Articoli di riviste: "Similarity (Psychology)"

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NAKAMOTO, Keiko, e Kenpei SHIINA. "Similarity in cognitive psychology". Journal of Japan Society for Fuzzy Theory and Systems 13, n. 5 (2001): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3156/jfuzzy.13.5_3.

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Ivanov, Lachezar, Jordan Buck e Rory Sutherland. "The evolution-similarity matrix: an evolutionary psychology perspective on cross-cultural advertising". Innovative Marketing 16, n. 2 (3 luglio 2020): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/im.16(2).2020.12.

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Abstract (sommario):

Corrections to the article made on November 24, 2020 The standardization/adaptation debate in cross-cultural advertising is a topic on which little consensus prevails and which remains heavily discussed. Using evolutionary psychology, this paper presents a typology of advertising cues and explains their cross-cultural relevance and transportability. The paper highlights three distinct categories – human universals (evolved similarities), local adaptations (evolved differences), and local socialization (differences not due to evolution). The paper contributes to advertising theory by providing a meta-framework for the study of cross-cultural similarities and differences in the processing of advertising cues. It further assists advertising practice by delivering a framework aiding in cross-cultural advertising copy decisions. By raising the questions that the paper poses to develop the proposed typology categories, advertisers can identify which advertising cues are malleable by advertising and which are based on innate human preferences and are relatively stable. With that knowledge in hand, advertisers can decide when and to what extent to use a standardization approach versus an adaptation approach.

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Savic, Olivera, e Hope Sample. "What makes for conceptual similarity?" Theoria, Beograd 60, n. 4 (2017): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/theo1704077s.

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A significant number of phenomena in psychology is explained in terms of similarity. While the term has found to be useful in understanding and defining other phenomena, the similarity itself remains to be poorly understood and defined. Here we aim to discuss the current status of the concept of similarity as it is applied to research in cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience.

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Grant, Peter R. "Reactions to intergroup similarity: Examination of the similarity-differentiation and the similarity-attraction hypotheses." Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science/Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement 25, n. 1 (1993): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0078789.

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Rushton, J. Philippe. "Ethnic nationalism, evolutionary psychology and Genetic Similarity Theory*". Nations and Nationalism 11, n. 4 (ottobre 2005): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2005.00216.x.

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Griggs, Richard A., e Pam Marek. "Similarity of Introductory Psychology Textbooks: Reality or Illusion?" Teaching of Psychology 28, n. 4 (ottobre 2001): 254–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328023top2804_03.

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Rushton, J. Philippe. "Age similarity is genetic similarity". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15, n. 1 (marzo 1992): 108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00067777.

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Sprecher, Susan. "Does (Dis)Similarity Information about a New Acquaintance Lead to Liking or Repulsion? An Experimental Test of a Classic Social Psychology Issue". Social Psychology Quarterly 82, n. 3 (15 luglio 2019): 303–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0190272519855954.

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Decades of social psychology research has established the importance of similarity in leading to attraction. However, in response to early social psychology experiments demonstrating the similarity effect, Rosenbaum proposed the repulsion hypothesis, arguing that similarity does not lead to liking, but rather, dissimilarity leads to repulsion. Research to address whether dissimilarity carries more weight than similarity has generally involved participants’ reactions to sterile information about a bogus other whom they never meet. In contrast, in this study ( N = 150), individuals first greeted another participant over Skype before they received manipulated (bogus) information on similarity or dissimilarity. In support of the similarity-attraction hypothesis, the two-step experimental design indicated that the participants in the similarity condition experienced an increase in liking and other positive reactions from before to after the receipt of the bogus similarity information. Participants in the dissimilarity condition, however, experienced no change (i.e., no repulsion effect).

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Pothos, Emmanuel M. "The rules versus similarity distinction". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 28, n. 1 (febbraio 2005): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x05000014.

