Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Sex role – scandinavia"

The author considers some of the ‘blind spots’ of the ‘Scandinavian-centric’ hypotheses on the emergence of the Old Russian state. He shows that adherents of the ‘Scandinavian-centric paradigm’ very often resort to ad hoc explanations without noticing the critical contradictions in their constructions. If we collect partial statements of the Scandinavian-centred hypotheses, we see how they begin to contradict each other. For example, according to Elena Melnikova, Old Russian ‘варѧгъ’ comes from Scandinavian ‘væringi’, which in turn comes from Greek ‘βάρaγγοι’, and Greek ‘βάρaγγοι’ in turn comes from the Old Russian ‘варѧгъ’. In the context of the processes leading to the formation of the Old Russian state, the author critically evaluates the ideas of the ‘Scandinavian control over the Baltic-Volga trade route’ and ‘Scandinavian colonies’ in Eastern Europe. The local polities of early medieval Eastern Europe, whether Slavic, Baltic or Finnish, obviously possessed sufficient power and military potential to close off uncontrolled movement along the river routes to the Scandinavians if they so wished. The author also raises the question of the initial political status and real role in the formation of the Old Russian state of the emerging settlements specialized in trade in Ladoga and Gnezdovo.

“Vikings”, the Viking Age and Viking RomanticismThe aim of this article is to take a critical look at the term “Vikings”, both as it was used in the time now referred to as the Viking Age, and as it is used today. It will also examine the degree to which Scandinavian activity during the Viking Age can justify this name being given to the epoch.With regard to the term “Vikings”, it is pointed out that, from the term’s earliest known occurrence in Anglo-Saxon glossaries around AD 600 up until some point in time around 1300 when it seems to disappear from the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian languages, with Icelandic as a possible exception, it was unequivocally used in reference to pirates. In this respect it had no ethnic or geographic connotations but could, in Anglo-Saxon or Norse sources, be used in reference to anyone who behaved as a pirate, anywhere: Israelites crossing the Red Sea, Muslims encountering Norwegian crusaders in the Mediterranean, Caucasian pirates, Estonian and Baltic pirates in the Baltic Sea. Accordingly, a “Viking” was, in the earliest sources, not yet synonymous with a Scandinavian.Furthermore, those who have attempted to derive an etymology for the word have omitted to take into consideration that at an early stage – in the first centuries AD – it was borrowed into Slavonic with the meaning: hero and warrior. Consequently, these attempts were unsuccessful.After having disappeared as a living word, it subsequently emerged from obscurity when Danish and Swedish historians began to compete with respect to creating the most glorious past for their respective countries and, in the process, became aware of the Icelandic sagas as a possible source. However, these historians no longer understood Old Icelandic and had to have the texts translated. The year 1633 saw the first major translation into Danish of Snorri’s Heimskringla. It is apparent from this that the translator was convinced his readers would not know what a “Viking” was. Consequently, explanatory additions were inserted at virtually all its occurrences. These clearly demonstrate that, for the translator, the word still meant pirate and was, as yet, still not synonymous with a Scandinavian.A “Viking” first became a Scandinavian with the advent of Romanticism, primarily thanks to the two Swedish poets Erik Gustaf Geijer (1783-1847), with the poem Vikingen, and Esaias Tegnér (1782-1846), with his new version of the Old Norse Friðþjófs saga hins frœkna. With the publication of these two works “Viking” became for the first time a household word and was now used exclusively in reference to Scandinavians; with this meaning it rapidly spread to other languages. Around the middle of the 19th century the word also began to be used in this sense by archaeologists and historians.Soon the word “Viking” also became linked with the term for a period, the Viking Age, a period which was characterised by increasing Scandinavian activity outside Scandinavia. As the archaeological evidence could not, at that time, yet be dated with any precision, it was the evidence from written sources with respect to attacks on monasteries in the British Isles towards the end of the 8th century AD which, just as is still the case, came to mark the beginning of the Viking Age. While the written sources are today more or less the same as they were in the 19th century, the archaeological record continues to expand rapidly and the potential for dating is constantly being refined. As a consequence, we now know that Scandinavians were active both in the British Isles to the west and along the East European rivers long before the attacks on the above-mentioned monasteries.Although the activities of Scandinavians in the east have never played a major role in general Viking studies, it is perhaps there that they had their most radical consequences for posterity.Dendrochronological dates now show that Scandinavians settled at Staraja Ladoga around AD 750 from where, at an early point in time, they continued along the Volga towards the Caliphate. Later, however, towards the end of the 9th century, the route along the Dnepr to Byzantium became of greater importance. It was here that Scandinavians, known as “Rus”, by establishing military bases intended to safeguard the trade route and, by forging alliances with the local populations, established the principality to which they gave their name and which subsequently became Russia: Undoubtedly the most marked consequence of Scandinavian activity during the Viking Age.These trade-related bases, together with several rapidly growing trading places in the Scandinavian and Baltic areas, were part of a major long-distance trade network which conveyed goods between east and west. A characteristic feature of these trading places was that, apart from the local population, Scandinavians were the only group to be represented at more or less all of them. It seems that this long-distance trade network was based around Scandinavians. If justification is to be found for Scandinavian activity giving its name to an epoch in European history it must be in the form of this long-distance trade network, rather than war and plunder. At the same time, the temporal boundary for this period should be shunted back to the early 8th century.It is clear that our use of the term “Vikings” in reference to Scandinavians of that period is erroneous. In principle it should, in a research perspective, be abandoned in favour of “Scandinavians” or narrow contemporaneous ethnically- or geographically-based terms. But is this possible given that “Viking” has today become one of the most successful brands for Scandinavians and Scandinavia, and with powerful associated commercial interests?John LindCenter for MiddelalderstudierSyddansk Universitet

