Articoli di riviste: "Sewerage engineering"

1

Harada, H., N. T. Dong e S. Matsui. "A measure for provisional-and-urgent sanitary improvement in developing countries: septic-tank performance improvement". Water Science and Technology 58, n. 6 (1 ottobre 2008): 1305–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.715.

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Although many cities have planed to develop sewerages in developing countries, sewerage establishment still requires huge investment and engineering efforts. Improvement of existing sanitation facilities may contribute the betterment of urban sanitation before sewerage establishment. The purpose of this study is to propose a measure to improve urban sanitation in areas where a sewerage development plan is proposed but has not been yet established, based on a case study in Hanoi, Vietnam. We found that 90.5% of human excreta flowed into septic tanks. However, 89.6% of septic tanks have never been desludged in the past and their performance was observed to be at a low level. The study also showed that if they introduce regular desludging with a frequency of once a year, they can eliminate 72.8% of COD loads from septic tanks. It was indicated that the performance can be dramatically recovered by regular desludging, which could contribute urban sanitation improvement in Hanoi. In conclusion, the performance recovery of septic tanks by regular desludging was proposed as a provisional-and-urgent measure for urban sanitation improvement, together with the septage treatment in sewage sludge treatment facilities, which should be established earlier than other facilities of sewage treatment systems.

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Chiba, Yasuto, Takao Jo e Norio Ito. "Earthquake resistance of sewerage pipe line facilities". Water Science and Technology 34, n. 3-4 (1 agosto 1996): 111–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0423.

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As may be gathered from the fact that Japan is known as an earthquake archipelago, the country has experienced earthquakes in numerous areas in the past and has suffered from great damage as a result of these. Although the need for earthquake resistance measures in pipe line facilities has increased as a result of this earthquake damage, there is still a shortage of information regarding sewerage pipe materials that are earthquake resistant. In order to rectify this situation, Japan Institute of Wastewater Engineering Technology (JIWET) has brought together sewerage pipe materials that are considered to be both earthquake resistant and suited to open-cut method (which is the main element required in discussing the seismic resistance of sewerage pipe line systems) in a publication known as “Technical Data on Earthquake Resistant Sewerage Pipe Line Materials - Special Edition” (hereinafter referred to as the Technical Data).

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O HARE, K. J. "THE STAVELEY SEWERAGE STRATEGY." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 133, n. 1 (marzo 1999): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/imuen.1999.31465.

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Bortenschlager, Peter. "The Vienna Sewerage System". Water Science and Technology 22, n. 5 (1 maggio 1990): 235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0034.

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After the practice for many decades had been to introduce waste waters into the nearest receiving bodies, i.e. Wien River, Donaukanal, and Danube, a multitude of intercepting sewers and a central treatment plant were built from 1969 to 1980. Subsumed under the working title “WABAS 80 -- Wiener Abwasserbeseitigungssysteme 1980”, these facilities guaranteed that all effluent produced in Vienna was brought to the central treatment plant for purification. Since 1986 a programme has been in effect to expand the existing sewage system and improve obsolete sewers, the aim being to preserve groundwater quality. Providing also for the construction of relief interceptors along the Donaukanal and the Wien River as well as the enlargement of the central treatment plant, the programme was designed not only to preserve but also to improve water quality in the Donaukanal and the Danube itself. The City has set apart AS 12 000 million for this project, which is to be completed by 2000.

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Yang, Jie, Zhong Hua Tang e Yu Song. "Probe into the Problem of Water-Saving and Energy-Saving in Building". Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (maggio 2011): 3275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.3275.

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With the fast development of economy in China, some questions have come out gradually, and more and more obviously. For instance the energy in short supply, the water resource exhausted. I have made a simple analysis on the issue that some extant energy is wasted and the water resource wasted in the water supply and sewerage engineering in China, and have put forward some corresponding measures, such as full use of available municipal water supply network head, reasonable control of the flow of overpressure and decompression cost saving measures, promotion of the technology of water reuse and rainwater reuse and other measures. These measures can effectively reduce the energy and water waste in the water supply and sewerage engineering.

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Ashipala, N., e N. P. Armitage. "Impediments to the adoption of alternative sewerage in South African urban informal settlements". Water Science and Technology 64, n. 9 (1 novembre 2011): 1781–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.746.

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In recent decades South Africa has witnessed a substantial growth in its urban population. This growth has been accompanied by the mushrooming of informal settlements (shantytowns) flanking more formal development. The lack of adequate urban drainage in many of these informal settlements has resulted in extremely polluted environments which add to the disease burden of the poor people who live there. In many instances, informal settlements in South Africa are established on marginal land that is inherently difficult to service using conventional gravity sewerage. International experience has shown that various alternative wastewater collection systems may present more appropriate ways of providing water-borne sewerage in areas that are difficult to service by conventional means. Alternative sewerage schemes have however had a poor record of success in South African informal settlements – primarily stemming from the implementing agencies' failure to adequately address various social and institutional factors. In this paper, a review of South African experiences with simplified sewerage, settled sewerage and vacuum sewerage in urban informal settlements is used to highlight the key constraints that currently impede the application of these technologies.

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Harada, H., S. Matsui, N. T. Dong, Y. Shimizu e S. Fujii. "Incremental sanitation improvement strategy: comparison of options for Hanoi, Vietnam". Water Science and Technology 62, n. 10 (1 novembre 2010): 2225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.508.

