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1
Heredia, Salgado Mario Alejandro. "Sewage sludge drying and combustion". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/13409.
Abstract (sommario):
Mestrado em Sistemas Energéticos SustentáveisA brief review of the paper pulp production process in order to understand the origin of the sewage sludge was performed. Then a general revision of the current treatment options for this type of waste was addressed. The thermal treatment by combustion was focused and a review of the state of the art of this process was performed. The high moisture content of sludge was identified as a major concern. Thus a revision of the state of the art regarding thermal drying of sewage sludge was performed. The drying behavior of sewage sludge from the pulp and paper industry was evaluated by experiment in a drying tunnel. Strong shrinkage, cracks and a weak crust phenomenon were identified. A drying kinetic model was developed by the use of Artificial Neural Networks achieving a high Pearson correlation coefficient in the validation tests. Additionally a theoretical assessment of the co-combustion process was performed having into account a 50 MWth combustion facility. The inclusion of different portions of sewage sludge in a fuel mixture and the influence of the sludge moisture content was studied. It was found that burning sewage sludge with more than 50 wt% moisture content is not possible. Furthermore the inclusion of sewage sludge in a biomass fuel mixture causes an increase in the fuel consumption, solids production and heat losses in the flue gas. Based on general thermodynamic considerations the thermal power of a sludge dryer was calculated. The use of waste heat to supply the energy needs of the drying process was addressed by the waste heat availability estimation as sensible heat and latent heat at the stack of the facility. A set of combustion experiments were done in a pilot scale bubbling fluidized bed combustor to assess the combustion efficiency by monitoring the CO2, CO, H2O and O2 levels in conjunction with the temperature profile along the reactor height. Two different types of fuel samples were prepared. One composed by 100 wt% sewage sludge (fuel sample 1) and other composed by 50 wt% sewage sludge and 50 wt% residual forest biomass (particle size <1mm) (fuel sample 2). Low CO levels were onserved especially for the fuel sample 2 which indicates a very efficient combustion process. The CO emission level established by the Portuguese law for this type of reactor was never exceeded under typical operating conditions. The temperature profile along the reactor confirms that the combustion of the fuel samples prepared occurs mainly in the freeboard zone. It was not observed agglomeration problems and the fluidization conditions were kept constant during all the experimental tests. After the combustion experiments a considerable ashes quantity were found and its particle size distribution was estimated.
Foi realizada uma revisão sucinta do processo de produção de pasta de papel, a fim de compreender a origem da lama biológica. Uma revisão geral das opções atuais de tratamento para este tipo de resíduo foi abordada. O tratamento térmico por combustão foi focalizado e uma avaliação do estado da arte deste processo foi realizada. Foi verificado que o elevado teor de humidade da lama representa uma grande preocupação. Por tanto, realizou-se uma revisão do estado da arte em relação à secagem térmica das lamas. O comportamento da lama secundaria da indústria de pasta e papel foi estudado experimentalmente em um túnel de secagem. Foram observados os fenómenos de encolhimento e rachaduras além do fenomeno de crosta, embora este último não seja muito pronunciado. Foi desenvolvido um modelo de cinética de secagem com recurso ao uso de Redes Neurais Artificiais, sendo observado um elevado coeficiente de correlação nas experiências de validação. Foi realizada uma análise teórica ao processo de co-combustão de lama com biomassa florestal numa instalação de combustão de 50MWth. Estudou-se a inclusão de diferentes fracções de lama numa mistura de combustível contendo biomassa florestal, assim como também a influência do teor de humidade da lama. Verificou-se que a combustão de lamas biológicas com mais do que 50 wt% em teor de humidade não é possível. Além disso, a inclusão destas lamas na mistura de combustível provoca um aumento do consumo de combustível na instalação, da produção de sólidos e das perdas de calor no efluente gasoso da instalação. Com base em considerações termodinâmicas foi determinada a potência térmica de um secador de lamas. A utilização do calor residual para suprir as necessidades energéticas do processo de secagem foi abordada a través da estimativa da disponibilidade de calor residual na forma de calor sensível e calor latente no efluente gasoso da instalação de combustão. Foi realizado um conjunto de experiências de combustão de lamas e sua mistura com biomassa florestal num reactor de leito fluidizado borbulhante á escala piloto para avaliar a eficiência de combustão através da concentração de CO2, CO, O2 e H2O, em conjunto com o perfil de temperaturas ao longo do reactor. Foram utilizados dois tipos diferentes de amostras de combustível, uma composta por 100 wt% de lama biológica (combustível 1), e outra composta por 50 wt% de lama biológica e 50 wt% de biomassa florestal residual (tamanho de partícula <1mm) (combustível 2). Foram observados baixos níveis de CO no efluente gasoso, emparticular para a amostra de combustível 2, o qual indica um processo de combustão muito eficiente. Para condições de operação (temperatura e estequimetria) típicas, verificou-se que o limite de emissão de CO estabelecido pela lei Portuguesa para este tipo de fornalhas não foi excedido. O perfil de temperatura ao longo do reactor confirma que a combustão das amostras de combustível preparadas ocorre principalmente na zona do freeboard. Não foram verificados problemas de aglomeração e as condições de fluidização foram mantidas constantes durante todos os ensaios experimentais. Após os ensaios de combustão foi observada uma quantidade considerável de cinzas na fornalha, tendo sido avaliada a sua distribuição granulométrica.
2
Manwaring, Howard Stephen. "The application of neural networks to anodic stripping voltammetry to improve trace metal analysis". Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/14150.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis describes a novel application of an artificial neural network and links together the two diverse disciplines of electroanalytical chemistry and information sciences. The artificial neural network is used to process data obtained from a Differential Pulse Anodic Stripping (DPAS) electroanalytical scan and produces as an output, predictions of lead concentration in samples where the concentration is less than 100 parts per billion. A comparative study of several post analysis processing techniques is presented, both traditional and neural. Through this it is demonstrated that by using a neural network, both the accuracy and the precision of the concentration predictions are increased by a factor of approximately two, over those obtained using a traditional, peak height calibration curve method. Statistical justification for these findings is provided Furthermore it is shown that, by post processing with a neural network, good quantitative predictions of heavy metal concentration may be made from instrument responses so poor that, if using tradition methods of calibration, the analytical scan would have had to be repeated. As part of the research the author has designed and built a complete computer controlled analytical instrument which provides output both to a graphical display and to the neural network. This instrument, which is fully described in the text, is operated via a mouse driven user interface written by the author.
3
Passuello, Ana Carolina. "Development of environmental tools for the management of sewage sludge on agricultural soils". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/31940.
Abstract (sommario):
The application of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants on agricultural soils has become an increasing practice in recent years, derived from its environmental benefits (recycling of organic matter and nutrients). However, there are a few studies regarding the risks and benefits for both the environment and the human health, probably because of the complexity of the problem and the high stakeholders’ expectations.
