territorial claims and rivalry for energy resources. This thesis analyzes the two states’ security relations using the “security-dilemma” and “constructivist theories” of international relations. The security dilemma is a condition in which states’ attempts to increase their own security, out of the mutual fear and suspicion, results a decrease in security for all. The constructivist theories suggest that the identities of actors, social norms, states’ interests and government policies are inter-linked in both domestic and international politics; each component thus shapes and then reshapes others. International relations should not be understood by merely analyzing material capacities. In order to understand the security relations between China and Japan, it is imperative to investigate the threat perceptions of various actors within both states, including the general public, the political leadership, the military, the academics and other sub-state actors. By employing the mentioned theories, it is found that the general public in both states are the key sources to consider the other as a security threat. Fear or resentment among states, which might initially be constructed by the behaviors or policies of other actors, would in turn further shape or limit other actors’ perceptions and interests. The public also put constraints on their governments’ freedom to maneuver diplomatically and to adopt policy choices, it thus affects the security relations between states. The thesis concludes that deepening interactions between people in both state and carefully conducted diplomatic behaviors, such as choice of wording in reconciliation actions and joint action by states’ leaders at symbolic occasions or locations etc, can be the key of preventing the security dilemma from escalating. As a result, in the case of Sino-Japanese relations, the security relations cannot be improved by deploying military means.

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40

Jiang, Wei. "A discourse of devils :representations of the Japanese in Chinese war films after 1949". Thesis, University of Macau, 2017. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3690649.

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41

Wan, Chi Shun. "Economic aspects of the Sino-Soviet Alliance, 1949-1964". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29867.

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The characteristics of the Sino-Soviet Alliance have been analyzed extensively for more than three decades. However, the economic aspects of this Alliance remain unclear. A number of factors, such as statistical discrepancies, complexity of interpretation, and the quality and reliability of the Chinese and Soviet sources , are accountable for this obscurity. A more narrowly focused study examining the role Sino-Soviet economic relations played in shaping the Alliance is useful to better our understanding. After a chronological, review of the Sino-Soviet economic relationship, its significance in shaping the Alliance is examined through the reappraisal of three major areas. Firstly, the relative costs and benefits for each partner are assessed in an objective and detached way. The Soviet Union made a decisive contribution to China's industrialization. Soviet financial aid , though modest in figure, was provided in a timely way. Together with the provision of scientific and technological knowledge, the value of Soviet aid must be regarded as considerable. The benefits to the Soviet Union were less impressive; but since the imported Chinese consumer goods were largely consumed in the Soviet Far East, the benefits should not be underestimated. The cost for both sides remains obscure; though it is obvious that the questions of "Soviet exploitation", concerning the joint-stock companies, the overvaluation of the rouble and the pricing in Sino-Soviet trade are highly complex and should be interpreted with greater care. Secondly, the effect of Sino-Soviet economic cooperation on the Alliance — whether it strengthened or weakened it — is explored. Undoubtedly, the economic relationship had both unifying and divisive effects. It was a unifying factor because the Soviets had provided China with support and assistance that would have been difficult to obtain elsewhere . Another factor which had tied China to the USSR was the strong Soviet influences resulting from the implementation of the Soviet model and the close cooperation in the fields of education and sciences. On the other hand, these Soviet influences proved to be a divisive factor as well, because they produced a domestic political and social situation that Mao found profoundly distasteful. Different economic interests and competition in foreign aid programs also created tensions and frictions. The independent outlook of China's leaders made them resentful of their role as a junior partner in the early 1950's, and prevented them from entering a long-term trade agreement with the USSR or joining the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance, as the Soviets had wished. Finally, the impact of Sino-Soviet economic relations upon China's policy-making is discussed, albeit speculatively. In the early 1950's, China's economic and military dependence on the USSR made its leaders exercise greater caution in their claim of "Mao's Road " as the model for other Asian countries. As China gained strength, however, Soviet influence declined. While the discontinuation of Soviet financial aid can reasonably be regarded as one of the major factors contributing to China's decision to abandon the Soviet model in 1958, the economic pressure applied by Khrushchev failed to change China's policy, and proved counterproductive.
Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate

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42

Nowosad, Orest J. W. "Weak power-great power relationships : Sino-Khmer Rouge relations 1975-1989". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110791.

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With the Khmer Rouge gaining control of Cambodia in 1975, the further development of a relationship between a weak and a strong power was to be seen.l The People's Republic of China (PRC) would become associated with a regime which would prove to be one of the most brutal and inhumane of the modern age.

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43

Que, Wen Jun. "String of pearls, myth or reality? : Sino-Indian interaction in Indian Ocean". Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595577.