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Urban sanitation issues should be tackled strategically, and may be addressed effectively when sewerage development is pursued in conjunction with complementary sanitation measures. Five sanitation improvement scenarios employing sewerage, night-soil collection-and-treatment (NSCT) system, and/or septic-tank improvement by annual desludging were analyzed from the perspective of COD loads, total nitrogen loads, and cost under the conditions found in Hanoi, Vietnam. Compared to the development of sewerage alone, the scenario of developing NSCT systems in a complementary manner with sewerage development was estimated to be the most effective for a rapid decrease of both COD and total nitrogen loads. However, it may be difficult in some cases to replace ordinary water-flush toilets by the micro-flush toilets that are used in NSCT systems. In this case, the scenario employing septic-tank improvement in conjunction with sewerage development may be effective for a rapid decrease of COD in locations where septic tanks are widely used under poor maintenance conditions and nitrogen pollution is not serious compared to COD. It was calculated that the two scenarios above would respectively require cost increases of 16 and 22% over the sewerage development scenario.

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HODGKINSON, D. H., e C. J. FULLER. "FIRST-TIME SEWERAGE IN SEVENOAKS." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 115, n. 4 (dicembre 1996): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/imuen.1996.29134.

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Pochwat, Kamil. "The use of artificial neural networks for analyzing the sensitivity of a retention tank". E3S Web of Conferences 45 (2018): 00066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184500066.

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Designing retention facilities is a complex engineering process that requires the collection of the detailed hydrological data of a catchment and hydraulic sewerage system. The acquired data are necessary to prepare a model of the retention tank in appropriate software for hydrodynamic modelling. The article shows the results of tests concerning the analysis of the sensitivity of a sewerage model of a rainwater retention tank which may be implemented in this software. The results of tests allowed determining the impact of the individual hydraulic characteristics of the catchment and the sewerage system on the required retention capacity of a tank. A planned analysis is performed based on artificial neural networks and the required data are acquired by hydrodynamic simulations in SWMM 5.1.

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Yang, M. D., e T. C. Su. "Automation model of sewerage rehabilitation planning". Water Science and Technology 54, n. 11-12 (1 dicembre 2006): 225–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.805.

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The major steps of sewerage rehabilitation include inspection of sewerage, assessment of structural conditions, computation of structural condition grades, and determination of rehabilitation methods and materials. Conventionally, sewerage rehabilitation planning relies on experts with professional background that is tedious and time-consuming. This paper proposes an automation model of planning optimal sewerage rehabilitation strategies for the sewer system by integrating image process, clustering technology, optimization, and visualization display. Firstly, image processing techniques, such as wavelet transformation and co-occurrence features extraction, were employed to extract various characteristics of structural failures from CCTV inspection images. Secondly, a classification neural network was established to automatically interpret the structural conditions by comparing the extracted features with the typical failures in a databank. Then, to achieve optimal rehabilitation efficiency, a genetic algorithm was used to determine appropriate rehabilitation methods and substitution materials for the pipe sections with a risk of mal-function and even collapse. Finally, the result from the automation model can be visualized in a geographic information system in which essential information of the sewer system and sewerage rehabilitation plans are graphically displayed. For demonstration, the automation model of optimal sewerage rehabilitation planning was applied to a sewer system in east Taichung, Chinese Taiwan.

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Câmara, A. S., D. Pereira, A. Fonseca e S. Sequeira. "Maintenance Strategies for Sewerage Systems". Water Science and Technology 19, n. 3-4 (1 marzo 1987): 603–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0240.

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The problem of decaying sewerage systems is a timely topic in many urban areas, due to its importance to societal needs and to the large amounts of capital expeditures needed to bring the concerned systems to an adequate level of serviceability. Thus, there is a need for better maintenance decision-making related to periodic inspection and cleaning, repair, rehabilitation or replacement of the equipment. In this paper, an approach offering integrated solutions to upgrade such systems, taking into account existing and foreseen structural and hydraulic conditions, is presented. The methodology relies upon a heuristic algorithm scheduling maintenance events. An application to the Almada sewerage network illustrates the method. Future improvements including the use of statistical maintenance theoretic concepts and artificial intelligence approaches are also discussed.

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Otterpohl, Ralf, Martin Freund, Juan Pablo Sanz e Andreas Durchschlag. "JOINT CONSIDERATION OF SEWERAGE SYSTEM AND W ASTEW ATER TREATMENT PLANT". Water Science and Technology 30, n. 1 (1 luglio 1994): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0016.

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The total efficiency of combined sewerage systems and wastewater treatment plants (WTP) sbould be considered. By an overall planning procedure the benefits of the whole system can be optimized. For the estimation of the system behaviour with different rain events, computer simulations of the sewerage system including storage tanks and the treatment plant have to be carried out. The two systems are not coupled mathematically allowing separate simulation. Hydrographs of different scenarios computed for the sewerage system can be used for simulations of the WTP. For comparing the effects of different throttle flows on the treatment plant an example bas been simulated. In this example the BOD5 and phosphorus loads could be reduced with a higher throttle flow. The large difference in total discharges from combined sewerage without storage tanks and with well-dimensioned tanks could also be demonstrated.

