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1
Tang, Hou Xing. "Identification of Simultaneous Equation Model in Econometrics". Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (giugno 2011): 1944–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.1944.
Abstract (sommario):
Identification is an important topic on simultaneous equation econometric model. It determines that whether the coefficients of the simultaneous equation models can be estimated. From the definition of identification perspective, this article will provide a new method about identification based on the relation between identified equations and the linear combinations of all equations.
2
Chipman, John S. "HAAVELMO’S CONTRIBUTIONS TO SIMULTANEOUS-EQUATIONS ESTIMATION". Econometric Theory 31, n. 2 (31 luglio 2014): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466614000280.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper surveys Trygve Haavelmo’s contributions to econometrics. A brief summary of his 1944 monograph is followed by an analysis of the six important papers he contributed during 1943–47. Four of them were devoted to macroeconomic models including estimation of the Keynesian marginal propensity to consume; the first two introduced the methodology of a system of structural equations; the third marked a milestone in econometric method by deriving the reduced form of such a system; and the fourth analyzed the contrast between time-series and cross-section analysis. The fifth (joint with M.A. Girshick) on the demand for food provided a definitive treatment of estimation of demand and supply functions; it carried out the execution of a five-equation structural model of the U.S. economy. The sixth was an interesting policy model of the interrelationship between the agricultural and the rural sector of the economy, which was fitted to U.S. data and addressed to questions of policy.
3
ABDEL MAWLA, HASSAN A., e ELAMEN M. ARIF. "SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF THE EGYPTIAN IMPORTS EDIBLE OILS". Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research 93, n. 2 (1 luglio 2015): 641–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejar.2015.154817.
4
Khanmoradi, Saeed, Shirin Zardoshtian, Shahram Fatahi e Geoff Dickson. "CRIME AND SPORT PARTICIPATION: AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL WITH SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS APPROACH". Journal of Social Sciences 5, n. 2 (giugno 2022): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/jss.utm.2022.5(2).04.
Abstract (sommario):
Sport in all societies’ leads to a return on social capital. Many politicians use sports-based programs to reduce crime in society because sport plays an important role in the social development of societies. On the other hand, crime causes insecurity in the neighborhood, and when people realize their fear of crime, they reduce their social activities, such as sports participation. Therefore, this study determines the interaction effect between crime and sport participation and we test an econometric model with simultaneous equations approach using the two-stage least squares method (2SLS). We used panel data of all provinces of Iran from 2004 – 2017. The results showed that a significant and negative interaction effect exists between crime and sport participation. Also, the number of coaches, sport facilities, and, sport budget have a significant and positive effect on sport participation. Per capita GDP has a significant and negative effect on crime and per capita GDP”×”sport participation has a significant and positive effect on crime. Finally, drugs have a significant and positive effect on crime.
5
Phillips, P. C. B. "Partially Identified Econometric Models". Econometric Theory 5, n. 2 (agosto 1989): 181–240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600012408.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper studies a class of models where full identification is not necessarily assumed. We term such models partially identified. It is argued that partially identified systems are of practical importance since empirical investigators frequently proceed under conditions that are best described as apparent identification. One objective of the paper is to explore the properties of conventional statistical procedures in the context of identification failure. Our analysis concentrates on two major types of partially identified model: the classic simultaneous equations model under rank condition failures; and time series spurious regressions. Both types serve to illustrate the extensions that are needed to conventional asymptotic theory if the theory is to accommodate partially identified systems. In many of the cases studied, the limit distributions fall within the class of compound normal distributions. They are simply represented as covariance matrix or scalar mixtures of normals. This includes time series spurious regressions, where representations in terms of functionals of vector Brownian motion are more conventional in recent research following earlier work by the author.
6
Nymoen, Ragnar. "On the Low Degree of Entropy Implied by the Solutions of Modern Macroeconomic Models". Entropy 24, n. 12 (25 novembre 2022): 1728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e24121728.
Abstract (sommario):
The non-causal (“forward-looking”) solution used routinely in academic macroeconomics may represent a violation of a law of entropy, namely that the direction of time is one way (from the past and towards the present), and that the variance of economic processes increases with time. In order to re-establish a degree of compatibility with the law of entropy, so called hybrid forms are required add-ins to DSGE (Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium) models. However, the solution that uses hybrid forms is a particular special case of a causal solutions of autoregressive distributed lags, VARs and recursive and simultaneous equations models well known from empirical macro econometrics. Hence, hybrid forms of small scale DSGE models can be analysed and tested against competing model equations, using an econometric encompassing framework.
7
Kaboudan, Mahmoud A. "Oil Revenue and Kuwait's Economy: An Econometric Approach". International Journal of Middle East Studies 20, n. 1 (febbraio 1988): 45–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800057500.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper presents a macroeconomic model for a small developing oil-exporting economy: Kuwait. The model is a simultaneous system of difference equations. Historic effects of changes in revenues from oil exports on the country's economic conditions are simulated. The model is then used to forecast these conditions through 1990, and to test two fiscal policy alternatives under the assumption that revenues from Kuwait's oil exports will remain constant from 1986 to 1990. The following are key words: developing economies; oil-exporting economies; Middle East economies; Kuwait; Kuwait's economy; policy models; macroeconomic models; econometric models; macroeconometric models; forecasting models; and policy models.
8
Sitepu, Rasidin Karo Karo. "Model Makro-Ekonometrika Postur Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara (APBN) Indonesia". Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 5, n. 3 (18 luglio 2022): 190–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v5i3.959.
Abstract (sommario):
This research aims to develop a Macro-Econometric Model of State Budget Posture and its Application for Impact Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy. The approach used is the Macro-Econometric model, also known as the Indonesian State Budget Posture model. The time span of the data series observation is from 1990–2019. The Macro-Econometric Model which is used for APBN Posture is a system of simultaneous equations which is estimated of using two stages least squares (2SLS) method, while the solution to solve the system of equations used the Newton method. The results of the analysis show that economic growth is 2.11 percent, but under the pessimistic scenario, the contraction growth is -2.94%, while in the moderate scenario the contraction is -1.88 percent in 2020. The budget deficit in 2020 is estimated at 6.41 percent of GDP. A budget deficit of below 3 percent of GDP is expected to be achieved in 2023. For the 2020-2024 period, the primary balance is negative, which indicates that the government does not have funds to finance debt interest, so the new debt is also used to pay debt interest. It is more appropriate to finance the budget deficit from domestic sources of funds in order to avoid fluctuations in rupiah exchange rate fluctuations.
9
RICHARDS, GORDON R. "FRACTALITY IN A MACROECONOMIC MODEL: NONLINEAR OSCILLATION AROUND A LONG-TERM EQUILIBRIUM". Fractals 10, n. 02 (giugno 2002): 235–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218348x02001063.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent studies have established that macroeconomic time series exhibit fractal properties. Empirical tests here demonstrate that interest rates, exchange rates, output and prices all show evidence of a non-integer fractal dimension. Several classes of volatility models widely used in econometrics can give rise to fractality. In the paradigm proposed here, fractality results from multiplicative relationships between residual noise terms in simultaneous equation systems. The emergence of fractality in a large-scale econometric model is analyzed. The model uses well-established structural equations, so that all variables converge toward their equilibrium paths in the long run. The forecasted paths are then embedded in noise, and the model is re-simulated at a higher frequency. The simultaneity of the model equations causes the embedding noise to take on fractal properties. Multi-scaling demonstrates that the model simulations reproduce the fractal properties of the real-world time series reasonably well. Finally, it is possible to forecast at short horizons using an algorithm that exploits two aspects of fractality, scaling symmetries and intermittency. Ratios of rates of change capture proximate symmetries. A logit regression is used to predict the conditional probability of extreme events.
