Articoli di riviste: "Shark Bay World Heritage Site"

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Taylor, S. M., C. B. Smallwood, C. J. Desfosses, K. L. Ryan e G. Jackson. "Corroborating catch estimates to inform monitoring of a small-scale marine recreational fishery in a World Heritage property". ICES Journal of Marine Science 78, n. 5 (1 giugno 2021): 1887–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icesjms/fsab095.

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Abstract Obtaining accurate estimates of catch can be challenging for small-scale recreational fisheries. Using inner Shark Bay as a case-study, we investigated whether a state-wide phone-diary (PD) survey could provide robust estimates of boat-based fishing effort and catch (kept and total) of pink snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) and grass emperor (Lethrinus laticaudis). Estimates were compared with those from concurrent surveys for two spatial scales corresponding to the fishery and the three pink snapper stocks within the fishery. A supplementary access point (SAP) survey incorporated remote camera data and interviews with fishers at boat ramps. An aerial survey was used to adjust the SAP estimates, accounting for catches from boat fishers launching from remote beaches (SAP_Aerial). The SAP survey provided the most precise estimates but underestimated catches for one of the stocks. Estimated fishing effort from the SAP_Aerial survey was comparable to the PD survey (3% lower) for inner Shark Bay, as was the estimated kept catch of pink snapper (7% lower) and these estimates were considered robust (Relative Standard Error < 40% and sample size ≥ 30). In contrast, estimates of the total catch of pink snapper and the catch (kept and total) of grass emperor from the PD survey were consistently lower. While the on-site surveys generally provided robust estimates of catch for each stock, most PD estimates were not robust at this scale. The SAP_Aerial survey is considered to be the most appropriate for ongoing monitoring because it provides robust estimates for the spatial scales examined. However, estimates of catch from periodic PD surveys for the entire fishery could be adjusted using the on-site data to provide the stock-specific information required for ongoing assessments of sustainability. Our study demonstrates that corroborative studies assist in monitoring recreational fisheries.

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Hardman, Blair, e Dorian Moro. "Importance of diurnal refugia to a hare-wallaby reintroduction in Western Australia". Wildlife Research 33, n. 5 (2006): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr05088.

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In an effort to learn more about the potential for reintroduction of hare-wallabies to sites in Australia, 34 captive-bred hare-wallabies were released onto Peron Peninsula within the Shark Bay World Heritage Property in 2001 as part of an experimental reintroduction program. One objective of this experiment was to characterise their behaviour and daytime refugia to identify suitable habitat for future releases. The mala (Lagorchestes hirsutus) and merrnine (Lagostrophus fasciatus) were fitted with radio-transmitters and tracked daily. Merrnine were more faithful to a previously occupied shelter than mala. Mala maintained a solitary daytime habit at all times. Within the study area, mala preferentially sought low-lying vegetation primarily comprising the species Lamarchea hakeifolia, which provided dense cover up to 1 m in height, under which they constructed scrapes. L. hakeifolia was preferred as shelter vegetation instead of Triodia (spinifex) hummocks, despite Triodia hummock habitat being preferred by mala in central Australia. Merrnine occupied taller vegetation with an open understorey to 1.5 m, although the extremity of the understorey remained dense at this height. Individual merrnine sometimes sheltered with conspecifics of the opposite sex. Since both species utilised floristically and structurally variable vegetation, we suggest that they have the ability to cope with vegetation that has been altered by changes in fire regimes and introduced herbivores. This is particularly important for future reintroduction exercises as the results suggest that vegetation characteristics required to support these species, particularly mala, may be variable rather than limited to perceived necessary habitat types in central Australia or on islands. These results should allow future reintroduction projects to consider a wider range of release-site options during their planning phase.

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Borsa, Philippe, Martine Cornaille e Bertrand Richer de Forges. "Shark culling at a World Heritage site". Nature 620, n. 7976 (29 agosto 2023): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-023-02697-0.

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Preen, A. R., H. Marsh, I. R. Lawler, R. I. T. Prince e R. Shepherd. "Distribution and Abundance of Dugongs, Turtles, Dolphins and other Megafauna in Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf, Western Australia". Wildlife Research 24, n. 2 (1997): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr95078.

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Strip-transect aerial surveys of Shark Bay, Ningaloo Reef and Exmouth Gulf were conducted during the winters of 1989 and 1994. These surveys were designed primarily to estimate the abundance and distribution of dugongs, although they also allowed sea turtles and dolphins, and, to a lesser extent, whales, manta rays and whale sharks to be surveyed. Shark Bay contains a large population of dugongs that is of international significance. Estimates of approximately 10000 dugongs resulted from both surveys. The density of dugongs is the highest recorded in Australia and the Middle East, where these surveys have been conducted. Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef are also important dugong habitats, each supporting in the order of 1000 dugongs. The estimated number of turtles in Shark Bay is comparable to the number in Exmouth Gulf plus Ningaloo Reef (7000–9000). The density of turtles in Ningaloo Reef and, to a lesser extent, Exmouth Gulf is exceptionally high compared with most other areas that have been surveyed by the same technique. Shark Bay supports a substantial population of bottlenose dolphins (2000–3000 minimum estimate). Exmouth Gulf and Ningaloo Reef were not significant habitats for dolphins during the winter surveys. Substantial numbers of whales (primarily humpbacks) and manta rays occur in northern and western Shark Bay in winter. Ningaloo Reef is an important area for whale sharks and manta rays in autumn and winter. The Shark Bay Marine Park excludes much of the winter habitats of the large vertebrate fauna of Shark Bay. In 1989 and 1994, more than half of all the dugongs were seen outside the Marine Park (57·4 and 50·7%, respectively). Approximately one-third to one-half of turtles and dolphins were seen outside the Marine Park (in 1989 and 1994 respectively: turtles, 43 and 27%; dolphins, 47 and 32%). Almost all the whales and most of the manta rays were seen outside the Marine Park. Expansion of the Shark Bay Marine Park, to bring it into alignment with the marine section of the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, would facilitate the appropriate management of these populations. This would also simplify the State– Commonwealth collaboration necessary to meet the obligations of World Heritage listing. The coastal waters of Western Australia north of the surveyed area (over 6000 km of coastline) are relatively poorly known and surveys of their marine megafauna are required for wise planning and management.

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McGuiness, Vanessa, Kate Rodger, Joanna Pearce, David Newsome e Paul F. J. Eagles. "Short-stop visitation in Shark Bay World Heritage Area: an importance–performance analysis". Journal of Ecotourism 16, n. 1 (14 luglio 2016): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2016.1194850.

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Wise, B. S., C. F. Telfer, E. K. M. Lai, N. G. Hall e G. Jackson. "Long-term monitoring of boat-based recreational fishing in Shark Bay, Western Australia: providing scientific advice for sustainable management in a World Heritage Area". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, n. 11 (2012): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12054.

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Effective management of a recreational fishery must include long-term monitoring programs that allow determination of trends in temporal and spatial variability of catch and effort data. Such monitoring becomes of inherently greater importance when managing a recreational fishery in a World Heritage Area, such as Shark Bay, Western Australia. Between 1998 and 2010, 11 12-month bus-route surveys of boat-based recreational fishing were undertaken at three key boat ramps in Shark Bay. These surveys demonstrated that, in response to the progressive implementation of new management measures, the estimated annual recreational fishing-boat effort decreased by 46%. As a consequence, the estimated annual retained and released catches of the key species, pink snapper (Pagrus auratus), declined and the proportions of the catches of this species that were released each year increased. Annual catches of other species also declined, however, the composition of species retained and released each year varied. The study demonstrated that monitoring of the recreational fishery within Shark Bay provided both immediate and longer-term data on the responses by recreational fishers to changes in management. This produced the information necessary to assess the effectiveness of management measures that were introduced and to modify these as required.

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Wyatt, Alex S. J., Chad L. Hewitt, Di I. Walker e Trevor J. Ward. "Marine introductions in the Shark Bay World Heritage Property, Western Australia: a preliminary assessment". Diversity and Distributions 11, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00109.x.

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Christensen, Joseph, e Roy Jones. "World Heritage and local change: Conflict, transformation and scale at Shark Bay, Western Australia". Journal of Rural Studies 74 (febbraio 2020): 235–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2019.11.017.

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Statton, John, Kingsley W. Dixon, Renae K. Hovey e Gary A. Kendrick. "A comparative assessment of approaches and outcomes for seagrass revegetation in Shark Bay and Florida Bay". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, n. 11 (2012): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12032.

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Here, we review the literature to evaluate seagrass revegetation projects focussed on Posidonia australis and Amphibolis antarctica, the main affected species in Shark Bay in the World Heritage Area in Western Australia, together with projects from Florida Bay, an analogous system with a long history of seagrass revegetation. We assessed the effectiveness of anchoring planting units, plant-unit density and size on planting-unit survival. We found no positive trends in our assessment, suggesting that there is no discrete technique, approach or technology that could be used with confidence to deliver cost-effective, scalable revegetation. Of concern was that revegetation success was evaluated over comparatively short time frames (1–3 years), driven by the strict time frames or deadlines of governing grant funding and commercial activities, leading to concerns that long-term revegetation outcomes may be difficult to assess with confidence. Several factors influenced revegetation outcomes which were grouped into three ‘filter’ categories; abiotic, biotic and socioeconomic. We recommend that future revegetation programs involving seagrass have greater emphasis on understanding how these filters act independently or collectively to drive successful revegetation as well as developing cost-effective, proven and scalable technology supported by longer-term monitoring to ensure revegetation programs do achieve the desired ecological outcomes.

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Olson, Erica L., Anne K. Salomon, Aaron J. Wirsing e Michael R. Heithaus. "Large-scale movement patterns of male loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in Shark Bay, Australia". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, n. 11 (2012): 1108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12030.

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Large marine vertebrates are particularly susceptible to anthropogenic threats because they tend to be long-lived, late to mature and wide-ranging. Loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) are characterised by such life history traits and are listed as ‘Endangered’ by The World Conservation Union. Although juvenile movements and at-sea behaviour of adult females are relatively well studied, little is known about the movements of males and their subsequent exposure to threats. Shark Bay, Western Australia, is home to the largest breeding population of loggerhead turtles in Australia. We assessed the large-scale movements of nine adult male loggerhead turtles, with the goal of aiding conservation and management policies. During 7 months outside the breeding season, all nine turtles stayed within the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, with most showing fidelity to small coastal foraging areas. Several turtles, however, showed relatively large movements between core foraging areas. None of the four turtles that continued transmitting through the breeding season exhibited obvious movements towards nesting beaches, suggesting that mating may occur on foraging grounds or that males are not mating every year. Quantifying male loggerhead movements assists conservation planning by identifying biologically relevant spatial scales at which research and management strategies should be designed.

