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1
Acharya, Sankarshan. Sovereign debt buybacks as a signal of creditworthiness. Washington, D.C. (1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433): International Economics Department, World Bank, 1989.
2
Carroll, Anya A. Safety of highway-railroad grade crossings: Use of auxiliary external alerting devices to improve locomotive conspicuity. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Railroad Administration, Office of Research and Development, 1995.
3
Ismail, Ayman Farouk. Higher Order Repetitive Control for External Signals with Uncertain Periods. [New York, N.Y.?]: [publisher not identified], 2022.
4
Jockers, Matthew L. Style. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter shows how stylistic signals can be derived from high-frequency features and how the usage, or nonusage, of those features was susceptible to influences that are external to the so-called “authorial style,” external influences such as genre, time, and gender. These aspects of style were explored using a controlled corpus of 106 British novels where genre was a key point of analysis. The chapter first provides an overview of statistical or quantitative authorship attribution before discussing the author's project, in which he analyzed the degree to which novelistic genres express a distinguishable stylistic signal by focusing on the distribution of novels in a corpus based on their genres and decades of publication. Through a series of experiments, he demonstrates the use of the classification methodology as a way of measuring the extent to which factors beyond an individual author's personal style may play a role in determining the linguistic usage and style of the resulting text.
5
and, Bruno. Attention and Learning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198725022.003.0009.
Abstract (sommario):
Attention can be defined as a multifaceted gateway to consciousness. We use attention to focus on specific sensory signals (selective attention), to allocate resources to concurrent relevant sources (divided attention), to switch between tasks (alternate attention), to maintain focus on a task for a prolonged period (sustained attention), to ready ourselves for a quick response to sudden novel information (alertness); and all these processes, to some extent, control what sensory signals are processed up to the level of conscious awareness. The multifarious functions of attention often involve multisensory interactions, and in this chapter, will we discuss three broad issues in studying multisensory attention. We will start by considering multisensory spatial attention to signals within different sensory channels in a goal directed manner, in comparison to conditions whereby attention is automatically engaged by external multisensory signals. Next, we will discuss multisensory non-spatial attention. In conclusion, we will discuss the implications for multisensory learning and memory.
6
Millikan, Ruth Garrett. Markers of Identity and Grounded Infosigns. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198717195.003.0015.
Abstract (sommario):
Some ways that identity of the referents of two signs may be marked is by recurrence of the same sign design (“duplicates markers”), by use of the same sign token over again (“Strawson markers”), and by various anaphorical relations (anaphors). Strawson markers, of which “mental files” are an example, are of particular interest, their occurrence or use very significantly reducing the number of separate signs needed to represent complex states of affairs, hence, the number of inferences that must be drawn to extract the consequences of a set of premises. What a sign gives information about, however, is sometimes shown not just in elements of its sign design but in an external relation of the sign to its signified. Thus, a volt meter shows the voltage between the terminals to which its leads are connected.
7
Sheldon, Donald. Lean Materials Planning and Execution: Guide to Internal and External Supply Management Excellence. J. Ross Publishing, 2007.
8
Cary, Phillip. Outward Signs: The Powerlessness of External Things in Augustine's Thought. Oxford University Press, 2008.
9
Cary, Phillip. Outward Signs: The Powerlessness of External Things in Augustine's Thought. Oxford University Press, Incorporated, 2008.
10
Payne, Russell A., e Elias B. Rizk. Axillary Nerve Injury. A cura di Meghan E. Lark, Nasa Fujihara e Kevin C. Chung. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190617127.003.0024.
Abstract (sommario):
Axillary nerve injury has been associated with sports injuries, especially those involving anterior shoulder dislocation. The nerve injury leads to weakness of the deltoid and teres minor muscles, which impairs abduction and external rotation of the arm at the shoulder. Electrodiagnostic studies are helpful for determining extent of reinnervation and recovery after injury. In the absence of clinical or electrodiagnostic signs of recovery 3 to 6 months after injury, it is appropriate to offer surgical exploration. The options for surgical repair include direct nerve repair, nerve grafting, and nerve transfer. In appropriately selected individuals, outcomes are favorable.
11
Cary, Phillip. Outward Signs: The Powerlessness of External Things in Augustine's Thought. Oxford University Press, USA, 2008.
12
Hippisley, Andrew. Default inheritance and the canonical. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0005.
Abstract (sommario):
Derivation serves two purposes: to create a new sign, and to connect signs. This is manifested to the extent to which properties are inherited from the base. Illustrating with Russian nominals we show how the two goals are more or less achieved, in the full range of derivational possibilities. The extremes are represented by category-changing derivation and head-marked category-preserving derivation, manifested by their differences in default inheritance behaviours. The two goals are in an inverse relationship: the non-canonical situation with regard to one of them corresponds to the canonical with regard to the other. Representing the canonical in terms of default inheritance is therefore less straightforward in this arena than in others. We conclude that a symbolic sign, the currency of natural language, requires both distinctness and connectedness, and therefore has two levels of canonicity which act against each other.