10
Sulistyowati, Niken, Bonar Marulitua Sinaga e Novindra Novindra. "Impacts of Government and Household Expenditure on Human Development Index". JEJAK 10, n. 2 (10 settembre 2017): 412–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jejak.v10i2.11305.
Abstract (sommario):
The objective of this reseach are to: (1) analyze the factors affecting human development index and household expenditures for health, education and others, (2) predict the impacts of government expenditure policy in the field of education, health, and infrastructure on human development index in Central Java. The model was built using econometric approach in the form of a system of simultaneous equations, including five blocks i.e. government's revenue, expenditures, input, output, and performance. The system of simultaneous equations consisted of 26 equations (19 structural equations and 7 identity equations). The estimation method used Two Stage Least Squares with SYSLIN procedure. Prediction simulation used the stepwise Autoregressive method. The model simulation used Newton's method and SIMNLIN procedure. The results of policy simulation concludes that the combination of the increase in government expenditure for education and infrastructure lead to better performance in increasing income per capita, disposable income and HDI compared to the combination of the policy of the increase in government expenditure for education and in both municipalities and district, but municipalities receive greatest impact compared to the district.
11
Andersen, Torben G. "SIMULATION-BASED ECONOMETRIC METHODS". Econometric Theory 16, n. 1 (febbraio 2000): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600001080.
Abstract (sommario):
The accessibility of high-performance computing power has always influenced theoretical and applied econometrics. Gouriéroux and Monfort begin their recent offering, Simulation-Based Econometric Methods, with a stylized three-stage classification of the history of statistical econometrics. In the first stage, lasting through the 1960's, models and estimation methods were designed to produce closed-form expressions for the estimators. This spurred thorough investigation of the standard linear model, linear simultaneous equations with the associated instrumental variable techniques, and maximum likelihood estimation within the exponential family. During the 1970's and 1980's the development of powerful numerical optimization routines led to the exploration of procedures without closed-form solutions for the estimators. During this period the general theory of nonlinear statistical inference was developed, and nonlinear micro models such as limited dependent variable models and nonlinear time series models, e.g., ARCH, were explored. The associated estimation principles included maximum likelihood (beyond the exponential family), pseudo-maximum likelihood, nonlinear least squares, and generalized method of moments. Finally, the third stage considers problems without a tractable analytic criterion function. Such problems almost invariably arise from the need to evaluate high-dimensional integrals. The idea is to circumvent the associated numerical problems by a simulation-based approach. The main requirement is therefore that the model may be simulated given the parameters and the exogenous variables. The approach delivers simulated counterparts to standard estimation procedures and has inspired the development of entirely new procedures based on the principle of indirect inference.
12
B Heatubun, Adolf, e Albert Gamot Malau. "ALTERNATIF PILIHAN INPUT TEKNOLOGI, INVESTASI ATAUKAH TENAGA KERJA DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH PASAR EKSPOR". Jurnal Organisasi dan Manajemen 5, n. 2 (16 settembre 2009): 129–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/jom.v5i2.261.2009.
Abstract (sommario):
The objective of the study was to analyze the factors have influenced the increasing of investment, technology improvement, labor absorption, production and export of the exporting small and medium enterprises. An econometric model using simultaneous equations of the economic sectoral pooled data has resulted that the technology of exporting small and medium enterprises was weakness, so that the government could to improve the technology by improving human capital and by expanding its expenditures.
13
Pretorius, Marinda, e Ilse Botha. "A macroeconomic model for South Africa: A non-linear econometric modelling approach". Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 1, n. 1 (29 aprile 2007): 51–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v1i1.379.
Abstract (sommario):
Econometric models are often made up of assumptions that never truly match reality. One of the most challenged requirements is that the coefficients of econometric models remain constant over time, in the sense that it is assumed that the future will be similar to the past. If the assumption of constant coefficients is not satisfied, any conclusions reached from normal (constant coefficient) models will be biased. Another, very closely related, contested assumption is that the functional form (usually linear) of a model remains unchanged over time. The theory of linearity has long been the centre of all econometric model-building. According to Teräsvirta (1994), if linear estimates were not successful in practice, they would have been forsaken long ago, and this has certainly not been the case. Quite the opposite has been experienced: some very influential ideas based on the linear relationships between variables, like cointegration analysis, have been established. Nonetheless, there are definite situations in which linear models are unable to grasp the underlying economic theory of the data accurately. This article addresses the problem of non-linearity by applying smooth transition autoregressive (STAR) specifications to an existing simultaneous macroeconomic model of the South African economy. The results support the view that non-linear models provide better forecasts than linear specifications of equations.
14
Balasiddamuni, P., C. Subbrami Reddy, S. Ismail e K. V. S. D. P. Vara Prasad. "A Simultaneous Equations Econometric Model for the Study of the Impact of Inventory on Factors of Production". Artha Vijnana: Journal of The Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics 35, n. 4 (1 dicembre 1993): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.21648/arthavij/1993/v35/i4/116009.
15
Vickner, Steven S., e Stephen P. Davies. "Estimating Market Power and Pricing Conduct in a Product-Differentiated Oligopoly: The Case of the Domestic Spaghetti Sauce Industry". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 31, n. 1 (aprile 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200028739.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThis paper develops a simultaneous-equations panel data econometric model to obtain point estimates of market power and pricing conduct in a representative product-differentiated, oligopolistic food market. The importance of this class of markets is recognized given its prevalence in the food and fiber system, especially for final consumer food products. The $1.3 billion domestic spaghetti sauce industry is featured. Although the results indicate firms exert limited market power, a portion of this power is derived from tacit price collusion. A higher degree of price collusion was found among brands within a market segment than between segments.
16
EKA, Fred. "Public Capita and Growth: The Role of Institutions in Development". IRA-International Journal of Management & Social Sciences (ISSN 2455-2267) 17, n. 4 (30 novembre 2021): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jmss.v17.n4.p3.
Abstract (sommario):
This study analyzes the links between public capital and growth using an econometric model of simultaneous equations, estimated on a panel of forty-three developing countries over the period 2003-2020. This growth model explains the determinants of GDP and public and private capital stocks. The accumulation of public, private and human capital generates externalities that are sources of endogenous growth. However, the formation of public capital generated a crowding out effect, to the detriment of that of private capital, because of differentiated budgetary constraints. Our results show that several developing countries have moved away from an optimal structure for the growth of sharing of available capital between the public and private sectors. In doing so, are institutions a prerequisite for the economic development of African countries.
17
Busyra, Rizki Gemala. "DAMPAK PERLUASAN AREAL PADA KOMODITAS KARET TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN PROVINSI JAMBI". Journal of Agriculture, Resource and Environmental Economics 1, n. 2 (1 ottobre 2014): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jaree.v1i2.11773.