Abstract Background. A role for genetic factors in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is unequivocal based on evidence from multiply affected families, from case series, twin and case-control studies, and population-based registry studies. Similar characteristics have been observed for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). Population-based studies have found CLL, NHL and HL to co-occur in families. A few hospital-based series have explored survival outcomes in familial vs. sporadic CLL patients based on the hypothesis that genetic mechanisms involved in the causation of familial lymphomas might influence survival, however these have been based on small numbers with inconsistent findings. We have conducted a large study in Scandinavia including more than 41,000 lymphoma patients to quantify survival outcomes among familial vs. sporadic patients. Methods. We used the population-based central Cancer and Multigenerational Registries in Sweden and Denmark to identify all CLL (n=7749), NHL (n=25801), and HL (n=7476) patients diagnosed 1958–2001, with linkable first-degree relatives. All relatives were linked with the Cancer Registries to obtain information on CLL, NHL, and HL. Using Cox proportional hazard models, we calculated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as measures of overall survival for CLL, NHL, and HL patients with vs. without family history of lymphoma. Results. We found 85 (1.1%) CLL, 207 (0.8%) NHL, and 96 (1.3%) HL patients with family history of lymphoma. Overall survival was similar for CLL (HR=1.24, 95% CI 0.93–1.67), NHL (HR=0.97, 95% CI 0.80–1.16), and HL (HR=0.78, 95% CI 0.51–1.19) patients with vs. without family history of lymphoma. Risk-estimates were similar when we calculated overall survival by age at lymphoma diagnosis (above vs. below median age), year at diagnosis (before vs. after 1987), and by sex. Consistent with the literature, including all CLL, NHL and HL patients, older age (p<0.001) and male gender (p<0.001) was associated with poorer survival. However, when analyses were restricted to patients with family history of lymphoma, only older age (p<0.005) remained significant. Conclusions: Survival patterns were similar for CLL, NHL, and HL patients with vs. without family history of lymphoma, suggesting that familial lymphomas do not have an altered clinical course. Overall, there is no evidence at this time to modify therapeutic strategies for patients with CLL, NHL, or HL based solely on family history.

To understand the school’s role in society and its works, it became essential to reevaluate its functions and importance for society after the aggressive attack of the COVID-19 pandemic. Thus, a new educational space design represents a powerful and required tool for stimulating creativity and increasing concentration, motivation, and assimilation of knowledge for future generations. The article will use appreciative inquiry as a method that works with perspective ideas readings doted by high positive human sensitivity. It also represents a powerful tool for the students’ opinions about the teaching spaces and environments. To improve the performance of educational institutions and schools, considering the sustainability concepts and biophilic designs has become an urgent necessity within the Scandinavian countries and in the world in general. The scientific research and theoretical analysis within the biophilic theory have been conducted to see how the designer can integrate the nature components holistically in the educational environment based on spatial, visual, and ecological integration concepts. The study aims to develop knowledge about applying biophilia as a phenomenon in educational institutes of Scandinavia where the students among others are the main decision-maker. The article’s main finding is that students dream of free open teaching spaces integrated with nature, where the biophilic theory frameworks are suitable to form this sustainable model that enables educational institutions and schools to improve their performance within different stages of the study.

A modern field project in archaeology is a co-operative enterprise serving an extensive and diverse public. We can no longer afford to disturb the bones of our ancestors under the mantle of serendipity or academic intuition. The archaeologist, as the one person destined ever to see the evidence at first hand, strives for the virtue of enlightened impartiality, and sets off like an explorer, constrained by communal responsibilities and armed with a list of questions furnished by a wide variety of clients. Since Sutton Hoo has been hailed as the most vivid and instructive set of archaeological evidence for the seventh-century yet identified, Anglo-Saxon questions dominate this lengthy agenda. What was the status of the great ship burial discovered there in 1939? What was the role of the cemetery in which it lay? Why was it sited in that particular place, on a scarp above the River Deben in south-east Suffolk (see pi. V)? Was it the burial ground of kings, and were they kings of East Anglia? Was it a national centre or an overdeveloped version of the local mortuary culture? Is it diagnostic of a formative kingdom, or out of joint with the times, the outstation of a religious and political affiliation alien to the hinterland? What was its connection with Scandinavia and the Scandinavians? Were its people Anglo-Saxon, or Anglian or Saxon or British or multi-racial? Was it typical or unique?

The cult of St. Olaf among sea merchants and its manifestation in testaments of Lübeck Bergenfahrer St. Olaf was one of the most vivid symbols of religious life in the northern part of medieval Europe. Many churches devoted to him were scattered across Scandinavian countries and his resting place in Nidaros (Trondheim) cathedral attracted numerous believers. As a patron saint of Norwegian kings and various organizations he seems to be a religious icon that permeated into some lay aspects of life, including the economic sphere. Although relatedness of his cult to sea is apparent in the oldest liturgical texts, Scandinavian sources pointed out in this article provide no certain evidence proving its relevancy to sea trade. However, in the Late Middle Ages St. Olaf’s cult gained popularity among the Bergenfahrer – Lübeck sea merchants strongly involved in the commercial activity in Bergen. Testaments left by the Bergenfahrer constitute a set of evidence that illuminates the role that St. Olaf’s cult played among this group of merchants. This role seems to be twofold: St. Olaf’s cult was a symbol which shaped corporate identity of the Bergenfahrer, contributing to the organisational sphere of their activity, and provided spiritual support which shaped personal identity of individual merchants.