13
Harvey, Allison G., Edward Watkins, Warren Mansell e Roz Shafran. Behaviour. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198528883.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
Chapter 6 reviews the literature on behavioural processes and draws conclusions about the extent to which they are transdiagnostic. Three behavioural processes considered are escape/avoidance, within-situation safety-seeking behaviours, and ineffective safety-signals. These processes are considered in the context of anxiety disorders and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), somatoform disorders, eating disorders, sleep disorders, and substance-related disorders).
14
Fields, Keota. Berkeley’s Semiotic Idealism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755685.003.0005.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter proposes an interpretation of Berkeley as a semiotic idealist. According to semiotic idealism internal ideas are signs for external divine ideas, and sensible objects are composite entities with external divine ideas as their essential parts and internal ideas of the imagination and (where applicable) sensations as their contingent parts. Signification is the ontological glue that unifies these parts into individuals. Divinely instituted normative linguistic rules govern the use of internal ideas as signs for external divine ideas. This semiotic relation gives objective form and meaning to internal ideas. Furthermore, Berkeley explicitly links this semiotic relation with rewards and sanctions, and claims that such connections allow us to make predictions about advantageous and disadvantageous courses of action. Sensible objects turn out to be values (rather than facts) because they are sources of pleasure and pain, guides to human flourishing, and sources of external meaning for Berkeley.
15
Kolanoski, Hermann, e Norbert Wermes. Particle Detectors. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198858362.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
The book describes the fundamentals of particle detectors in their different forms as well as their applications, presenting the abundant material as clearly as possible and as deeply as needed for a thorough understanding. The target group for the book are both, students who want to get an introduction or wish to deepen their knowledge on the subject as well as lecturers and researchers who intend to extent their expertise. The book is also suited as a preparation for instrumental work in nuclear, particle and astroparticle physics and in many other fields (addressed in chapter 2). The detection of elementary particles, nuclei and high-energetic electromagnetic radiation, in this book commonly designated as ‘particles’, proceeds through interactions of the particles with matter. A detector records signals originating from the interactions occurring in or near the detector and (in general) feeds them into an electronic data acquisition system. The book describes the various steps in this process, beginning with the relevant interactions with matter, then proceeding to their exploitation for different detector types like tracking detectors, detectors for particle identification, detectors for energy measurements, detectors in astroparticle experiments, and ending with a discussion of signal processing and data acquisition. Besides the introductory and overview chapters (chapters 1 and 2), the book is divided into five subject areas: – fundamentals (chapters 3 to 5), – detection of tracks of charged particles (chapters 6 to 9), – phenomena and methods mainly applied for particle identification (chapters 10 to 14), – energy measurement (accelerator and non-accelerator experiments) (chapters 15, 16), – electronics and data acquisition (chapters 17 and 18). Comprehensive lists of literature, keywords and abbreviations can be found at the end of the book.
16
Goodyer, Paul. Kidney/ear syndromes. A cura di Giuseppe Remuzzi. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0170.
Abstract (sommario):
Malformations of the external ear may signal renal disease, but it is actually the disorders of the inner ear which reflect molecular pathways that are also crucial for kidney development. In a number of monogenic renal diseases, renal dysplasia is associated with deafness. Disorders of the kidney and inner ear are also linked in complex syndromes such as the human ciliopathies. In some cases, the loss of specific genes affects shared transport physiology, basement membrane assembly, or energy metabolism.The kidney and cochlea have a common susceptibility to toxins that are selectively concentrated by comparable uptake mechanisms in the two tissues.This chapter provides an overview of the many ways in which pathologies of the two organs are linked.
17
Brazier, John, Julie Ratcliffe, Joshua A. Salomon e Aki Tsuchiya. Measuring and valuing health: an international perspective. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198725923.003.0011.
Abstract (sommario):
The institutionalized demand for cost-effectiveness evidence in low- and middle-income countries—where this sort of information is arguably even more urgently required—has yet to gain traction to the same extent that it has in various countries in the industrialized world. There are several important exceptions to this general observation, and these may signal a rising interest in undertaking and applying cost-effectiveness analysis (CEAs) in developing countries. The disability-adjusted life year (DALY) is an alternative to the QALY that has been favoured in much of the cost-effectiveness work in developing countries; and extends the discussions of key issues in the definition, description, and valuation of health to address some of the added considerations demanded by cross-cultural applications of the methods and tools that are the focus of this book.
18
Pearce, Kenneth L. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198790334.003.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
According to George Berkeley, “the doctrine of signs [is] a point of great importance, and general extent, which, if duly considered, would cast no small light upon things, and afford a just and genuine solution to many difficulties” (Alc, §7.16). As has long been recognized (...
19
Koops, Egbert. Price Setting and Other Attempts to Control the Economy. A cura di Paul J. du Plessis, Clifford Ando e Kaius Tuori. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198728689.013.45.