Abstract (sommario):
Since 2006, commodity development in Jambi is focusing on rubber through area expansion, rejuvenation and plant rehabilitation. The scope of this research is to study the relation between plantation commodity development which done through area expansion and Jambi’s economy. The objectives of this study are to identify factors that influence the size of area, production, productivity, price and export of rubber in Jambi, as well as to analyze the impact of rubber expansion to Jambi’s economy. This study used secondary data, which compiled as annual pooled data, at nine districts in Jambi Province from 2000 to 2012. The analysis method used was simultaneous equation econometric, which consists of 2 identity equations and 5 structural equations, followed by model identification, model estimation using 2 SLS, validation and simulation of model. The model shows the relation between rubber expansion policy with Jambi’s economy where a 6% increase in expansion will increase the economy by 0.95%. Thus, it is recommended that Jambi Province remains focus on rubber expansion because it positively impacts their economic development.
18
طاهر, سارة أحمد حسين. "استخدام طريقتي (2SLS&3SLS ) في تقدير منظومة المعادلات الآنية للاقتصاد اليمني في الفترة (1995-2017)". Albaydha University Journal 3, n. 2 (12 ottobre 2021): 177–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.56807/buj.v3i2.149.
Abstract (sommario):
هدفت هذه الدراسة الى تقديم دراسة تحليلية قياسية للاقتصاد اليمني وذلك بمنهجية علمية تمثلت باستخدام نموذج المعادلات الآنية والذي يأخذ بالاعتبار العلاقة السببية بين المتغيرات محل الدراسة ( الناتج المحلي الإجمالي، الدخل القومي، الضرائب الغير مباشرة، الاستثمار، الانفاق الاستهلاكي الحكومي، الانفاق الاستهلاكي الخاص) واختيار طرائق التقدير الملائمة بعد اجراء عملية التشخيص للنموذج ومن ثم المفاضلة بين طريقتي التقدير ( 2SLS - 3SLS)، وتوصلت الى النتائج التالية :
نمذجة الاقتصاد اليمني في صورة نموذج معادلات آنية أثبت فعاليته من خلال العديد من المؤشرات الاقتصادية والاحصائية.
معنوية العلاقة الاقتصادية بين الناتج المحلي الإجمالي والاستثمار والانفاق الاستهلاكي الحكومي.
عدم معنوية العلاقة بين الناتج المحلي الإجمالي والإنفاق الاستهلاكي الخاص وهذا ما يؤكد عدم فعالية المشاريع الخاصة في دعم الناتج المحلي الإجمالي.
افضلية طريقة المربعات الصغرى ذات الثلاث مراحل في تقدير معلمات النموذج المقترح للاقتصاد اليمني.
أوضحت الدراسة القياسية جودة استخدام نماذج المعادلات الآنية في التحليل القياسي والاقتصادي.
الكلمات المفتاحية: النمو الاقتصادي، المعادلات الآنية، المربعات الصغرى على مرحلتين، المربعات الصغرى على ثلاث مراحل، التشخيص.
Abstract:
This study aimed to present a standard analytical study of the Yemeni economy using a scientific methodology represented by using the simultaneous equations model, which takes into account the causal relationship between the variables under study (gross domestic product, national income, indirect taxes, investment, government consumer spending, private consumption spending) and choosing Appropriate assessment methods after performing the diagnostic process for the model and then a comparison between the two estimation methods (2SLS - 3SLS), and the following results were reached:
Modeling the Yemeni economy in the form of a simultaneous equations model that has proven its effectiveness through many economic and statistical indicators.
The morale of the economic relationship between GDP, investment and government consumption spending.
The insignificance of the relationship between GDP and private consumption spending, which confirms the ineffectiveness of private projects in supporting GDP.
The preference of the three-stage least squares method in estimating the parameters of the proposed model for the Yemeni economy.
The standard study showed the quality of using simultaneous equations models in econometric and economic analysis.
Key words: economic growth, simultaneous equations, two-stage least squares, three-stage least squares, diagnosis.
19
Waluyo, Joko. "DAMPAK PEMBIAYAAN DEFISIT ANGGARAN DENGAN UTANG LUAR NEGERI TERHADAP INFLASI DAN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI: Studi Kasus Indonesia Tahun 1970-2003". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 7, n. 1 (1 luglio 2006): 81–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v7i1.148.
Abstract (sommario):
The main purpose of this study is to find the effect of budget deficit with foreign loans as source of funding on inflation and economic growth. This study focuses on transmission mechanism of budget deficit funding effects on inflation and economic growth. We use a specific simultaneous macroeconomic model which includes 17 behavioral equations and 18 identity equations with 6 blocks in this study, Two Stage Least Square (TSLS) method is employed to estimate the behavioral equations in the model. This study use Indonesia secondary economic data from 1970 to 2003. Econometric tests are performed to produce BLUE estimator. This study also use stochastic simulation with 10000 replications to simulate policy.The results show that using foreign loan to fund budget deficit increases both economic growth and inflation. This result is also supported by the simulation results which show that increase in the proceeds of new foreign loan increases reserves which in turn increase primary money/money supply/monetary base. Interaction of monetary base with money multiplier then increases price level. increase in capital in flow from increase in foreign loan increases government spending which also increases government spending increases in the government spending then add to government capital stock so that economic growth also increases.
20
Al-Zu'bi, Bashir Kh, e Abdel Baset A. Athamneh. "Technology Gap and the Mutual Impacts among Economic Gaps in Jordan: an Econometric Analysis 1973-2016". Jordan Journal of Economic Sciences 9, n. 2 (19 luglio 2022): 145–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.35516/jjes.v9i2.222.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aimed to estimate the size and direction of the technology gap in the Jordanian economy and the interrelationship between the economic resource gap, the private savings gap, and the government savings gap. It also aimed to estimate the impact of each of these gaps on economic growth. To achieve the study’s objectives, a simultaneous econometric model was developed including three behavioral equations, seven external variables, and three internal variables. The model was estimated using the method of Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS). The results showed that the economic resource gap had a positive and statistically significant effect on the real GDP growth rate, in contrast to the effects of the private savings gap and the public savings gap which were negative. The results also provided empirical evidence showing that the relationships between the gaps were reciprocal, not compensatory, as the government savings gap recorded the highest reciprocal effect. In addition, the estimated technology gap showed the size of the technical progress needed to achieve the potential production in case of full capacity utilization. Based on the results, the study recommended that Jordan adopt a prudent fiscal policy to narrow the government savings gap, and thus stimulate economic growth.
21
Bidabad, Bijan, e Nahid Kalbasi Anaraki. "Effects of Iran's WTO Accession on the Cement Industry: A Dynamic Disequilibrium Adjustment Model (DDAM) of Simultaneous Equations". Asian Finance & Banking Review 3, n. 1 (6 giugno 2019): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/asfbr.v3i1.292.