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Heriot, Shane, John Asher, Matthew R. Williams e Dorian Moro. "The eradication of ungulates (sheep and goats) from Dirk Hartog Island, Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Australia". Biological Invasions 21, n. 5 (5 febbraio 2019): 1789–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-019-01937-7.

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Yasir, Moh, Retno Hartati, Elis Indrayanti, Fahri Amar e Ariyo Imanuel Tarigan. "Seasonal Constellation of Juvenile Whale Sharks in Gorontalo Bay Coastal Park". ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences 29, n. 2 (30 aprile 2024): 241–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.29.2.241-253.

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The whale shark (Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828) is the largest extant fish species in the world, and it is endangered, with population numbers declining in the last three decades. The appearance of whale sharks in the Botubarani Waters has attracted a lot of attention. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the whale shark's appearance, their habitat constellation pattern, and its oceanographic conditions. This research was conducted during the 2019-2022 period. The Photographic Identification (Photo-ID) method is used to observe and determine whale shark individual's number and pattern of presence. Oceanographic data includes chlorophyll-a concentration using Ocean Color Image (CCI) data and sea surface temperature (SST) using OSTIA image data processed with Interactive Data Language (IDL) software. The research showed there are 38 individuals with an estimated total length ranging from 2.3 to 7.3 meters. All whale sharks appearing in Botubarani include juvenile male individuals with a composition of 53% new individuals (N=20) and 47% (N=18) old individuals seen again with a rare seasonal and sporadic presence pattern mainly in the Eastern season (June). The average SST value during the study period ranged from 28.36-30.29⁰C while chlorophyll-a ranged from 0.174-0.698 mg.m-3. Although the present findings show that the whale shark's appearance in Botubarani waters was not significantly influenced by SST and chlorophyll-a, it might be affected by other oceanography factors such as Sea Surface Height Distribution (SSHD) and depth (Bathymetry). As the Botubarani aggregation site is the only whale shark emergence area with easy access throughout the year and is rapidly developing into a new ecotourism industry in Indonesia; the information on whale shark appearance provides useful support for the sustainable protection and Whale Sharks conservation in the future.

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Sherley, Richard B., Les G. Underhill e Peter J. Barham. "Second bibliography of biodiversity research on Robben Island". Biodiversity Observations 14 (22 maggio 2024): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/bo.1565.

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This bibliography of published output of research relating to Robben Island, Table Bay, South Africa, covers the period 2016–2024. The previous bibliography covered the period up to 2016. All authors are grateful to the Robben Island Museum for support for this research, which is a contribution to the knowledge record of this World Heritage Site.

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Jackson, Gary, e Michael Moran. "Recovery of inner Shark Bay snapper (Pagrus auratus) stocks: relevant research and adaptive recreational fisheries management in a World Heritage Property". Marine and Freshwater Research 63, n. 11 (2012): 1180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12091.

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Despite the increasing importance of marine recreational fishing, recreational fisheries management is often hampered by lack of adequate data and limited effectiveness of conventional regulations. In Shark Bay, Western Australia, snapper (Pagrus auratus) in the Eastern Gulf, Denham Sound and Freycinet Estuary have been a major attraction for recreational fishers since the 1960s. Various management measures were progressively introduced from 1998 onwards to limit snapper catches, including increases in minimum length, introduction of a maximum length, reductions in daily bag limit, a moratorium in the Eastern Gulf (June 1998–March 2003), a 6-week spawning closure in the Freycinet Estuary and, finally, the introduction of a Total-Allowable-Catch-based system in 2003. Stock assessments in 2011 indicated that spawning biomass in the Eastern Gulf and Denham Sound had rebuilt to the management target level while biomass in the Freycinet Estuary remained below the threshold level but was continuing to slowly rebuild. This paper summarising the research and adaptive management of the snapper fishery over the last 15+ years represents an important case study that addresses a range of issues typically associated with marine recreational fisheries, including assessment of stock size and recreational catch, evaluation of management regulations and active engagement with the recreational fishing community.

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Da Silva, Paulo Cezar Azevedo, Rayane Sorrentino, Brenda Dos Santos Ramos, André Rezende de Senna e Luis Felipe Skinner. "INGESTION OF MICROPLASTICS BY BENTHIC MARINE ORGANISMS IN THE ILHA GRANDE BAY HERITAGE SITE ON SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL". Journal of Human and Environment of Tropical Bays, n. 2 (27 agosto 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12957/jheotb.2021.60332.

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Inappropriate disposal, management, treatment of litter are the main sources of plastic accumulation. People, animals, wind, storms, and currents spread continuously the plastic in different sites in the world. Diverse animal groups have been ingesting small particles of plastic, the microplastics (MPs), resulting in negative effects in behaviour, consumption, and nutritional rates. Here, we reported the ingestion of MP by two benthic groups, Ascidiacea and Amphipoda from sites around llha Grande Bay, a Natural Heritage of Humanity site in the Southwest of Brazil.

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Fairclough, David V., Suzanne G. Ayvazian e Stephen J. Newman. "Complementary evidence for small-scale spatial assemblages of the exploited grass emperor (Lethrinus laticaudis) in the Shark Bay World Heritage Area, Western Australia". Marine Environmental Research 173 (gennaio 2022): 105543. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2021.105543.

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Donaldson, Margaret P., Kevin J. Edwards, Andrew A. Meharg, Claire Deacon e Donald A. Davidson. "Land use history of Village Bay, Hirta, St Kilda World Heritage Site: A palynological investigation of plaggen soils". Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 153, n. 1-2 (gennaio 2009): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.06.005.

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Lindsay, Stuart, e David Middleton. "The Gardens of Singapore". Sibbaldia: the International Journal of Botanic Garden Horticulture, n. 16 (26 luglio 2018): 169–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24823/sibbaldia.2018.254.

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Singapore has several public gardens of which two, Singapore Botanic Gardens and Gardens by the Bay, are of particular national and international renown. These two gardens have contrasting but complementary ways of enthusing and educating the public about plants and of gaining their support for horticultural excellence, botanical research and conservation. Founded in 1859, Singapore Botanic Gardens is an old and established garden with a long history of horticultural and botanical research, plant exploration and conservation. It became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in July 2015, the world’s first tropical botanic garden to receive this accolade. Gardens by the Bay opened in 2012 and its focus is on large-scale displays in spectacular settings, thereby attracting huge numbers of visitors since its opening. In their contrasting ways, both gardens enthuse and educate the public about plants and the natural world. This work lays the foundations for public advocacy of conservation efforts in Singapore, resulting in a very high level of public support for greening efforts and the protection of natural areas in land-scarce Singapore.

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King, Chris, Charlie Underwood e Etienne Steurbaut. "Eocene stratigraphy of the Wadi Al-Hitan World Heritage Site and adjacent areas (Fayum, Egypt)". Stratigraphy 11, n. 3-4 (2014): 185–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.29041/strat.11.3.01.

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The middle and late Eocene stratigraphy and depositional environments of the Wadi Al-Hitan area, Egypt, are described in detail for the first time. Complex facies relationships have been resolved by detailed logging of key sections over a 300 sq. km area and by biostratigraphic analysis. Mid and outer neritic marls and argillaceous limestones of the lower Gehannam Formation are overlain proximally by a major coastal sand body complex, the Birket Qarun Formation, which (as preserved) was deposited almost entirely on the lower shoreface. The sands of the Birket Qarun Formation prograded progressively northwards in four phases, with individual sand bodies separated by transgressive wedges of inner to mid-neritic silts and clays (the upper Gehannam Formation and the newly named Garet El-Naqb Formation). The final phase of progradation was terminated by the transgressive lower Qasr El-Sagha Formation. Calcareous nannofossil Zone NP17 (late Bartonian) is represented in the lowest Gehannam Formation. The Dictyococcites erbae nannofossil acme, previously recorded from Italy and ODP sites, has been identified at a higher level within the lower Gehannam Formation. Its start (in early NP18) is suggested as an excellent criterion to define the base of the Priabonian. Zone NP18 is highly condensed; sedimentation rates increased dramatically in early NP19/20 with the shift to predominantly clastic sedimentation. The Birket Qarun Formation is entirely within Zone NP19/20 (Priabonian). Seven depositional sequences are tentatively differentiated. Previous sedimentologic and paleogeographic interpretations are discussed; there is no evidence for ‘bay’ or otherwise restricted environments within this area, and previously proposed episodes of emersion are also discounted. Levels with relatively abundant marine mammals mainly reflect episodes of reduced clastic sedimentation, but are partly biased by differing surface exposure of successive intervals. There is no evidence that these levels represent whale ‘calving grounds’, or that marine mammals were unusually concentrated in this area in life.

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Thung, Do Cong, Nguyen Dang Ngai, Dau Van Thao, Nguyen Van Sinh e Dao Minh Dong. "Marine biodiversity in Ha Long bay and Cat Ba archipelago". Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ biển 19, n. 3 (25 settembre 2019): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/19/3/13174.

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Ha Long bay - Cat Ba island located in the Northeast of Vietnam, in the area of Ha Long city (Quang Ninh province) and Cat Hai island district (Hai Phong city) is the largest limestone island in Vietnam. Features of biodiversity include the seven typical ecosystems of tropical limestone islands, namely tropical rainforest ecosystem, cave ecosystem, mangrove ecosystem, tidal ecosystem, coral reef ecosystem, soft-bottom ecosystem. Ha Long - Cat Ba also represents a high level of species diversity with 4,622 species of plants and animals on land and in the sea. In particular, on land there are 2,464 species, accounting for 53.3% and under the sea there are 2158 species, accounting for 46.7%. Up to 16 species and 114 species have been recorded in the Vietnam Red List and in the IUCN List, respectively. Together with hundreds of rare and precious species at national and regional levels, there are species of global conservation value, demonstrating that Ha Long bay - Cat Ba archipelago can possibly be a world heritage site according to the criteria of biodiversity (ix and x criteria).

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Tikhonova, Irina, Anton Kuzmin, Galina Fedorova, Ekaterina Sorokovikova, Andrey Krasnopeev, Anastasia Tsvetkova, Yulia Shtykova et al. "Toxic cyanobacteria blooms of Mukhor Bay (Lake Baikal, Russia) during a period of intensive anthropogenic pressure". Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 25, n. 4 (1 ottobre 2022): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14321/aehm.025.04.85.

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Abstract The status of Lake Baikal as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, due to its unique ecology and value as a global aquatic resource have resulted in strict environmental regulations to protect the watershed and biota it supports. Despite this, the ecosystem of the lake is being exposed to negative anthropogenic impact and deteriorating water quality. In this article, we describe the bioecological state of Mukhor Bay − the warmest bay of Lake Baikal and one which is actively visited by tourists. We try to highlight the environmental problems of Baikal and aim to change attitudes towards water resources in this unique ecosystem. We present data on the taxonomic, genetic, and biochemical characteristics of cyanobacteria blooms that develop in the plankton of the bay. Further, we establishing their risk to human health and provide information for the environmental state management. Toxic blooms of Dolichospermum lemmermannii (cyanobacteria) were detected in the phytoplankton of Mukhor Bay. The nutrients content and chlorophyll concentration was low and corresponded to the oligo-mesotrophic status. Microcystins were detected in the dried phytoplankton biomass and the water, coastal samples contained a higher amount of this toxin. We hypothesize that one of the factors contributing to toxic cyanobacteria growth in the Mukhor Bay is the nutrient loadings due to surface and groundwater runoff from surrounding area.