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44

Brito, Lana Bauab. "Da exclusão a participação internacional na área espacial: o programa de satélites sino-brasileiro como instrumento de poder e desenvolvimento (1999-2009)". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2843.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
A presente dissertação tem como objetivo analisar os ganhos geopolíticos do programa sino-brasileiro de satélites de recursos terrestres (CBERS). O codesenvolvimento pelo Brasil e pela China de uma série de satélites de sensoriamento remoto elevou a capacidade de ambos os países de ampliar os meios para zelar pela soberania sobre seus territórios nacionais. Esse programa de cooperação Sul-Sul também impactou positivamente no desenvolvimento desses países, à medida que possibilitou a execução de políticas públicas mais eficazes para áreas de difícil acesso como o deserto de Gobi na China e a floresta amazônica no Brasil. Além disso, o desenvolvimento e lançamento exitoso dos satélites da família CBERS também auferiu ganhos políticos no âmbito internacional. De fato, a aquisição dessa tecnologia permitiu ao Brasil e a China uma atuação mais proativa nos regimes internacionais relacionados ao espaço exterior, como COPUOS, CEOS e GEO/GEOSS. Ela também ensejou a realização de uma política de vanguarda de distribuição de imagens, baseada na premissa de que os dados geoespaciais são bens públicos globais. Esse entendimento levou, enfim, à realização de uma política de distribuição gratuita de imagens CBERS, primeiramente para os territórios nacionais do Brasil e da China e, posteriormente para países da América do Sul e para todo continente africano, culminando, em 2010, com sua globalização. Desse modo, o presente trabalho visa analisar se a aquisição da tecnologia de sensoriamento remoto via satélite efetivamente facultou ao Brasil e a China uma maior capacidade de influência no sistema internacional de poder e, igualmente, se há relação entre o programa CBERS e as políticas externas do Brasil e da China, principalmente no que tange à promoção da cooperação Sul-Sul na política externa solidária do governo Lula e ao conceito de mundo harmonioso da diplomacia chinesa.
The present dissertation aims to analyze the geopolitical gains of the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite Program (CBERS). The co-development of a series of remote sensing satellites by Brazil and China allowed both countries to broaden the means to safeguard the sovereignty over their national territories. This program of South-South cooperation also positively affected the development of these countries, as it enabled the implementation of more effective public policies towards areas with difficult access like the Gobi Desert in China and the Amazon forest in Brazil. Furthermore, the successful development and launch of CBERS family satellites also generated political gains internationally. In fact, the acquisition of this technology allowed Brazil and China to proceed more proactively in the international regimes related to outer space, like COPUOS, CEOS and GEO/GEOSS. It also allowed the realization of a vanguard policy of images distribution, based on the premise that geospatial data are global public goods. Such understanding fostered the development of a policy of free distribution of CBERS images, primarily for the national territories of Brazil and China and later to countries in South America and throughout the African continent, culminating in 2010 with its globalization. Thus, this study aims to examine whether the acquisition of technology of remote sensing satellite provided Brazil and China a greater ability to influence the international power system and what is the relationship between the CBERS program and the foreign policies of Brazil and China, especially regarding the promotion of South-South cooperation in President Lulas foreign policy and in the concept of "harmonious world" of Chinese diplomacy.

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Hua, Yan Wen. "Mission impossible? : a study on Sino-American mutual strategic trust". Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554478.

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46

Mills, Jason. "Sino-American economic relationship after the global economic slowdown". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33994.

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The continued funding of America's persistent trade and fiscal deficits has sparked debate among international economists. One controversial explanation argues that East Asia is pursuing "Bretton Woods II" and funding American deficits as part of a greater development policy. This paper examines the Chinese policy response to the global economic crisis and finds that China's policy actions provide evidence for "Bretton Woods II." Furthermore, the Sino-American relationship is now characterized by codependence which has implications for the policy decisions of each country.

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47

Hsü, Ling-chih. "The role of the nuclear factor in the Sino-Soviet split". Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/111994.

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Andrei Gromyko, a veteran Foreign Minister of the USSR, shocked the world last winter with a particular revelation in his memoirs: the late Chairman Mao Zedong of China had a plan to lure United States troops into the heartland of China and then wipe them out with atomic weapons made v/ith Soviet help. 1 We may question the truth of Gromyko’s memoirs. The Chinese Foreign Ministry has already done so. But the story of Sovietcooperation in China's nuclear industry, both for peaceful and military purposes, cannot be denied. It is one that tells why the Soviets and Chinese became close allies in the early 50s and why they drew apart several years later. It is the contention of this writer that the Sino-Soviet dispute cannot be fully understood without giving due weight to the disagreements the Chinese and Soviets had over nuclear technology issues.

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48

Fu, I.-chieh. "U.S. arms sales to Taiwan : a critical issue in Sino-American relations". Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9837.

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49

Zong, Jian Ping. "Climate change in Sino-U.S. relations : a catalyst of cooperation or conflict?" Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554512.

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50

Dryburgh, Marjorie E. "Song Zheyuan, the Nanjing government and the north china question in Sino-Japanese relations, 1935-1937". Thesis, Durham University, 1993. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/5777/.

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The focus of this study is the relationship between the Chinese central government and Song Zheyuan, the key provincial leader of North China, in the period immediately preceding the Second Sino-Japanese War, and the impact of tensions in that relationship on Japan policy. The most urgent task confronting the Chinese government in the late 1930s was to secure an equitable and formally-negotiated settlement of outstanding questions with the Tokyo government. The efforts of the Nanjing government are examined in terms of the divisions within the government and in the context of the public debate on Japan policy which was extended to cover fundamental questions of the regime's diplomatic maturity and the function of diplomacy in the new state. However, the Sino-Japanese question was not purely a diplomatic issue. Tensions between central and northern regional authorities and continuing provincial independence combined with persistent political and military interventions by the Japanese armies in North China to undermine the initiatives of the centre as the lack of an effective central Japan policy eroded regional confidence in the centre. By 1935 Nanjing's control in the North was breaking down and the initiative in contacts with Japan in the region passed to provincial leaders: Song Zheyuan emerged as a key figure in relations with Japan. In 1935-7 Song occupied all the significant political and military offices in Hebei and Chaha'er provinces. Nanjing was entirely dependent on Song for the defence of the North, yet Song remained ambivalent towards Nanjing and Japan, berating the central authorities for their 'abandonment' of the North while maintaining close contact with the Japanese military. While he had no formal role in foreign affairs, his informal function in the relations with Japan demands closer attention.

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