Abstract (sommario):
Many companies around the globe are re-examining their business operations to explore profitable growth in international markets.The attractiveness of the membership in WTO can be recognized not only in the growing number of its members but also as a result of increasing access to potential markets around the world. Iranian economy suffers from huge inefficiency in its trade relationships with other countries due to import compression policy and strict import controls. Iran's import profile is heavily skewed towards those tradable that are not strongly under the effects of WTO, indicating protectionism policy in the industry sector. Besides the need for easing protectionism, the emphasis placed on the growth of non-oil exports and reducing oil dependency as an objective in the five-year development plans provides a strong argument for joining WTO. Measuring technical efficiency in the cement industry in Iran suggests that companies with export-orientation policy have potentials to succeed in increasing their technical efficiency.The new discovering realm of WTO for Iran's trade policy has been evaluated in this paper. The pros and cons for joining induced us to investigate the effects of Iran's membership on the cement industry. By designing a dynamic disequilibrium adjustment model (DDAM), we use annual data for the period 1963-2002 to estimate a simultaneous system of econometric equations including cement supply, exports, imports, and consumption functions in order to quantify the effects of joining on the cement industry of Iran. One of the main challenges confronting the Iranian cement industry is to improve the competitiveness of the industry by reducing the subsidies, removing restrictions, and price controls. Indeed, the experience of other counties after joining WTO portrays a conflicting profile on the effects of accession on domestic economies. While some countries have developed important trading partners, others have suffered due to the loss of domestic industries. In this paper, we intend to examine the hypothesis of whether reducing the tariff rates will promote Iranian cement industry. The results reveal that joining WTO has negligible effects on consumption, production, and exports, though, will raise imports substantially.
22
Reichel, Richard. "On the Interest Rate Sensitivity of Aggregate Investment in the Euro Zone". Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 10, n. 4 (6 settembre 2022): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5009.v10i4.4603.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of this paper is to estimate the response of aggregate investment to interest rate changes in the Euro zone. Keynesian macroeconomic theory assumes that there is an inverse relationship between investment and interest rates, but empirical evidence is inconclusive. Interestingly, there are no studies relating macroeconomic investment to central bank rates in the Euro zone, despite the importance of this question for European monetary policy. To check whether the inverse interest rate – investment nexus holds for the Euro zone we conducted a comprehensive econometric study. In particular, we estimated a modified accelerator model that related aggregate investment in levels and the investment-to GDP (gross domestic product) ratio to income, interest rates and a set of control variables. The model was estimated by OLS (ordinary least squares) and simultaneous-equations methods such as TSLS (two-stage least squares) and GMM (generalized method of moments). The study was unable to uncover a significant interest rate effect on investment in the Euro zone. Thus, there is little support for the expansionary monetary policy of the European Central Bank.
23
Hartoyo, Sri, Eka Intan K.P., Novindra Novindra e Hastuty Hastuty. "Dampak Kenaikan Harga Minyak Bumi terhadap Ketersediaan Minyak Goreng Sawit Domestik". Jurnal Ekonomi dan Pembangunan Indonesia 11, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2011): 169–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.21002/jepi.v11i2.188.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper attempts to examine the impact of rising fossil fuel prices on the increasing impact on the demand of alternative fuels (biofuels), and its impact on food availability in Indonesia. An econometric model using simultaneous equations is employed. An increase in world crude oil price for 0,192 percent caused the price of real Indonesian palm oil export raised by 10,64 percent. Consequently, a larger biodiesel production is needed to meet their crease of world's consumer demand for biodiesel. Also, with the increase in real export price of Indonesian palm oil, it will encourage palm oil producers to push their export volume. Indonesian palm oil exporter expected to increase by 6,37 percent to finally push the domestic CPO price increase for 1,85 percent. Rising domestic oil prices are causing oil demand in the palm oil industry to decline by 0,49 percent and in the end resulting in the decline of palm oil production by 1,56 percent.
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Napitupulu, Tia Sofiani, Djaimi B. Akce, Almasdi Syahza, Brilliant Asmit e Syaiful Hadi. "MODEL PENAWARAN DAN PERMINTAAN MINYAK KELAPA SAWIT INDONESIA DI PASAR INTERNASIONAL". DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 35, n. 3 (30 gennaio 2020): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2019.vol35(3).4575.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is the leading producer of palm oil in the world. In 2016 Indonesia and Malaysia produced 81% of the world's palm oil. This study aims to analyze the response of the supply and demand for Indonesian palm oil in the world market. This study used time-series data from 1980-2016. The model built is an econometric model, simultaneous equations. To answer the research objectives, the data were analyzed using the Two Stages Least Square (2SLS) method. The main finding of this study is that in the short term, there are no responsive variables. In the long term, the variable that is responsive to the supply of Indonesian palm oil is the lag area of Indonesian palm oil. In the Malaysian palm oil supply equation, the response variable is the lag area of Malaysian palm oil. In terms of domestic demand for Indonesian palm oil, there are no responsive variables both in the short and long term. In the equation of demand for Malaysian palm oil, the responsive variables are the price of Malaysian palm oil and the price of Malaysian coconut oil. In the international demand for palm oil, the responsive variables are the increase in world palm oil prices, world palm oil prices, 2-year lag in world palm oil prices, and GDP per capita Pakistan. In terms of price, the responsive variable affecting the price of Indonesian palm oil is the world price of palm oil.
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Kuzmin, P. I., e A. G. Zinoviev. "ANALYSIS AND ASSESSMENT OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT USING THE ANALOG MODEL OF L. R. KLEIN". Economics Profession Business, n. 2 (10 giugno 2020): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb201972.
Abstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the use of analysis and assessment methods for the development of the regional economy, based on a system of interrelated indicators characterizing the state and development of the region’s economy. One of these key statistics is gross regional product. Based on the gross regional product, an assessment is made of the results of production, the level of socio-economic development, the volume of material wealth of the population, the rate of economic growth, etc. The specifics of the conditions of the regional economic system, with the leading role of territorial factors in the development of socio-economic processes in the region, requires the need to formulate new approaches to assessing and analyzing the development of the regional economy that meet the requirements of a market economy. The basis of such approaches is the mechanism of using econometric methods in the process of economic and mathematical modeling of gross regional product in order to show the relationship and interdependence between the main economic indicators of the region. Using an analogue of the model L. R. Klein, the authors of this article built a system of simultaneous equations that establish the relationship between the gross regional product (GRP) and the aggregate of the main regional indicators of the Altai Territory based on statistical information from the Federal State Statistics Service in the Altai Territory. The construction of such an econometric GRP model will allow for continuous monitoring and diagnostics of the main generalizing economic indicators of the region, relying on the identified causal relationships between them, as well as identifying regional factors in the structure of the GRP, contributing to the acceleration of the socioeconomic development of the region, both in terms of the conditions for their formation and increase the efficiency of their use, and in ensuring sustainability and determining forecast estimates of the region’s economy. Based on the constructed model, the article analyzes the interconnections and interdependencies of the gross regional product on the cost of fixed assets, investments, the actual volume of household consumption and other economic indicators in comparable prices in 2016.
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Purwaningrat, Linda, Tanti Novianti e Saktyanu Kristyantoadi Dermoredjo. "DAMPAK PENINGKATAN KONSUMSI KARET ALAM DOMESTIK TERHADAP KESEJAHTERAAN PETANI KARET INDONESIA". SEPA: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian dan Agribisnis 17, n. 2 (28 febbraio 2021): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/sepa.v17i2.42198.