The 13th volume of The Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies reflects some of the research presented at the 12th International conference on Baltic and Nordic studies titled "Rethinking multiculturalism, multilingualism, and cultural diplomacy in Scandinavia and The Baltic Sea Region," which will be held on May 27-28, 2021, under the auspices of the Romanian Association for Baltic and Nordic Studies. RethinkMulti-Kulti2021 was called to reflect on multiculturalism, multilingualism, and cultural diplomacy in Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region 10 years after German Chancellor Angela Merkel predicted the end of German multicultural society. Many politicians with Conservative leanings praised the confirmation that the half-century-cherished multi-kulti "utterly failed," and far-right gurus interpreted it as an omen. Furthermore, Merkel's track record as a committed democratic-minded politician, EU leader, and proponent of migrant integration has garnered near-universal support for this argument. Furthermore, in academia, Merkel's assertion has never been adequately questioned, but rather taken for granted. Meanwhile, policies governing multiculturalism and multilingualism in the EU and EEA have been stuck in a rut, particularly in what Fareed Zakaria properly refers to as illiberal democracies. The purpose of the conference was not to resurrect the political objective behind multi-kulti, but rather to critically reassess the role of multiculturalism, multilinguism, and cultural diplomacy from the viewpoint of Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region. We see Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region as interrelated and partially overlapping by a plethora of historical, cultural, and social channels, hence papers dealing with multiculturalism, multilinguism, and cultural diplomacy as reflected in these regions and wider Europe were planned. Papers on connections, liaisons, affiliations, divergences, animosity, legal or de facto statuses of cultures and languages in Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region were also presented during the conference. How multilingualism, multiculturalism, and cultural diplomacy prospered or muddled through transitions from liberal nations to far-right or far-left governments and back were also addressed. The volume's first issue focuses on lingualism, bilingualism, and multilingualism as a path to diversity and how individuals reflected on it. Kari Alenius looks at the telling case of the Sámi minority in northern Finland and the disputes over whether or not to grant it wide autonomy, which was ultimately determined in favor of opponents of the proposal. Johanna Domokos examines the case studies of two contemporary multilingual writers, Sabira Sthlberg from Finland and Tzveta Sofronieva from Bulgaria, to demonstrate how they aspire to address cross-culturally to readers of all languages, backgrounds, and locations, concluding that "the reader is empowered to take part in not only piecing together but creating a better 'new' world." Sabira Sthlberg is the author and coauthor of two articles that address multiculturalism in a very solid and original manner. The first follows the partly mythical and partly tourist-tracking journey of international traveller and well-known Swedish-language author Göran Schildt, who sailed on his yacht Daphne in the Black Sea and the Danube Delta in the summer of 1963 as one of the first cracks in the curtain separating the two opposing ideological blocs. The latter, co-signed with Dorijan Hajdu, focuses on the relationships between family members, as expressed particularly in Swedish and Serbian language, allowing for a highly comprehensive knowledge of diversity from inside. Finally, Adél Furu's most recent article in our journal examines educational trends in the context of Russian and Estonian second language training in Finland, observing the shift from language loss to language maintenance. We hope that all of these pieces will spark new thought on the subject and help our readers better comprehend multiculturalism and multilinguism as they were perceived and implemented in Europe, particularly in our and the previous century.

The Co, Hf, Ce, Cr, Th, and REE systematics are analyzed for modern sediments collected by a bottom grab during the 67th and 68th cruises of R/V “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” and samples taken in the Barents Sea bays and inlets. Our results indicate that most modern bottom sediments are composed of fine silicoclastic material enhanced with a suspended matter of the North Cape current, which erodes the western coast of Scandinavia, and due to bottom erosion of some marine areas, as well as erosion of rock complexes of the Kola Peninsula, Novaya Zemlya, and Franz Josef Land (local provenances). Material from Spitsbergen also probably played a certain role. In the southern part of the Barents Sea, clastic material is supplied by the Pechora River.

During the ninth century, Iona’s ancient role as the administrative and jurisdictional center of a united, pan-Gaelicfamilia Iaewas brought to an end when it was superseded in Ireland by Kells and in what was to become known as Alba by Dunkeld. This process, which effectively created two distinct Columban churches, has traditionally been viewed as a direct consequence of the disruptive, sometimes destructive, presence of Scandinavian raiders in the Irish Sea and around the western isles. It has long been presumed that their depredations, which gained especial attention from annalists and chroniclers when a monastery was pillaged, “drove a wedge” between Ireland and northern Britain and so established ade factoschism in both secular and ecclesiastical Gaelic society. However, as John Bannerman has highlighted, the effect of the Scandinavian incursions on the Columban Church and its eventual dichotomy has been exaggerated, with the period of actual raiding relatively short-lived.