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The distinction between rules and similarity is central to our understanding of much of cognitive psychology. Two aspects of existing research have motivated the present work. First, in different cognitive psychology areas we typically see different conceptions of rules and similarity; for example, rules in language appear to be of a different kind compared to rules in categorization. Second, rules processes are typically modeled as separate from similarity ones; for example, in a learning experiment, rules and similarity influences would be described on the basis of separate models. In the present article, I assume that the rules versus similarity distinction can be understood in the same way in learning, reasoning, categorization, and language, and that a unified model for rules and similarity is appropriate. A rules process is considered to be a similarity one where only a single or a small subset of an object's properties are involved. Hence, rules and overall similarity operations are extremes in a single continuum of similarity operations. It is argued that this viewpoint allows adequate coverage of theory and empirical findings in learning, reasoning, categorization, and language, and also a reassessment of the objectives in research on rules versus similarity.

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Medin, Douglas L., Robert L. Goldstone e Dedre Gentner. "Respects for similarity." Psychological Review 100, n. 2 (1993): 254–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.100.2.254.

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Mellers, Barbara A., e Karen Biagini. "Similarity and choice." Psychological Review 101, n. 3 (1994): 505–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.3.505.

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Hyde, Melissa K., e Katherine M. White. "Similarity not favourability". Journal of Health Psychology 14, n. 7 (28 settembre 2009): 888–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105309340990.

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Furr, R. Michael. "A Framework for Profile Similarity: Integrating Similarity, Normativeness, and Distinctiveness". Journal of Personality 76, n. 5 (ottobre 2008): 1267–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00521.x.

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Lamont, Alexandra, e Nicola Dibben. "Motivic Structure and the Perception of Similarity". Music Perception 18, n. 3 (2001): 245–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/mp.2001.18.3.245.

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This paper presents a theoretical and empirical investigation into the ways in which different listeners perceive similarity relationships in different kinds of music. We first extend the current understanding of similarity relations in music by drawing together theory and evidence from general cognitive psychology, cognitive psychology of music, and music theory. In the empirical study, trained musicians and nonmusicians rated the similarity of pairs of extracts from piano pieces by Beethoven (Sonata op. 10, no. 1, first movement) and Schoenberg (Klavierstüück op. 33a) and provided adjective ratings for each extract. Similarity judgments were found to be context-specific and roughly equivalent for both types of listener, and were primarily based on more "surface" features such as dynamics, articulation, texture, and contour rather than on "deeper" features such as motivic or harmonic relationships. The implications for music-theoretic views of similarity are discussed.

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Krebs, Dennis. "Detecting genetic similarity without detecting genetic similarity". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12, n. 3 (settembre 1989): 533–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00057514.

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Kenny, David A., e Linda K. Acitelli. "Measuring similarity in couples." Journal of Family Psychology 8, n. 4 (1994): 417–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.8.4.417.

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Marks, Gary, e Norman Miller. "Perceptions of Attitude Similarity". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 14, n. 1 (marzo 1988): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167288141010.

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Vandierendonck, André, e Jean-Pierre Thibaut. "Similarity and Categorization: Introduction". Psychologica Belgica 35, n. 2-3 (1 gennaio 1995): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.879.

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H.W. Civettini, Nicole. "Similarity and Group Performance". Social Psychology Quarterly 70, n. 3 (settembre 2007): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019027250707000305.

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This paper investigates the effects that different patterns of similarity among group members have on a group's performance on a problem-solving task. I discuss and test hypotheses on the effects of similarity on group performance derived from two literatures: balance theory and research on homophily. In an experiment I found that the relative balance of the pattern of similarity was more important in predicting how quickly groups establish norms of interaction and complete a task than how similar group members were to each other. Neither balance nor the degree of similarity had a significant effect on the quality of the groups' work. I conclude that groups with balanced similarity structures produce task solutions that approximate the quality of those from other groups, but they do so in significantly less time. That is, balanced groups are more efficient than unbalanced groups.

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Collisson, Brian, e Jennifer L. Howell. "The Liking-Similarity Effect: Perceptions of Similarity as a Function of Liking". Journal of Social Psychology 154, n. 5 (25 luglio 2014): 384–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224545.2014.914882.