The objective of this thesis was to develop methodological tools to support the management of sewage sludge on agricultural soils. Fate, human exposure and health risk models were developed, evaluated and integrated. Furthermore, decision models were built up and integrated into Geographic Information System (GIS) so as to indicate the best agricultural areas to amend with sewage sludge. The use of these tools provides more confident decisions regarding this practice.La aplicación de lodos residuales de depuradora en suelos agrícolas se ha convertido en una práctica cada vez más extensa en los últimos años, derivada de sus beneficios ambientales. Sin embargo, hay pocos estudios sobre los riesgos y beneficios tanto para el medio ambiente como para la salud humana, probablemente debido a la complejidad del problema y las altas expectativas de los participantes en la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de esta tesis fue desarrollar métodos para la gestión de lodos de depuradora en suelos agrícolas. Se desarrollaron, evaluaron e integraron modelos de transporte, exposición humana y riesgos para la salud. Así mismo, se construyeron modelos de decisión y se integraron en Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) para indicar las mejores zonas agrícolas donde aplicar lodos de depuradora. El uso de estas herramientas proporciona decisiones más fiables con respecto a esta práctica.
4
Leipus, Marius. "Utenos savivaldybės vandentiekio ir nuotekų šalinimo sistemų būklė". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100616_092701-54339.
Abstract (sommario):
Šiame magistriniame darbe yra nagrinėjama Utenos savivaldybės vandentiekio ir nuotekų šalinimo sistemų būklė. Darbo tikslas - įvertinti Utenos miesto ir rajono vandentiekio, nuotekų tinklų ir nuotekų valyklų būklę, jų efektyvumą, nustatyti, kur ir kokios šių sistemų modernizavimo priemonės yra labiausiai reikalingos. Šiame darbe pateikiamos pagrindinės Utenos savivaldybės vandentiekio ir nuotekų surinkimo ir tvarkymo sistemų problemos bei galimi jų sprendimo variantai. Nustatyta, kad išsprendus Utenos miesto ir didžiųjų gyvenviečių nuotekų valymo problemas, 70% sumažės paviršinių vandens telkinių teršimas.This article deals with Utena municipal water supply and sewage disposal systems state. The aim of the work is to evaluate water supply and sewage treatment plant’s state in Utena city and Utena district, to evaluate their effectiveness, to identify where and how wastewater disposal systems modernization measures are most needed. The article presents the main Utena municipal sewage collection and treatment systems problems and possible solutions. The main Utenos municipality and region sewage elimination system problems are presented and also some solution versions are given.
5
Rehn, David. "Strategisk förnyelseplanering av spillvattenledningar : Med ett artificiellt neuralt nätverk som analysverktyg". Thesis, KTH, Vattendragsteknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-214400.
Abstract (sommario):
Sveriges kommunala spillvattenledningsnät står idag inför en enorm utmaning, då eftersattunderhåll i kombination med klimatförändringar kommer kräva stora framtida investeringaroch tidskrävande analyser. Detta examensarbete har utförts med målet att förenkla dettastundande förnyelsearbete. Som metod har en enkät utformats, och besvarats av totalt 84kommuner, med syftet att presentera en lägesbild. Vidare har ett artificiellt neuralt nätverkutvecklats, och tillämpats på data från Täby kommun, med syftet att förutspå vilkaspillvattenledningar i ett ledningsnät som har behov av förnyelse. Resultatet visar att det finns ett stort förbättringsbehov i det strategiska förnyelsearbetet.Störst behov, och potential, finns i hantering och insamling av data, där artificiella neuralanätverk kan tillämpas och utnyttjas som ett effektivt och intelligent verktyg. Det artificiellaneurala nätverket som utvecklats, och tillämpats, i detta examensarbete uppnådde en högprecision (93 %), och beräknade att Täby kommun har ca 10-20 spillvattenledningar medoupptäckt förnyelsebehov. Detta bör dock tas med viss reservation pga. bristandedatakvalitet. Avslutningsvis kan konstateras att lösningen för framtidens ledningsförnyelserelateradeproblem och utmaningar, ligger i förmågan att effektivt och intelligent samla in, struktureraoch analysera data om ledningsnäten. Artificiella neurala nätverk är ett verktyg som kanoch bör användas för detta ändamål då man, med hjälp av artificiell intelligens, kan göraprecisa analyser och skapa helhetsbilder över ledningsnät, vilket kan spara bådefinansiella, temporala och personella resurser.Aging sewer systems and deferred maintenance pose one of the greatest challenges toSwedish municipal infrastructure in the future. This degree project has been completedwith the aim to develop a method with which to sufficiently solve these future challenges,and help decision makers to properly invest in the networks, and optimise the pipe renewalprocess. As a methodology, a survey has been created, and answered by 84representatives from various municipalities and water and waste organisations, in order topresent a deeper understanding of the current situation in Sweden. Furthermore, anartificial neural network has been developed, and trained with data from Täby municipality,with the purpose of predicting which pipes in a sewer network that need to be renewed. The results show that there is a great need for improvement in the strategic renewalplanning. The greatest need, and potential, is found in the collection and processing ofdata, where artificial neural networks can be applied as a highly efficient and intelligenttool, which is proven by the high accuracy (93 %) and strong ability to predict pipes withrenewal needs (ca 10-20 pipes for Täby municipality) that the neural network developedfor this degree project showed. It is, however, important to emphasize that the quality ofthe obtained data from Täby was relatively low, and that the results therefore has to beviewed with some skepticism. It is nevertheless reasonable to assume that artificial intelligence, and more specifically,artificial neural networks, will play an important role in tackling future challenges related tostrategic asset management and renewal planning for underground sewer infrastructure.The main solution lies in the ability to efficiently and intelligently collect, structure, andprocess data, and this is a field where artificial neural networks, as made evident by thisdegree project, certainly have abilities to flourish and contribute to savings in bothfinancial, temporal and human resources.
6
Sawadogo, Awa. "Biodétérioration des ciments Portland et sulfoalumineux dans les réseaux d’assainissement urbains". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0146.
Abstract (sommario):
Les ciments traditionnels contiennent du clinker Portland qui est à l’origine de fortes émissions de gaz à effet de serre. C’est pourquoi de nouveaux ciments plus éco-respectueux, tels que les ciments sulfo-alumineux, sont actuellement développés. Cette étude s’intéresse au processus de biodégradation de deux de ces ciments (CSA B et CSA F), par comparaison à deux ciments à base de clinker Portland (CEM I et CEM III). Des pâtes de ces quatre nuances cimentaires de même porosité initiale, ainsi que des mortiers, ont été exposés sur quatre différents sites du réseau d’assainissement de l’agglomération nancéienne. Ces échantillons ont été suivis et caractérisés (propriétés physico-chimiques, minéralogie de surface) à fréquence régulière pendant 18 mois. Les conditions environnementales (température, précipitations) de l’agglomération ont également été enregistrées durant cette période. Un essai d’attaque directe à l’acide sulfurique réalisé sur les 4 nuances cimentaires a permis de détecter en majorité du gypse sur leur surface. Il ressort alors que le gypse est le produit de dégradation majoritaire obtenue autant pour les ciments au clinker Portland que pour les CSA. L’analyse des surfaces des échantillons prélevés sur les sites a mis en évidence les éléments caractéristiques des premières phases de biodétérioration : dépôt de soufre, formation de gypse et d’ettringite. La colonisation bactérienne apparaît ainsi dès les premiers mois d’exposition des échantillons sur tous les sites. Néanmoins, certains sites présentent des densités bien plus élevées, notamment lorsque les conditions environnementales saisonnières sont optimales (humidité et température), et que la présence d’H₂S favorable au développement bactérien est probable. Dans ce contexte, du soufre, puis du gypse notamment, apparaissent en surface des échantillons. Le CSA riche en fer et le moins bioréceptif, en raison apparemment de l’apparition en surface de gibbsite qui agirait comme un tampon pour inhiber la succession bactérienneTraditional cements contain Portland clinker, which causes high greenhouse gas emissions. For this reason, new more environmentally friendly cements, such as sulpho-aluminous cements, are being developed. This study investigates the biodegradation process of two of these cements (CSA B and CSA F), in comparison with two Portland clinker-based cements (CEM I and CEM III). Pastes of these four cement grades with the same initial porosity, as well as mortars, were exposed at four different sites in the Nancy agglomeration's sewage network. These samples were monitored and characterised (physico-chemical properties, surface mineralogy) at regular intervals for 18 months. The environmental conditions (temperature, precipitation) of the agglomeration were also recorded during this period.A direct sulphuric acid attack test carried out on the 4 cement grades enabled the majority of gypsum to be detected on their surface. It was found that gypsum was the main degradation product obtained for both Portland clinker cements and CSA. The analysis of the surfaces of the samples taken from the sites revealed the characteristic elements of the first phases of biodeterioration: deposition of sulphur, formation of gypsum and ettringite. Bacterial colonisation thus appears from the first months of exposure of the samples on all sites. Nevertheless, some sites show much higher densities, especially when seasonal environmental conditions are optimal (humidity and temperature), and the presence of H₂S favourable to bacterial development is likely. In this context, sulphur and then gypsum in particular appear on the surface of the samples. The iron-rich CSA is the least bioreceptive, apparently due to the appearance of gibbsite on the surface, which acts as a buffer to inhibit bacterial succession
7
Montanha, Junior Enaldo Pires. "Diagnostico da utilização de sistemas de informações geográficas na gestão de redes de água e esgoto por órgãos municipais nas mesorregiões de Araçatuba/Bauru (SP)". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2011. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4311.