Abstract (sommario):
<div>Rubber is a people's commodity that contributes greatly to the Indonesian economy. However, the price of natural rubber fluctuates with a downward trend, thus affecting state income and the welfare of Indonesian rubber farmers. Therefore, the natural rubber producing countries in the ITRC forum agreed to increase domestic natural rubber consumption in their respective countries as an effort to stabilize the price of rubber in the world. This policy was later referred to as the Demand</div><div>Promotion Scheme (DPS). This study aims to see the impact of the application of DPS as a domestic natural rubber trade policy on the welfare of Indonesian rubber</div><div>farmers. The analysis uses an econometric model in the form of a system of</div><div>simultaneous equations which is estimated by the Two-Stage Least Squares (2SLS)</div><div>method using the 1992–2017 annual data series. The results of this study indicate that the implementation of policies to increase domestic natural rubber consumption can improve the welfare of Indonesian rubber farmers.</div>
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Emad Adnan Matyori, Emad Adnan Matyori. "Effect of Government Spending Policies on Education on Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA): أثر سياسات الإنفاق الحكومي على التعليم على مراكمة رأس المال البشري والنمو الاقتصادي في دول الشرق الأوسط وشمال إفريقيا (MENA)". مجلة العلوم الإقتصادية و الإدارية و القانونية 5, n. 16 (29 agosto 2021): 65–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26389/ajsrp.d060121.
Abstract (sommario):
This study aims to estimates the effect of government spending on education and its policies on the accumulation of human capital and then economic growth, for this purpose, we use the econometric method, and employed the simultaneous equations model, for a sample of fourteen countries from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) For the period (1980- 2019); The study concluded, in the first estimates stage of the model, that most of the government spending policies on education used in the study positively affect the accumulation of human capital, except, government spending policy on education at basic educational levels, which had a negative impact. And in the second estimates stage of the model, The study concluded, a positive impact of the accumulated human capital due to government spending on education and its policies on economic growth; Consequently, government spending policies on education positively affect economic growth through the channel of human capital accumulation, expressed in the composite index based on the Barrow- Lee database of average years of schooling for the working- age population, adjusted for the quality and return of education. The study made the following recommendations: interest to international education indicators data, as it is the basis for managing the educational system. Study more government spending policies on education to reveal its role in human capital accumulation and economic growth.: interest to human capital when formulating government policies, targeting its development, and increasing its contribution to GDP.
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Ibrahem, Rehab Said, e Eman Aish Al brahim. "Impact of Saudi's Membership in Global and Arab Economic Blocs on its Agricultural Foreign Trade". Asian Journal of Economic Modelling 9, n. 4 (13 dicembre 2021): 230–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.8.2021.94.230.245.
Abstract (sommario):
In recent years, the world has witnessed many changes in international economic relations, and the global system has crystallized into major economic blocs aimed at strengthening the position of these blocs in the framework of global international trade and economic stability. Accordingly, the research aims to study the impact of the accession of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the membership of some economic blocs on Saudi agricultural foreign trade during the time period (1995-2019). By depend on both descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis. To study the evolution of the value of agricultural exports and imports and the most important factors affecting each of them, used of some indicators of export competitiveness such as a measure of geographical and commodity concentration. Also used the simultaneous equations method to build an econometric model to analyze the structure of agricultural foreign trade and its estimation by Two-Stage least squares (2SLS) method, the paper predicts the future of Saudi agricultural foreign trade. The research relied on secondary data. The results of the study expect that the average per capita share of agricultural exports, imports and agricultural Balance Deficit will reach about 600, 3.600 and 2.900 thousand riyals, respectively, during the year 2026.
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Akhmad, Akhmad, Ambo Asse, Nursalam Nursalam, Ibrahim Ibrahim, Bunyamin Bunyamin, Anssar Anssar e Sahajuddin Sahajuddin. "The Impact of the Increase of Oil Fuel Price and Government Subsidy on Indonesia’s Economic Performance". International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 13, n. 6 (10 novembre 2023): 547–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.15033.
Abstract (sommario):
The policy of increasing domestic fuel oil, as a consequence of rising world oil prices, has resulted in changing economic conditions, bearing in mind that oil prices and production are wrong macroeconomic assumptions and are included in the State Revenue and Expenditure Budget. This study aims to determine the impact of rising fuel prices and government subsidies on Indonesia's economic performance. The data used in this study are time series data from 2000 to 2022. Data were obtained from the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, the Ministry of Finance, and Bank Indonesia. This study uses an econometric model using a system of simultaneous equations. The research results show that; The main factors that caused the increase in domestic fuel prices, including crude oil prices, gasoline, diesel, kerosene and aviation fuel, were the increase in world oil prices and the previous year's oil prices. The estimation results also show that the increase in gasoline and diesel fuel can increase the number of poor people, unemployment and inflation in Indonesia. The policy simulation results show that the increase in oil prices has a significant impact on increasing the number of poor people, increasing unemployment and inflation, if this increase is not followed by subsidies in the form of non-energy.
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Sodano, Valeria, Maria Teresa Gorgitano, Fabio Verneau e Cosimo Damiano Vitale. "Consumer acceptance of food nanotechnology in Italy". British Food Journal 118, n. 3 (7 marzo 2016): 714–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-06-2015-0226.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate attitudes of Italian consumers towards a set of applications of nanotechnology in the food domain. The chief goal is to identify the main factors influencing the willingness to buy nanofoods (WTBN), distinguishing between factors related to the products, in terms of perceived risks and benefits and psychological factors. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire was administered to a sample of about 300 people to gather information about the willingness to buy six nanofoods (namely: creamier ice cream with the same fat content; salt and sugar that do not form lumps with moisture; fruit juices enriched with bioactive molecules; bread enriched with Omega-3; plastic bottles for beer; antimicrobial food packaging for meat) and psychological characteristics, measured by several attitudinal scales. In order to study the influence of the attitudinal factors on the WTBN a simultaneous equations model was estimated, defining both its structural and reduced form. Findings – Respondents show a certain reluctance to buy foods produced using nanotechnologies The estimates of the econometric model indicate that WTBN is affected by the risks and benefits perceived with respect to the six nanofoods under consideration; the level of neophobia, as captured through the food technology neophobia scale; and the level of trust in food industry. Originality/value – The study extends the literature on nanofood consumer acceptance by adding useful evidence from the Italian case, which has not yet been studied.
31
Jamilah, Suci, Suardi Tarumun e Djaimi Bakce. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR DOMINAN YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKONOMI RUMAHTANGGA PETANI PADI SAWAH DI KECAMATAN SUNGAI MANDAU KABUPATEN SIAK". DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 34, n. 1 (13 novembre 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2018.vol34(1).4073.
Abstract (sommario):
This research aims to analyze the dominant factors that respect to household economics of paddy farmers that included production, allocation of work time, income, and expenditure in Sungai Mandau Sub-district, Siak Municipality. The econometric approach using a model of simultaneous equations with Two-Stage Least Square method (2SLS) was used to answer the research goals. The main finding of this research showed that the dominant factors that respect to production are harvest area of paddy and costs of production facilities. Allocation of work time consists of: First, allocation of work time on farming respects the allocation of work time of off-farm and labor force. Second, the hired labor respects to farming income. Third, allocation of work time of off-farm respects to off-farm income, allocation of work time on farming, farmer's work experiences and age of farmers. Income respects to the allocation of work time of off-farm. Expenditure consists of: First, food consumption respects to total income, the number of families, and health spending. Second, non-food consumption respects to total income. Third, education investment respects to total income and the number of school children. Fourth, paddy farming investment respects to total income, harvest area of paddy, and food consumption. Fifth, saving respects to total income, total consumption, education investment, and health spending.