From its emergence in the 7th century until its fall in 965, the Khazar Khaganate played a decisive role among the tribes and peoples settled in Eastern Europe. The Pax Khazarica contributed to the stabilization of ethnic and political relations in the region, which in turn gave the khaganate a high status in contacts with the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. The Khazars benefited from the favorable geographic location and the benefits they gained from participating in long-distance trade. With the arrival of Scandinavian newcomers and the development of their settlement in the northern and north-eastern part of the Ruthenian lands (the area around Lake Ladoga and the upper Volga basin), contacts with them played an increasingly important role in the history of the Chaganate in the 9th-10th centuries. Oleg’s taking of power in Kiev and the territorial development of the Ruthenian state was a crucial moment. Although the Khazars maintained a strong position among the peoples and tribes of Eastern Europe during the first half of the 10th century, it was not without difficulties. The reason was the growing activity of the Scandinavians not only among the Slavs who settled in the basin of the Dnieper, Oka and the upper Volga, but also in the lands that were the immediate hinterland of the khaganate (Black Sea region, the mouth of the Volga and the Caspian region). In addition to merchant expeditions, the Varangians organized - with great panache and range - raids of a looting nature (e.g. Prince Igor’s campaigns). It cannot be ruled out that they inuenced the nature of the relationship between the Khazars and their dependent tribes in Eastern Europe. The collapse of the Khaganate, which took place as a result of the war campaigns undertaken by Prince Sviatoslav (965, 969), may indicate a more significant (than previously assumed) internal weakening of the Khazar state. Undoubtedly, it was related to the change in the current system of political and ethnic relations in Eastern Europe, and the actions of the Kiev princes played a decisive role. Another reason was the change in the course of the existing long-distance trade routes, and thus the reduction of the influence that the Khazars obtained from their control. Despite the progress in research on the history of the khaganate, little is known about its relations with the Scandinavians settled in Eastern Europe, as well as with Slavic tribes, including those remaining outside the Khazar sphere of influence, and the consequences of the fall of Khazar domination for the region’s economy. The research conducted so far shows that the influence of the Khazars, although not confirmed in all spheres, was more intense, as evidenced by the reception of the kagan title in relation to the Ruthenian rulers in the 10th-11th centuries.

AbstractHospitality in the Middle Ages was inseparable from security measures. A welcomed guest was the one who was not feared. A settlement in the lower reaches of the Volkhov River named Ladoga (Old Ladoga) used to serve as a gateway on the water route from Scandinavia (via the Baltic Sea) to Old Rus’ and back (the so-called route “from the Varangians to the Greeks”). In this chapter, using the material of the Old Norse-Icelandic literature (sagas, chronicles, and law-codes) and Russian chronicles, as well as archaeological data, I am going to discuss the role of Ladoga as an intermediate station on the way from Scandinavia to Novgorod and back. It will be demonstrated that travelers to Old Rus’ were forced to make a halt in Ladoga to send their messengers to the central authorities based in Novgorod in order to conclude a temporary truce and receive a certain guarantee of safety on the way to Novgorod and back for all those who had arrived. Trade and control functions of the Ladoga region are clearly traced during the period of the Novgorod-Hanseatic trade. But scholars believe they were inherited from much earlier times. Perhaps in the sagas we find confirmation of this assumption.

AbstractWhat is the role of affinity, friendship, and care, as well as of conflict and dissonance, in creating possibilities of and hindrances to transnational solidarities? Building on an emergent literature on everyday and affective practices of solidarity, this chapter offers a set of diverse ethnographic accounts of activist work oriented to recognizing and challenging inequalities and relations of oppression based on race, ethnicity, religion, and class, alongside gender and sexuality. Engaging a variety of material from feminist and LGBTI+ activisms, the chapter highlights ambivalences inscribed in the making of collective resilience, resistance, and repair by: First, problematizing activist efforts to build solidarity across geographic and contextual divides; second, highlighting the importance of solidarity as shared labor in challenging state actors and institutions and reversing colonial processes; and third, unpacking the implications of transnational solidarity campaigns in different locales. The chapter ends with reflections on how feminist scholarship can advance conceptualizations of solidarity across difference.

AbstractThis book deals with the Nordic tradition of sakprosa studies, and the role of complex written texts in an increasingly diverse and dynamic society. Since 2009, the journal Sakprosa—a Nordic publication based in Oslo—has been publishing articles on different aspects of applied linguistics, rhetoric, textual studies, discourse analysis, literature studies, educational studies, communication and adjoining disciplines. The word sakprosa is a compound noun, where the first part sak is a rather polysemic word which means ‘thing’ (or ‘issue’, ‘case’, ‘subject’) and the second part means ‘prose’. Thus, the literal meaning is prose (texts) about things. Common translations are non-fictional prose, subject oriented texts or subject-oriented prose as well as non-literary prose. We use the Scandinavian noun sakprosa as it incorporates all these meanings. The six chapters of this book bring forth different aspects of the concept sakprosa—the text-theoretical framework for Scandinavian sakprosa research, CSR-reporting, changes of sakprosa culture because of the digitizing of communication, a study of a master programme for sakprosa writing, crisis information from a public authority and a concluding summary which re-visits all the chapters and reflects on their contributions to the field of sakprosa studies.