Abstract (sommario):
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Previous issue date: 2011-10-22The governing manegement bodies of sanation in Brazil are looking for development, mostly about infrastructure tecnology. Controling and manegement of water supply and sewage, witch are part of governing sanitation , usualy are tasks of the same body in the city, and the optimization of these services have been much discussed latly, since the informations number is big enought and its right use is excential for taking effective decisions, and consequently, saving time and money. The GIS Geographic Information System - tecnology has been used in several segments since some a time.And about sanitation is the same because mostly of the contries goverment bodies have showed already convincing results that the investments in that tecnology brings advantages with integration of the data in a smart way and easy handling but the GIS Geographic Information System - uses is not common in small cities. The target of this work is to find out, using defined parameters with field researching, the GIS Geographic Information System - uses at the manegement bodies from Araçatuba/Bauru-SP, about its utilization advantages and if there were difficulties and wich, the principal reasons of its not use and tendencies for the future.
Os órgãos gestores de saneamento no Brasil estão em busca de desenvolvimento, principalmente em termos de infraestrutura e tecnologia. O controle e o gerenciamento das redes de água e esgoto, que são partes do saneamento básico, geralmente são tarefas do mesmo órgão em uma cidade, e uma otimização nesses serviços vem sendo um assunto muito discutido, no qual o número de informações é grande e o uso correto destas é essencial para uma tomada de decisões eficazes e conseqüentemente economizar tempo e dinheiro. A tecnologia SIG Sistema de Informações Geográficas - já está sendo utilizada em diversos segmentos há algum tempo e em saneamento não é diferente, pois a maioria dos grandes órgãos gestores do país já apresenta resultados convincentes de que o investimento nessa tecnologia traz vantagens com a integração dos dados de uma forma inteligente e fácil manuseio, porém o uso de SIG ainda não é muito comum, principalmente em cidades menores de 30 mil habitantes. O objetivo deste trabalho é diagnosticar através de parâmetros definidos com pesquisas de campo, o uso do SIG Sistema de Informações Geográficas nos órgãos gestores das mesorregiões de Araçatuba/Bauru - SP, quanto a sua utilização, vantagens adquiridas, se houve dificuldades e quais foram estas, os principais motivos da ainda não utilização e as tendências de uso desta tecnologia no futuro do objeto de estudo.
8
Thor, Elin. "Inläckage i spillvattenledningar i Rengsjö : En utredning baserad på ammoniummetoden". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-22042.
Abstract (sommario):
Denna studie handlar om en metod som används för att lokalisera inläckage av tillskottsvatten på spillvattennät. Grunden är de praktikperioder som författaren har haft hos VA-bolaget Helsinge Vatten AB och då det utförts flera försök till att utreda inläckage i spillvattenledningarna. Metoden går ut på att analysera koncentrationen av ammonium i flödet som hämtas från brunnarna ute på nätet. Analyserna sker med hjälp av en portabel spektrofotometer tillsammans med reagenskyvetter som analyserar koncentrationen på bara 15 minuter. Detta ger en indikation på hur utspätt spillvattnet är, om det är utspätt av tillskottsvatten så visar analysen ett lågt värde vilket tyder på inläckage av dagvatten, grundvatten eller dricksvatten. Denna metod är framtagen av Norrköping Vatten och Avfall som har lyckats bra med att lokalisera inläckage med metoden. Norrköping Vatten och Avfall är en stor källa till denna studie med sin rapport ”Minskning av in- och utläckage genom aktiv läcksökning”(Uusijärvi, 2013). I rapporten redovisas de ammoniumanalyser som har gjorts med tillhörande diagram för att tydliggöra resultaten. Eftersom spillvattennät ofta hör samman med pumpstationer och reningsverk som påverkar elförbrukning har statistik tagits fram för den pumpstation som analysområdet hör samman med. Elförbrukning har jämförts med nederbördsmätning för att se om ledningsnätet är påverkat av nederbörd, eftersom pumpstationen får arbeta mer om det är tillskottsvatten i ledningarna. För att få fram en uppskattad mängd inläckage så har en beräkning gjorts med hjälp av en mall som Norrköping vatten och avfall har tagit fram. Där används analysvärden som tyder på inläckage tillsammans med antal abonnenter, ledningssträcka och storförbrukares avlopp. Tillsammans blir det ett värde på uppskattat inläckage i liter per dygn och meter ledning(L/D/M). I rapporten finns det tre områden som ingår i byn Rengsjö som är utredda med ammoniummetoden. I ett testområde blev resultatet inte som önskat men lärorikt för personalen. Ett område gav resultat som visar på god kvalitet av nätet med en jämförelse av torr- och regnväder. Samt ett område där ett troligt inläckage upptäckts som kommer utredas vidare under sommaren. Detta fynd kan ge stora mängder tillskottsvatten, vilket uppfyller delar av de mål som formulerats i rapporten, dvs. att hitta inläckage för att planera vidare utredning. Tillsammans med resultaten för varje område finns en omfattande diskussion där alla aspekter som påverkar de uppmätta analysvärdena tas upp. Som slutsats konstateras ammoniummetoden som mycket framgångsrik i syfte för Helsinge Vatten att systematiskt kunna kartlägga och utreda sina spillvattennät. Det är en kostnadseffektiv och inte så resurskrävande metod som företaget själv kan använda på en lagom nivå.This study aims to locate the intrusion of excess water in the sewage networks, analyzing the concentration of ammonium in the flow that is obtained from the wells in the network. The foundation for the work is the author’s previous attempts to investigate stormwater at the VA-company Helsinge Vatten AB. The analysis is carried out by using a portable spectrophotometer with such reagents that can measure ammonium concentration in just 15 minutes. This gives an indication of how diluted effluent is. If it is diluted by excess water the analysis shows a low value which is indicating intrusion of possibly surface water, groundwater or drinking water. This method is developed by Norrköping vatten och avfall, who have been a major reference of this report, with their study “Minskning av in- och utläckage genom aktiv läcksökning”(Uusijärvi, 2013). Results from the ammonium analyses have been presented with associated charts. Because the sewage networks often are associated with pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants, which effect the electricity consumption, the electricity consumption has been documented for the pump stations in the area of study. The electricity consumption increases when the pumps are working. A analysis has been made by comparing the electricity consumption and the precipitation to see if the sewage network is influenced by precipitation. In order to obtain an estimated amount of excess water intrusion, a calculation have been made by using a template produced by Norrköping Vatten och Avfall. In the calculation, values indicating water intrusion along with the number of subscribers, management and those who discharge most wastewater have been used. Together it gives a result of estimated intrusion in liters per day and meter network (L/D/M). In the report, three areas located in the village Rengsjö have been investigated by using this method. The first area where the outcome was not as desired, but very instructive for the staff. The second area gave results that show the good quality of the net with a comparison of dry and wet weather. And also an area where a likely intrusion is detected and will be investigated further during the summer. This finding can indicate large amounts of stormwater. Those findings compiles with parts of the objectives formulated in the report, to find the intrusion and to plan for further investigation. Together with the results for each area, include an extensive discussion in which all aspects that influence the measured analyses have been taken up. The report shows that the ammonium method has been proved to be successful in identifying excess water intrusion in Helsinge Vatten’s sewage networks. This method does not rely on many resources, and therefore it is suitable for companies that wish investigate excess water instruction in a cost-effective way.