Abstract (sommario):
Prices in the Roman economy were generally set by the operation of free market forces. Occasional government interventions in the form of price ceilings occurred in times of crisis, to stabilise volatile or politically important markets, or to signal moral policies. The mechanism of price formation was generally understood, but price shocks were expected to be curbed. In a similar vein, the valuation techniques developed by the Roman jurists were based on “true” prices rather than pure market prices. Even so, party autonomy in price setting was the norm. The grain market was guided to some extent for obvious political reasons, but even here there was room for private initiative. The freedom to contract was stressed as late as Diocletian, but, not much later, rampant inflation forced him to issue his edict on maximum prices, which remains an exceptional regulation in many ways.
20
Barwich, Ann-Sophie. Measuring the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779636.003.0017.
Abstract (sommario):
How much does stimulus input shape perception? The common-sense view is that our perceptions are representations of objects and their features and that the stimulus structures the perceptual object. The problem for this view concerns perceptual biases as responsible for distortions and the subjectivity of perceptual experience. These biases are increasingly studied as constitutive factors of brain processes in recent neuroscience. In neural network models the brain is said to cope with the plethora of sensory information by predicting stimulus regularities on the basis of previous experiences. Drawing on this development, this chapter analyses perceptions as processes. Looking at olfaction as a model system, it argues for the need to abandon a stimulus-centred perspective, where smells are thought of as stable percepts, computationally linked to external objects such as odorous molecules. Perception here is presented as a measure of changing signal ratios in an environment informed by expectancy effects from top-down processes.
21
Ely Caetano, Xavier Jr, e Costa José Augusto Fontoura. Expropriation in Brazil’s Cooperation and Facilitation Investment Agreements. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law-iic/9780198809722.016.0013.
Abstract (sommario):
The recent Cooperation and Facilitation Investment agreements signed by Brazil display some innovative features, such as the exclusion of investor-state dispute settlement and the inclusion of corporate social responsibility issues. However, the expropriation provisions have not been improved to the same extent. The lack of precise definitions for expropriation, the omission of any reference to indirect expropriation, and the recurring reference to national legal systems represent some of the main problems. The strategy of revising the provision for expropriation as the agreements were negotiated and signed has resulted in a questionable decision to intentionally exclude indirect expropriation from the scope of the agreements and has created inconsistencies among the different texts. The success of the agreements is still unknown, but sidestepping expropriation is not a good beginning.
22
Farrall, Jeremy. The Use of UN Sanctions to Address Mass Atrocities. A cura di Alex J. Bellamy e Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.35.
Abstract (sommario):
The chapter demonstrates that the UN Security Council (UNSC) is increasingly applying sanctions with the aim of pursuing the individuals who have committed serious violations of international human rights law and international humanitarian law. The chapter argues that, while the use of UN sanctions to respond to a mass atrocity crisis does send an important signal of global condemnation, sanctions are likely to be most influential as one element in a long-term conflict resolution strategy. Because sanctions require time to take effect, their potential impact is strongest as part of an upstream, preventive attempt to avert a budding crisis, or as part of a post-crisis effort to hold perpetrators accountable. The ability of UN sanctions to make a meaningful contribution to the promotion of the responsibility to protect will depend upon the extent to which broader sanctions reform efforts achieve their goal of making sanctions more effective and more legitimate.
23
Kartomi, Margaret. Connections across Sumatra. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036712.003.0014.
Abstract (sommario):
This concluding chapter highlights some of the connections between the traditional styles and genres of the performing arts across Sumatra, paying attention to the impact of indigenous religions and Islam as well as classification of the musical instruments and ensembles. It also considers how the musical arts are linked to myths and legends, and how myths and art forms are related to indigenous religious beliefs. Finally, it discusses Hindu myths and art forms; Muslim-associated myths and legends and art forms; Chinese myths and art forms; dances and music-dance relationships; connections between the performing arts in Sumatra's Malay subgroups and social classes; gender factors; signal items of Sumatran identity and local uniqueness; and major changes in the performing arts since around 1900. The chapter suggests that more research into the whole of greater Sumatra is needed in order to elucidate the extent to which an understanding of these connections can contribute to a concept of Sumatra's performing arts as a unified whole.
24
Bianconi, Ginestra. Synchronization, Non-linear Dynamics and Control. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198753919.003.0015.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter is entirely devoted to characterizing non-linear dynamics on multilayer networks. Special attention is given to recent results on the stability of synchronization that extend the Master Stability Function approach to the multilayer networks scenario. Discontinous synchronization transitions on multiplex networks recently reported in the literature are also discussed, and their application discussed in the context of brain networks. This chapter also presents an overview of the major results regarding pattern formation in multilayer networks, and the proposed characterization of multivariate time series using multiplex visibility graphs. Finally, the chapter discusses several approaches for multiplex network control where the dynamical state of a multiplex network needs to be controlled by eternal signals placed on replica nodes satisfying some structural constraints.