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Bismayer, Ulrich, Sutham Srilomsak, Yaowapa Treekamol, Waraporn Tanthanuch e Kanokwalee Suriyatham. "Artefacts from Ban Chiang, Thailand: pottery with hematite-red geometric patterns". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials 235, n. 11 (26 novembre 2020): 559–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2020-0076.

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AbstractBan Chiang () is an extensively studied archeological site in Northeast Thailand, Udon Thani Province, which became a UNESCO world heritage in 1992. Depending on their production period ceramic artefacts show characteristic patterns at the surface which may be interpreted as iconographic motifs for the site. Two ceramic samples, excavated in 2003, from different periods were re-investigated, previously studied by Tanthanuch W., Pattanasiriwisawa W., Somphon W., Srilomsak S. Synchrotron studies of Ban Chiang ancient pottery. Suranaree J. Sci Technol. 2011, 18, 15–28 who focussed on thermal firing and redox-conditions. Shards selected for this study were sample 5412-S6E15 dated from Bronze Age (ca. 1000–300 BC) with yellow-brown, paint-free surface and a younger sample 8027 from Iron Age (ca. 300 BC–200 AD) with red painted design carrying pictorial patterns typical for the Ban Chiang ceramics. The surface material and colour of both shards was studied in detail using optical reflectance, FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction. Thin sections were used to determine the thickness of the red paint and the elemental composition of the surface using an electron microprobe. Chemical composition of sample 5412-S6E15 consists as oxides of elements mainly of SiO2 and Al2O3 (representing ca. 59 and 20 wt. %) and that of the red colour of the youngest sample 8027 consists mainly of SiO2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 (representing ca. 52, 13 and 13 wt. %), the average composition adjacent to the red painted area has ca. 72 wt. % SiO2, ca. 10 wt. % Al2O3 and only 2 wt. % Fe2O3. X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy and optical reflectance measurements confirm hematite in the mineralogical composition of the red pigment of shard 8027.

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Tanaskovski, Bojan, Marija Petrović, Zoran Kljajić, Sandro Degetto e Slavka Stanković. "Analysis of major, minor and trace elements in surface sediments by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry for assessment of possible contamination of Boka Kotorska Bay, Montenegro". Macedonian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 33, n. 1 (2 maggio 2014): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.20450/mjcce.2014.423.

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Boka Kotorska Bay is on the UNESCO’s World Heritage List. There are no published papers related to the surface sediment pollution of the Bay. For the first time, elements were measured in surface sediments at nine locations in the Bay by the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ED-XRF) technique. Si, Fe, Ca, K, Ti, Mn, P, Ba, Cr, Sr, Zn, Rb, Ni, Cu, Pb, As, Sn, Sb, Hg and Cd were quantified in the surface sediments. Sediments were classified as non-polluted or polluted by counting the enrichment factor (EF), metal loading index (MLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo) based on the elemental background level of the analyzed elements in the literature, or by the Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs) of USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency). Based on USEPA’s SQGs, the surface sediment in the entire Bay can be classified as heavily polluted by As and Cr, and non-polluted by Cd and Hg, and, related to the sites, the surface sediment at the Tivat-Arsenal site was heavily polluted and at the Orahovac site was not polluted at all. The PLI (pollution load index) values for the locations of Tivat-Arsenal and Orahovac are in agreement with the conclusion based on USEPA’s SQGs. The results in this paper will establish an initial view of sediment pollution and the state of the Bay’s environment.

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Rygel, Michael C., Erin P. Sheldon, Matthew R. Stimson, John H. Calder, Kyle T. Ashley e Jamie L. Salg. "The Pennsylvanian Springhill Mines Formation: sedimentological framework for a portion of the Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site". Atlantic Geology 50 (27 novembre 2014): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2014.013.

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This is the first detailed study of the coastal exposure of the Springhill Mines Formation within the Joggins Fossil Cliffs World Heritage Site. A 16.9-m-thick interval of dark laminated mudrocks and sharpbased sandstones at the base of our section is reassigned to the top of the Joggins Formation. This interval records a rapid, presumably widespread flooding event and the temporary establishment of a marginalmarine to brackish bay. The overlying 697 m of strata represent deposition in poorly drained and well-drained environments, and are assigned to the Springhill Mines Formation. Strata reflecting poorly drained environments contain green and grey mudrocks, thin coals, sheet sandstones, and channel bodies interpreted to have been deposited in coastal swamps and low-lying parts of a floodplain. Intervals reflecting well-drained conditions contain reddish brown mudrocks, sheet sandstones, and channel bodies interpreted to have been deposited on a vegetated floodplain that was periodically exposed to oxidizing conditions. Strata reflecting poorly drained conditions are thick and abundant in the lower half of the formation and well-drained intervals become thick and more abundant in the upper half. The shift in facies abundance is accompanied by an interpreted evolution in fluvial style from predominantly anastomosed channels (below 376 m) to sheet-like channel bodies (376–449 m) and ultimately to predominantly meandering-channel bodies (449–697 m). The formation-scale changes in drainage conditions and fluvial style records decreased halokinetic subsidence and aggradation of the alluvial surface as sediments shed from the Caledonia Highlands prograded into this part of the basin.

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Menéndez, María C., Florencia Biancalana, Anabela A. Berasategui, Melisa D. Fernández Severini, Mónica S. Hoffmeyer e José L. Esteves. "Mesozooplankton composition and spatial distribution, Nuevo Gulf, Patagonia, Argentina". Check List 7, n. 2 (1 marzo 2011): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/7.2.101.

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The composition and spatial distribution of mesozooplankton of Nuevo Gulf, Argentina, were analyzed from surface samples taken on July, 1997. A total of 32 taxa were recorded. The highest abundances were found close to Nueva Bay, which is located nearby a growing urban population, whereas the lowest values were detected in the center of the gulf. Holoplankton dominated at all stations and evidenced a homogeneous spatial distribution. Meroplankton showed a more heterogeneous pattern. Ctenocalanus vanus was the most abundant taxon followed by Paracalanus parvus. Gastropoda veligers dominated the meroplanktonic fraction. Our results showed that the spatial distribution of the mesozooplankton seemed to be mainly influenced by the dominant hydrological circulation pattern of the region. This research establishes the first scientific basis for further studies in zooplankton communities of this important gulf, closely related to a natural protected worldwide known area declared a world heritage site by UNESCO.

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BOON, RICHARD G. C., e ABRAHAM E. VAN WYK. "Reinstatement of Dovyalis revoluta (Flacourtieae, Salicaceae), with an updated key to the species of Dovyalis in southern Africa". Phytotaxa 409, n. 2 (9 luglio 2019): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.409.2.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Dovyalis revoluta, almost since described included in D. zeyheri, is reinstated. This restricted-range endemic from South Africa is compared with other southern African members of the genus, in particular D. zeyheri. Illustrations, photographs, a distribution map and a revised description are provided. Also included is an updated key to the seven currently accepted members of Dovyalis in the Flora of southern Africa region. Dovyalis revoluta belongs to Dovyalis sect. Dovyalis, and has only been recorded from a small area in the province of KwaZulu-Natal near the town of Hluhluwe. Most plants are known from the False Bay Park section of the Isimangaliso Wetland Park, a World Heritage Site. Dovyalis revoluta is clearly distinguished from other southern African members of the genus by having relatively large (ca. 22–25 mm in diam.), subglobose, orange fruit, with the surface minutely and densely papillate and the calyx lobes (tepals) tightly revolute, but not accrescent, after flowering. Furthermore, the vegetative parts are essentially glabrous and the leaves are usually entire and not distinctly three-veined from the base. Domatia are absent. A preliminary population assessment, including an estimate of the sex ratio, was conducted at False Bay Park. Based on IUCN Red List categories and criteria, a conservation assessment of “Critically Endangered” is recommended for this species.

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Pinn, Eunice H., e Michelle Rodgers. "The influence of visitors on intertidal biodiversity". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 85, n. 2 (31 marzo 2005): 263–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315405011148h.

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The Purbeck Marine Wildlife Reserve lies within the boundary of the Dorset and East Devon World Heritage Site on the south coast. This study investigated the influence of visitors on intertidal biodiversity at Kimmeridge Bay, the only accessible part of the reserve. The assemblages present on two rock ledges were compared: Washing Ledge, which is regularly visited and utilized by people, and Yellow Ledge, which is more isolated and visited much less regularly. At each ledge, three habitat types were investigated: open rock, rockpools and the fucoid zone. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed significant differences in assemblages between ledges and among habitat types. The differences observed in the communities of the two ledges can be explained to some extent by natural ecological processes, but human impacts were also detected. The most obvious contrast associated with trampling was a reduction in the larger, branching species of algae and an increase in ephemeral and crustose species in the more heavily utilized areas.

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Haque, Alifa Bintha, Rachel D. Cavanagh e Nathalie Seddon. "Evaluating artisanal fishing of globally threatened sharks and rays in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh". PLOS ONE 16, n. 9 (9 settembre 2021): e0256146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256146.

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Sharks and rays are at risk of extinction globally. This reflects low resilience to increasing fishing pressure, exacerbated by habitat loss, climate change, increasing value in a trade and inadequate information leading to limited conservation actions. Artisanal fisheries in the Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh contribute to the high levels of global fishing pressure on elasmobranchs. However, it is one of the most data-poor regions of the world, and the diversity, occurrence and conservation needs of elasmobranchs in this region have not been adequately assessed. This study evaluated elasmobranch diversity, species composition, catch and trade within the artisanal fisheries to address this critical knowledge gap. Findings show that elasmobranch diversity in Bangladesh has previously been underestimated. In this study, over 160000 individual elasmobranchs were recorded through landing site monitoring, comprising 88 species (30 sharks and 58 rays) within 20 families and 35 genera. Of these, 54 are globally threatened according to the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, with ten species listed as Critically Endangered and 22 species listed as Endangered. Almost 98% juvenile catch (69–99% for different species) for large species sand a decline in numbers of large individuals were documented, indicating unsustainable fisheries. Several previously common species were rarely landed, indicating potential population declines. The catch pattern showed seasonality and, in some cases, gear specificity. Overall, Bangladesh was found to be a significant contributor to shark and ray catches and trade in the Bay of Bengal region. Effective monitoring was not observed at the landing sites or processing centres, despite 29 species of elasmobranchs being protected by law, many of which were frequently landed. On this basis, a series of recommendations were provided for improving the conservation status of the elasmobranchs in this region. These include the need for improved taxonomic research, enhanced monitoring of elasmobranch stocks, and the highest protection level for threatened taxa. Alongside political will, enhancing national capacity to manage and rebuild elasmobranch stocks, coordinated regional management measures are essential.