9
Scullin, Jerome. "Study of the Dilution of a chemical spill through tracer experiments in the Käppala Association's Sewerage Network, Stockholm". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-298256.
Abstract (sommario):
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) play a vital role in protecting the environment from much of the waste produced by humans. This includes not only human waste, but everything that makes its way into a sewerage system including greywater, stormwater, and potentially hazardous chemicals from, inter alia, chemical spills. The effects of a chemical spill if it enters a WWTP can be disastrous, resulting in the ineffective treatment of incoming water for prolonged periods of time (Söhr, 2014). This can lead to one of the dilemmas of urban wastewater systems, notably, whether it is more damaging to allow a chemical spill to bypass a WWTP, or to attempt to treat all or some of the spill and risk damaging the microbes working in the biological treatment processes (Schütze, 2002). In order to better inform policy makers and process engineers at WWTPs of which measures to take in the event of a spill, solute transport characteristics of a specific sewerage network must be defined. A series of tracer tests were performed along The Käppala Association’s northern sewerage network to determine these solute transport characteristics, notably the dispersion coefficient which strongly affects the level of dilution that occurs between the injection point and the inlet. A simple solute transport model, carried out in Excel, was created using the Advection-Dispersion Equation (ADE) and the Manning-Strickler equation to relate flow measurements to flow velocity. Results from the experiments show that a dispersion coefficient of 1.55m2/s appears to be applicable throughout the whole of the tunnel network. A depth dependent Manning-Strickler coefficient seems to describe the flow-velocity relationship, however, this method has not been validated. The ADE begins to lose accuracy in describing solute transport as the distance from the inlet and the number of pumping stations the plume goes through increases.Avloppsreningsverk spelar en viktig roll för att skydda miljön från mycket av det avfall som produceras av människor. Detta inkluderar inte bara mänskligt avfall utan allt som tar sig in i ett avloppssystem, till exempel gråvatten, dagvatten och potentiellt farliga kemikalier från bland annat industriutsläpp. Effekterna av ett kemiskt utsläpp kan vara katastrofala om det kommer in i ett avloppsreningsverk, vilket resulterar i ineffektiv behandling av inkommande vatten under längre perioder (Söhr, 2014). Detta är ett dilemma i urbana avloppssystem – ska man låta ett kemiskt utsläpp ledas förbi ett avloppsreningsverk, eller försöka behandla hela eller en del av utsläppet och riskera att skada mikroberna i den biologiska reningsprocessen (Schütze, 2002). För att beslutsfattare och processingenjörer vid avloppsreningsverk ska kunna fatta rätt beslut om vilka åtgärder som ska vidtas vid utsläpp måste egenskaperna för det specifika avloppsnätet definieras. Syftet med detta projekt är att uppskatta transportparametrar och karakterisera utspädning i nätverket genom att utföra en serie spårningsförsök i Käppalaverkets upptagningsområde. För att nå syftet fanns det flera mål som genomförts: Genomföra en litteraturstudie Skapa en förutsägbar modell i Excel baserad på flödesdata längs Käppalaförbundets tunnelsystem Genomföra en serie spårningsförsök vid flera punkter längs tunnelsystemet Strukturerad datalagring av resultaten så att data är lätt att hitta för framtida projekt Metoderna kan delas i två: modellering och försök. För att skapa en modell och simulera transport av ett ämne i nätet får man definiera relevanta ekvationer. För den hydrauliska delen av modellen användes Manning-Strickler-ekvationen. Resultaten från detta användes sedan i den förenklade formen av advektion-spridningsekvationen (ADE). Tunnelsystemet uppdelades i flera sektioner med samma egenskaper såsom form och geometri, och en anpassad form av ADE användes emellan sektionerna. För att nå framgång i försöken krävdes att rätt spårämne valdes. Uranin användes i försöken på grund av sina ogiftiga och stabila egenskaper och den låga detektionsgränsen. Injiceringspunkterna låg gradvis längre bort från inloppet; Försök 1 var 9km från verket till nästan 46km vid Arlanda flygplats för Försök 3. Resultaten från simuleringarna användes för att planera injiceringstid, start- och stopptid för provtagningen och provtagningsfrekvens. Resultatet från första försöket användes för att kalibrera modellen inför de andra försöken. Resultaten från alla försök visade att en dispersionskoefficient på 1.55m2/s, som är ett mått på utspädning i nätet, verkar tillämpligt till hela tunnelsystemet. Koefficienten kan dock vara högre i de kommunala näten. En djupberoende metod för att härleda Mannings tal formulerades, men det kräver ytterligare validering. Från alla tre försöken kan vi härleda ett förhållande mellan avstånd från inlopp och toppkoncentration samt avstånd från inlopp och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan. Toppkoncentration visar ett linjärt eller kanske logaritmiskt förhållande med distans, och varaktigheten av genombrottskurvan visar ett starkt linjärt förhållande. Kunskaper om detta är viktigt när man vill genomföra en riskbedömning av ett kemiskt utsläpp i upptagningsområdet eftersom det ger en insikt om hur det kan påverka den biologiska reningen i ett avloppsreningsverk. Sammanfattningsvis fungerar den enkla formen av ADE bra, men viss avvikelse ses i experiment 3. Detta beror kanske på möjliga övergående lagringsprocesser vid pumpstationerna längs tunnelsystemet. En enda dispersionskoefficient, som är ett mått på utspädning, är tillämplig i hela huvudtunnelsystemet, men spridningen i kommunala nätverk är sannolikt högre. Ytterligare arbete behövs inom dessa kommunala nätverk för att kvantifiera deras effekter. På grundval av resultaten från detta projekt rekommenderas ytterligare forskningsundersökningar om vad som händer med föroreningar i avloppsreningsverket. Eftersom slammet vid Käppalaverket används för biogasproduktion och är Revaq-certifierat för användning på jordbruksmark är föroreningsnivån i slammet mycket viktigt både ur produktivitets- och hälso- och säkerhetsperspektiv.