25
de Bruyn, Theodore. Materials, Format, and Writing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687886.003.0003.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter describes qualities of amulets used throughout the book when examining individual artefacts: the materials on which amulets were written (mainly papyrus and parchment); the format of the written text; the various types of handwriting; lectional signs, spelling, and syntax; acoustic and visual devices used in incantations (vowels, nomina barbara, voces mysticae, charaktêres, word-shapes, figures); and abbreviations or signs used by Christian scribes (nomina sacra, crosses, staurograms, christograms, and other markers). The way in which an amulet is written, the extent to which it draws on customary phrasing and devices, and the manner in which it incorporates Christian elements are all relevant when one is assessing the culture of an amulet’s scribe and the nature of an amulet’s ‘christianization’.
26
Meijer, Ewout H., e Bruno Verschuere. Detection Deception Using Psychophysiological and Neural Measures. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190612016.003.0010.
Abstract (sommario):
The use of physiological signals to detect deception can be traced back almost a century. Historically, the polygraph has been used—and debated. This chapter discusses the merits of polygraph testing, and to what extent the introduction of measures of brain activity—most notably functional magnetic imaging (fMRI)—have solved the problems associated with polygraph testing. It discusses the different question formats used with polygraph and brain activity measures, and argues that these formats are the main factor contributing to the tests’ validity. Moreover, the authors argue that erroneous test outcomes are caused by errors in logical inferences, and that these errors will not be remedied by new technology. The biggest challenge for the field is to find a question format that isolates deception, and to corroborate laboratory data with methodologically sound field studies.
27
Alarie, Benjamin, e Andrew J. Green. Slipping Through the Screen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199397594.003.0006.
Abstract (sommario):
In general, judges on high courts do not just have a set of appeals given to them and make a decision. To a greater or lesser extent the judges also choose the cases they hear through various means of docket control. This chapter discusses how the rules about how courts are designed influence the set of cases the court hears. Judges take into account various factors such as their overall workload and signals of the importance of the case. In addition, however, they also at times consider the potential outcomes of the appeal, choosing cases to get a result by either overturning or affirming the decision. Judges may also avoid hearing a case if there is a risk that a hearing will result in an outcome they do not want.
28
Ehrenhofer, Lara, Adam C. Roberts, Sandra Kotzor, Allison Wetterlin e Aditi Lahiri. Asymmetric processing of consonant duration in Swiss German. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754930.003.0010.
Abstract (sommario):
In Swiss German, which encodes a phonological contrast in consonant length, consonant duration signals the segment’s geminate status and, in medial position, indicates the word’s syllable structure. The present work investigates the interaction between these aspects of durational processing using the N400, an electrophysiological component which offers a fine-grained measure of the success of lexical access. A cross-modal semantic priming ERP study tested to what extent words with medial consonants whose duration had been phonetically lengthened or shortened (leading to an incorrect syllable structure) trigger lexical access. Behavioural and ERP results revealed a processing asymmetry: lengthening a singleton does not negatively impact lexical access, but shortening a geminate does. This asymmetry supports an underspecification account of the geminate/singleton contrast, and may indicate a bias towards initially parsing acoustic input according to a CV template.
29
Wadman, Wytse J., e Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Biophysical Aspects of EEG and MEG Generation. A cura di Donald L. Schomer e Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0004.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter reviews the essential physical principles involved in the generation of electroencephalographic (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) signals. The general laws governing the electrophysiology of neuronal activity are analyzed within the formalism of the Maxwell equations that constitute the basis for understanding electromagnetic fields in general. Three main topics are discussed. The first is the forward problem: How can one calculate the electrical field that results from a known configuration of neuronal sources? The second is the inverse problem: Given an electrical field as a function of space and time mostly recorded at the scalp (EEG/MEG), how can one reconstruct the underlying generators at the brain level? The third is the reverse problem: How can brain activity be modulated by external electromagnetic fields with diagnostic and/or therapeutic objectives? The chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding the common biophysical framework concerning these three main topics of brain electrical and magnetic activities.
30
Boyd, Christina L., Michael J. Nelson, Ian Ostrander e Ethan D. Boldt. The Politics of Federal Prosecution. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197554685.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Federal prosecutors have immense power and discretion to decide when to bring criminal charges, what plea bargains to offer, and how to implement the federal government’s legal priorities in their districts. While U.S. Attorneys take pains to emphasize their independence, we know relatively little about the extent to which politics colors federal prosecutorial staffing and decision-making. The Politics of Federal Prosecution draws upon a wealth of data from 1990s to the present to examine the interplay of political factors and federal prosecution. First, the authors find that congressional and presidential politics affect who becomes federal prosecutors and how long those individuals serve. Second, the book demonstrates that signals of presidential and congressional preferences, along with local priorities, affect key prosecutorial decisions: whether to bring prosecutions, how to approach plea bargaining negotiations, and when to utilize criminal asset forfeiture to cripple criminal activities. In short, the book demonstrates that politics affects the behavior of U.S. Attorneys at nearly every stage of their service.
31
Amaro Pérez, Andrea, Adrián Suárez Zapata, Pedro A. Martínez Delgado, Abraham Menéndez Márquez, Jorge Victoria Ahuir e José Torres País. Shielding effectiveness of plastic materials for 5G applications. Editorial Científica 3Ciencias, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17993/ingytec.2022.79.