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Dang, Junhua, Shanshan Xiao, Xiaoyan Sun, N. Y. Louis Lee e Lihua Mao. "Similarity as threat: A motivational explanation of self-other similarity judgment asymmetry". European Journal of Social Psychology 45, n. 3 (1 marzo 2015): 336–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2093.

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Corter, James E., e Amos Tversky. "Extended similarity trees". Psychometrika 51, n. 3 (settembre 1986): 429–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02294065.

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Avery, Derek R., Scott Tonidandel e McKensy G. Phillips. "Similarity on Sports Sidelines: How Mentor–Protégé Sex Similarity Affects Mentoring". Sex Roles 58, n. 1-2 (29 settembre 2007): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11199-007-9321-2.

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Gentner, Dedre. "Exhuming similarity". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 24, n. 4 (agosto 2001): 669. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x01350082.

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Abstract (sommario):

Tenenbaum and Griffiths' paper attempts to subsume theories of similarity – including spatial models, featural models, and structure-mapping models – into a framework based on Bayesian generalization. But in so doing it misses significant phenomena of comparison. It would be more fruitful to examine how comparison processes suggest hypotheses than to try to derive similarity from Bayesian reasoning. [Shepard; Tenenbaum & Griffiths]

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Medin, Douglas L., Robert L. Goldstone e Dedre Gentner. "Similarity Involving Attributes and Relations: Judgments of Similarity and Difference Are Not Inverses". Psychological Science 1, n. 1 (gennaio 1990): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00069.x.

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Conventional wisdom and previous research suggest that similarity judgments and difference judgments are inverses of one another. An exception to this rule arises when both relational similarity and attributional similarity are considered. When presented with choices that are relationally or attributionally similar to a standard, human subjects tend to pick the relationally similar choice as more similar to the standard and as more different from the standard. These results not only reinforce the general distinction between attributes and relations but also show that attributes and relations are dynamically distinct in the processes that give rise to similarity and difference judgments.

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Deal, James E., Charles F. Halverson e Karen Smith Wampler. "Parental Similarity on Child-Rearing Orientations: Effects of Stereotype Similarity". Journal of Social and Personal Relationships 16, n. 1 (febbraio 1999): 87–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265407599161005.

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LaPrelle, John, Rick H. Hoyle, Chester A. Insko e Paul Bernthal. "Interpersonal attraction and descriptions of the traits of others: Ideal similarity, self similarity, and liking". Journal of Research in Personality 24, n. 2 (giugno 1990): 216–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(90)90018-2.

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Weber, Matthew, e Daniel Osherson. "Similarity and Induction". Review of Philosophy and Psychology 1, n. 2 (24 novembre 2009): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13164-009-0017-0.

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Goldstone, Robert L., Douglas L. Medin e Jamin Halberstadt. "Similarity in context". Memory & Cognition 25, n. 2 (marzo 1997): 237–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03201115.

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Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sarah Humberg e Steffen Nestler. "Testing Similarity Effects with Dyadic Response Surface Analysis". European Journal of Personality 32, n. 6 (novembre 2018): 627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2169.

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Dyadic similarity effect hypotheses state that the (dis)similarity between dyad members (e.g. the similarity on a personality dimension) is related to a dyadic outcome variable (e.g. the relationship satisfaction of both partners). Typically, these hypotheses have been investigated by using difference scores or other profile similarity indices as predictors of the outcome variables. These approaches, however, have been vigorously criticized for their conceptual and statistical shortcomings. Here, we introduce a statistical method that is based on polynomial regression and addresses most of these shortcomings: dyadic response surface analysis. This model is tailored for similarity effect hypotheses and fully accounts for the dyadic nature of relationship data. Furthermore, we provide a tutorial with an illustrative example and reproducible R and Mplus scripts that should assist substantive researchers in precisely formulating, testing, and interpreting their dyadic similarity effect hypotheses. © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology

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Kos, Anthony J., e Clement Psenicka. "Measuring Cluster Similarity across Methods". Psychological Reports 86, n. 3 (giugno 2000): 858–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2000.86.3.858.