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Garmash, Alexei, Dmitrii Bondarenko, Gennadii Zubko e Dmitrii Goncharenko. "On renovation of the destroyed tunnel sewer collector in Kharkiv". World Journal of Engineering 13, n. 1 (8 febbraio 2016): 72–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wje-02-2016-009.

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Purpose The purpose of this study to monitor the state of deep sewerage networks is a task of current interest in connection with the emergency and pre-emergency condition of a large part of sewerage systems in the cities of Ukraine. Design/methodology/approach To monitor the state, performance and reliability of deep sewer collectors, it is necessary to provide monitoring wells and, during the lifetime, to carry out planned inspection of groundwater levels in the wells and to timely identify areas of filtration of wastewater into the ground. Findings Monitoring the state of deep sewerage networks is a task of current interest in connection with the emergency and pre-emergency condition of a large part of sewerage systems in the cities of Ukraine. To monitor the state, performance and reliability of deep sewer collectors, it is necessary to provide monitoring wells, and during the lifetime, to carry out planned inspection of groundwater levels in the wells and to timely identify areas of filtration of wastewater into the ground. Originality/value Implementation of works on reconstruction and strengthening an emergency section will extend the service life of the sewer collector without reducing its capacity.

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Plyusnina, Ekaterina, e Vera Akristiniy. "Repair strategy for housing stock engineering systems to improve energy efficiency". E3S Web of Conferences 244 (2021): 05023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124405023.

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The article discusses problems of current interest concerning the housing and utility sector associated with increasing the level of comfort of living by constantly improving measures for carrying out planned and un-scheduled repairs and surveys. This work provides a methodology for justi-fying the choice of a repair strategy for engineering systems of water sup-ply and sewerage in the process of operating the housing stock, the imple-mentation of which will contribute to the timely and rational repairs and inspections of buildings engineering systems. This will allow systematical-ly eliminating engineering systems malfunctions, predicting and planning the optimal quantity and chronology of repair and restoration activities by maintaining the technical condition of the engineering system elements within the permissible limits during the standard service life.The main goal of the research in the presented material is to substantiate the methodology for choosing a repair strategy for water supply and sewerage systems dur-ing the operation of apartment buildings.The optimal periodicity for the re-pair of engineering systems depends on the failure rate of elements and the costs associated with the execution of all operational activities.Three op-tions considered for organizing repairs of engineering equipment.Applied in actual practice the technique of choosing the repair strategy of engineer-ing systems for selecting the optimal option to organize repairs of engi-neering equipment.

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Hellström, Daniel, e Erik Kärrman. "Exergy analysis and nutrient flows of various sewerage systems". Water Science and Technology 35, n. 9 (1 maggio 1997): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0337.

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There is an increasing demand for more sustainable sewerage systems. An important tool in the analysis of the sustainability of a sewerage system is exergy analysis. It is possible, by using an exergy analysis, to estimate the consumption of physical resources. In the present study, the demand on resources in the sewerage system of Bergsjon, a district of Göteborg, Sweden, was evaluated through exergy analysis. The case study included the existing system and two sewerage system alternatives. One important aspect of a sustainable sanitary system is nutrients recycling from sewage to agriculture. The exergy analysis has therefore been complemented with an analysis of the mass-flows of phosphorus and nitrogen. The study shows that the hypothetical calculated exergy consumption during operation will be lower in a system with local treatment and urine separation toilets compared with a conventional alternative. The amount of phosphorus that could be recycled is the same for the studied alternatives, but the amount of nitrogen that could be recycled is considerably higher for systems with urine separation techniques.

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Kaczor, Grzegorz B., Krzysztof Chmielowski e Piotr Bugajski. "Influence of extraneous waters on the quality and loads of pollutants in wastewater discharged into the treatment plant". Journal of Water and Land Development 33, n. 1 (1 giugno 2017): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jwld-2017-0021.

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Abstract The aim of the study was to analyze an influence of an inflow penetrating into two selected small sewerage systems during a rainy weather on pollutant concentration and load in raw sewage. Studies were conducted in 2010–2015 on two small sewerage systems in Małopolska province. The studies confirmed that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage systems resulted in a decrease of pollutant concentrations in sewage. However, they also showed that this dilution was not constant for all types of pollutants. The most important outcome of the study was demonstrating that despite its diluting effect on pollutants, the intense inflow into a sewerage system resulted in an increase of a sewage pollutant load. This increase was not regular, but it was rising dramatically when the inflow share in sewage exceeded 50%. The study indicated that the inflow penetrating into the sewerage system should not be disregarded, as it actually presented a significant threat to the wastewater treatment process and in consequence to the quality of recipient waters.

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Capodaglio, Andrea G. "INTEGRAL CONTROL REQUIREMENTS FOR SEWERAGE SYSTEMS". Water Science and Technology 30, n. 1 (1 luglio 1994): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0014.

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Sewerage systems and sewage treatment plants are often planned, designed and operated as totally separate entities. As a result, sewage treatment efficiency is subject to considerable variability, depending both on general hydrologic conditions in the urban watershed (wet versus dry periods), and on specific “instantaneous” operating conditions. It has been postulated that the integration of design and operation in urban drainage and wastewater treatment could allow minimization of the harmful effects of discharges from treatment plants, combined sewer overflows and surface runoff. This “ideal condition” can be achieved through the introduction of so-called “Real-Time Control” technology in sewerage collection and treatment operations. This paper examines the requirements of a hypothetical integrated sewer flow and sewage treatment model, the mathematical tools used to design and operate Real-Time Control systems, and the issues emerging from an integration of the conveyance and disposal aspects of the sewerage cycle.