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Sikdar, Kieran Jonah. "Material Flow Optimization And Systems Analysis For Biosolids Management: A Study Of The City Of Columbus Municipal Operations". Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1218074193.
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Köhler, David. "Posouzení vybrané části stokové sítě v urbanizovaném území". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-409699.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of the thesis is to assess the current state of sewerage of the site of interest in Ostrava and to suggest a possible renewal or extension of the sewer network. The work is divided into accompanying report, technical report, hydrotechnical calculations and drawing documentation. The assessment consists of determination of the technical state of selected sewers, hydraulic assessment of the sewer network with a proposal of possible measures and economic evaluation of these measures. In the part of hydrotechnical calculations creation of hydraulic model in program MIKE URBAN is described, including process of calibration and simulation of individual proposed variants of renewal or extension of sewer network of the locality of interest.
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Hallström, Jonas. "Constructing a Pipe-Bound City : A History of Water Supply, Sewerage, and Excreta Removal in Norrköping and Linköping, Sweden, 1860-1910". Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4699.
Abstract (sommario):
In the mid- to late 19th century, modern pipe-bound water and sewer systems proliferated in European cities, a development that has sometimes been regarded as a necessary result of a sanitary awakening and the progress of science and technology. By analyzing the introduction and subsequent expansion of water, sewerage, and excreta collection on the local level, in the Swedish cities Norrköping and Linköping, this oversimplified picture is questioned. The main problematique of this dissertation is why piped water supply and sewerage were introduced in these two Swedish cities at this particular time in history, and why the systems were subsequently extended. The actor-network theory (ANT) is used as an analytical tool. In the local context issues of governance, economy, technology, public health, and environment were brought to a head, and, if anything stands out, it is the complexity of introducing new technology. Despite the differences between Norrköping and Linköping in terms of topography and social and economic structures, the evolution of water supply and sewerage was on the whole similar. The existence of uniform scientific, technological, ideological, and cultural influences and of legislation at the national level, coupled with suburban growth, contributed to this development. There was more variation in excreta collection, because of the differences between the cities. Poor sanitary conditions, a river sensitive to pollution, and a strong public health network caused Linköping to introduce sanitary regulations much earlier than Norrköping and in Linköping WC’s were not as common.
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Festi, Aparecido Vanderlei. "Estimativa da infiltração e do afluxo devidos à precipitação na rede de esgoto sanitário em município de pequeno porte". Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4212.
Abstract (sommario):
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Previous issue date: 2006-02-28The main purpose of this work was to identify and to estimate the rainfall derived infiltration and inflow (IADP) into the sewer in a small city and to do an analysis of their influence on this collection system. This work was composed by field measurements on the sewage flowrate output and volume arriving to the Sewage Pumping Plant Station, simultaneously to the collection and measurement of rainfall on the corresponding same urban watershed area of the Borborema, in São Paulo State. The existing methodologies were divided in the follow steps: choosing and characterization of the working field; data collection of the sewage volume and flowrate; collection of the rainfall data; choosing and characterization of the data collected; employment of existing models and methodologies useful to the present available data, in order to derive the underground water infiltration rate and the overflow occurring in the sewage colletion network. The volumetric and percentile IADP were quantified. The constant unitary rate (TUC) was also estimated, by several ways. The results allowed obtaining mathematical formulations to derive the IADP and TUC of the Borborema s sewage network. Such mathematical formulations are suitable to be applied in urban areas of cities of a similar to that of Borborema. It was estimated that the IADP can generate flowrates 2,5 times greater than the sewage flows in dry weather and infiltration rates in the sewage network similar to those adopted for system design. The work allowed to estimate how complex are the infiltration and inflow of stormwater in the sewer network. The methodologies applied were quite simple and may be easily applied in other cities.
O objetivo precípuo desta pesquisa foi identificar e estimar a infiltração e o afluxo devidos da precipitação (IADP) na rede de esgoto sanitário em município de pequeno porte e efetuar uma análise da sua influência no sistema de esgotamento sanitário. Este trabalho foi realizado através da medição em campo de vazão e volume de esgoto sanitário a montante da EEE Estação Elevatória de Esgoto, simultaneamente com a coleta e medição da chuva precipitada na correspondente área urbanizada da bacia hidrográfica da cidade de Borborema/SP. As metodologias empregadas foram divididas nas seguintes fases: escolha e caracterização do local da pesquisa; coleta de dados de vazão e volume dos efluentes de esgotos sanitários e coleta de dados de precipitação de chuva no local do estudo; seleção e caracterização dos dados coletados; aplicação das metodologias e modelagens existentes possíveis de aplicar em função dos dados disponíveis, para a obtenção da taxa de infiltração das águas subterrâneas e da sobrecarga na rede de esgoto sanitário. Quantificou-se o IADP volumétrica e percentualmente. Calculou-se também a taxa unitária constante (TUC), sob diferentes formatos. Os resultados desta pesquisa permitiram a obtenção de equações matemáticas para avaliação da IADP e da TUC do sistema de esgoto da cidade de Borborema que possivelmente poderão ser aplicadas em áreas urbanizadas de outras cidades do mesmo porte. Estimou-se que a IADP pode gerar volumes 2,5 vezes maiores que o volume de esgotos em tempo seco, bem como taxas de infiltração na rede coletora próximas àquelas adotadas para cálculo da rede. O trabalho possibilitou avaliar quão complexos são a infiltração e o afluxo de águas de chuva na rede de esgoto sanitário. Os métodos empregados, tanto de coleta quanto de modelagem, foram muito simples e podem ser aplicados em outras cidades com certa facilidade.
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Лебедєва, Олена Сергіївна, Елена Сергеевна Лебедева e Olena Serhiivna Lebedieva. "Захист атмосферного повітря від забруднення викидами сірководню з каналізаційних мереж". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/51787.