Abstract (sommario):
The study and modelling of EMC are becoming more critical than ever due to the ubiquitous presence of electronic circuits in all aspects of our lives. Specifically, it is crucial to extend these studies to the new frequencies that, in a few years, will be a reality in modern telecommunications systems, such as 5G and its derived technologies. A specific critical field where the proper EMI shielding has been ensured to avoid EMC problems is the electric autonomous vehicles (EAVs). The huge number of electronics systems in new vehicles will dramatically extend the demands on the EMI shielding solutions used to attenuate the radiated emissions that could affect circuits in the vehicle. Metals or metal alloys are the most common EMI shielding materials since they demonstrate adequate shielding capacity against EMI. However, polymers have become up-and-coming materials for EMI shielding with the characteristics of lightweight, flexibility, cost-effective, easy processing, and resistance to corrosion. Consequently, it is necessary to develop EMI shielding materials based on polymers, plastic materials, and fiber composites that ensure compliance with the different standards that regulate 5G and the proper operation of possible systems susceptible to the intentional and unintended signals generated by this new technology. This contribution focuses on characterizing different composite structures performance based on fibers combined with conductive materials in terms of shielding effectiveness, covering the 5G sub-6 GHz frequency range.
32
Córdoba Córdoba, Nancy Constanza. La piel en la enfermedad sistémica: abordaje clínico y diagnóstico. Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.22517/9789587223712.
Abstract (sommario):
La piel es el órgano más grande del cuerpo humano, ocupa dos metros cuadrados; es, a la vez, el más externo y, por lo tanto, el más visible, de tal manera que su exploración física muestra no solo las lesiones que pueden estar afectándola directamente, sino que también permite apreciar el efecto de algunos cambios internos. Por tal razón, su análisis aporta datos para la comprensión de las alteraciones de los órganos internos. Desde el inicio de una enfermedad sistémica se presentan signos y síntomas en la piel. Por ello, todo médico general debe estar familiarizado con estas manifestaciones cutáneas para que pueda, de manera rápida, llegar a un diagnóstico clínico temprano, que le permita luego confirmar esa posible alteración e iniciar el tratamiento más adecuado o remitir al especialista experto en la alteración por tratar. Asimismo, debe conocer las células que conforman la piel para entender sus funciones y, también, los diferentes tipos de lesiones cutáneas que le ayudarán a ...
33
Jockers, Matthew L. Theme. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037528.003.0008.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter demonstrates how big data and computation can be used to identify and track recurrent themes as the products of external influence. It first considers the limitations of the Google Ngram Viewer as a tool for tracing thematic trends over time before turning to Douglas Biber's Corpus Linguistics: Investigating Language Structure and Use, a primer on various factors complicating word-focused text analysis and the subsequent conclusions one might draw regarding word meanings. It then discusses the results of the author's application of latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) to a corpus of 3,346 nineteenth-century novels using the open-source MALLET (MAchine Learning for LanguagE Toolkit), a software package for topic modeling. It also explains the different types of analyses performed by the author, including text segmentation, word chunking, and author nationality, gender and time-themes relationship analyses. The thematic data from the LDA model reveal the degree to which author nationality, author gender, and date of publication could be predicted by the thematic signals expressed in the nineteenth-century novels corpus.
34
Bierma, Lyle D. Font of Pardon and New Life. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197553879.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
This book is a study of the historical development and impact of John Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy. The primary questions it addresses are (1) whether Calvin taught an “instrumental” doctrine of baptism, according to which the external sign of the sacrament serves as a means or instrument to convey the spiritual realities it signifies, and (2) whether Calvin’s teaching on baptismal efficacy remained constant throughout his lifetime or underwent significant change. Secondarily, the work also examines whether such spiritual blessings, in Calvin’s view, are conferred only in adult (believer) baptism or also in the baptism of infants, and what impact Calvin’s doctrine of baptismal efficacy had on the Reformed confessional tradition that followed him. The book examines all of Calvin’s writings on baptism—his Institutes, commentaries on Scripture, catechisms, polemical writings, and consensus documents—chronologically through five stages of his life and then analyzes the doctrine of baptismal efficacy in eight of the major Reformed confessions and catechisms from the age of confessional codification. It concludes that Calvin did indeed hold to an instrumental view of baptism; that this doctrine underwent change and development over the course of his life but not to the extent that some in the past have suggested; that his view of the efficacy of infant baptism was consistent with his doctrine of baptism in general; and that versions of Calvin’s teaching can be found in many, though not all, of the major Reformed confessional documents of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.