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Yuan, Kai, Yabing Qin, Chenlu Wang, Zihao Li e Tingting Bai. "Balance between Smog Control and Economic Growth in China: Mechanism Analysis Based on the Effect of Green Technology Innovation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n. 2 (13 gennaio 2023): 1475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20021475.
Abstract (sommario):
The balance between smog pollution (SP) control and economic growth (EG) is currently a major problem facing China’s development. Green technology innovation (GTI) is an effective way to promote ecological civilization and realize green development. Thus, whether GTI can facilitate a win–win situation of SP control and stable EG is an important issue of academic concerns. In this paper, the mechanisms of the role of GTI, SP and EG were systematically demonstrated. The corresponding research hypotheses were proposed. Based on the data book of 278 Chinese cities from 2008 to 2020, the effects of GTI on SP and EG were systematically investigated using the econometric estimation method of dynamic spatial panel simultaneous equations. The results show that GTI can reduce SP directly, or indirectly by promoting EG. Although GTI can promote EG, EG may be inhibited due to GTI-induced SP reduction. Inter-regional SP showed significant spatial agglomeration characteristics. EG had significant spatial correlation effects. GTI in neighboring regions can also facilitate local SP control. Further analysis shows that compared with green utility model innovation (GUMI), green invention and innovation (GII) had a more significant effect on reducing SP and promoting EG. In addition, the analysis of the comprehensive effect of GTI on SP and EG shows that GTI can achieve the overall balanced development of SP prevention and EG regardless of GTI types.
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Ahmadzai, Sayed Ajan, Mohammad Shakir Ebrahimi, Najibullah Arshad e Naeemullah Amani. "Impact of Exchange Rates on Returns in Share Market: A Case of Pakistan". Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2, n. 6 (5 gennaio 2024): 156–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.2.6.23.
Abstract (sommario):
The study focused on appraising the influence of exchange rates on returns in the share market: a case of Pakistan. Time-series data spanning 36 years (1980 to 2016) was utilized. To capture the impact of exchange rates on returns in the share market, a theory-based model consisting of six sub-models was planned and estimated through the recursive simultaneous-equations econometric estimation technique. As the data was time series, augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) tests were employed to assess the stationarity of the considered variables. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was chosen due to some variables being found at different levels, such as me (0) and I (1). Bounds tests in the conclusion declared that the value of F-statistics expressed long-run associations among variables. The results revealed that share market returns were positively influenced by the exchange rate. The model also indicated that share market returns were significantly influenced by Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI). Furthermore, National Savings (NS) demonstrated a positive and significant association with share market returns (SMR). The study's outcomes also illustrated that National Income (NI) had a positive and significant influence on SMR. The study encompassed well-expanded details and estimation techniques of various models and measures required in this type of research, especially when utilizing time-series data. Based on research findings, it was suggested that potential researchers reproduce this research to achieve a better and relatively well-conceived, well-estimated model on the topic. Additionally, it was recommended that public and private sector planners and researchers seek guidance not only on statistically significant exogenous variables but also on other explanatory variables for their effects on the endogenous variables.
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Chintia, Marissa, Syaiful Hadi e Djaimi Bakce. "ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR DOMINAN YANG MEMPENGARUHI EKONOMI RUMAHTANGGA PETANI PADI SAWAH DI KECAMATAN BATANG TUAKA KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR". Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian 14, n. 1 (4 aprile 2018): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/jip.v14i1.950.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence the economic decisions of the household paddy farmer associated with the production, allocation of working time, income, and expenditure. To answer the purpose of research conducted by econometric approach using a model of simultaneous equations with the method Two Stage Least Square (2SLS). The data used is the 2016 cross section data which obtained by interviewed 45 paddy farmers in the district of Batang Tuaka. The result showed:Firstly, the dominant factor affected production is harvested area. Secondly, the dominant factors affected allocation of working time are income of farming, allocation of working outside the farming, labor force, age of farmers, the experience of farmers, allocation of working time on farming, farmers education, and the other income of farming.Thirdly, the dominant factors affected other income of farming are allocation of working outside the farming, age of farmers, farmers wife education, and labor force. Fourthly, the dominant factors affected expenditure are household total income, family member, health expenditure, number of children school, harvested area, food consumption, household total expenditure, education invesments, and savings.Policy implications that can be taken by the government to develop paddy farming to increase the production of dried paddy in the district of Batang Tuaka is with the improvement and development of infrastructure and facilities of agriculture. The increase in production to push income needs supported by the pricing of dried paddy pro farmers and stabilize the prices of inputs.
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Budiyanto, Budiyanto, D. S. Priyarsono, Bonar M. Sinaga e Tahlim Sudaryanto. "Regional Governments Spending, Private Investment and Employment Performance in Indonesia". Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 18, n. 3 (9 novembre 2015): 197–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v18i3.23.
Abstract (sommario):
The amount and composition of government spending in fiscal operations has a significant impact on aggregate demand and national output and affects resource allocationin an economy. Therefore, in order to achieve effective economic development, government spending has to be allocated appropriately according to the potentials of each area. Indonesia, which consists of areas with a variety of potential resources would require the determination of the amount and composition of different government spending in order to have an impact on the growth of private investment and employment opportunities are maximized. The purpose of this study is to examine the regional government expenditure performance, private investment and employment opportunities in the area where contribution of the agricultural sector to GRDP is high and low. The study utilizes an econometric model of the system of simultaneous equations using a panel of data of 20 provinces in Indonesia for the period of2003-2011. The 20 sampled provinces were classified into two groups, based on contribution of agriculture sector to the respective regional economy. The estimation results indicate that the determination of the amount of local government spending, both in the areas where the contribution of the agricultural sector to GRDP is either high or low, based on the activity or program of the previous year. Meanwhile, the greater the number of regional government spending for the agricultural sector, the private investment of agricultural sector and employment is increasing.
36
Kennan, J. "Simultaneous Equations Bias in Disaggregated Econometric Models". Review of Economic Studies 56, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1989): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2297756.
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Asnawi, Asnawi. "DAMPAK KEBIJAKAN MAKROEKONOMI TERHADAP KINERJA SUB SEKTOR PERIKANAN DI INDONESIA: SUATU PENDEKATAN EKONOMETRIKA". Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Kelautan dan Perikanan 2, n. 1 (25 luglio 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/jsekp.v2i1.5862.