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Le Gouévec, Jérôme, e Olivier Blanpain. "Multicriteria analysis for choosing wastewater sewerage solutions". Journal of Hydroinformatics 4, n. 3 (1 luglio 2002): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2002.0015.

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Today, more and more French communities have a critical point of view concerning the performance of their wastewater sewerage systems. The main reason is linked to the methodology of the studies in the design phase. The process is neither adapted to the complexity of the decision-making task, nor to a general management of the wastewater sewerage in a territory. In order to make these studies more coherent and the choices more rational, we propose a new formulation of the methodology as an alternative to the current one. Our approach relies on decision-making support which borrows concepts from expert systems and multicriteria analysis in order to structure the reasoning process and to take into account the very different criteria a real decision-making task often implies. We show that this support has to be interactive and iterative in order to ensure that coherent and relevant solutions are chosen.

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Arthur, Scott, Helen Crow e Naoum Karikas. "Including public perception data in the evaluation of the consequences of sewerage derived urban flooding". Water Science and Technology 60, n. 1 (1 luglio 2009): 231–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.334.

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This text reports research which was undertaken to assess the failure consequences associated with sewerage systems. In an effort to move away from considering only flood volume, depth or extent, the text will focus on how a survey of public opinion was used to inform the development of a consequence scoring methodology. The failure consequences considered range from internal flooding of properties, to road closure, environmental damage and odour problems. The text reports the extent to which experience of flooding influences perceptions of failure consequence and sewerage system management. It is also outlined how this data was used, along with other data sources, to construct an objective scoring process that can be used to evaluate failure consequence and readily prioritise sewerage maintenance.

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A.Ya. Gaev, I.V. Kudelina e T.V. Leontyeva. "THE MOST IMPORTANT AREAS OF MODERN WATER ENGINEERING AND THE NEED FOR ITS IMPROVEMENT". Herald of KSUCTA n a N Isanov, n. 4 (16 dicembre 2019): 662–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.35803/1694-5298.2019.4.662-667.

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Water construction began with the birth of mankind. But early man did the need for Sewerage system. In the era of STD and urbanization, it has become a serious problem. The processes of pollution and depletion of water resources are developing widely. Proposed to combine supplementing existing water intakes protected them from contamination using a barrier technology.

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Rybka, I., E. Bondar-Nowakowska e M. Połoński. "Causes and Effects of Adverse Events During Water Supply and Sewerage System Constructions". Archives of Civil Engineering 62, n. 1 (1 marzo 2016): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ace-2015-0059.

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Abstract This paper identifies the adverse events occurring during the execution of water supply and sewerage systems construction. The basis for this paper is research conducted in 2010-2014 on the construction sites of water supply and sewerage systems located in the provinces of Lower Silesia and Opole. The research consisted of direct observations of construction sites and review of construction documentation. It showed that work stoppages on the examined construction sites were frequent. They were caused by violations of work discipline by the production employees, adverse weather conditions, and defects in the project documentation. The study demonstrated that in almost every case, these bad an adverse effect on the completion date and budget of the investment. The analyses show that in such important and expensive investments as water supply and sewerage systems, organizational structures in which a special role is assigned to middle-rank personnel should be adopted.

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Sparks, Ross, e Andrew Kasmarik. "Monitoring Deterioration in a Catchment’s Sewerage System". Open Civil Engineering Journal 7, n. 1 (31 ottobre 2013): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874149501307010149.

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Groundwater seepage through cracks in the sewerage pipeline is a major maintenance issue in most cities’ sewer networks. The more the sewer pipes crack – and the wider these cracks are – the worse the rainfall seepage problem becomes. The total volume of rainwater seepage into the sewer pipes for a catchment is correlated with deterioration and can therefore be used to estimate the rate of deterioration. This paper describes a monitoring system that can be used to identify significant trends in sewer deterioration. Effective monitoring by asset managers can highlight the need for early maintenance such as removing tree roots from pipe cracks and patching the cracks.

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Liu, Miao, Sonia Giovinazzi e Piet Beukman. "Post-earthquake performance indicators for sewerage systems". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 169, n. 2 (giugno 2016): 74–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jmuen.15.00028.

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Dauphin, S., C. Joannis, A. Deguin, G. Bridoux, G. Ruban e M. Aumond. "Influent flow control to increase the pollution load treated during rainy periods". Water Science and Technology 37, n. 12 (1 giugno 1998): 131–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0522.