35
Gray, Christa, Andrea Balbo, Richard M. A. Marshall e Catherine E. W. Steel, a cura di. Reading Republican Oratory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198788201.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
This collection of essays explores the oratory of the Roman Republic as practised by everyone apart from Cicero. It addresses the problems arising from the partial and often unreliable evidence for these other Roman orators and investigates new ways of interpreting this evidence. The contributors seek to contextualize these fragments and testimonia, both in their original settings and over the course of their subsequent transmission, to explore a range of questions: what was said in the Roman Republic, and what counted as public speech or ‘oratory’ at Rome? Who did the speaking, and to what extent can we identify anonymous speakers? What were the formal and informal scenarios in which public speech took place? What non-verbal signals should be considered together with the speakers’ words? How reliable and selective is our evidence? How does the development of rhetoric as a discipline affect the reception and transmission of public speech? The resulting discussions reshape our understanding of public speech in the Roman Republic and enable us to move the study of Republican oratory decisively beyond Cicero.
36
Grenander, Ulf, e Michael I. Miller. Pattern Theory. Oxford University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198505709.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
Pattern Theory provides a comprehensive and accessible overview of the modern challenges in signal, data, and pattern analysis in speech recognition, computational linguistics, image analysis and computer vision. Aimed at graduate students in biomedical engineering, mathematics, computer science, and electrical engineering with a good background in mathematics and probability, the text includes numerous exercises and an extensive bibliography. Additional resources including extended proofs, selected solutions and examples are available on a companion website. The book commences with a short overview of pattern theory and the basics of statistics and estimation theory. Chapters 3-6 discuss the role of representation of patterns via condition structure. Chapters 7 and 8 examine the second central component of pattern theory: groups of geometric transformation applied to the representation of geometric objects. Chapter 9 moves into probabilistic structures in the continuum, studying random processes and random fields indexed over subsets of Rn. Chapters 10 and 11 continue with transformations and patterns indexed over the continuum. Chapters 12-14 extend from the pure representations of shapes to the Bayes estimation of shapes and their parametric representation. Chapters 15 and 16 study the estimation of infinite dimensional shape in the newly emergent field of Computational Anatomy. Finally, Chapters 17 and 18 look at inference, exploring random sampling approaches for estimation of model order and parametric representing of shapes.
37
Luginbühl, Martin, e Arvi Yli-Hankala. Assessment of the components of anaesthesia. A cura di Antony R. Wilkes e Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0026.
Abstract (sommario):
In modern anaesthesia practice, hypnotic drugs, opioids, and neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are combined. The introduction of NMBAs in particular substantially increased the risk of awareness and recall during general anaesthesia. Hypnotic drugs such as propofol and volatile anaesthetics act through GABAA receptors and have typical effects on the electroencephalogram (EEG). During increasing concentrations of these pharmaceuticals, the EEG desynchronization is followed by gradual synchronization, slowing frequency, and increasing amplitude of EEG, thereafter EEG suppressions (burst suppression), and, finally, isoelectric EEG. Hypnotic depth monitors such as the Bispectral Index™, Entropy™, and Narcotrend® are based on quantitative EEG analysis and translate these changes into numbers between 100 and 0. Although they are good predictors of wakefulness and deep anaesthesia, their usefulness in prevention of awareness and recall has been challenged, especially when inhalation anaesthetics are used. External and patient-related artifacts such as epileptiform discharges and frontal electromyography (EMG) affect the signal so their readings need careful interpretation. Their use is recommended in patients at increased risk of awareness and recall and in patients under total intravenous anaesthesia. Monitors of analgesia and nociception are not established in clinical practice but mostly remain experimental although some are commercially available. Some use EEG changes induced by noxious stimulation (EEG arousal) or quantify the frontal EMG in relation to EEG, while others are based on the sympathoadrenergic stress response. Various other devices are also discussed in this chapter.
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Bailkin, Jordanna. Interlude. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814214.003.0002.
Abstract (sommario):
The Interlude narrates the diverse and often harrowing stories of how refugees arrived in Britain during the twentieth century. But it also questions the fetish of arrival that characterizes many refugee stories. Scenes of arrival (the trains of the Kindertransporte, the small boats from Vietnam rescued by British ships)—iconic though they have become—cut the story of refugees short. They uphold the fiction that each situation was the result of an unprecedented, temporary crisis that was foreign and external to Britain: in short, an emergency. This chapter offers comparative history as a rejoinder to the corrosive discourse of emergency. It argues for seeing refugee camps not as signs of emergency—disconnected from Britain’s own history—but as deeply rooted in that history.
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Finn, Patrick C., e Michael C. Reade. Bleeding Emergencies (DRAFT). A cura di Raghavan Murugan e Joseph M. Darby. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190612474.003.0010.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter is concerned with coagulopathic and non-coagulopathic bleeding in the perioperative period, after trauma, and spontaneously, as a result of hematologic and other disease. The initial assessment and management of all potentially bleeding patients is to stop any obvious bleeding through mechanical first aid measures, then address airway or breathing compromise, and obtain intravenous (or intraosseous) access. Obvious external hemorrhage is easily identified, but most patients with bleeding emergencies who are already hospitalized will have occult blood loss. Physical examination should identify signs of shock and identify or exclude potential bleeding locations. This chapter will cover initial assessment and management, laboratory and bedside testing, as well as disease-specific therapies in the context of rapid response team (RRT) calls.