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Ibrahim, Eldirdery Abeadallah Abdelrahman, Nahid Abdel Rahim Osman e Omar Ali Mohamed Eisa. "Status of the Beach Litter in the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Dungonab and Mukkawar Island Marine National Park in Sudan, Red Sea". International Journal of Ecology 2020 (12 febbraio 2020): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6904745.

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Abstract (sommario):

Information on marine litter in general and beach litter in particular from Sudan and to some extent from the Red Sea region is insufficient. The aim of this study is to assess the beach litter composition, distribution, and abundance in some selected beaches of the World Heritage Site of Dungonab Bay and Mukkawar Island National Park (DMNP) located in Sudan, Red Sea coast, and to examine the rate of beach litter flux and the cleanliness of its beaches in order to provide baseline information for beach litter management at DMNP. A total of 6 sites were investigated for beach litter over a 10-month period from January to October 2017 on a quarterly basis. A total of 24 collections of beach litter were performed covering a stretch of 600 m or 7700 m2 of DMNP coastline. In total, 3037 beach litter items were collected during the study time from DMNP with an overall average of 506.2 ± 409.8 items/100 m (0.4 items/m2). Plastic beach litter was the most abundant (1738 items), constituting 57.23% with an average density of 289.7 ± 242.2 items/100 m (0.23 items/m2). The beaches of DMNP were clean (CCI = 4.6) at the time of the study. The rate of flux of the beach litter decreased steadily from 21.9 to 16.43 items/100 m/day with an overall average of 18.82 ± 2.8 items/100 m/day. The gradual decrease in the net accumulation of beach litter over the period of the study suggests that the beach litter at DMNP was likely of a local land-based origin and the beaches of DMNP are not a potential sink of marine litter. The determination of the rate of flux of beach litter is a reasonable indicator of the dynamics of beach litter in DMNP. Accordingly, application of preventive measures accompanied with awareness activities and investment in plastic collection and recycling would further enhance and preserve the present status of beach cleanliness and encourage tourism activities.

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Adolfssen, Jan S., Jesper Milàn e Matt Friedman. "Review of the Danian vertebrate fauna of southern Scandinavia." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 65 (15 febbraio 2017): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2017-65-01.

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Abstract (sommario):

The vertebrate fauna in the Danian deposits of Denmark and southern Sweden is reviewed. Remains of sharks and bony fishes are widely distributed but not common in the Danian limestones, with the exception of the K/Pg-boundary clay, the Fiskeler Member, at the UNESCO World Heritage Site Stevns Klint, which can include substantial quantities of shark teeth and fragments of bony fishes. Articulated remains of bony fishes are known from the Fiskeler Member at Stevns Klint and the København Limestone Formation in the Limhamn quarry. Sharks are only found as isolated teeth and rare isolated vertebrae. The gavialoid crocodylian Thoracosaurus is represented by a complete skull and associated postcranial material and an additional jaw fragment from the Limhamn quarry. Remains of a crocodylian skull, a cervical vertebra, a limb bone and isolated teeth have been found in the Faxe quarry, and a single possibly alligatorid tooth is known from the basal conglomerate of the Lellinge Greensand Formation from now closed exposures below Copenhagen. Fragmentary turtle material has been found in the face and Limhamn quarries and in the København Limestone in Copenhagen, and bird remains are exclusively known from the Limhamn quarry. Despite the fragmentary nature of many of the finds, the total picture of the vertebrate fauna of southern Scandinavia is quite diverse comprising four classes, 23 orders, 41 families and 54 identifiable genera of which most can be identified to species level.

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Kobryn, Halina T., Lynnath E. Beckley e Kristin Wouters. "Bathymetry Derivatives and Habitat Data from Hyperspectral Imagery Establish a High-Resolution Baseline for Managing the Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia". Remote Sensing 14, n. 8 (10 aprile 2022): 1827. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14081827.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Ningaloo Reef, Australia’s longest fringing reef, is uniquely positioned in the NW region of the continent, with clear, oligotrophic waters, relatively low human impacts, and a high level of protection through the World Heritage Site and its marine park status. Non-invasive optical sensors, which seamlessly derive bathymetry and bottom reflectance, are ideally suited for mapping and monitoring shallow reefs such as Ningaloo. Using an existing airborne hyperspectral survey, we developed a new, geomorphic layer for the reef for depths down to 20 m, through an object-oriented classification that combines topography and benthic cover. We demonstrate the classification approach using three focus areas in the northern region of the Muiron Islands, the central part around Point Maud, and Gnaraloo Bay in the south. Topographic mapping combined aspect, slope, and depth into 18 classes and, unsurprisingly, allocated much of the area into shallow, flat lagoons, and highlighted narrow, deeper channels that facilitate water circulation. There were five distinct geomorphic classes of coral-algal mosaics in different topographic settings. Our classifications provide a useful baseline for stratifying ecological field surveys, designing monitoring programmes, and assessing reef resilience from current and future threats.

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Rygel, Michael C., Corinne Lally, Martin R. Gibling, Alessandro Ielpi, John H. Calder e Arden R. Bashforth. "Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the type section of the Pennsylvanian Boss Point Formation, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, Nova Scotia, Canada". Atlantic Geology 51, n. 1 (29 gennaio 2015): 001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4138/atlgeol.2015.001.

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Abstract (sommario):

The 1125-m-thick type section of the Pennsylvanian Boss Point Formation is well exposed along the shore of the Bay of Fundy in Nova Scotia. We provide the first comprehensive account of the entirety of this formation, which comprises nearly one-third of the stratigraphic thickness of the Joggins Fossil Cliffs UNESCO World Heritage Site. The basal Chignecto Bay Member (0–91.5 m) is composed of redbeds, single-storey channel bodies with northerly paleoflow, and thin palustrine limestones. The middle Ward Point Member (91.5–951.7 m) contains up to 16 megacycles composed of alternations between thick packages of braided fluvial sandstone and fine-grained deposits. Although regional studies of the Boss Point Formation suggest that the fine-grained deposits are largely composed of lacustrine sediments, these intervals consist largely of poorly drained and well-drained floodplain deposits in the type section. The facies variations and southeast-directed paleoflow in the Ward Point Member record modest uplift associated with the growth of the salt-cored Minudie Anticline. The North Reef Member (951.7–1125 m) is composed of redbeds and two distinctive multistorey channel bodies. This uppermost member records a shift to more arid, oxidizing conditions, was the precursor to a major phase of salt withdrawal, and represents a transition to the overlying Little River Formation. The sedimentological framework, revised stratigraphy, and detailed measured section and map will provide a foundation for future study of this remarkable Pennsylvanian exposure.

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Abdelhamid, Sarah, Götz B. Reinicke, Rebecca Klaus, Johannes Höhn, Osama S. Saad e Görres Grenzdörffer. "Red Sea Coral Reef Monitoring Site in Sudan after 39 Years Reveals Stagnant Reef Growth, Continuity and Change". Diversity 16, n. 7 (29 giugno 2024): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d16070379.

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Abstract (sommario):

Coral reefs off the coast of the Republic of Sudan are still considered to be among the most pristine reefs in the central Red Sea. The complex coastal fringing reefs, offshore banks, and shoals of Dungonab Bay in the north and Sanganeb atoll situated further to the south, about 23 km off the Sudanese mainland coast, were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2016. Due to their remote location and limited access, monitoring of the status of the reefs has been sporadic. Here, we present the results of a repeated large area photomosaic survey (5 m × 5 m plots) on the Sanganeb atoll, first established and surveyed in 1980, and revisited in 1991 and most recently in 2019. The 2019 survey recovered and reinstated the four original monitoring plots. Evaluation of photographic and video records from one photomosaic plot on the seaward slope of the atoll revealed general continuity of the overall community structure and composition over 39 years. Individual colonies of Echinopora gemmacea and Lobophyllia erythraea were recorded in the exact same positions as in the 1980 and 1991 plots. The genera Acropora and Pocillopora remain dominant, although in altered proportions. Shifts in composition were detected at the species level (e.g., increase in Pocillopora verrucosa, Stylophora pistillata, Acropora hemprichii, Dipsastraea pallida, and Echinopora gemmacea, decrease in Acropora cytherea and A. superba), in addition to changes in the extent of uncolonized substrate (e.g., increase from 43.9% in 1980 to 52.2% in 2019), and other scleractinian, hydrozoan, and soft coral living cover. While the temporal resolution only includes three sampling events over 39 years (1980, 1991, 2019), this study presents one of the longest time series of benthic community surveys available for the entire Red Sea. A semi-quantitative estimate of vertical reef growth in the studied test plot indicates a reduction in net accretion rates of more than 80%, from 2.27 to 2.72 cm/yr between 1980 and 1991 to 0.28–0.42 cm/yr between 1991 and 2019. We carefully conclude that the changes observed in the coral community in the plot in 2019 (Acropora–Pocillopora shift, increase in Montipora and calcareous algae) are representative of impacts at the community level, including rising sea surface temperatures and recent bleaching events.

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Goswami, Haimanti, Sagar Debnath, Soumen Mukherjee e Swarnava Biswas. "A Study on the Effects of Biodiversity and Conservation Efforts on Community Health in the Sunderban Area of Eastern India". International Journal of Statistics in Medical Research 13 (23 agosto 2024): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-6029.2024.13.14.

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Abstract (sommario):

The Sunderbans, located at the southernmost tip of the Bay of Bengal, is a UNESCO World Heritage site renowned for its mangrove extent encompassing tidal rivers, mudflats, and islands. As the home of the Royal Bengal Tiger and countless humans, it represents the ecological centre of Eastern India. The primary objective of this study is to analyse community participation in Sunderbans conservation strategies. We are in a position to identify the primary catalysts and inhibitors of such community engagement by understanding the correlation between active conservation participation and health outcomes. The essence of the study emphasises the community's awareness of environmental factors that affect the health. Our ultimate objective is to design a framework that clarifies the connections between conservation and health initiatives in areas of high biodiversity. Using a mixed-methods approach, quantitative biodiversity metrics were derived using species richness, evenness, and Simpson's Diversity Index, and health data were gathered using standardised community health surveys that focused on disease prevalence, nutrition status, and sanitation practises. Twenty sites with differing degrees of community-based conservation activities provided the data. Using sophisticated statistical methods, such as multivariate regression analyses and non-metric multidimensional scaling, patterns and correlations between biodiversity and health indicators were identified. Preliminary results indicated a correlation between biodiversity metrics and specific health indicators. There was a 16.8% decrease in waterborne maladies and a 12.1% increase in nutritional diversity among community members in areas with greater biodiversity. Additionally, areas with robust community-based conservation activities demonstrated a 19.8% increase in biodiversity and community health metrics in comparison to areas with minimal to no conservation activities. Our findings highlight the necessity of merging conservation and health agendas, arguing for an integrative strategy in biodiverse regions. It is in the best interest of global stakeholders to recognise and exploit such potential in comparable ecologies.