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The European Directive of May 1991 concerning urban wastewater treatment points out that sewerage systems must be designed to limit the pollution of receiving watercourses by stormwater discharges. As for the system management, the French Decree of 22 December 1995 states that flows or pollution loads exceeding the reference capacity of the treatment plant may be temporarily admitted. This is especially interesting in the case of separate wastewater sewerage, as inappropriate connections of runoff water and rainfall induced infiltration cause hydraulic overloads in such networks. An automated influent flow control has been implemented on a 8000 population equivalent plant to admit a maximum of twice the dry weather peak flow: the clarifier is then dynamically managed so that neither sludge loss nor degradation through anoxic conditions may occur. A yearly simulation of such a strategy on a smaller treatment plant shows a very significant reduction (90%) of the volume discharged during rainy periods. It can therefore be concluded that a plant with additional hydraulic capacity and good sludge quality can play a significant role in limiting the stormwater discharges from separate sewerage systems. However this operational benefit depends on the inflow composition in the sewerage system (wastewaters, rain and infiltration waters).

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Heuer, J. J. M. B., e H. J. Kaskens. "Prevention of Concrete Corrosion and Odour Annoyance with Biofiltration". Water Science and Technology 27, n. 5-6 (1 marzo 1993): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0500.

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In many Dutch sewerage systems the sewage is pumped from small villages through pipelines to larger cities. These pressurized pipelines often end up in the pump sump of another pumping-station or in another sewerage system which transports the sewage under atmospheric conditions to the waste water treatment installation. When the waste water in these pipelines stays stationary for a longer period often sulphurous compounds are formed. At the downstream end of the pipeline, where the sewerage system meets atmospheric, aerobic circumstances, the hydrogen sulphide can be converted into sulphuric acid by micro-organisms. The above described process(es) can lead to the following problems:corrosion of concrete caused by sulphuric acid;odour annoyance caused by hydrogen sulphide and other sulphurous compounds. A good solution against concrete corrosion developed by HASKONING consists of stripping the sulphurous compounds out of the sewage and eliminating them. The most economic way to eliminate H2S is the use of a biological filter. Measurements carried out at a pump sump show that this type of filter is highly effective in eliminating H2S. Nevertheless, the installed biofilter did not completely avoid odour annoyance. Therefore the outcoming air after the biofilter was led back into the sewerage system. No complaints occurred anymore.

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Barnwell, F., e D. FIDDES. "The North West Sewerage Rehabilitation Review". Water and Environment Journal 2, n. 2 (aprile 1988): 124–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1988.tb01261.x.

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ASHLIN, D. E., S. E. BENTLEY e J. P. CONSTERDINE. "Vacuum Sewerage ? The Four Crosses Experience". Water and Environment Journal 5, n. 6 (dicembre 1991): 631–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1991.tb00681.x.

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BOLTON, P. W. "Water and Sewerage Charges in Scotland". Water and Environment Journal 8, n. 1 (febbraio 1994): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01093.x.

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HURLEY, R. "Urban Sewerage Rehabilitation in the UK". Water and Environment Journal 8, n. 4 (agosto 1994): 425–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1994.tb01127.x.

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Westoll, T. G. "Driffield Sewerage and Sewage-Treatment Projects". Water and Environment Journal 13, n. 2 (aprile 1999): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.1999.tb01019.x.

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Shelef, G., Y. Azov, A. Kanarek, G. Zac e A. Shaw. "The dan region sewerage wastewater treatment and reclamation scheme". Water Science and Technology 30, n. 9 (1 novembre 1994): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0486.

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The Greater Tel-Aviv (Dan Region) urban area is composed of seven municipalities producing close to 100 million cubic meters per year (mcmy) of wastewaters, serving a population equivalent of over 1.7 millions. The Dan Region Association of Towns for Sewerage serves the largest population, commercial and tourism center of Israel as well as an important part of its industry. The flow of wastewater in the region is expected to reach some 150 mcmy by the end of this decade due to its intensive growth. Due to the perennial and severe shortage of water, Israel has adopted a national policy of maximizing wastewater reuse, aimed principally at agricultural irrigation of crops without any restrictions (including fruits and vegetables eaten uncooked). The quality requirements for the reclaimed wastewater are quite stringent, due to the fact that a large proportion of the agricultural produce is intended for export to foreign countries. The Dan Region - Third Line scheme is an example of a holistic approach to urban sewerage system integrated with reclamation and agricultural reuse, within an overall policy-making, engineering design, operation, monitoring, surveillance, management, administration and legal framework. It has a combined health, environmental and economical benefit to the urban communities and critical economic and livelihood benefit to the rural community.

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Ou, Yang Lin, Zhi Li Chen, Zhen Jie Ren e Yi Yang. "The Renovation Project of Chongqing Combined Sewerage System". Advanced Materials Research 374-377 (ottobre 2011): 1045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.374-377.1045.

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The current problems of drainage system have been analyzed by addressing the current situation of combined sewerage system in Chongqing area. According to the geographical characteristics of the terrain and the existing pipeline system, advices on modification works have been proposed which would meet the demand of sustainable development of Chongqing drainage system.

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Ukita, Masao, Hisatake Shirota e Hiroshi Nakanishi. "The Option of Appropriate System for Wastewater Treatment in Low-Density Areas". Water Science and Technology 28, n. 10 (1 novembre 1993): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0204.

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The method for selecting the appropriate treatment system in low-density areas was studied by statistical data analyses and questionnaire surveys. The main results obtained are as follows.(l) The efficiency of sewerage service has been decreasing. With decrease of the population density in served areas, treatment cost is increasing from 7,000 yen/household in 1961 to near 40,000 in 1989.(2) By considering the external cost of treated water quality, the marginal house density beyond which collective systems become advantageous, was estimated to be 9.5 houses/ha compared to the original value of 13 houses/ha.(3) Improvement of water quality, saving energy, and efficient uses of sludge are considered to be important for the environmental impact of sewerage systems. Suitable allocation of optional treatment systems, energy saving technology and prevention of sludge contamination must be the important issues for the sewerage service on a small scale.