40
Greco, Francesco, e Paolo Fornara. Inflammation. A cura di Rob Pickard. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0009.
Abstract (sommario):
Fournier’s gangrene (FG) defines a life-threatening necrotizing fasciitis of the external genitalia and perineum with a peak incidence at 50 years of age. It is associated with a mixed bacterial infection with Escherichia coli and Bacteroides spp. predominating. The diagnosis is made clinically with symptoms of skin necrosis, swelling, pain, crepitus, and feculent odour, and local and systemic signs of severe sepsis. Initial resuscitation with fluid replacement, oxygen therapy, and broad-spectrum empirical antibiotics should be rapidly followed by complete and aggressive surgical debridement with postoperative placement of an occlusive dressing. Urinary and faecal diversions are often required. Debridement should be repeated until all necrotic tissue has been excised, allowing later reconstruction. Early diagnosis and immediate therapy is crucial to improve survival in patients with FG.
41
Chua, Daniel K. L. Someone. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199769322.003.0004.
Abstract (sommario):
This ‘movement’ considers how Beethoven’s music models a freedom of alterity founded on an openness to the other, particularly through a close analysis of the Cavatina in Beethoven’s String Quartet in B♭ major, Op. 130. In contrast to the sublime freedom that defines its autonomy through resistance to external forces, music’s blank sign is reconfigured as an encounter with an-Other that is equally disarming in its fragility. The heroic Augenblick is confronted by another ‘look’ – the eyes of someone. This musical encounter is given a theological twist that affirms freedom in the face of vulnerability.
42
Collins, John, e Tamara Dobler, a cura di. Reply to François Recanati. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198783916.003.0020.
Abstract (sommario):
In his present contribution François Recanati has said some very kind things about me and some very astute things about language. He recognizes something new and important which came into prominence, and enjoyed its heyday, at least in Anglophone philosophy, roughly in a post-war period stretching up to around Austin’s death in 1962. This was a period marked by a new sort of conception of what a philosophical question might be, and how one might coherently be formulated—of what philosophy ought to look like. He recognizes, too, those waiting in the wings to turn the clock back to a time of what they saw as a less complicated, more straightforward, and more comfortable form of philosophy; one in which we need not question ourselves, and our own ability to find our way about, to the extent that Austin and Wittgenstein asked us to do. Austin’s death was a signal to such philosophers to launch their attack. And Recanati has done much detailed work to show how such attacks—ones deploying such things as ‘the Geach point’ and Grice’s deployment of the notion implicature—come up short. What I will aim for here is to place what he sees in a somewhat wider setting. In it some of his main points can be supported in a slightly different way. I will also come to one point, at the end, on which, as frequent allies as we are, we part company....
43
More, Alison. Penitents and the Institutionalization of Penitential Life in the Thirteenth Century. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807698.003.0002.
Abstract (sommario):
The first chapter focuses on the wider spiritual context from which penitential movements developed. The rich and vibrant spiritual climate of the early thirteenth century saw the emergence of a number of new expressions of religious life. These new forms of devotion were predominantly characterized by a desire to live according to the gospel while remaining in the world. Throughout Europe, groups of laywomen ran alms houses, cared for lepers and practised other forms of active charity. From the middle of the thirteenth century onwards, the fact that these women did not fit traditional categories was seen as increasingly controversial. Consequently, those responsible for the spiritual care of such groups encouraged them to adopt many external signs of religious life such as a recognized habit, a rule, and even some degree of enclosure.
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Volberda, Henk, Frans van den Bosch e Kevin Heij. How Firms Modify Their Business Model. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198792048.003.0003.
Abstract (sommario):
Chapter 3 describes how firms tackle business model innovation in practice. Most simply replicate their successful business model, a few try to fundamentally renew theirs, but many cannot change, suffering from ‘business model fixation’. Some corporate entrepreneurs replicate the existing model in one part of the firm but develop a radical new one elsewhere (dual focus). This chapter examines when, why, and the extent to which firms and industries focus on replication, renewal, or dual focus approaches. It considers how replication and renewal contribute to a firm’s performance, and to what degree this depends on the level of environmental dynamism and competitiveness. It is of note that one in three firms is in a permanent state of fixation, ignoring any warning signs that they should change.
45
Anton, Asoskov. Part II Investor-State Arbitration in the Energy Sector, 12 Energy Investor-State Disputes in Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198805786.003.0012.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter looks at the most prominent cases under the Energy Charter Treat (ECT) involving the Russian Federation, and their fate in annulment actions before the Dutch courts. Recently, the ECT became the most discussed international instrument in Russia due to the large-scale arbitrations initiated by the former Yukos shareholders against the Russian Federation. The chapter also discusses the use of some lesser known multilateral investment treaties and analyzes their possible bases for arbitrating energy investment disputes involving the Russian Federation or other states from the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It further describes recurrent issues and cases rendered on the basis of BITs signed by the Russian Federation, or specific legislation on the protection of investments existing in the Russian Federation and other CIS states. Finally, the chapter deals with the question as to what extent Russian state-entities may enter into individual investment agreements containing an arbitration clause.