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А.Д., КАЛИХМАН, e КАЛИХМАН Т.П. "ОЦЕНКА ПОСЕТИТЕЛЬСКИХ НАГРУЗОК И ПРЕДЕЛЬНО ДОПУСТИМЫЕ НОРМЫ В ПРИБАЙКАЛЬСКОМ НАЦИОНАЛЬНОМ ПАРКЕ". География и природные ресурсы 45, n. 1 (29 marzo 2024): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/gipr20240116.

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Abstract (sommario):

Впервые представлены результаты определения посетительских нагрузок на природные территории Прибайкальского национального парка, полученные в течение теплых сезонов 2018-2021 гг. Использована методика «Пределы допустимых изменений», рекомендованная для объекта всемирного природного наследия «Озеро Байкал», адаптированная авторами статьи для окружающих озеро природных территорий. Полученные численные значения рекреационной емкости для основных, открытых для посещения в Прибайкальском национальном парке объектов следует считать соответствующими предельно допустимым нагрузкам, превышение которых ведет к изменению природных условий и потере объектом туристской привлекательности. Показано, что для Прибайкальского национального парка, территория которого включает в себя более четверти протяженности береговой линии Байкала, на 93 разрешенных для посещения участках и тропах, расположенных в пределах десяти лесничеств, допустимо единовременное присутствие 5285 чел. Даны примеры определения оценок текущей емкости для трех объектов: бухты Бабушка, урочища Саган-Заба и Сарайского залива. Сделана попытка сравнить данные предельных нагрузок с общей статистикой выдаваемых разрешений на посещение с 2018 по 2022 г. Около половины из них связано с о. Ольхон, на который приходится примерно треть общих предельных нагрузок, что стало возможным после устройства в 2018-2021 гг. настильных троп, изолированных навесов, биотуалетов и помостов для автомобилей, позволивших повысить рекреационную емкость без увеличения нагрузки. Практика допуска посетителей на природные территории Прибайкальского национального парка опирается в настоящее время на оценки, полученные по методике пределов допустимых изменений и алгоритмам определения текущей емкости, которые ежегодно корректируются данными мониторинга состояния окружающей среды. Также учитывается регулярное появление новой и обновление существующей инфраструктуры, допускающей увеличение числа посетителей, единовременно находящихся в границах парка. The article presents, for the first time, the results of determining visitor loads on the natural territories of the Pribaikalsky National Park obtained during the warm seasons of 2018-2021. The study used the method of “Limits of Acceptable Changes” recommended for the World Natural Heritage Site “Lake Baikal”, adapted by the authors of the article for the natural territories surrounding the lake. The obtained numerical values of recreational capacity for the main objects open to the public in the Pribaikalsky National Park should be considered as corresponding to the maximum permissible loads, the excess of which leads to changes in natural conditions and the loss of tourist attractiveness of the object. The study shows that for the Pribaikalsky National Park, which includes more than a quarter of the Baikal coastline, a one-time presence of 5285 people is permissible on 93 sites and trails allowed for visiting, located within ten forestry departments. Examples of determining current capacity estimates are given for three objects, namely: Babushka Bay, Sagan-Zaba Tract and Saraisky Bay. An attempt has been made to compare the data of the maximum loads with the general statistics of the issued visiting permits for the period 2018-2022. About half of them are connected with the Olkhon Island, which accounts for about a third of the total maximum loads, which became possible after the construction of decking trails, isolated canopies, dry closets and platforms for cars in 2018-2021, which made it possible to increase recreational capacity without increasing the load. The practice of admitting visitors to the natural territories of the Pribaikalsky National Park is currently based on estimates obtained using the method of limits of acceptable changes and algorithms for determining the current capacity, which are annually adjusted by environmental monitoring data. Regular construction of new and updating of existing infrastructure are also taken into account, allowing for an increase in the number of visitors simultaneously within the boundaries of the park.

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R, Bhuvaneswari, Cynthiya Rose J S e Maria Baptist S. "Editorial: Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future". Studies in Media and Communication 11, n. 2 (22 febbraio 2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11114/smc.v11i2.5932.

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Abstract (sommario):

IntroductionIndian Literature with its multiplicity of languages and the plurality of cultures dates back to 3000 years ago, comprising Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas and Epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. India has a strong literary tradition in various Indian regional languages like Sanskrit, Prakrit, Pali, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Oriya, Tamil, Kannada, Telugu, Malayalam and so on. Indian writers share oral tradition, indigenous experiences and reflect on the history, culture and society in regional languages as well as in English. The first Indian novel in English is Bankim Chandra Chatterjee’s Rajmohan’s Wife (1864). Indian Writing in English can be viewed in three phases - Imitative, First and Second poets’ phases. The 20th century marks the matrix of indigenous novels. The novels such as Mulk Raj Anand’s Untouchable (1935), Anita Nair’s Ladies Coupé (2001), and Khuswant Singh’s Memories of Madness: Stories of 1947 (2002) depict social issues, vices and crises (discrimination, injustice, violence against women) in India. Indian writers, and their contribution to world literature, are popular in India and abroad.Researchers are keen on analysing the works of Indian writers from historical, cultural, social perspectives and on literary theories (Post-Colonialism, Postmodernity, Cultural Studies). The enormity of the cultural diversity in India is reflected in Indian novels, plays, dramas, short stories and poems. This collection of articles attempts to capture the diversity of the Indian land/culture/landscape. It focuses on the history of India, partition, women’s voices, culture and society, and science and technology in Indian narratives, documentaries and movies.Special Issue: An Overview“Whatever has happened, has happened for goodWhatever is happening, is also for goodWhatever will happen, shall also be good.”- The Bhagavad-Gita.In the Mahabharata’s Kurukshetra battlefield, Lord Krishna counsels Arjuna on how everything that happens, regardless of whether it is good or bad, happens for a reason.Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future portrays the glorious/not-so-glorious times in history, the ever-changing crisis/peace of contemporary and hope for an unpredictable future through India’s literary and visual narratives. It focuses on comparison across cultures, technological advancements and diverse perspectives or approaches through the work of art produced in/on India. It projects India’s flora, fauna, historical monuments and rich cultural heritage. It illustrates how certain beliefs and practices come into existence – origin, evolution and present structure from a historical perspective. Indian Literature: Past, Present and Future gives a moment to recall, rectify and raise to make a promising future. This collection attempts to interpret various literary and visual narratives which are relevant at present.The Epics Reinterpreted: Highlighting Feminist Issues While Sustaining Deep Motif, examines the Women characters in the Epics – Ramayana and Mahabharata. It links the present setting to the violence against women described in the Epics Carl Jung’s archetypes are highlighted in a few chosen characters (Sita, Amba, Draupati). On one note, it emphasises the need for women to rise and fight for their rights.Fictive Testimony and Genre Tension: A Study of ‘Functionality’ of Genre in Manto’s Toba Tek Singh, analyses the story as a testimony and Manto as a witness. It discusses the ‘Testimony and Fictive Testimony’ in Literature. It explains how the works are segregated into a particular genre. The authors conclude that the testimony is to be used to understand or identify with the terror.Tangible Heritage and Intangible Memory: (Coping) Precarity in the select Partition writings by Muslim Women, explores the predicament of women during the Partition of India through Mumtaz Shah Nawaz’s The Heart Divided (1990) and Attia Hosain’s Sunlight on a Broken Column (2009). It addresses ‘Feminist Geography’ to escape precarity. It depicts a woman who is cut off from her own ethnic or religious group and tries to conjure up her memories as a means of coping with loneliness and insecurity.Nation Building Media Narratives and its Anti-Ecological Roots: An Eco-Aesthetic Analysis of Khushwant Singh’s Train to Pakistan, analyses the post-Partition trauma in the fictional village, Mano Majra. It illustrates the cultural and spiritual bond between Mano Majrans — the inhabitants of Mano Majra — and nature (the land and river). It demonstrates how the media constructs broad myths about culture, religion, and nation. According to the authors, Mano Majrans place a high value on the environment, whilst the other boundaries are more concerned with nationalism and religion.Pain and Hopelessness among Indian Farmers: An Analysis of Deepa Bhatia’s Nero’s Guests documents the farmers’ suicides in India as a result of debt and decreased crop yield. The travels of Sainath and his encounters with the relatives of missing farmers have been chronicled in the documentary Nero’s Guests. It uses the Three Step Theory developed by David Klonsky and Alexis May and discusses suicide as a significant social issue. The authors conclude that farmers are the foundation of the Indian economy and that without them, India’s economy would collapse. It is therefore everyone’s responsibility—the people and the government—to give farmers hope so that they can overcome suicidal thoughts.The link between animals and children in various cultures is discussed in The New Sociology of Childhood: Animal Representations in Leslie Marmon Silko’s Garden in the Dunes, Amazon’s Oh My Dog, and Netflix’s Mughizh: A Cross-Cultural Analysis. It examines the chosen works from the perspectives of cross-cultural psychology and the New Sociology of Childhood. It emphasises kids as self-sufficient, engaged, and future members of society. It emphasises universal traits that apply to all people, regardless of culture. It acknowledges anthropomorphized cartoons create a bond between kids and animals.Life in Hiding: Censorship Challenges faced by Salman Rushdie and Perumal Murugan, explores the issues sparked by their writings. It draws attention to the aggression and concerns that were forced on them by the particular sect of society. It explains the writers’ experiences with the fatwa, court case, exile, and trauma.Female Body as the ‘Other’: Rituals and Biotechnical Approach using Perumal Murugan’s One Part Woman and Matrubhoomi: A Nation Without Women, questions the society that limits female bodies for procreation and objectification. It talks about how men and women are regarded differently, as well as the cultural ideals that apply to women. It explains infertility, which is attributed to women, as well as people’s ignorance and refusal to seek medical help in favour of adhering to traditional customs and engaging in numerous rituals for procreation.Life and (non) Living: Technological and Human Conglomeration in Android Kunjappan Version 5.25, explores how cyborgs and people will inevitably interact in the Malayalam film Android Kunjappan Version 5.25. It demonstrates the advantages, adaptability, and drawbacks of cyborgs in daily life. It emphasises how the cyborg absorbs cultural and religious notions. The authors argue that cyborgs are an inevitable development in the world and that until the flaws are fixed, humans must approach cyborgs with caution. The Challenges of Using Machine Translation While Translating Polysemous Words, discusses the difficulty of using machine translation to translate polysemous words from French to English (Google Translate). It serves as an example of how the machine chooses the formal or often-used meaning rather than the pragmatic meaning and applies it in every situation. It demonstrates how Machine Translation is unable to understand the pragmatic meaning of Polysemous terms because it is ignorant of the cultures of the source and target languages. It implies that Machine Translation will become extremely beneficial and user-friendly if the flaws are fixed.This collection of articles progresses through the literary and visual narratives of India that range from historical events to contemporary situations. It aims to record the stories that are silenced and untold through writing, film, and other forms of art. India’s artistic output was influenced by factors such as independence, partition, the Kashmir crisis, the Northeast Insurgency, marginalisation, religious disputes, environmental awareness, technical breakthroughs, Bollywood, and the Indian film industry. India now reflects a multitude of cultures and customs as a result of these occurrences. As we examine the Indian narratives produced to date, we can draw the conclusion that India has a vast array of tales to share with the rest of the world.Guest Editorial BoardGuest Editor-in-ChiefDr. Bhuvaneswari R, Associate Professor, School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. She has pursued her master’s at the University of Madras, Chennai and doctoral research at HNB Central University, Srinagar. Her research areas of interest are ELT, Children/Young Adult Literature, Canadian writings, Indian literature, and Contemporary Fiction. She is passionate about environmental humanities. She has authored and co-authored articles in National and International Journals.Guest EditorsCynthiya Rose J S, Assistant Professor (Jr.), School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. Her research interests are Children’s Literature, Indian Literature and Graphic Novels.Maria Baptist S, Assistant Professor (Jr.), School of Social Sciences and Languages, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai. His research interests include Crime/Detective fiction and Indian Literature.MembersDr. Sufina K, School of Science and Humanities, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, IndiaDr. Narendiran S, Department of Science and Humanities, St. Joseph’s Institute of Technology, Chennai, India