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34

Cai, Xiatong, Hamidreza Shirkhani e Abdolmajid Mohammadian. "Risk-Informed Framework for Sewerage System Rehabilitation Management". Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice 12, n. 2 (maggio 2021): 04020075. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ps.1949-1204.0000525.

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35

Boon, Arthur G., Alison J. Vincent e Kevin G. Boon. "Avoiding the problems of septic sewage". Water Science and Technology 37, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1998): 223–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0054.

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Septic sewage develops in a sewerage system when aeration of sewage in gravity sewers is inadequate or when sewage is pumped up a rising-main sewer and sulphides are formed. Many variables affect the rate at which septicity develops. Equations have been produced which describe the relation between the variables and septicity. Such equations can be applied to individual sewers or rising mains. To predict, prevent and control septicity of an entire sewerage system will be complex; preventative measures taken upstream will affect the formation of septicity downstream. This paper describes the development of a computer programme, consisting of a series of linked algorithms. The programme enables the sewerage system to be mathematically modelled in order to predict the formation of sulphides in the sewage at identified locations. It also enables the effects of applying a range of preventative measures to be assessed in order to optimise a strategy for prevention and control. The results are described and discussed for application of the model to an extensive sewerage system, serving a population of 665,000. In some circumstances, prevention of septicity may not be practical or it may be expensive. To remove odours from ventilated air, which includes hydrogen sulphide, a novel, reliable, low-cost and effective catalytic filter has been developed. This filter is described, together with performance data obtained during recent full-scale operation.

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36

Clegg, D., A. R. Eadon e D. Fiddes. "UK State-of-the-Art – Sewerage Rehabilitation". Water Science and Technology 21, n. 10-11 (1 ottobre 1989): 1101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0311.

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Abstract (sommario):

The problems which led to concern over the state of sewers within the UK in the 1970s are described together with the strategies and methodologies which were developed to allow cost-effective rehabilitation. The current approach is illustrated by reference to practice in two regional water authorities - North West Water and Severn Trent Water. Considerable benefits have accrued from considering entire pipework systems and dealing concurrently with structural, hydraulic and water quality problems. Effort in the future will concentrate on refining the existing methodology and improving business management by developing better measures of levels of service and information systems

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37

Eadon, Andrew R. "Investment Planning for Second Generation Sewerage Systems". Water Science and Technology 27, n. 5-6 (1 marzo 1993): 11–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0482.

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The first part of this paper deals with the technical improvements which have been made in the United Kingdom to ensure that sewerage rehabilitation is both effective and efficient. Severn Trent Water Ltd, which was one of the first organisations to employ a strategic approach to sewerage rehabilitation, has responsibility for the management of some 52,000 kms of sewer, 2250 pumping stations and serves a population of 8.3 million people. Planning and the progress made on implementing new methods for structural and hydraulic analyses within Severn Trent Water Ltd are illustrated. These elements together with the provision of high quality sewer records comprise a Drainage Area Study from which the investment needs of existing sewer systems are derived and programmed. The second part of the paper deals with the topic of macro-planning of sewerage rehabilitation in a large organisation. At this level it is necessary to balance financial and manpower resources to obtain an overall programme for investment which is steady and sustained. The programme also embodies clear aims and objectives which provide adequately for customer needs. The manner in which this has been achieved by Severn Trent Water Ltd is described and illustrated. The paper includes details of the programme of Drainage Area Studies and how the resulting information is collated to produce an overall investment programme. The main objectives are to clear the backlog of problems of flooding, pollution and sewer dereliction by a prescribed date, and thereafter to provide an improved service to customers by being able to respond to new problems quickly. The resulting increased activity in construction work creates extreme disruption to some communities. The perception of customers has been researched and the measures' introduced recently by Severn Trent to provide appropriate care for these customers who are inconvenienced by the works are described.

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38

Diaper, C., e A. Sharma. "Innovative sewerage solutions for small rural towns". Water Science and Technology 56, n. 5 (1 settembre 2007): 97–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.561.

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Abstract (sommario):

The development and implementation of alternative wastewater servicing approaches in rural communities in Australia appears more feasible than in larger urban developments as many rural centres rely on septic tanks and surface discharge of greywater. This method of disposal creates many environmental, social and economic issues and is seen to limit potential for growth in many towns. This paper describes a generic methodology for the selection of innovative sewerage options for six regional towns in Victoria, Australia. The method includes consultation with stakeholders, multi-criteria assessment and concept design of the most favourable option. Despite the broad range of initial wastewater servicing options presented which included cluster-scale systems, upgrade of existing systems, greywater reuse and alternative collection, the outcome for five of the six towns was a modified centralised collection system as the preferred option. Lack of robust and reliable data on the human health risks and environmental impacts of alternative systems were identified as the primary data gaps in the sustainability assessment. In addition, biases in the assessment method due to stakeholder perceptions were found to be an additional issue.