46
Barzilai, Ori, Mark H. Bilsky e Ilya Laufer. Spine Metastases. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190696696.003.0028.
Abstract (sommario):
A decision-making framework called NOMS (neurologic, oncologic, mechanical, and systemic) facilitates and guides therapeutic decisions for patients with spinal metastases. Patients should be evaluated for signs of myelopathy or cauda equina. The Epidural Spinal Cord Compression scale facilitates reporting of the degree of radiographic spinal cord compression. A determination of the expected histology-specific tumor response to conventionally fractionated external beam radiation and systemic therapy should be made. Radiation therapy effectively treats biologic pain and radiosensitive tumors such as multiple myeloma. Patients should undergo a careful evaluation of movement-associated pain as tumor-induced spinal instability is an independent indication for surgery. Determination of tumor-associated mechanical instability can be facilitated by the Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score. Herein, the authors present a case of spinal multiple myeloma managed using the NOMS framework and in consideration of current evidence and treatment paradigms.
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Gargani, Luna, e Marcelo-Haertel Miglioranza. Lung ultrasound. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198726012.003.0016.
Abstract (sommario):
The lung is a relatively new site for the application of ultrasound. Beyond the more established assessment of pleural effusion, this organ has been traditionally considered off limits for sonographic investigation, since air is a well-known foe of the ultrasound beam. However, in recent years it has been shown that this apparent physical limitation can be overcome when the air content decreases, as happens in a diseased pulmonary parenchyma. The most useful lung ultrasound sign for cardiologists is the presence of B-lines, the sonographic hallmark of pulmonary interstitial syndrome, including interstitial pulmonary oedema. Bilateral multiple B-lines are present in patients with pulmonary congestion and may help assess and semiquantify the extent of extravascular lung water in patients with heart failure. This sign is low cost, easy to perform, can be repeated at bedside, and does not employ ionizing radiation. Lung ultrasound is also useful for detecting other pulmonary conditions such as pneumothorax, and lung consolidations such as pneumonia or pulmonary infarction.
48
Ferreira, Isabel, e Jos WR Twisk. Physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiovascular health. A cura di Neil Armstrong e Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0017.
Abstract (sommario):
It is now recognized that cardiovascular disease (CVD) is partly a paediatric problem, i.e. the onset begins in childhood, although clinical symptoms may not become apparent until later in life. Therefore, from a primary prevention point of view, the extent to which physical activity or physical fitness in childhood may deter this process is of utmost importance. Although physical activity and CRF at a young age have not been directly linked to the incidence of CVD, evidence thus far supports cardiovascular health benefits of early higher physical activity and CRF levels on cardiometabolic risk factors like obesity, blood pressure, insulin resistance, and their maintenance throughout the course of life. By affecting these intermediary pathways, lifelong (high-intensity) physical activity may also deter the age-related decreases in CRF and related signs of premature arterial ageing.
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Dosekun, Simidele. Fashioning Postfeminism. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043215.001.0001.
Abstract (sommario):
This book concerns young, class-privileged women in the Nigerian city of Lagos who dress in a “spectacularly feminine” style characterised by the extravagant use and combination of normatively feminine technologies of dress: cascading hair extensions, false eyelashes and nails, heavy and immaculate makeup, and so on. Based on interviews with such stylized women, the book offers a critical consideration of the kinds of feminine subjectivities that they are performing and desiring. Tracing the repertoires of individualist choice, pleasure, entitlement and “can do” that run through the women’s talk, it argues that they subscribe passionately to the notion, or what the book frames more specifically as the “postfeminist promise,” that immaculate and spectacularized feminine beauty now constitutes and signals feminine power. Seeing themselves as “already empowered,” then, what the women do not see is the need for cultural critique, nor for feminism in the form of collective political struggle. The first book on postfeminism both as a cultural formation in the global South and as it interpellates black women, the work offers a groundbreaking new understanding of the culture as performative and transnationally mobile, and a richly theorised account of how women live, embody, and to some extent suffer it, in the flesh.
50
Snyder, Saskia Coenen. An Urban Semiotics of War. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912628.003.0004.
Abstract (sommario):
This chapter examines the changing urban topography of Amsterdam under Nazi occupation during World War II, focusing on how the Dutch city’s once recognizable sights and sounds, familiar movements, and rhythms were disrupted by the so-called semiotics of war: signs and symbols of an external military force. It shows how the Nazis altered Amsterdam’s urban texture in which local residents lived, worked, and moved, and how the Nazification of the city’s grammar and semiotic communication reconfigured well-established social practices and reappropriated Dutch space. It argues that the construction of a visual and aural semiotics of war helped define relations between occupier and occupied, between Nazi sympathizers and antagonists, and also between Jews and non-Jews. While Nazi territorial expansion depended on military might and physical dominance, the chapter also explains how ideological coercion found expression in the colonization of the urban landscape and soundscape.