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Hung, Tran Trong, Tran Anh Tu, Dang Thuong Huyen e Marc Desmet. "Presence of trace elements in sediment of Can Gio mangrove forest, Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam". VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, n. 1 (8 gennaio 2019): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13543.

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Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. Micropollutants in the sediment of Sai Gon – Dong Nai rivers: Situation and ecological risks. Chimia International Journal for Chemistry, 57, 09(0009–4293), 537–541.Baruddin N.A., Shazili N.A., Pradit S., 2017. Sequential extraction analysis of heavy metals in relation to bioaccumulation in mangroves, Rhizophora mucronata from Kelantan delta, Malaysia. AACL Bioflux, 10(2), 172-181. Retrieved from www.bioflux.com/aacl.Bravard J.-P., Goichot M., Tronchere H., 2014. An assessment of sediment transport processes in the lower Mekong river based on deposit grain size, the CM technique and flow energy data. Geomorphology, 207, 174-189.Cang L.T., Thanh N.C. 2008. Importing and exporting sediment to and from mangrove forest at Dong Trang estuary, Can Gio district, Ho Chi Minh city. Science & Technology Development, 11(04), 12-18.Carignan J., Hild P., Mevelle G., Morel J., Yeghicheyan D., 2001. Routine analyses of trace elements in geological samples using flow injection and low-pressure on-line liquid chromatography coupled to ICP-MS: A study of geochemical reference materials BR, DR-N, UB-N, AN-G and GH. The Journal of Geo standard and Geoanalysis, 187-198.Carlson P.R., Yarbro L.A., Zimmermann C.F., Montgomery J.R., 1983. Pore water chemistry of an overwash mangrove island. Academy Symposium: Future of the Indian River System, 46(3/4), 239-249. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24320336.Chatterjee M., Canário J., Sarkar S.K., Branco V., Godhantaraman N., Bhattacharya B.D., Bhattacharya A., 2012. Biogeochemistry of mercury and methylmercury in sediment cores from Sundarban mangrove wetland, India—a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Environ Monit Assess, 184, 5239–5254.Claudia R., Huy N.V., 2004. Water allocation policies for the Dong Nai river basin in Viet Nam: An integrated perspective. EPTD Discussion Paper, 127, 01-52.Folk R.L., Ward W.C., 1957. Brazos River bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 27(1), 3-26.Furukawaa K., Wolanski E., Mueller H., 1997. Currents and sediment transport in mangrove forests. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, 301-310.Hai H.Q., Tuyen N.N., 2011. Coastal Erosion of Can Gio district Ho Chi Minh City due to the global climate change. The journal of development of technology and science, 14, 17-28.HCM SO S.O., 2015. Annual statistic data in 2015 for HCM city. Ho Chi Minh city: Statistic office of HCM city.HCMC, 2017. Decision No. 3901 on approving the areas of forest and land in HCM city in 2016. Ho Chi Minh: The people's committee of HCM city.Herut B., Sandler A., 2006. Normalization methods for pollutants in marine sediments: review and recommendations for the Mediterranean. Haifa 31080: Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research: IOLR Report H18/2006.Hong P.N., San H.T., 1993. Mangroves of Vietnam: Chapter VI Human impacts on the mangrove ecosystem. Bangkok 10501: IUCN - The International Union for Conservation of Nature, ISBN: 2-8317-0166-x.Hubner R., Astin K.B., Herbert R.J., 2009. Comparison of sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for the assessment of metal contamination in marine and estuarine environments. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 11, 713–722.IAEA, 2003. Collection and preparation of bottom sediment samples for analysis of radionuclides and trace elements. Vienna, Austria: International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA-TECDOC-1360, ISBN 92–0–109003–X.Jingchun L., Chongling Y., Ruifeng Z., Haoliang L., Guangqiu Q., 2008. Speciation changes of Cd in mangrove (Kandelia Candel L.) rhizosphere sediments. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol, 231-236. Doi:10.1007/s00128-007-9351-z.Kalaivanan R., Jayaprakash M., Nethaji S., Arya V., Giridharan L., 2017. Geochemistry of Core Sediments from Tropical Mangrove Region of Tamil Nadu: Implications on Trace Metals. Journal of Earth Science & Climatic Change, ISSN: 2157-7617., 8(1.1000385), 1-10. Doi:10.4172/2157-7617.1000385.Kathiresan K., Saravanakumar K., Mullai P., 2014. Bioaccumulation of trace elements by Avicennia marina. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 2(11), 888-894.Kitazawa T., Nakagawa T., Hashimoto T., Tateishi M., 2006. Stratigraphy and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of a Quaternary sequence along the Dong Nai River, southern Vietnam. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 27, 788–804.Lacerda L.D., 1998. Trace metals of biogeochemistry and diffuse pollution in mangrove (M. Vannucci, Ed.) Mangrove ecosystem occassional papers (ISSN: 0919-1348), 2, 1-72.Laura H., Probsta A., Probsta J.L., Ulrich E., 2003. Heavy metal distribution in some French forest soils: evidence for atmospheric contamination. The Science of Total Environment, 195-210.Li R., Li R., Chai M., Shen X., Xu H., Qiu G., 2015. Heavy metal contamination and ecological risk in Futian mangrove forest sediment in Shenzhen Bay, South China. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 101, 448–456.Long E., Morgan L.G., 1990. The potential for biological effects of sediment-sorted contaminants tested in the national status and trends program. Seattle, Washington: NOAA Technical Memorandum NOS OMA 52.Long E.R., Field L.J., MacDonald D.D., 1998. Predicting toxicity in marine sediments with numerical sediment quality guidelines. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 17, 714–727. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.5620170428/abstract;jsessionid=C5264A1AD0.7ACCA9B4EF9A088BE2EDE9.f04t04Long E.R., MacDonald D.D., Smith S.L., Calder F.D., 1995. Incidence of adverse biological effects within ranges of chemical concentration in marine and estuarine sediments. Environmental management, 19, 81-97.Maiti S.K., Chowdhury A., 2013. Effects of Anthropogenic Pollution on Mangrove Biodiversity: A Review. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 1428-1434.Marchand C., Allenbach M., Lallier-Verges E., 2011. Relation between heavy metal distribution and organic matter cycling in mangrove sediments (Conception Bay, New Caledonia). Geoderma, Elsevier, 160 (3-4), 444-456.Mohd F.N., Nor R.H., 2010. Heavy metal concentrations in an important mangrove species, Sonneratia caseolaris, in Peninsular Malaysia. Environment Asia, 3, 50-53.Muller G., 1979. Schwermetalle in den Sedimenten des Rheins - Veränderungen seit 1971. Umschau, 778-783.Nam V.N., 2007. Restoration of Can Gio mangrove forest: Its structure and function in comparison between the ecosytems of plantion and nature mangrove forest. Workshop on the thesis between Germany and Vietnam.Nickerson N.H., Thibodeau F.R., 1985. Association between pore water sulfide concentrations and the distribution of mangroves. Biogeochemistry, 1, 183-192.Ong Che R.G., 1999. Concentration of 7 Heavy Metals in Sediments and Mangrove Root Samples from Mai Po, Hong Kong. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39, 269-279.Passega R., 1957. Texture as characteristics of clastic deposition. Publisher: American Association of Petroleum Geologists.Passega R., 1964. Grain size representation by CM patterns as a geological tool. J Sediment Petrol, 34, 830–847.Phuoc V.L., An D.T., Cang L.T., Chung B.N., Tien N.V., 2010. Study the sediment dynamics in Can Gio mangrove forest (Nang Hai site, Ho Chi Minh city). Ho Chi Minh city: The final report of National University Ho Chi Minh city, No. B2009-18-36.Pumijumnong N., Danpradit S., 2016. Heavy metal accumulation in sediments and mangrove forest stems from Surat Thani province, Thailand. The Malaysian forester, 79(1&2), 212-228.QCVN43:2012/BTNMT, 2012. QCVN43:2012/BTNMT: National technical regulation on the sediment quality, Ha Noi: Ministry of natural resources and environment of Vietnam.Qiao S., Shi X., Fang X., Liu S., Kornkanitnan N., Gao J., Yu Y., 2015. Heavy metal and clay mineral analyses in the sediments of Upper Gulf of Thailand and their implications on sedimentary provenance and dispersion pattern. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 114, 488–496.Rollinson H. R., 1993. Using geochemical data for evaluation, presentation and interpretation. UK: Longman Group UK Limited ISBN-0-582-06701-4.Spalding M., Blasco F., Field C., 2010. World atlas of mangrove. Cambridge: Earthscan in UK and US, ISBN: 978-1-84407-657-4.Strady E., Dang V.B., Némery J., Guédron S., Dinh Q.T., Denis H., Nguyen P.D., 2016. Baseline seasonal investigation of nutrients and trace metals in surface waters and sediments along the Saigon River basin impacted by the megacity of HCM, Viet Nam. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 1-18. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7660-7.Tam N.F., Wong Y.S., 1996. Retention and distribution of heavy metals in mangrove soils receiving wastewater. Environment pollution, 94(5), 283-291.Thomas N., Lucas R., Bunting P., Hardy A., Rosenqvist A., Simard M., 2017. Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996– 2010. PLoS ONE, 12(6): e0179302, 1-14. Doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0179302.Thuy H.T., Loan T.T., Vy N.N., 2007. Study on environmental geochemistry of heavy metals in urban canal sediments of Ho Chi Minh city. Science and Technology Development, 10(01), 1-9.Toan T.T., Bay N.T., 2006. A study on the tendency of accretion and erosion in Can Gio coastal zone. Vietnam-Japan estuary workshop, 184-194.Tri N.H., Hong P.N., Cuc L.T., 2000. Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve Ho Chi Minh city, Ha Noi, Viet Nam. Ha Noi: Hanoi University Publisher.Truong T.V., 2007. Planning for water source of Dong Nai river basin. Retrieved from Water Resources Planning: http://siwrp.org.vn/tin-tuc/quy-hoach-tai-nguyen-nuoc-luu-vuc-song-dong-nai_143.html.Tuan L.D., Oanh T.T., Thanh C.V., Quy N.D., 2002. Can Gio mangrove biosphere reserve. HCM city, Vietnam: Agriculture Publisher.Tue N.T., Quy T.D., Amono A., 2012. Historical profiles of trace element concentrations in Mangrove sediments from the Ba Lat estuary, Red river, Vietnam. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, ISSN 0049-6979, 223(3), 1315-1330.Twilley R., Chen R., Hargis T., 1992. Carbon sinks in mangroves and their implications to carbon budget of tropical coastal ecosystems. Water, Air & Soil pollution, Netherland, 64, 265-288.UN Environment Program, 2006. Methods for sediment sampling and analysis. Palermo (Sicily), Italy: United Nation Environment Program.UNESCO, 2000. List of Biosphere reserves approved by MAB committee belonging to UNESCO. Retrieved from United Nations, Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization (UNESCO): http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific.Vandenberghe N., 1975. An evaluation of CM patterns for grain size studies of fine grained sediments. Sedimentology, 22, 615-622.Vinh B.T., Ichiro D., 2012. Erosion mechanism of cohesive river bank and bed of Soai Rap river (Ho Chi Minh city). J. Sci. of the Earth, 34(2), 153-161.Wang J., Du H., Xu Y., Chen K., Liang J., Ke H., Cai M., 2016. Environmental and Ecological Risk Assessment of Trace Metal Contamination in Mangrove Ecosystems. BioMed Research International, Article ID 2167053, 1-14. Doi:10.1155/2016/2167053.Wedepohl K.H., 1995. The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59(7), 1217-1232.Woodroffe C., Rogers K., McKee K., Lovelock C., Mendelssohn I., Saintilan N., 2016. Mangrove sedimentation and response to relative sea level rise. The Annual Review of Marine Science, 8, 243-266.Zhang J., Liu C.L., 2002. Riverine Composition and Estuarine Geochemistry of Particulate Metals in China-Weathering Features, Anthropogenic Impact and Chemical Fluxes. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 54(6), 1051-1070.Zhang W., Feng H., Chang J., Qu J., Xie H., Yu L., 2009. Heavy metal contamination in surface sediments of Yangtze River intertidal zone: An assessment from different indexes. Environmental Pollution, 157, 1533-1543.Zheng W.-j., Xiao-yong C., Peng L., 1997. Accumulation and biological cycling of heavy metal elements in Rhizophora stylosa mangroves in Yingluo Bay, China. Marine ecology progress series, 159, 293-301.