Up to this point, boats and ships have been treated largely as functional objects. The characteristics of these objects enabled people to engage with the sea in many different ways (see chapter 7), while for those who travelled on these craft particular socio-political processes have been observed (see chapter 8). However, the contextualized study of boats suggests that alongside functional properties, craft also had attributed meanings, as implied for example by the deliberate deposition of the Hjortspring boat in a bog on the island of Als, or by the use of boats in burials at Sutton Hoo, Gokstad, Oseberg and at many other locations around the North Sea. The symbolic significance of ships and boats was the focal point of the 1994 conference ‘The Ship as Symbol in Scandinavian Prehistory and Middle Ages’, which is recognized as a significant departure from existing debates in maritime archaeology. The ideas in this chapter are to an extent developed from the papers in the published proceedings (Crumlin-Pedersen and Thye 1995). The 1994 conference brought together a range of researchers who considered the other-than-functional and other-than-technical aspects of Scandinavian maritime archaeology. Symbols are understood to be semantically opaque representations producing semiotic systems in society (cf. Kobyliński 1995: 10–1). The use of the ship as a symbol is unsurprising. Much of the early maritime archaeology of Scandinavia is known to us not from wrecks that sank to the sea bed during storms, but from boat burials, and other deliberate depositions of boats in non-maritime contexts such as bogs, as well as from the carved and etched boat images on rocks and bronzes. The contexts of the boats imply that these carried meanings beyond their operational use, functioning therefore as signs and acting as symbols. The role of boats in the Sagas has advanced the notion that ships in the Viking period were more than simply craft to cross the sea with. Kobyliński (ibid. 15) makes the point that the extensive use of boats and ships as symbols in Scandinavia is linked to beliefs that the world of the dead is across the water, be that hell across the Gjoll River or Valhalla across the Thund River.

Abstract Having studied the role of Agr for the posmon of the tensed verb (chapter three) and the possibility of using null subjects (chapter four), we will now proceed to discuss the role played by Agr for licensing nominative DPs within VP. There are two properties of Agr in 1° which are of importance in this respect. The first property is its nominative status, which forces Agr to be in a position where nominative can be licensed, at the same time as it discharges a nominative licenser: recall that we argue for a biunique relation between the licenser and its licensee. The second property of importance is the status of Agr as an element of the category [+N]: this property will make 1° with Agr a lexical head governor. All the Scandinavian languages may have nominative DPs within the predicate. The few differences found between !Sc. and MSc. in this respect are of two types. Firstly, as already noticed in chapter four, !Sc. but not MSc. may have a definite nominative object in sentences with an oblique subject. See the examples in (5.1) below. Secondly, nominative DPs are allowed in Spec-VP in !Sc. but not in MSc., due to the presence of nominal Agr in !Sc. This is illustrated in (5.2). In (5.3) we exemplify the fact that both !Sc. and MSc. may have a nominative DP in the position following the main verb, i.e. presumably in the complement of V. The occurrence of a nominative DP in the complement of a past participle in both !Sc. and MSc.

Abstract This chapter focuses on the changing nature of power, authority, and cultural identity in early medieval Wales, focusing on the archaeological evidence for assembly sites, meeting places, and increased administrative complexity, as well as the evolution of a frontier between Wales and England following construction of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, and the Viking impact on different regions of Wales. It begins with consideration of evolving secular power structures, the role of the Church, and evidence of violence and conflict. Assembly sites, for example that associated with the Pillar of Eliseg, are discussed and set into the broader context of research on these elsewhere in Britain and Ireland. Changing relations with England are then analysed, focusing on the impact of Offa’s and Wat’s Dykes, their routes, chronology, and functions in a wider frontier landscape that included English bids for control of Tegeingl in the north-east. Finally, from the ninth century onwards, the Scandinavian impact on Wales is considered—raiding, settlement focused on Anglesey, the integration of settled landholding communities, and the significance of the development of trading routes between Dublin and Chester and along the south Wales coast. Overall the Viking impact on Wales is clearly related to the wider Scandinavian impact on the Atlantic seaways and the Irish Sea region as well as attacks on England and settlement of the Danelaw.

Hot questions in the modern Quaternary geology of the Arctic seas associated with their glaciation are discussed in this article. The questions of the history of the occurrence of the problem of shelf glaciation or “drift” accumulation of boulder-bearing sediments are considered in detail. The results of seismic-acoustic studies and their interpretation with the aim of seismic stratigraphic and genetic partition of the cover of loose sediments of Quaternary age are considered in detail. Arguments are presented in favor of the continental origin of glaciers (Novaya Zemlya, Ostrovnoy and Scandinavian), which in the late Neopleistocene spread to the shelf of the Barents Sea and occupied its surface to depths of 120−150 m. Further development of glaciation was already due to the expansion of the area of shelves glaciers. The facies zoning of glacial-marine deposits is estimated, which is related to the distance from the front of the glaciers. It is concluded that already at the end of the Late Pleistocene, most of the modern Barents Sea was free from glaciers and from the annual cover of pack ice. Data on the absence of the area distribution of frozen sediment strata within the modern Barents Sea shelf are presented.

The common ground between the representations of the Scylding dynasty in Saxo’s Gesta Danorum and Beowulf consists of four generations and this set has already been explored in the legendary context. There is, however, a hidden intervening generation between the third and fourth generations which becomes visible when attention is paid to the succeeding reigns of Balder and Høther, taken along with the birth of Rolf Krake from father-daughter incest in Saxo which means that Rolf’s mother belongs to the generation after his father. This chapter argues that this intervening generation corresponds to that of the young gods in a proposed Indo-European theogony and is that of the death of Balder, while the fifth generation is that of the mortal avenger.