Abstract (sommario):
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan makroekonomi terhadap kinerja sub sektor perikanan. Model ekonometrika yang dibangun sebagai sistem persamaan simultan yang memasukan variabel kebijakan makroekonomi. Analisis dampak dibedakan dalam 3 (tiga) periode, yaitu sebelum krisis ekonomi periode 1993-1996, pada krisis ekonomi periode 1997-2000 dan pada peramalan periode 2003-2007. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan makroekonomi: (1) depresiasi nilai tukar rupiah, (2) peningkatan kredit di sub sektor perikanan, (3) peningkatan investasi di sub sektor perikanan, (4) kombinasi penurunan tingkat suku bunga dan peningkatan kredit di sub sektor perikanan, dan (5) kombinasi kebijakan 1, 3 dan 4 pada peramalan periode 2003-2007 dapat meningkatkan kinerja sub sektor perikanan (produksi, konsumsi dan ekspor perikanan meningkat). Depresiasi nilai tukar rupiah, peningkatan kredit atau investasi di sub sektor perikanan (kebijakan tunggal) dapat meningkatkan kinerja sub sektor perikanan. Kinerja sub sektor perikanan akan meningkat lebih tinggi apabila dilakukan kombinasi kebijakan yang dapat menurunkan tingkat suku bunga, peningkatan kredit dan investasi di sub sektor perikanan pada kondisi depresiasi nilai tukar rupiah. Tittle: Impacts of Macroeconomic Policy on The Performance of Fisheries Sector in Indonesia: An Econometrics ApproachThis research was intended to analyze the impact of macroeconomic policy on the performance of the fisheries sector. The Econometric model was built in terms of simultaneous equations system, which include macroeconomic policy variables. The impact analysis was elaborated into three periods, i.e. the period before the economic crisis (1993-1996), the period of economic crisis (1997-2000), and the forecasting period (2003-2007). The results of the macroeconomic policies of: (1) depreciation in exchange rate of rupiah, (2) the increasing of credit in fisheries sector, (3) the increasing of investment in fisheries sector, (4) the combination of the decreasing of interest rate and the increasing of credit in fisheries sector, and (5) the policy combination 1, 3 and 4 for the forecasting period 2003-2007 could increase the performance of fisheries sector in terms of production, consumption and fisheries export. The depreciation in exchange rate of rupiah, the increasing of credit or investment in fisheries sector (single policy) could increase the performance of fisheries sector. The performance of fisheries sector will be keep increasing by combining policies of: decreasing of interest rate, increasing of credit in fisheries sector and increasing of investment in fisheries sector at condition depreciations in exchange rate of rupiah.
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Sinuraya, Julia Forcina, Bonar Marulitua Sinaga, Rina Oktaviani e Budiman Hutabarat. "Dampak Kebijakan Pajak Ekspor dan Tarif Impor terhadap Kesejahteraan Produsen dan Konsumen Kakao di Indonesia". Jurnal Agro Ekonomi 35, n. 1 (1 marzo 2018): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jae.v35n1.2017.11-31.
Abstract (sommario):
<strong>English</strong><br />The government of Indonesia is currently promoting development of cocoa processing industries to increase the cocoa added value. The key policy is application of export tax and import tariff for cocoa beans that may cause a number of consequences for the farmers, exporters, and industries. The aim of this research is to analyze impacts of the export tax and import tariff policy on cocoa producers and consumers welfare, and to formulate better policy mix for improving the welfare of cocoa producers and consumer in Indonesia. This research used a simultaneous equation econometric model consisted of 20 structural equations and 9 identity equations that have been estimated using the 2SLS (Two-Staged Least Squares) method using data series of 1989–2014. The results show that the policy of abolishing the cocoa beans export tax increases the producer's welfare but decreases consumers' welfare and total government revenue. Reverse results are obtained if the applied export tax was more than 7%. Import tariff policy of cocoa beans that less than 20% has small impacts on welfare of producers and consumers, but it increases the total government revenue.<br /><br /><br /><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pemerintah Indonesia sedang berupaya meningkatkan nilai tambah kakao dengan mendorong berkembangnya industri pengolahan kakao. Dua kebijakan kunci ialah pengenaan pajak ekspor dan tariff impor yang diperkirakan dapat berdampak nyata bagi petani, eksportir, maupun industri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak kebijakan pajak ekspor dan tarif impor terhadap kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen kakao serta merumuskan kebijakan untuk perbaikan kesejahteraan produsen dan konsumen kakao di Indonesia. Penelitian menggunakan suatu model ekonometrik persamaan simultan terdiri dari 20 persamaan struktural dan 9 persamaan identitas yang diestimasi dengan metode 2SLS (Two Stage Least Squares) menggunakan data series tahunan 1989–2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kebijakan penghapusan pajak ekspor biji kakao berdampak meningkatkan kesejahteraan produsen tetapi menurunkan kesejahteraan konsumen dan total penerimaan pemerintah. Kondisi sebaliknya terjadi apabila dilakukan penerapan pajak ekspor di atas 7%. Kebijakan tarif impor biji kakao di bawah 20% memberikan dampak perubahan yang relatif kecil terhadap kesejahteraan produsen maupun konsumen akan tetapi menambah total penerimaan pemerintah.
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Fofana, Abdulai, e Shabbar Jaffry. "Assessing retail market competition for multi-aquaculture products". Journal of Economic Studies 42, n. 3 (10 agosto 2015): 462–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-08-2013-0117.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate market competition for three product types of salmon (smoke, fresh and whole salmon) to understand whether supermarkets are exercising market power over salmon consumers in the UK retail market. Design/methodology/approach – Competition and the corresponding pricing conduct among supermarkets are tested by applying dynamic structural simultaneous system equations and using similar data set used by Jaffry et al. (2003). Findings – The results indicate that the market is competitive for fresh fillets and whole salmon but retailers appeared to exert some level of market power for smoke salmon. The hypothesis that market power is the same for all three products in the study was rejected; further indicating that the market for fresh products are competitive while retailers may be exercising market power over consumers for smoke salmon. Research limitations/implications – Current data limitations did not allow the investigation to cover the past few years in the modelling process. However, the results are still relevant as there have been no major structural changes in aquaculture products retailing landscape in the recent past. Practical implications – Concerns over the supermarkets’ exercise of market power over consumers have prompted the competition authorities to continue investigating the situation in the UK supermarket sector since 1996. The most recent investigation by competition authorities was in 2006. In all cases, no evidence of market power was found despite increased market concentration. Results from this study generally uphold the claim of the competition authorities in the UK. Originality/value – This is the first study to use a model within a structural econometric framework of firms to test for competitiveness of salmon products in the UK market place.
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Panjaitan, Sri Rumondang Oktavia, Djaimi Bakce e Deby Kurnia. "Analisis Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Keputusan Ekonomi Rumahtangga Petani Padi Sawah di Kecamatan Bangkinang Kabupaten Kampar". SOROT 13, n. 2 (16 ottobre 2018): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31258/sorot.13.2.7068.
Abstract (sommario):
Secara umum penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap keputusan ekonomi rumahtangga petani padi sawah terkait dengan produksi, alokasi waktu kerja, pendapatan, dan pengeluaran. Pendekatan ekonometrika model persamaan simultan dengan metode Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) digunakan untuk menjawab tujuan penelitian. Faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi produksi, alokasi waktu kerja, pendapatan, dan pengeluaran yaitu upah, harga input, harga output, umur, pendidikan, pengalaman kerja, angkatan kerja keluarga, jumlah anggota keluarga, dan jumlah anak sekolah. Data yang digunakan adalah data cross section tahun 2016 yang diperoleh dari wawancara langsung dengan 45 petani padi sawah di Kecamatan Bangkinang. Temuan utama dari penelitian ini menunjukkan Peubah total tenaga kerja dalam usaha responsif mempengaruhi produksi. Alokasi waktu kerja dipengaruhi secara responsif oleh pendapatan dalam usahatani padi sawah. Sementara itu, tidak ada peubah yang responsif mempengaruhi pendapatan luar usahatani padi sawah. Pengeluaran rumahatangga dipengaruhi secara responsif oleh pendapatan total rumahtangga, tabungan, total curahan kerja rumahtangga, dan konsumsi total rumahtangga.This research aims to analyse factors affecting the economic household decision of paddy farmers, associated with production, allocation of working time, income and expenditure. An econometric model of simultaneous equations approach to the Two-Stage Least Square method (2SLS) was used to answer the research objectives. The factors that influence the production, allocation of work time, income, and expenses are wages, input prices, output prices, age, education, work experience, family labour force, the number of family members, and the number of school children. The data used was the 2016 cross-section data obtained by interviewed 45 paddy farmers in Bangkinang Sub-district. The main findings of this research showed variable of the used labour was responsive respect to production. Allocation of working time was responsive respected by the income of paddy farming. In the other hand, there was no variable that responsive respect to income for non-paddy agriculture. Expenditures of the household were responsively respected by total income, saving, the total of working time allocation and total consumption.