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Sinclair, Elizabeth A., Jane M. Edgeloe, Janet M. Anthony, John Statton, Martin F. Breed e Gary A. Kendrick. "Variation in reproductive effort, genetic diversity and mating systems across Posidonia australis seagrass meadows in Western Australia". AoB PLANTS 12, n. 4 (1 agosto 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plaa038.

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Abstract Populations at the edges of their geographical range tend to have lower genetic diversity, smaller effective population sizes and limited connectivity relative to centre of range populations. Range edge populations are also likely to be better adapted to more extreme conditions for future survival and resilience in warming environments. However, they may also be most at risk of extinction from changing climate. We compare reproductive and genetic data of the temperate seagrass, Posidonia australis on the west coast of Australia. Measures of reproductive effort (flowering and fruit production and seed to ovule ratios) and estimates of genetic diversity and mating patterns (nuclear microsatellite DNA loci) were used to assess sexual reproduction in northern range edge (low latitude, elevated salinities, Shark Bay World Heritage Site) and centre of range (mid-latitude, oceanic salinity, Perth metropolitan waters) meadows in Western Australia. Flower and fruit production were highly variable among meadows and there was no significant relationship between seed to ovule ratio and clonal diversity. However, Shark Bay meadows were two orders of magnitude less fecund than those in Perth metropolitan waters. Shark Bay meadows were characterized by significantly lower levels of genetic diversity and a mixed mating system relative to meadows in Perth metropolitan waters, which had high genetic diversity and a completely outcrossed mating system. The combination of reproductive and genetic data showed overall lower sexual productivity in Shark Bay meadows relative to Perth metropolitan waters. The mixed mating system is likely driven by a combination of local environmental conditions and pollen limitation. These results indicate that seagrass restoration in Shark Bay may benefit from sourcing plant material from multiple reproductive meadows to increase outcrossed pollen availability and seed production for natural recruitment.

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Jones, Rebecca, Mairi Davies, Jon Day e Scott Heron. "Developing climate risk assessments for World Heritage: the Climate Vulnerability Index". Internet Archaeology, n. 60 (maggio 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.60.3.

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Climate change is recognised as the fastest growing threat to World Heritage (WH) properties by ICOMOS and the IUCN. The Climate Vulnerability Index (CVI) was first piloted at the Natural WH property of Shark Bay, Western Australia in 2018; the first application to a Cultural WH property took place in April 2019 at the Heart of Neolithic Orkney in Scotland. This paper outlines the results of the Orkney workshop together with one for Edinburgh conducted in May-June 2021 and looks at the benefits of the CVI assessment process.

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Araujo, Gonzalo, Ariana Agustines, Brian Tracey, Sally Snow, Jessica Labaja e Alessandro Ponzo. "Photo-ID and telemetry highlight a global whale shark hotspot in Palawan, Philippines". Scientific Reports 9, n. 1 (20 novembre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-53718-w.

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AbstractThe Philippines is home to the second largest known population of whale sharks in the world. The species is listed as endangered due to continued population declines in the Indo-Pacific. Knowledge about the connectivity within Southeast Asia remains poor, and thus international management is difficult. Here, we employed pop-up archival tags, data mining and dedicated effort to understand an aggregation of whale sharks at Honda Bay, Palawan, Philippines, and its role in the species' conservation. Between Apr and Oct 2018, we conducted 159 surveys identifying 117 individual whale sharks through their unique spot patterns (96.5% male, mean 4.5 m). A further 66 individual whale sharks were identified from local operators, and data mined on social media platforms. The satellite telemetry data showed that the whale sharks moved broadly, with one individual moving to Sabah, Malaysia, before returning to the site <1 year later. Similarly, another tagged whale shark returned to the site at a similar periodicity after reaching the Malay-Filipino border. One individual whale shark first identified in East Kalimantan, Indonesia by a citizen scientist was resighted in Honda Bay ~3.5 years later. Honda Bay is a globally important site for the endangered whale shark with connectivity to two neighbouring countries, highlighting the need for international cooperation to manage the species.

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Edgeloe, Jane M., Anita A. Severn-Ellis, Philipp E. Bayer, Shaghayegh Mehravi, Martin F. Breed, Siegfried L. Krauss, Jacqueline Batley, Gary A. Kendrick e Elizabeth A. Sinclair. "Extensive polyploid clonality was a successful strategy for seagrass to expand into a newly submerged environment". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 289, n. 1976 (giugno 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2022.0538.

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Polyploidy has the potential to allow organisms to outcompete their diploid progenitor(s) and occupy new environments. Shark Bay, Western Australia, is a World Heritage Area dominated by temperate seagrass meadows including Poseidon's ribbon weed, Posidonia australis . This seagrass is at the northern extent of its natural geographic range and experiences extremes in temperature and salinity. Our genomic and cytogenetic assessments of 10 meadows identified geographically restricted, diploid clones (2 n = 20) in a single location, and a single widespread, high-heterozygosity, polyploid clone (2 n = 40) in all other locations. The polyploid clone spanned at least 180 km, making it the largest known example of a clone in any environment on earth. Whole-genome duplication through polyploidy, combined with clonality, may have provided the mechanism for P. australis to expand into new habitats and adapt to new environments that became increasingly stressful for its diploid progenitor(s). The new polyploid clone probably formed in shallow waters after the inundation of Shark Bay less than 8500 years ago and subsequently expanded via vegetative growth into newly submerged habitats.

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Switzer, Adam D., Joseph Christensen, Joanna Aldridge, David Taylor, Jim Churchill, Holly Watson, Matthew W. Fraser e Jenny Shaw. "The utility of historical records for hazard analysis in an area of marginal cyclone influence". Communications Earth & Environment 4, n. 1 (31 maggio 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43247-023-00844-z.

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AbstractShark Bay Marine Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Property located in a region of marginal tropical cyclone influence. Sustainable management of this unique environment as the climate changes requires a quantified understanding of its vulnerability to natural hazards. Here, we outline a structured analysis of novel historical archive information that has uncovered reports of an extreme storm surge associated with a Tropical Cyclone in 1921 that generated remarkable overland flow which left fish and sharks stranded up to 9.66 km (6 miles) inland. Weighted information from historical archives is placed in a new framework and provide inputs to modelling of this event which improves the understanding of its magnitude and furnishes records of the impacts of what occurred on that day and notably also in the years following. The suite of plausible tracks that reproduce the historical data contextualise the storm as a marginal Category 4 or 5 storm and its return interval as equivalent or slightly greater than the current local planning level for coastal flooding in the region. The outcome underscores the global importance of examining the probable maximum event for risk management in areas of marginal cyclone influence where vulnerable ecosystems or vital regional infrastructure of key economic importance are located, and the need to factor in TC risk in marine conservation and planning in the Shark Bay World Heritage Property.

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Quigley, Kate M., e Andrew H. Baird. "Future climate warming threatens coral reef function on World Heritage reefs". Global Change Biology 30, n. 7 (luglio 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.17407.