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries saw a proliferation of extended accounts of travel in Denmark, often by writers famous in their day like William Coxe and Edward Daniel Clarke, whose names are still familiar to scholars today, as well as by others, also well-known in their day but now forgotten. This chapter focuses on three key areas of British travel writing about Denmark beyond Copenhagen in which we can see, most visibly, the articulation of the idea of a common, Northern cultural identity shared by the two countries and rooted in the Classical Scandinavian past: descriptions of prehistoric monuments in Denmark, which would later play a key role in Danish Romantic nationalism; descriptions of Helsingør [Elsinore], famous in Britain on account of its association with Shakespeare; and the travel writing of the Danish anglophile Andreas Andersen Feldborg.

Scandinavian ports, especially the ports in the northern Baltic Sea, face a regular challenge every year — ice. In an INTERREG-project led by the Lulea˚ University of Technology, SSPA Sweden AB conducted a study to gain insight into the problems related to winter traffic in Swedish ports. This research is intended to lead to the identification of technical solutions to ease winter navigation in the ports. The state icebreakers have been making navigation possible all year round since the nineteen seventies by assisting ships sailing in ice-covered waters. In Sweden, the local port owner is responsible for breaking channels and assisting arriving and departing vessels. All port owners along the east coast of Sweden have been interviewed to get an overview of the local ice conditions and their impact on the traffic. Specific emphasis was put on the collection and analysis of different ice-reducing measures currently used in the ports. These include mechanical (e.g., ice breaking) and thermal (e.g., waste water discharge) measures. The distribution and range of applications and most importantly the experiences gained from the different measures have been described and summarised. The efficiency of the different measures has been investigated and compared to predictions of theoretical calculations. In the analyses of the ice-reducing measures, the effects of different measures have been studied, a cost-benefit assessment for different ice-reducing measures has been included and the environmental impact studied. Most of the ports base their ice management only on the utilization of an icebreaking tug boat even though other measures could play a decisive roll in ice handling. High pressure on quay structures occurs as a consequence of the berthing of ships in ice-covered ports. This pressure represents a regular source of damage. Manoeuvring and reversing in ice can further lead to damages of the propeller and rudder of the ice-going vessels. In addition other problems like icing on ships and equipment was looked at. Repairs and other extra costs due to winter navigation for the port and — indirectly — the ship owners can be seen as a commercial disadvantage. Identification of costs caused by the winter conditions was therefore an important part of our analysis. The results of the research have been compared with a similar study performed in Finland and a further literature study was conducted to recommend efficient improvements for the port owners.

Ambitious targets for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions are set by Norwegian authorities to address the concerns about global warming. Emission reductions in the offshore heat and power sector can play a role in reaching these targets. Parts of the efforts in industry and academia to reduce offshore emissions are concerned with introducing new design configurations or proposing novel operational strategies for the combined heat and power cycles. Therefore, there is a desire to have a fast and reliable design and assessment tool to be used in the early design stage. Here, a generalized design and performance simulation tool is developed presenting a design point and off-design simulation of the offshore heat and power cycles. It helps the designer provide a fast and accurate thermodynamic assessment of proposed design solutions. The tool has a graphical user interface to facilitate working with the tool with a minimum level of effort and background knowledge from the user. Five part-load control strategies are included in the tool. The tool is verified with available data in the open literature and the results are shown to be in good agreement with the reference data. A combined heat and power cycle is designed and simulated at part-loads as a case study. The cycle includes a gas turbine, a process heat extraction unit, and an organic Rankine bottoming cycle. The simulated performance of the design case in various control strategies is compared showing a 2.5% emission reduction relative to the baseline control strategy.