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Cluster analysis techniques delineate groupings or categories of observations based on some shared commonality over a set of variables. If such groupings can be formed, their commonality may be investigated to define relationships that may otherwise go undetected given their complexity. However, the cluster analyses are inappropriate unless the results can be replicated. A number of clustering techniques are available, differing mostly in the technical criteria used to judge the similarity of the observations. There is added validity to the cluster structure when different methods produce similar groupings however, in most cases, different clustering techniques will not produce identical clusters and the extent of cluster similarity becomes an important measure. In this paper the hypergeometric distribution is used to gauge cluster similarity across different methods, providing an appropriate measure of consistency. This measure is used to validate reproducibility of the clusters.

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Michaelson, Alaina, e Noshir S. Contractor. "Structural Position and Perceived Similarity". Social Psychology Quarterly 55, n. 3 (settembre 1992): 300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2786798.

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Martin, Joanne. "Institutional Theory: Explaining Organizational Similarity". Contemporary Psychology: A Journal of Reviews 35, n. 3 (marzo 1990): 231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/028348.

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McFarland, Cathy, e Dale T. Miller. "Judgments of Self-Other Similarity". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 16, n. 3 (settembre 1990): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0146167290163006.

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Reijnen, Ester, Dieter Wallach, Markus Stöcklin, Tanja Kassuba e Klaus Opwis. "Color Similarity in Visual Search". Swiss Journal of Psychology 66, n. 4 (dicembre 2007): 191–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.66.4.191.

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In the present study, we investigated the role of phenomenologically perceived color differences between stimuli in determining visual search efficiency. We contrasted this with predictions based on the categorical color status, as proposed by Wolfe’s Guided Search 2 model. We first asked participants to rate the color similarity of each pair of stimuli (pairwise comparison). The results were combined using multidimensional scaling to produce a similarity metric, which was subsequently used to define stimulus similarities for two visual search experiments. The results demonstrate that the time required by participants to find a target is more adequately explained by the perceived similarity of colors than by color categories.

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Murphy, Gregory L., e Thomas L. Spalding. "Knowledge, Similarity, and Concept Formation". Psychologica Belgica 35, n. 2-3 (1 gennaio 1995): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.882.

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Goldstone, Robert L. "Mainstream and Avant-Garde Similarity". Psychologica Belgica 35, n. 2-3 (1 gennaio 1995): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.5334/pb.883.

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Duncan, John, e Glyn W. Humphreys. "Visual search and stimulus similarity." Psychological Review 96, n. 3 (1989): 433–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.96.3.433.

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Glucksberg, Sam, e Boaz Keysar. "Understanding metaphorical comparisons: Beyond similarity." Psychological Review 97, n. 1 (1990): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.97.1.3.

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Heimberg, Richard G., Maryrose C. Acerra e Ann Holstein. "Partner similarity mediates interpersonal anxiety". Cognitive Therapy and Research 9, n. 4 (agosto 1985): 443–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01173092.

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Froehlich, L., A. R. Dorrough, A. Glöckner e S. Stürmer. "Similarity Predicts Cross-National Social Preferences". Social Psychological and Personality Science 12, n. 8 (8 gennaio 2021): 1486–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550620982704.

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Humans are not purely selfish money maximizers. Most individuals take into account consequences for others in their decisions, reflecting social preferences. In a large-scale study ( N = 2,889) involving population-representative samples from 10 nations, we investigated social preferences toward different national out-groups. Social preferences varied systematically depending on the other person’s nationality. Individuals showed higher social preferences toward others from nations rated similar to their own nation in terms of the stereotype content dimensions of agency, conservative/progressive beliefs, and communion (ABC) and, to a lesser extent, the Hofstede cultural dimensions. Similarity according to the ABC stereotypes more strongly predicted out-group-specific social preferences than similarity according to the Hofstede cultural dimensions. The effects of similarity on social preferences increased with identification with the national in-group. Results support self-categorization theory, but not social identity theory, indicating that perceptions of similarity influence interaction behavior between individuals from different nations.