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Nuswandari, Inti, Edi Wibowo e Miralda Indiarti. "PENGARUH INFLASI, SUBSIDI BBM, DAN ANGGARAN INFRASTRUKTUR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI". Jurnal Manajemen Kewirausahaan 18, n. 1 (16 luglio 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33370/jmk.v18i1.495.
Abstract (sommario):
Ada beberapa faktor yang bisa mempengaruhi laju “pertumbuhan ekonomi di Indonesia”. Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh inflasi, subsidi BBM, dan anggaran infrastruktur terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Ketiga komponen ini memiliki peranan penting di dalam pergerakan pertumbuhan ekonomi nasional. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah unuk mengetahui pengaruh atas inflasi, subsidi BBM dan anggaran infrastruktur terhadap tingkat pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia. Penelitian yang dilakukan menggunakan pendekatan ekonometrika dalam bentuk model sistem persamaan simultan yang variable bebasnya adalah inflasi, subsidi BBM, anggaran infrastruktur sementara pertumbuhan ekonomi Indonesia sebagai variable terikatnya. Hasil penelitian melalui uji t menyatakan bahwa ketiga variable yang merupakan variable bebas tersebut secara terpisah memiliki pengaruh signifikan terhadap variable terikat. Dari Uji F didapatkan pula bahwa ketiga variable bebas tersebut secara bersama-sama memberikan pengaruh terhadap variabel terikat. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dihasilkan ini diharapkan dapat menjadi acuan atau referensi dalam pengambilan kebijakan-kebijakan terkait perekonomian Indonesia. Pemerintah, dalam hal ini sebagai penyelenggara negara diharapkan mampu membuat kebijakan yang mendorong peningkatan pertumbuhan perekonomian yang berimplikasi pada peningkatan kesejahteraan masyarakat. Kebijakan pengendalian inflasi, kebijakan subsidi serta kebijakan anggaran harus terus didorong ke arah tercapainya pertumbuhan ekonomi yang berkesinambungan. Kata kunci: bahan bakar minyak (BBM), inflasi, infrastruktur, pertumbuhan ekonomi There are several factors that can affect the rate of economic growth in Indonesia. This study analyzes the effect of inflation, fuel subsidies, and infrastructure budget on economic growth. These three components have an important role in the movement of national economic growth. This study has purpose to determine the effect of inflation, fuel subsidies and infrastructure budget on Indonesia's economic growth rate. The study was built using the econometric approach in the form of a simultaneous equations model consisting of inflation, fuel subsidies, the infrastructure budget as the independent variable and Indonesian Economic Growth as the dependent variable. The results of the study stated that the three independent variables have an influence on the dependent variable. Based on the results of this study, it is expected to be a reference in making policies related to the Indonesian economy. The government, as the state administrator is expected to be able to make policies that encourage the increased of economic growth which has implications for improving people's welfare. Inflation control policies, subsidy policies and budget policies must continue to be encouraged towards achieving sustainable economic growth. Keywords: economic growth, fuel, inflation, infrastructure
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Bergstrom, A. R. "The History of Continuous-Time Econometric Models". Econometric Theory 4, n. 3 (dicembre 1988): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600013359.
Abstract (sommario):
Although it is only during the last decade that continuous-time models have been extensively used in applied econometric work, the development of statistical methods applicable to such models commenced over 40 years ago. The first significant contribution to the problem of estimating the parameters of continuous-time stochastic models from discrete data was made by the British statistician Bartlett [1946] only three years after the pioneering contribution of Haavelmo [1943] on simultaneous equations models. Moreover, by this time the fundamental mathematical theory of continuous-time stochastic models was already well developed, major contributions having been made by some of the leading mathematicians of the twentieth century, including Einstein, Weiner, and Kolmogorov.
43
Caner, Mehmet. "PIVOTAL STRUCTURAL CHANGE TESTS IN LINEAR SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS WITH WEAK IDENTIFICATION". Econometric Theory 27, n. 2 (27 agosto 2010): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466610000290.
Abstract (sommario):
Asymptotically pivotal structural change tests are developed for simultaneous equations with weakly identified parameters, extending the boundedly pivotal tests of Caner (2007, Journal of Econometrics 137, 28–67) by means of a simple reparametrization of the model.
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Heckman, James J., e Thomas E. Macurdy. "A Simultaneous Equations Linear Probability Model". Canadian Journal of Economics 18, n. 1 (febbraio 1985): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/135111.
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Hsiao, Cheng. "Cointegration and Dynamic Simultaneous Equations Model". Econometrica 65, n. 3 (maggio 1997): 647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2171757.
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Krishnakumar, J., e E. Ronchetti. "Robust estimators for simultaneous equations models". Journal of Econometrics 78, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 295–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-4076(97)80014-0.
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Newey, Whitney K., James L. Powell e Francis Vella. "Nonparametric Estimation of Triangular Simultaneous Equations Models". Econometrica 67, n. 3 (maggio 1999): 565–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1468-0262.00037.
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Blundell, Richard, e Rosa L. Matzkin. "Control functions in nonseparable simultaneous equations models". Quantitative Economics 5, n. 2 (luglio 2014): 271–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe281.
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Mugableh, Mohamed Ibrahim, e Mohammad Salem Oudat. "Economic Growth and Financial Development nexus in Malaysia: Dynamic Simultaneous Equations Models". Asian Journal of Finance & Accounting 10, n. 1 (15 aprile 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ajfa.v10i1.12736.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper estimates the equilibrium and causality relationships among gross domestic product, energy consumption, financial development, foreign direct investment inflows, and gross fixed capital formation. Different econometrics tests like descriptive statistics, ARCH, KPSS unit root, Johansen and Juselius’s co-integration, VECM Granger causality, and ARDL equilibrium relationships have been employed in Malaysia over the (1971−2013) period. The correlation matrix results indicate a linear association among variables. The null hypotheses of Heteroscedasticity and non-stationary have been rejected implying the appropriate use of VECM and ARDL approach. The VECM Granger causality findings show a long-run bidirectional among the variables. The ARDL approach results demonstrate that energy consumption, financial development, foreign direct investment inflows, and gross fixed capital formation augment gross domestic product in long-run. However, the findings of this paper add essential implications to policy makers and scholars in fields of economic, energy, and finance.
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Farebrother, R. W. "Unbiased Prediction in a Simple Simultaneous Equations Model". Econometric Theory 6, n. 2 (giugno 1990): 288–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600005223.