The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings:  Building blocks: The ultimate aim should be to build rich, detailed and testable narratives situated within a European context, and addressing phenomena from the longue durée to the short-term over international to local scales. Chronological control is essential to this and effective dating strategies are required to enable generation-level analysis. The ‘serendipity factor’ of archaeological work must be enhanced by recognising and getting the most out of information-rich sites as they appear. o There is a pressing need to revisit the archives of excavated sites to extract more information from existing resources, notably through dating programmes targeted at regional sequences – the Western Isles Atlantic roundhouse sequence is an obvious target. o Many areas still lack anything beyond the baldest of settlement sequences, with little understanding of the relations between key site types. There is a need to get at least basic sequences from many more areas, either from sustained regional programmes or targeted sampling exercises. o Much of the methodologically innovative work and new insights have come from long-running research excavations. Such large-scale research projects are an important element in developing new approaches to the Iron Age.  Daily life and practice: There remains great potential to improve the understanding of people’s lives in the Iron Age through fresh approaches to, and integration of, existing and newly-excavated data. o House use. Rigorous analysis and innovative approaches, including experimental archaeology, should be employed to get the most out of the understanding of daily life through the strengths of the Scottish record, such as deposits within buildings, organic preservation and waterlogging. o Material culture. Artefact studies have the potential to be far more integral to understandings of Iron Age societies, both from the rich assemblages of the Atlantic area and less-rich lowland finds. Key areas of concern are basic studies of material groups (including the function of everyday items such as stone and bone tools, and the nature of craft processes – iron, copper alloy, bone/antler and shale offer particularly good evidence). Other key topics are: the role of ‘art’ and other forms of decoration and comparative approaches to assemblages to obtain synthetic views of the uses of material culture. o Field to feast. Subsistence practices are a core area of research essential to understanding past society, but different strands of evidence need to be more fully integrated, with a ‘field to feast’ approach, from production to consumption. The working of agricultural systems is poorly understood, from agricultural processes to cooking practices and cuisine: integrated work between different specialisms would assist greatly. There is a need for conceptual as well as practical perspectives – e.g. how were wild resources conceived? o Ritual practice. There has been valuable work in identifying depositional practices, such as deposition of animals or querns, which are thought to relate to house-based ritual practices, but there is great potential for further pattern-spotting, synthesis and interpretation. Iron Age Scotland: ScARF Panel Report v  Landscapes and regions:  Concepts of ‘region’ or ‘province’, and how they changed over time, need to be critically explored, because they are contentious, poorly defined and highly variable. What did Iron Age people see as their geographical horizons, and how did this change?  Attempts to understand the Iron Age landscape require improved, integrated survey methodologies, as existing approaches are inevitably partial.  Aspects of the landscape’s physical form and cover should be investigated more fully, in terms of vegetation (known only in outline over most of the country) and sea level change in key areas such as the firths of Moray and Forth.  Landscapes beyond settlement merit further work, e.g. the use of the landscape for deposition of objects or people, and what this tells us of contemporary perceptions and beliefs.  Concepts of inherited landscapes (how Iron Age communities saw and used this longlived land) and socal resilience to issues such as climate change should be explored more fully.  Reconstructing Iron Age societies. The changing structure of society over space and time in this period remains poorly understood. Researchers should interrogate the data for better and more explicitly-expressed understandings of social structures and relations between people.  The wider context: Researchers need to engage with the big questions of change on a European level (and beyond). Relationships with neighbouring areas (e.g. England, Ireland) and analogies from other areas (e.g. Scandinavia and the Low Countries) can help inform Scottish studies. Key big topics are: o The nature and effect of the introduction of iron. o The social processes lying behind evidence for movement and contact. o Parallels and differences in social processes and developments. o The changing nature of houses and households over this period, including the role of ‘substantial houses’, from crannogs to brochs, the development and role of complex architecture, and the shift away from roundhouses. o The chronology, nature and meaning of hillforts and other enclosed settlements. o Relationships with the Roman world

In the 21st century, business engagements are becoming increasingly global, and global teams are now an established form of organising work in multinational organisations. As a result, managing cultural diver-sity within a global team has become an essential part of ensuring motivation, creativity, innovation and efficiency in today’s business world.Global teams are typically composed of a diversity of experiences, frames of references, competencies, information and, not least, cultural backgrounds. As such, they hold a unique potential for delivering high performance in terms of innovative and creative approaches to global management tasks; however, in-stead of focusing on the potentials of cultural diversity, practitioners and studies of global teams tend to approach cultural diversity as a barrier to team success. This study explores some of the barriers that cultural diversity poses but also discusses its potential to leverage high performance in a global context.Our study highlights the importance of how team leaders and team members perceive ‘culture’ as both a concept and a social practice. We take issue with a notion of culture as a relatively fixed and homogeneous set of values, norms and attitudes shared by people of national communities; it is such a notion of culture that tends to underlie understandings that highlight the irreconcilability of cultural differences.Applying a more dynamic and context-dependent approach to culture as a meaning system that people negotiate and use to interpret the world, this study explores how global leadership teams can best reap the benefits of cultural diversity in relation to specific challenging areas of intercultural team work, such as leadership style, decision making, relationship building, strategy process, and communication styles. Based on a close textual interpretation of 31 semi-structured interviews with members of global leader-ship teams in eight Danish-owned global companies, our study identified different discourses and per-ceptions of culture and cultural diversity. For leaders of the global leadership teams (Danish/European) and other European team members, three understandings of cultural diversity in their global teams were prominent:1)Cultural diversity was not an issue2)Cultural diversity was acknowledged as mainly a liability. Diversities were expressed through adifference in national cultures and could typically be subsumed under a relatively fixed numberof invariable and distinct characteristics.3)Cultural diversity was an asset and expressions of culture had to be observed in the situationand could not simply be derived from prior understandings of cultural differences.A clear result of our study was that those leaders of global teams who drew on discourses of the Asian ‘Other’ adherred to the first two understandings of cultural diversity and preferred leadership styles that were either patriarchal or self-defined as ‘Scandinavian’. Whereas those leaders who drew on discourses of culture as dynamic and negotiated social practices adhered to the third understanding of cultural di-versity and preferred a differentiated and analytical approach to leading their teams.We also focused on the perceptions of team members with a background in the country in which the global teams were co-located. These ‘local’ team members expressed a nuanced and multifaceted perspective on their own cultural background, the national culture of the company, and their own position within the team, which enabled them to easily navigate between essentialist perceptions of culture while maintain-ing a critical stance on the existing cultural hegemonies. They recognised the value of their local knowledge and language proficiency, but, for those local members in teams with a negative or essentialist view of cultural diversity, it was difficult to obtain recognition of their cultural styles and specific, non-local competences. 3Our study suggeststhat the way global team members perceive culture, based on dominant societal dis-courses of culture, significantly affects the understandings of roles and positions in global leadership teams. We found that discourses on culture were used to explain differences and similarities between team members, which profoundly affected the social practicesand dynamics of the global team. We con-clude that only global teams with team leaders who are highly aware of the multiple perspectives at play in different contexts within the team hold the capacity to be alert to cultural diversity and to demonstrate agility in leveraging differences and similarities into inclusive and dynamic team practices.