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39

van Mameren, H. J., e J. Zuidervliet. "Improved Overflow in a Sewerage System as a Pollutant Load-Reducing Device". Water Science and Technology 22, n. 10-11 (1 ottobre 1990): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0303.

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Abstract (sommario):

The applicability of improved overflows in sewerage systems in the Netherlands have been investigated within the framework of the Dutch Research Programme of the National Working Group on Sewerage and Water Quality (NWRW). As a result of the first part of the investigation, a high-side-weir chamber was built in IJsselmonde-Dorp in the municipality of Rotterdam to test this design under field conditions. Between May 1987 and September 1988, 18 storm events were monitored and samples extracted for analyses. The overall efficiency of the high-side-weir chamber was measured to be about 27% for COD, and 20% for total filtrable residue. Thus it is concluded that improved overflows, such as a high-side-weir chamber, have practical application under conditions as prevail in the Netherlands, namely flat terrain and multiple connected sewerage systems. This type of structure is a good choice for places where space is limited and finance is a major consideration.

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40

Arthur, S., H. Crow, L. Pedezert e N. Karikas. "The holistic prioritisation of proactive sewer maintenance". Water Science and Technology 59, n. 7 (1 aprile 2009): 1385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.134.

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Abstract (sommario):

In sewerage asset management, there has been a concerted move away from primarily assessing system capacity or physical performance, to focus on “serviceability” as a key performance indicator. After identifying flooding due to blockages as a key failure mode, this paper documents the development of a tool which can contribute towards efficient sewerage asset management within the context of maintaining “serviceability” to customers, the public and the environment. Against the background of poor availability of reliable data, the reported project provides a process based on FMECA which can be implemented with limited information and without the need for additional data gathering. Land use and network characteristics data have been used alongside a hydrodynamic model to determine critical points in a network. Based on this, a methodology for identifying where blockage likelihood lies is outlined alongside an approach which allows failure consequence to be quantified. The text then outlines a framework which allows failure likelihood and consequence to be combined to prioritise sewerage asset maintenance.

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41

Beenen, A. S. "Benchmarking management of sewer systems: more to learn than cost effectiveness". Water Science and Technology 52, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2005): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0461.

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Abstract (sommario):

Thirty-nine municipalities in the Netherlands conducted a pilot study to develop and try out a methodology to compare the quality of their sewerage management. The participants chose a multidimensional benchmarking with an emphasis on the aim of improving the working processes within sewerage management. A second goal was accountability to the stakeholders. The benchmarking methodology was based as well on analysing data within a “balanced-score-card” system as on intensive exchange of knowledge and experiences. The pilot resulted in a state of the art overview of the quality of sewerage management in the Netherlands. However, above all, it resulted in the shocking fact that the work is carried out in many different ways which cannot be explained by technical reasons or local circumstances. To pinpoint best practices and actually implement these improvements the learning process must continue after the analysis and presentation of the data. A start has been made to form regional specialist networks for further discussion and exchange of experiences.

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42

Huang, Shi Yuan, Qiang Huang, Shao Hua He e Shuai Zhou. "Discussion on the Design of Water Supply and Sewage Engineering for School Canteen". Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (maggio 2011): 4856–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.4856.

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Abstract (sommario):

Based on the particularity of the water supply and sewerage design of dining hall’s construction and retrofit in the college, some problems in design, such as water-supply system, drainage system, hot water system, and reclaimed water system are discussed. Also some corresponding advices and solutions are put forward. Some explorations, especially in the canteen hot water supply and the thermal insulation are made. In this way, the designs can better meet the requirements of operation.

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43

Anderson, J., e R. Iyaduri. "Integrated urban water planning: big picture planning is good for the wallet and the environment". Water Science and Technology 47, n. 7-8 (1 aprile 2003): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0666.

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The demands on governments and local authorities are changing in response to community expectations for environmentally sustainable outcomes. To reverse declining water quality in rivers and ensure sustainable use in the 21st century, the State Government in New South Wales has introduced a package of Water Reforms. The introduction of integrated water, sewerage and drainage planning is one of the Water Reform initiatives. Traditionally, government and local authorities have managed their water supply, sewerage and stormwater drainage systems as separate entities. Integrated urban water planning is a structured planning process to evaluate concurrently the opportunities to improve the management of water, sewerage and drainage services within an urban area in ways which are consistent with broader catchment and river management objectives. The New South Wales Department of Land & Water Conservation (DLWC) has developed an integrated urban water planning process through a number of recent pilot studies. The process links urban water management objectives to overall catchment and river management objectives. DLWC is currently developing a set of guidelines for integrated urban water plans. DLWC has developed the Integrated Urban Water Planning methodology through three pilot studies in the New South Wales towns of Finley, Goulburn and Bombala. The pilot studies have shown that an integrated approach to water, sewerage and stormwater planning can identify opportunities that are not apparent when separate strategies are developed for each service. The result is better-integrated, more sustainable solutions, and substantial cost savings for local communities.

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44

Nakanishi, Junko, Mikio Ishiwatari e Masakazu Ichimura. "Capability of On-Site Sewage Treatment System in Japan: Case Study in the Tokyo Suburb of Nagareyama City". Water Science and Technology 23, n. 10-12 (1 maggio 1991): 1835–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0639.