Abstract (sommario):
Дисертацію присвячено вирішенню актуального науково-практичного завдання – поліпшенню показників екологічної безпеки транспортування стічних вод каналізаційними мережами за рахунок зменшення викидів сірководню в міське атмосферне повітря шляхом придушення процесів утворення сірководню в стічних водах і його викидів у підсклепіневий простір каналізаційних трубопроводів та створенню автоматизованої системи моніторингу газоподібних викидів із каналізаційних мереж. Визначено, що з трьох незалежних факторів накопичення сірководню в підсклепіневому просторі каналізаційних колекторів найбільш значущим є температура, в разі зниження якої на 7 °С викид сірководню знижується приблизно на 51 %. Розроблено метод розрахункового визначення концентрації Н2S в газоподібному викиді на виході з каналізаційної шахти на підставі даних вимірювання концентрації Н2S в підсклепіневому просторі каналізаційного колектора, виконано розрахунок концентрацій Н2S в газоподібних викидах на виході з усіх контрольних каналізаційних шахт м. Харкова, розраховано розсіювання та побудовано ізолінії концентрацій сірководню в атмосфері м. Харкова й установлено три найбільш екологічно небезпечні каналізаційні колектори міста Харкова. Розроблено комп’ютерну програму «Моніторинг газоподібних викидів з каналізаційних мереж», яку передано КП «Харківводоканал».Диссертационная работа посвящена решению актуальной научно-практической задачи - улучшению показателей экологической безопасности транспортировки сточных вод канализационными сетями путем снижения выбросов сероводорода в городской атмосферный воздух. Выполненный научный анализ экологической проблемы, создаваемой газообразными выбросами из канализационных сетей, показал, что наибольшую экологическую опасность среди них для городской атмосферы создает содержание сероводорода. В Украине известные методы минимизации выбросов H2S из канализационных сетей практически не внедряются и компьютерные программы мониторинга газообразных выбросов из этих технических объектов также отсутствуют. Экспериментальные исследования выполнялись в натурных условиях на объектах канализационных сетей г. Харькова и в лабораторных условиях. По данным лабораторных исследований построено регрессионное уравнение, описывающее влияние на накопление сероводорода в подсводовом пространстве канализационных коллекторов трех независимых факторов: температуры сточной воды, ОВП и продолжительности инкубации, из которых наиболее значимым является температура. Расчеты с использованием математических моделей биохимических процессов в канализационных сетях, их химических и физических характеристик показали, что при снижении температуры сточной воды на 7 °С эффект подавления накопления Н2S в атмосфере подсводового пространства коллекторов достигает 51%. Для охлаждения сточных вод на участках канализационных сетей в качестве наиболее эффективного и технически доступного средства рекомендуется использовать теплонасосное оборудование. Анализ практического опыта его эксплуатации на канализационной сети г. Харькова показал, что в результате снижения температуры сточной воды в среднем на 7 °С концентрации Н2S в подсводовом пространстве коллектора уменьшились более чем на 50%. На основании данных экспериментальных исследований концентрации сероводорода в подсводовом пространстве коллекторов разработан метод расчетного определения концентрации Н2S в газообразном выбросе на выходе из канализационной шахты. Выполнен расчет концентраций Н2S в газообразных выбросах на выходе из всех 62 контрольных канализационных шахт г. Харькова. Рассчитано рассеивание и построены изолинии концентраций сероводорода в атмосфере г. Харькова и установлены три наиболее экологически опасных канализационных коллектора, выбросы из которых на границе с жилой застройкой создают концентрацию Н2S в атмосфере, превышающую ПДКм.р.. Безопасная зона на данных участках канализационной сети находится на расстоянии 150-200 м. Проведен эколого-экономический анализ внедрения теплонасосного оборудования для снижения выброса газообразных веществ из канализационных сетей с учетом платы за сверхнормативные выбросы сероводорода, а также косвенного показателя – снижение выброса парниковых газов в результате перехода технического объекта на альтернативный источник теплоснабжения. Проведен расчет экономической эффективности проекта и определен срок его окупаемости - 3,25 года. Предложена методика определения класса экологической опасности и эксплуатационной надежности отдельной шахты/колодца канализационных сетей, основанная на 4-ступенчатом ранжировании количественных характеристик шести показателей. Разработана компьютерная программа «Мониторинг газообразных выбросов из канализационных сетей», которая позволяет систематизировать накопленные данные, автоматически создавать отчеты, картировать и осуществлять учет объектов канализационного хозяйства, визуализировать участки сети, устанавливать приоритетность объектов по необходимости внедрения природоохранных мероприятий.
This thesis aims to solve a pressing issue – improving environmental safety indicators of waste water transport in the sewerage network by reducing emissions of hydrogen sulphide into the city atmosphere, suppressing both the formation of hydrogen sulphide in the waste waters and its emmisions into the underroof space of sewer pipelines; creating a computerized monitoring system of gaseous emissions from the sewerage networks. It was determined that out of three independent factors of hydrogen sulphide buildup in the underroof space of sewage collectors the most important one is temperature. A 7°C temperature decrease gives about 51% reduction in hydrogen sulphide emmisions. There was developed a method to estimate the concentration of H2S in the gaseous emissions at the shaft’s orifice using the H2S concentration measurements gathered in the underroof space of a sewage collector. The were carried out: calculations of H2S concentration in the gaseous emissions at the shaft’s orifice of all controlled shafts in Kharkiv; atmospheric dispersion. There were developed H2S concentration isolines for Kharkiv. And three most ecologically dangerous sewage collectors in Kharkiv were determined. There were developed a computer program «Monitoring of gaseous emissions from sewerage networks», which was shared with municipal enterprise «Kharkivvodokanal».
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Catenazzi, Andrea Claudia. "Redes técnicas metropolitanas y acción pública local. La territorialización de la gestión del agua en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires durante la concesión de Aguas Argentinas. 1993 – 2006". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA030.
Abstract (sommario):
La concession des services d'eau et assainissement gérée par l'entreprise privée Aguas Argentinas S. A. entre 1993 et 2006 a fait l’objet de nombreuses études et recherches qui ont mis l'accent sur la dynamique des privatisations menées en Argentine dans les années quatre-vingt-dix. Cependant, bien qu’il s'agisse d'une période de changements dans la gestion des services urbains, la concession a mis en lumière certaines constantes qui structurent la relation entre les réseaux métropolitains et l'action publique locale. Cette recherche est basée sur les interactions entre les réseaux techniques et les territoires. L’analyse met tout particulièrement l’accent sur les continuités et les ruptures des opérations du concessionnaire dans l'aire métropolitaine de Buenos Aires. L’objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à ce questionnement à travers une analyse comparée des scénarios d'interaction entre la gestion centralisée des réseaux et l'action publique locale dans trois communes en aval du bassin du fleuve Reconquista: General San Martín, San Fernando et Tigre. Ces études de cas mettent en évidence, dans des contextes hétérogènes, la versatilité d'Aguas Argentinas face aux capacités de l'action publique locale pour mettre en œuvre la concession avec un certain degré d'autonomie. Une lecture transversale de ces spécificités locales révèle également la construction de processus de regroupement d'intérêts communs entre les différentes communes. Ce double mouvement d'autonomie et d'association, permet de mieux éclairer les oscillations entre le public et le privé, le sectoriel et le territorial, ainsi qu’entre le local et le central qui se développent selon un processus de territorialisation croissante dans l'accès aux services des eaux et assainissementThe concession of water and sewerage, operated by the private company Aguas Argentinas between 1993 and 2006, was subject of numerous researches which emphasized the dynamics of privatization led in Argentina, in the nineties. However, although this was a turning point in the management of urban services, the concession revealed some constants that structured the relationship between metropolitan networks and local public action.This research examines the interactions between the technical networks and the territories. The analysis focuses on the continuities and ruptures of the operation of the concessionaire in the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires. In order to answer that enquiry, this thesis develops an analysis compared by the interaction scenarios between centralized network management and local public action in three municipalities -General San Martin, San Fernando and Tigre- that form part of the lower basin of the Reconquista River.These cases studies highlight the versatility of Aguas Argentinas, in very heterogeneous contexts against different capabilities from the local public action to implement the concession with some degree of autonomy. Also, a cross reading of these local variations reveals the construction of the strategies of aggregation of interests between municipalities. This double movement, of autonomy and association, allows to illuminate the oscillations between the public and the private, the sectorial and the territorial, the local and the central (national and global), which take place in a process of increasing territorialization of access to water services and sewerage
El ciclo de la concesión de los servicios de agua y desagüe cloacal, operada por la empresa privada Aguas Argentinas entre 1993 y 2006, fue objeto de numerosos estudios que la asociaron con la dinámica de las privatizaciones, propias de la década del noventa en Argentina. No obstante, si bien se trató de un momento de cambio en la gestión de los servicios urbanos, la concesión fue al mismo tiempo reveladora de algunas regularidades que estructuraban la relación entre las redes metropolitanas y la acción política local. Esta tesis se propone examinar las relaciones de mutua transformación que se establecen entre las redes técnicas y los territorios, centrando el análisis en las continuidades y rupturas que resultan de la formas de operar de la empresa concesionaria en el área metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Para dar cuenta de esa problemática, se efectúa un análisis comparado de los escenarios de interacción que se dirimen entre la gestión centralizada de las redes y la acción pública local en tres municipios -General San Martín, San Fernando y Tigre- que forman parte de la cuenca baja del río Reconquista. Los casos de estudio ponen en evidencia, en contextos heterogéneos, la versatilidad de la actuación de Aguas Argentinas frente a las capacidades de la acción pública local para implementar la concesión con cierto grado de autonomía. Una lectura transversal de esas variaciones locales revela asimismo, la construcción de procesos de agregación de intereses entre los municipios. Este doble movimiento, de autonomía y asociación, permite iluminar las oscilaciones entre lo público y lo privado, lo sectorial y lo territorial, lo local y lo central que se juegan en la creciente territorialización del acceso a los servicios de agua y desagüe cloacal
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Tobek, Miroslav. "Řešení dopravy v centru Havlíčkova Brodu". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-225922.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this diploma thesis is the solution of the traffic situation in the city center of Havlíčkův Brod. Mainly the ground road number II/150 adjustment, which consist in the modification of the two-way traffic to one-way traffic organization in the streets Dolní, Žižkova and Na Ostrově by using the analogy of a roundabout layout, is solved within this thesis. All mentioned modifications simplify the traffic situation, improve the orientation and increase the security and the traffic flow mainly in relation to pedestrians and cyclists. Another part of this thesis is focused on revitalization of the public spaces in front of the community center called Ostrov and junction of existing cycle tracks situated on the both banks of the Sázava river. In relation to this topic the adjustment of rainwater sewerage system, low-voltage above ground network, public lighting, communication electric cables, fire brigade signal lights and low-pressure gas pipeline is also solved.