Overview Skin cancer prevention is a component of the new Cancer Plan 2022–27, which guides the work of the Cancer Institute NSW. To lessen the impact of skin cancer on the community, the Cancer Institute NSW works closely with the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Advisory Committee, comprising governmental and non-governmental organisation representatives, to develop and implement the NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy. Primary Health Networks and primary care providers are seen as important stakeholders in this work. To guide improvements in skin cancer prevention and inform the development of the next NSW Skin Cancer Prevention Strategy, an up-to-date review of the evidence on the effectiveness and feasibility of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care is required. A research team led by the Daffodil Centre, a joint venture between the University of Sydney and Cancer Council NSW, was contracted to undertake an Evidence Check review to address the questions below. Evidence Check questions This Evidence Check aimed to address the following questions: Question 1: What skin cancer primary prevention activities can be effectively administered in primary care settings? As part of this, identify the key components of such messages, strategies, programs or initiatives that have been effectively implemented and their feasibility in the NSW/Australian context. Question 2: What are the main barriers and enablers for primary care providers in delivering skin cancer primary prevention activities within their setting? Summary of methods The research team conducted a detailed analysis of the published and grey literature, based on a comprehensive search. We developed the search strategy in consultation with a medical librarian at the University of Sydney and the Cancer Institute NSW team, and implemented it across the databases Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Scopus, Cochrane Central and CINAHL. Results were exported and uploaded to Covidence for screening and further selection. The search strategy was designed according to the SPIDER tool for Qualitative and Mixed-Methods Evidence Synthesis, which is a systematic strategy for searching qualitative and mixed-methods research studies. The SPIDER tool facilitates rigour in research by defining key elements of non-quantitative research questions. We included peer-reviewed and grey literature that included skin cancer primary prevention strategies/ interventions/ techniques/ programs within primary care settings, e.g. involving general practitioners and primary care nurses. The literature was limited to publications since 2014, and for studies or programs conducted in Australia, the UK, New Zealand, Canada, Ireland, Western Europe and Scandinavia. We also included relevant systematic reviews and evidence syntheses based on a range of international evidence where also relevant to the Australian context. To address Question 1, about the effectiveness of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings from the Evidence Check according to different skin cancer prevention activities. To address Question 2, about the barriers and enablers of skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings, we summarised findings according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). The CFIR is a framework for identifying important implementation considerations for novel interventions in healthcare settings and provides a practical guide for systematically assessing potential barriers and facilitators in preparation for implementing a new activity or program. We assessed study quality using the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) levels of evidence. Key findings We identified 25 peer-reviewed journal articles that met the eligibility criteria and we included these in the Evidence Check. Eight of the studies were conducted in Australia, six in the UK, and the others elsewhere (mainly other European countries). In addition, the grey literature search identified four relevant guidelines, 12 education/training resources, two Cancer Care pathways, two position statements, three reports and five other resources that we included in the Evidence Check. Question 1 (related to effectiveness) We categorised the studies into different types of skin cancer prevention activities: behavioural counselling (n=3); risk assessment and delivering risk-tailored information (n=10); new technologies for early detection and accompanying prevention advice (n=4); and education and training programs for general practitioners (GPs) and primary care nurses regarding skin cancer prevention (n=3). There was good evidence that behavioural counselling interventions can result in a small improvement in sun protection behaviours among adults with fair skin types (defined as ivory or pale skin, light hair and eye colour, freckles, or those who sunburn easily), which would include the majority of Australians. It was found that clinicians play an important role in counselling patients about sun-protective behaviours, and recommended tailoring messages to the age and demographics of target groups (e.g. high-risk groups) to have maximal influence on behaviours. Several web-based melanoma risk prediction tools are now available in Australia, mainly designed for health professionals to identify patients’ risk of a new or subsequent primary melanoma and guide discussions with patients about primary prevention and early detection. Intervention studies have demonstrated that use of these melanoma risk prediction tools is feasible and acceptable to participants in primary care settings, and there is some evidence, including from Australian studies, that using these risk prediction tools to tailor primary prevention and early detection messages can improve sun-related behaviours. Some studies examined novel technologies, such as apps, to support early detection through skin examinations, including a very limited focus on the provision of preventive advice. These novel technologies are still largely in the research domain rather than recommended for routine use but provide a potential future opportunity to incorporate more primary prevention tailored advice. There are a number of online short courses available for primary healthcare professionals specifically focusing on skin cancer prevention. Most education and training programs for GPs and primary care nurses in the field of skin cancer focus on treatment and early detection, though some programs have specifically incorporated primary prevention education and training. A notable example is the Dermoscopy for Victorian General Practice Program, in which 93% of participating GPs reported that they had increased preventive information provided to high-risk patients and during skin examinations. Question 2 (related to barriers and enablers) Key enablers of performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Easy access and availability of guidelines and point-of-care tools and resources • A fit with existing workflows and systems, so there is minimal disruption to flow of care • Easy-to-understand patient information • Using the waiting room for collection of risk assessment information on an electronic device such as an iPad/tablet where possible • Pairing with early detection activities • Sharing of successful programs across jurisdictions. Key barriers to performing skin cancer prevention activities in primary care settings included: • Unclear requirements and lack of confidence (self-efficacy) about prevention counselling • Limited availability of GP services especially in regional and remote areas • Competing demands, low priority, lack of time • Lack of incentives.