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Abstract (sommario):

The capability of an on-site sewage treatment system was examined in Nagareyama, a suburb of Metropolitan Tokyo, with the multi-objective optimization method. The total cost, local expense, drinking water quality, stream water quality and speed of sewerage service were considered and the relative weight of each evaluated by interviews with 44 citizens. In the optimal sewerage plan, about half of the planning area was concluded to be suitable for onsite treatment systems. The idea presented here is expected to be useful for other countries especially for developing ones.

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45

Gormley, Michael, Duncan D. Mara, Nicole Jean e Ian McDougall. "Pro-poor sewerage: solids modelling for design optimisation". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Municipal Engineer 166, n. 1 (marzo 2013): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/muen.11.00037.

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46

Delo, E. A., e R. B. B. Kellagher. "An Integrated Modelling Study to Upgrade the Sewerage System of a Coastal Town". Water Science and Technology 25, n. 12 (1 giugno 1992): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0338.

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Abstract (sommario):

Two complementary methods for the design of storage capacity in an upgraded sewerage system in relation to compliance with the Bathing Water Directive are described. A ten year record of hourly rainfall depths was analysed to give the daily maximum depth of rainfall for durations of 1 h, 2h, 4h, 6h, 8h and 12h. The rainfall events that exceeded the five year design storm were removed. The first method comprised selecting the largest of the second worst storms in each of the ten years and using those as design storms to compute the storage volume required for the upgraded sewerage system. The second produced an analysis of the probability of compliance against storage volume in the upgraded sewerage system. This involved consideration of the probability of an overflow event occurring on a sampling day, statistical analysis of the daily maximum depths of rainfall, and the determination of rainfall depths and durations for a range of storage volumes. The probabilistic method was considered to provide a useful aid to decision makers.

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47

Racault, Y., C. Boutin e A. Seguin. "Waste stabilization ponds in France: a report on fifteen years experience". Water Science and Technology 31, n. 12 (1 giugno 1995): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0465.

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Abstract (sommario):

In 1992, a survey was conducted on the performance of waste stabilization ponds in France. The data selected come from a sample of 178 ponds, with an average capacity of 600 p.e., throughout France. For each plant, one or several input--output load measurements over a 24-h period are available. The average organic load level received is approximately 25 kg BOD/ha.d, representing 50% of the nominal load. The quality of the treated water is presented based on the type of sewerage system feeding the ponds. The results appear dispersed, however; in 70% of the cases the concentrations in COD and BOD on filtered samples are under 120 mg/l and 40 mg/l, respectively, and the concentration in TSS under 120 mg/l (discharge standards in France for waste stabilization ponds). The reductions in nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are on average from 60% to 70%. The influence of different parameters (sewerage system type, organic load, season, age of plant, etc.) was studied. The results appear noticeably worse when the ponds receive wastewater from a strictly separate sewerage system.

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48

Ashley, R. M., S. J. Tait, E. Styan, A. Cashman, B. Luck, J. Blanksby, A. Saul e L. Sandlands. "Sewer system design moving into the 21st century – a UK perspective". Water Science and Technology 55, n. 4 (1 febbraio 2007): 273–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.118.

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Abstract (sommario):

Change in external factors, such as environmental legislation and climate change, will mean the future of sewerage systems is likely to be different from the past. Combined sewerage systems comprise the vast majority of existing sewers in countries such as the UK. A study funded by UK Water Industry Research Ltd has reviewed the current state of sewerage within the UK, the likely drivers for change and the consequent future impacts over a 75 year timescale. Potential responses to address the anticipated changes have also been considered. It is concluded that due to the wide extent and value of existing sewer systems, these will continue to be used for the foreseeable future. However, in order to meet the major challenges as a result of changing external factors, these need to be operated more effectively, new ideas need to be explored and moves to develop better and more integrated water management systems need to be started if sewer systems in the UK are to provide the anticipated required levels of service well into the 21st Century.

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49

Spiller, M., B. S. McIntosh e R. A. F. Seaton. "The influence of supply and sewerage area characteristics on water and sewerage companies responses to the Water Framework Directive". Water Science and Technology 60, n. 7 (1 ottobre 2009): 1811–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.562.

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Abstract (sommario):

Using the example of raw water quality this paper examines the relationship between different spatial characteristics (geographical and physical properties) of Water and Sewerage Companies (WaSCs) supply and sewage areas and response to the Water Framework Directive. Results were obtained from thematic analysis and content analysis of 14 interviews with WaSCs representatives. Principal component analysis and cluster analysis of 51 WaSCs business function characteristics was employed to derive groups of similar WaSCs. Results indicate that there is difference in how WaSCs approach raw water quality issues. It appears that small WaSCs with relatively large agricultural areas in their supply catchments are more likely to seek managerial solutions to raw water quality problems.

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50

Katko, T. S. "Cost Recovery in Water Services". Water Science and Technology 26, n. 9-11 (1 novembre 1992): 2621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0802.

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Abstract (sommario):

The objective of the study was to find out to what extent water charges could be used in the developing world. This paper presents a cost recovery model primarily for water supply and discusses its implications for sewerage services. The model has four key elements: benefits and costs, predictability of consumer contributions, water tariffs, and fee collection and financial management. The study shows that water charges are a necessity in developing countries, as in the developed world, and consumers are more able and willing to pay than has been thought. Adequate sewerage and sewage charges should be introduced universally.

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