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AbstractClimate change is the most significant threat to natural World Heritage (WH) sites, especially in the oceans. Warming has devastated marine faunas, including reef corals, kelp, and seagrass. Here, we project future declines in species and ecosystem functions across Australia's four WH coral reef regions. Model simulations estimating species‐level abundances and probabilities of ecological persistence were combined with trait space reconstructions at “present,” 2050 (+1.5°C of warming), and 2100 (+2°C) to explore biogeographical overlaps and identify key functional differences and forecast changes in function through time. Future climates varied by region, with Shark Bay projected to warm the most (>1.29°C), followed by Lord Howe, when standardized to marine park size. By 2050, ~40% of the Great Barrier Reef will exceed critical thresholds set by the warmest summer month (mean monthly maximum [MMM]), triggering mortality. Functional diversity was greatest at Ningaloo. At +1.5°C of warming, species and regions varied drastically in their functional responses, declined 20.2% in species richness (~70 extinctions) and lost functions across all reefs. At +2°C, models predicted a complete collapse of functions, consistent with IPCC forecasts. This variability suggests a bespoke management approach is needed for each region and is critical for understanding WH vulnerability to climate change, identifying thresholds, and quantifying uncertainty of impacts. This knowledge will aid in focusing management, policy and conservation actions to direct resources, rapid action, and set biodiversity targets for these reefs of global priority. As reefs reassemble into novel or different configurations, determining the winners and losers of functional space will be critical for meeting global landmark biodiversity goals.

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Singhal, Sonal, Elizabeth Solis e Daniel L. Rabosky. "World Heritage lizard: population genetics and species status of the range-restricted Hamelin skink, Ctenotus zastictus". Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 1, n. 2 (6 giugno 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v1i2.8694.

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The Shark Bay World Heritage region in western Australia is home to a number of species of substantial conservation concern. Among these is a small scincid lizard, Ctenotus zastictus, which represents one of the most geographically-restricted vertebrates on the Australian mainland. The long-term persistence of Ctenotus zastictus is threatened due to the small size of its range, isolation from suitable habitat patches elsewhere, and potential impacts from climate change and mining. Accordingly, conservation efforts in Australia have targeted C. zastictus as the focus of protection. But this attention might be unwarranted – the species might not be evolutionarily unique. Previous genetic assessments have suggested limited differentiation between C. zastictus and its putative sister taxon, and the taxonomic status of C. zastictus has never been formally evaluated. Here, we use population genomic, phylogenetic, and ecoclimatic analyses to characterize the species status of C. zastictus in context of its closely-related congeners. In doing so, we explore the practical and conceptual challenges of revising species boundaries in threatened species, many of which are also rare and range-restricted. We demonstrate that C. zastictus is a coherent evolutionary unit that has been isolated from its putative sister species for at least two million years. Based on these results, we recommend that C. zastictus should retain its taxonomic status.

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Singhal, Sonal, Elizabeth Solis e Daniel L. Rabosky. "World Heritage lizard: population genetics and species status of the range-restricted Hamelin skink, Ctenotus zastictus". Bulletin of the Society of Systematic Biologists 1, n. 2 (6 giugno 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.18061/bssb.v1i2.8694.

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The Shark Bay World Heritage region in western Australia is home to a number of species of substantial conservation concern. Among these is a small scincid lizard, Ctenotus zastictus, which represents one of the most geographically-restricted vertebrates on the Australian mainland. The long-term persistence of Ctenotus zastictus is threatened due to the small size of its range, isolation from suitable habitat patches elsewhere, and potential impacts from climate change and mining. Accordingly, conservation efforts in Australia have targeted C. zastictus as the focus of protection. But this attention might be unwarranted – the species might not be evolutionarily unique. Previous genetic assessments have suggested limited differentiation between C. zastictus and its putative sister taxon, and the taxonomic status of C. zastictus has never been formally evaluated. Here, we use population genomic, phylogenetic, and ecoclimatic analyses to characterize the species status of C. zastictus in context of its closely-related congeners. In doing so, we explore the practical and conceptual challenges of revising species boundaries in threatened species, many of which are also rare and range-restricted. We demonstrate that C. zastictus is a coherent evolutionary unit that has been isolated from its putative sister species for at least two million years. Based on these results, we recommend that C. zastictus should retain its taxonomic status.

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Oliveira dos Santos, Renato, Teresa Cristina Miranda Mendonça, Edilaine Albertino Moraes e Sidnei Raimundo. "Tourism Done by Indigenous Peoples and Traditional Communities in Brazil’s First World Heritage Mixed Site". Tourism Cases, 5 giugno 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/tourism.2024.0055.

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Summary Tourism as a sociocultural and economic phenomenon has been configured as an object of public policy actions, investments and research, mainly in countries located in the so-called “Third World,” emerging, developing and peripheral regions (aka the Global South). In the Latin American context, since 1970 tourism has been interpreted as a possible strategy for development and poverty reduction. However, the way in which tourism has been established historically is potentially exclusionary (both from the point of view of those who travel and those who operate activities related to the sector, as well as the receiving communities). In the analysis of popular participation processes in development projects in Latin America, it is possible to identify what is referred to as a “silent majority,” comprised the peripheral population. This population is also represented by indigenous and traditional communities that have consistently been marginalized and excluded from significant political, social, and economic processes. Given this context, we describe the case of the Nhandereko Community-Based Tourism Network, composed of indigenous people and traditional communities (maroons and “caiçaras”), which had in July 2019, part of their territory (Paraty and the Ilha Grande Bay in Angra dos Reis–Rio de Janeiro) entitled a mixed world heritage site by UNESCO (i.e., both a cultural and natural site, expressing the richness of local diversity through living culture, associated with the way of life and cultural references of traditional communities). This can unveil and teach us, through community organization and tourism, other ways of valuing and safeguarding traditions, socio-economic development, governance, and political and social resistance. Information © The Authors 2024

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S. Jones Justin e Debojyoty Ghosh. "A CONTEMPORARY STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES IN SUNDARBAN TIGER RESERVE: A UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE". EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 30 dicembre 2022, 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra12112.

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The geographical location of the Sundarban Tiger Reserve lies between 88° 10̍ E to 89° 51̍ E and 21° 31̍ N to 22° 30̍ N, covering the major portions of the North and South 24 Parganas district of the state West Bengal. The Sundarbans is the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world and a UNESCO world heritage site known for its pristine natural forest and the associated cultural heritage. The reserve is abode to numerous flora and fauna including the apex species Royal Bengal Tiger and three other lesser cats. Moreover, it acts as the natural barrier to the various cyclones and storm surges that arise due to various weather phenomena in the Bay of Bengal. As a result of Global Warming and the resultant Climate change the frequency of such events are increasing more than any other part in the world. In recent times ground truthing of GIS data indicated that some of the areas are getting submerged into the tidal water courses due to sea level rise. Moreover increasing frequency and the impact of cyclones, rill and gully erosion, and severe landslides which are the integral parts of an active delta formation have accelerated the dynamism. It is important to note that, new land formation and frequent landslides in the riparian area may compensate for each other on a larger scale but it is difficult to modulate the impacts on the overall wildlife and the ecosystem in a specific area. To understand the past dynamics of the ecosystem and ascertaining the future of the landscape under the ensuing climatic scenario and the interventions required in the wildlife management of the reserve is discussed in the paper. KEYWORDS: Sundarban Tiger Reserve, UNESCO, global warming, sea level rise, erosion, wildlife, elevation.

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Santos, Ana Dalva de Oliveira, Marilia Teresa Lima do Nascimento, Alex da Silva de Freitas, Rejany Ferreira dos Santos, Cintia Ferreira Barreto, Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis e José Antônio Baptista Neto. "AN INTERDISCIPLINARY VIEW OF A WORLD HERITAGE SITE AND ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT EUTROPHIC ESTUARIES IN BRAZIL, GUANABARA BAY". Regional Studies in Marine Science, novembre 2024, 103906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103906.

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Tanthanuch, Waraporn, Somchai Tancharakorn, Catleya Rojviriya e Ulrich Bismayer. "Artefacts from Ban Chiang, Thailand: Pre-metal Age cord-marked pottery". Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials, 3 luglio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zkri-2023-0015.

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Abstract Pottery excavated from the archeological UNESCO world heritage site Ban Chiang in Thailand stem from distinct periods. Black vessels with cord-mark design from Pre-metal Age (ca. 3000–1000 BC), Bronze Age pottery (ca 1000–300 BC) with yellow-brown surface and Iron Age samples (ca. 300 BC–200 AD) with red pictorial surface patterns. In a previous work [Bismayer U., Srilomsak S., Treekamol Y., Tanthanuch W., Suriyatham K. Artefacts from Ban Chiang, Thailand: pottery with hematite-red geometric patterns. Z. Kristallogr. 2020, 235, 559–568] we studied the mineralogical composition and their surface colour materials of shards from Bronze and Iron Age. In this work we focus on bulk features of the dark Pre-metal Age cord-marked ceramic shard PSN2-S10E13 and compare its elemental and mineralogical composition with bulk composition of sample 5412-S6E15 from Bronze Age. Experimental techniques are electron microprobe, X-ray powder diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, optical microscopy and X-ray tomographic microscopy (XTM). Sample PSN2-S10E13 contains more quartz than 5412-S6E15. In the bulk of the Pre-metal Age shard, diffraction signals of mullite occur, indicating higher firing temperatures compared to the younger sample. Phyllosilicate signals are seen in FTIR spectra of both shards. E-modes of quartz dominate FTIR spectra of both samples. Optical thin sections show voids around micro-particles in PSN2-S10E13 and XTM indicates that the pore volume percentage of sample PSN2-S10E13 is higher than in 5412-S6E15. Because of the large age gap to younger samples from Ban Chiang, the proper age of our oldest sample PSN2-S10E13 was determined using an accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) by simultaneous 14C/12C and 13C/12C isotope ratio measurements which yielded a radiocarbon age of 3609 ± 29 BP (resp. 1659 ± 29 BC).

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Hickey, S. M., B. Radford, J. N. Callow, S. R. Phinn, C. M. Duarte e C. E. Lovelock. "ENSO feedback drives variations in dieback at a marginal mangrove site". Scientific Reports 11, n. 1 (14 aprile 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87341-5.

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AbstractOcean–atmosphere climatic interactions, such as those resulting from El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) are known to influence sea level, sea surface temperature, air temperature, and rainfall in the western Pacific region, through to the north-west Australian Ningaloo coast. Mangroves are ecologically important refuges for biodiversity and a rich store of blue carbon. Locations such as the study site (Mangrove Bay, a World Heritage Site within Ningaloo Marine Park and Cape Range National Park) are at the aridity range-limit which means trees are small in stature, forests small in area, and are potentially susceptible to climate variability such as ENSO that brings lower sea level and higher temperature. Here we explore the relationship between mangrove dieback, and canopy condition with climatic variables and the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI)—a measure of ENSO intensity, through remote sensing classification of Landsat satellite missions across a 29 year period at a north-west Australian site. We find that the SOI, and seasonal mean minimum temperature are strongly correlated to mangrove green canopy (as indicator of live canopy) area. This understanding of climate variations and mangrove temporal heterogeneity (patterns of abundance and condition) highlights the sensitivity and dynamics of this mangrove forest and recommends further research in other arid and semi-arid tropical regions at mangrove range-limits to ascertain the extent of this relationship.

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