17
Mabotha, Phuti Alfred Patrick. "Faecal sludge production and management projections in the City of Polokwane, South Africa". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2894.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2019Polokwane Municipality is currently experiencing water shortages, which is affecting households and industries’ which is used to remove faeces and transport them to the sewage plant through sewer networks, as the system is waterborne. This research study aims at determining the status of faecal sludge management with the aim of developing a faecal sludge management projection plan for the City of Polokwane. The plan will enable the city to understand the current and future levels of faecal sludge production and it will also highlight the water demand for faecal sludge disposal. As a result of this plan, the appropriate systems, which can be used for faecal sludge production, can be managed better and there will be relief in the current non-coping sewage plants in the municipality. The sewage plants are not coping with the amount of faecal sludge due to the growing population and the fact that the infrastructure was built before South Africa’s 1994 democratic dispensation. The empirical enquiry was conducted through the use of the interview guide and the purposive sampling strategy in order to obtain an in-depth context of the subject being studied. The study has noted that the Seshego and Polokwane Sewage Plants are receiving more sewage than they were built for. The only plant that is still within its capacity is the Mankweng Sewage Plant. Currently, the municipality does not have alternative plan to re-use water in the yards. It is also not planning to develop any other form of faecal sludge management to transport faeces from the toilets to the sewage plants despite the use of clean water. It is questionable as to whether the cleaned water or effluent released from the sewage to the environment meet the required standards. In Polokwane, the released effluent does not go back to the people directly but it is used to recharge 37 boreholes, which are used to supply water to the people. The other challenge in Polokwane Municipality, especially in Mankweng, is the petrol stations, hospitals, and abattoirs whose effluents are creating a problem to the water treatment plants. Therefore, there is a need to have a pre-treatment plants for hospitals and filling stations. Key Words: Sanitation, faeces, faecal sludge, sewage plants and water borne.
18
Kriger, Carl. "Prediction of the influent wastewater variables using neural network theory". Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1112.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007In order to develop an effective control strategy for the activated sludge process of a wastewater treatment plant, an understanding of the nature of the influent load disturbances to the wastewater treatment plant is necessary. Biological systems are among the most difficult to control and predict. Due to the complex biological reaction mechanisms, the highly time-varying, and multivariable aspects of the wastewater treatment plant ('MNTP), the diagnosis of the 'MNTP are still difficult in practice. The application of intelligent techniques, which can analyse the multi-dimensional nonlinear process data using a visualisation technique, can be useful for analysing and diagnosing the activated-sludge process in the VVVVTP. This complex capability for nonlinearity representation combined with the fact that no model exists for the WVVTP influent dynamics to a WVVTP, makes neural networks an ideal choice for a solution. Forecasting the behaviour of complex systems has been a broad application area for neural networks. Applications such as economic forecasting, electricity load I demand forecasting, and forecasting natural and physical phenomena have been extensively studied, hence the numerous papers presented at annual conferences in this focus area. The cognitive ability of artificial neural networks to map' nonlinear complex input-output relationships, which would allow for better prediction and corrective control of processes, make them particularly attractive. The values of the influent disturbances are usually measured off-line in ~ laboratory, as there are still no reliable on-line sensors available. This work presents the development of a neural network model for prediction of the values of the influent disturbances based on historical plant and weather data, which ultimately affect the activated sludge process. Three different neural networks including the multilayer perceptron, recurrent and radial basis functions neural network are developed for the prediction of the influent disturbances of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) and influent flow rate respectively. The application area is the prediction of the influent variables at a local municipal wastewater treatment plant. The forecast result is used for the determination of the setpoint to a controller, in order to• optimize plant performance. The results are first applied to a pilot wastewater treatment plant. Much hype exists surrounding the subject of neural networks, and they are sometimes described as 'computers that think'. This sort of definition creates unrealistic expectations and is one of the reasons why it is discredited. The results obtained will hopefully present helpful insights as to the scope and possibilities as to the application for neural networks, but also present the practical challenges which neural network practitioners and designers of intelligent systems face. The solution of the problem for development of the mathematical model for dynamic behaviour of the influent disturbances according to the influence of the weather conditions and the season of the year is the first attempt in the scientific and research literature so far.
19
Huang, Tung-Sen, e 黃東森. "Application of Genetic Algorithm on Sewage Network Rehabilitation Management". Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/87361315006676238134.
20
Weng, Chien-hua, e 翁建華. "Diameter combinations optimization of sanitary sewage network system with genetic algorithms". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54568004436736124849.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士立德管理學院
資源環境研究所
94
ABSTRACT The sewer network system is one closed pipeline system which collects daily sewage. The system is built for the multi-purposes of: independent drainage of sewer, quality improvement of residential environment, prevention of public water pollution, and recycling and reuse of sewer. In most advanced countries, sewer network system is regarded as crucial and as the backbone construction of city development. Mess amount of dollars is the main cause that leads to slow increase in prevalence of sewer drainage in Taiwan area. To step up the prevalence of sewer drainage with a more cost economic way, the research focuses on the combinations of pipeline diameters which predominately affect the cost of system construction. In this way, it is expected to present the pipeline network system with pipeline combinations that meets the qualification of hydraulic modules and that has the least cost. Firstly, a mathematical model for modeling pipeline hydraulics is written using MATLAB. Secondly, the hydraulic data for subsection of pipelines under different combinations are calculated using genetic algorism, one generation after another,. Finally, a reliable scheme that has the least construction cost and is practically feasible is derived. Different from the traditional genetic algorism, the research use genetic algorism with gray code and elitism reserve maneuver, In addition, for factors, tournament selection, uniform crossover, and inverse mutation operators, are utilized in order to reduce the lengthy search time which often occurs using in the traditional genetic algorism. When compared with the design plan of the reference report, the estimated construction cost is 5.2% lower. The optimization of the research provides an practical aid for designers of sewer network planning, saving effectively both time and manpower.