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Hough, Leaetta M., e Teresa L. Russell. "Metrics for assessing similarity of jobs". Industrial and Organizational Psychology 15, n. 1 (marzo 2022): 55–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2021.129.

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Ullrich, Johannes, e Joachim I. Krueger. "Interpersonal Liking From Bivariate Attitude Similarity". Social Psychological and Personality Science 1, n. 3 (luglio 2010): 214–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550610368315.

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Klirs, Elisha Guren, e William Revelle. "Predicting variability from perceived situational similarity". Journal of Research in Personality 20, n. 1 (marzo 1986): 34–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0092-6566(86)90107-8.

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Honke, Garrett, e Kenneth J. Kurtz. "Similarity is as similarity does? A critical inquiry into the effect of thematic association on similarity". Cognition 186 (maggio 2019): 115–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2019.01.016.

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Fishman, Alon. "English similarity predicates construe particular dimensions of similarity". Cognitive Linguistics 31, n. 3 (27 agosto 2020): 453–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cog-2018-0086.

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AbstractThis paper investigates the ways English speakers employ the predicates like, similar, and resemble to express similarity in natural speech. A corpus of 450 instances was created and manually coded, and an acceptability rating experiment was conducted. Converging evidence from the corpus analysis and the experiment shows that the three predicates occur with the same range of uses, but differ in their propensities to occur with particular dimensions of similarity. Specifically, like is associated with metaphorical comparisons, and resemble is associated with visual comparisons. A synchronic account of these findings is developed, based on a distinction between conventionally encoded meaning and prototypical usage. A diachronic account is also proposed, highlighting the commonality in the predicates’ conceptual origins and the differences in their historical usage. This work has theoretical and methodological implications for the study of similarity. In particular, it raises the possibility that previous findings may be distorted due to a reliance on certain similarity predicates in the phrasing of experimental instructions and stimuli. It also ties into debates on synonymy, suggesting a shift in attention from a distinction between denotational and associative meaning, to the aforementioned distinction between conventional and prototypical meaning.

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Guéguen, Nicolas. "Similarity and Sensitive Topics Survey: When Similarity Elicits Answers to Intimate Questions in Survey Research". Current Psychology 34, n. 1 (13 giugno 2014): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-014-9240-7.

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Champagne, Beatriz M., e Lawrence A. Pervin. "The relation of perceived situation similarity to perceived behavior similarity: Implications for social learning theory". European Journal of Personality 1, n. 2 (giugno 1987): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010203.

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A number of theories suggest that people behave similarly in similar situations. Social learning theory in particular suggests that people behave similarly in situations perceived to be similar in their pattern of reinforcement contingencies. This study used two measures of perception of behavior similarity and three measures of perception of situation similarity for 20 situations chosen by each of II female subjects as beingss characteristic of her current life. Measures of perceived behavior similarity included paired comparison judgments and analyses of similarity of ratings of behavior probabilities. Measures of perceived situation similarity included paired comparison judgments and analyses of similarity of ratings of outcome or reinforcement contingencies for the specified behaviors, including both internal and external reinforcers. In addition, reliability estimates were obtained on some tasks. Results indicated the following: (1) Generally there was a statistically significant relationship between measures of perceived situation similarity and measures of perceived behavior similarity. The magnitude of the relationship varied considerably from subject to subject. (2) Measures of the same variables did not show better agreement with one another than they did with measures of the different variables, despite evidence of adequate reliability. The data suggested general support for social learning theory but also evidence that factors other than perceived reinforcers in the situation influence how situations are perceived and how people behave in them.

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Hahn, Ulrike, Nick Chater e Lucy B. Richardson. "Similarity as transformation". Cognition 87, n. 1 (febbraio 2003): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(02)00184-1.

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Melara, Robert D., Lawrence E. Marks e Kathryn E. Lesko. "Optional processes in similarity judgments". Perception & Psychophysics 51, n. 2 (marzo 1992): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03212237.

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Similarity (Psychology)"

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