21
Shie, Ming-hung, e 謝明宏. "Study on Optimal of Pipes for Jacking Method of Sewage Pipe Network Projects". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/66983506124840074020.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系專班
97
Sewage system is an indispensable public infrastructure in modern cities and also an important index of national competitiveness. The function of sewage system is to collect and treat urban rain sewage so as to improve the health level of urban living environment and the quality of life. Yet the construction of sewage system has not been popularized in Taiwan, and in this respect Taiwan is dropped much behind the advanced countries, a lot of domestic wastewater is directly discharged into rivers and lakes, the high-pollution industrial wastewater and animal husbandry wastewater have seriously influenced the utilization of water resource and the quality of living environment. However, the essential solution for this problem of water pollution is just to construct a perfect sewage system. This paper explores the principles for selecting rigid pipelines for the propulsion construction of “Trunks E & F and H-district Branch Network of Tainan City Sewage System” and compares the relative competitive cost, moreover, this study is to establish the mode for selecting pipelines in the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) through interview with and questionnaire on scholars and experts of sewage system so as to work out the ranking of optimal pipelines. The results have shown that, in term of cost, PVC-lined concrete pipe is advantageous as the rigid pipeline for the propulsion construction sewage system; PRCP (Polyester Resin Concrete Pipe) and VCP (Vitrified Clay Pipe) have higher purchase costs. In addition, the ranking of optional pipelines achieved in the Analytic Hierarchy Process is as follows: PRCP, FLVP (full-aluminum concrete pipeline), VCP, DIP (Ductile Iron Pipe), reinforced concrete pipeline lining, which is provided as reference for the industry in selecting suitable rigid pipelines for propulsion construction.
22
Wu, Pin-lung, e 吳彬榮. "Using Propagation Neural Network to Predict Secondary Effluent Quality from Science Park Sewage Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/94957800885125756942.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
99
This study used Back-Propagation Neural Network (BNN) to discuss quality changes of effluent water from science park sewage treatment plant in order to construct a science park sewage treatment plant simulation framework, and further simulate and forecast the effluent water quality. It finally evaluated the relative residual on the model predicted value and actual value to assess prediction efficiency. This study adopted 12 input variables in the input layer, namely Potential of Hydrogen (pH) of entering water, Sludge Retention Times (SRT), Food to Microorganism ratio (F/M), Volume Load Review (VLR), Solids Load (SL), Aeration Basin Retention Times (ABRT), Fast Mixing Basin Retention Times (FMBRT), Slow Mixing Basin Retention Times (SMBRT), Sedimentation Basin Surface Overflow Rate (SBSOR), Sedimentation Basin Effluent Temperature(SBET), Sludge Volume Index (SVI), Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (MLSS). Three output variables were adopted in output layer, which are Suspended Solids (SS) of effluent water, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) to carry out individual forecast. In this study, the operating rate was 0.1; the number of hidden layer neurons was 15, and the training frequency was 100,000. During the training course of BOD, when 5 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of effluent water was 28.05%, Correlation Coefficient (R) was 0.351. During the forecast process, if 12 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 23.06%, and the R value was 0.269, it has the best effect. During the training course of COD, if 12 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 19.49%, and R value was 0.420, it has the best effect. During the forecast process, if 2 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 15.19% and R value was 0.138, it has the best effect. During the training process of SS, if 4 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 22.00%, and R value was 0.734, it has the best effect. During the forecast process, if 4 input variables were adopted to 1 output variable, the MAPE value was 20.23%, and R value was 0.168, it has the best effect. During the training course, if 12 variables were adopted to 1 output variable was adopted, the MAPE values of effluent water SS, BOD, COD were 22.63%, 23.06%, and 19.49%, respectively; R values were 0.725, 0.269, and 0.420, respectively. During the forecast process, if 12 input variables were adopted for 1 output variable, the MAPE values of effluent water SS, BOD, COD were 21.91%, 23.06%, and 19.81%, respectively; R values were -0.127, 0.269, and -0.025, respectively.As a whole, the results from forecasting SS, BOD and COD of science park sewage plant by BNN showed that most of MAPE values are in reasonable range, indicating that forecasting concentration and alteration trend may be both known. As a result, it is feasible to use BNN to forecast effluent water concentration of industrial park sewage plant. The relevant results of this study can be used as reference for operation and diagnosis of science park sewage treatment plant.
23
Cho, Yu-yu, e 卓宥愉. "Using Adaptive fuzzy Neural Network to Predict Effluent Quality from Science Park Sewage Treatment Plant". Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/52876578408165178530.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士朝陽科技大學
環境工程與管理系碩士班
101
In this study, adaptive network based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was used to explore the variation of effluent from the wastewater treatment plant of scientific park. The simulation framework for the wastewater treatment plant of scientific park was established, the effluent quality was predicted, the errors between the predicted values and the observed values were analyzed, and the model performance was evaluated. When predicting effluent suspended solids (SS), the SS from the third clarifier, the SS from the second clarifier (second stage), and the SS from the third clarifier (second stage) were taken as the input parameters. When predicting effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD), the COD from the second clarifier, the COD from the third clarifier, and the effluent biochemical oxygen demand were taken as the input parameters. The membership functions (MFs) including triangle, trapezoidal, bell, and Gaussian MFs were adopted in prediction simulation for comparisons. When predicting SS, the performance in which the bell MFs were adopted prevailed others. When predicting COD, the performance in which the trapezoidal MFs were adopted prevailed others. When predicting SS, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was 25.24 %, the correlation coefficient (R) was 0.347 with bell MFs and three input parameters. When predicting COD, the MAPE was 19.24 %, the R was 0.895 with trapezoidal MFs and three input parameters.
24
Abdel-Aal, Mohamad, Mostafa H. A. Mohamed, R. Smits, R. E. Abdel-Aal, Gussem K. De, A. Schellart e Simon J. Tait. "Predicting wastewater temperatures in sewer pipes using abductive network models". 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/9104.
Abstract (sommario):
NoA predictive modelling technique was employed to estimate wastewater temperatures in sewer pipes. The simplicity of abductive predictive models attracts large numbers of users due to their minimal computation time and limited number of measurable input parameters. Data measured from five sewer pipes over a period of 12 months provide 33,900 training entries and 39,000 evaluation entries to support the models' development. Two simple predictive models for urban upstream combined sewers and large downstream collector sewers were developed. They delivered good correlation between measured and predicted wastewater temperatures proven by their R(2) values of up to 0.98 and root mean square error (RMSE) of the temperature change along the sewer pipe ranging from 0.15 degrees C to 0.33 degrees C. Analysis of a number of potential input parameters indicated that upstream wastewater temperature and downstream in-sewer air temperature were the only input parameters that are needed in the developed models to deliver this level of accuracy.
25
Adigue, Allinnettes. "Understanding why public-private partnership cannot fix sewerage services in Metro Manila, Philippines: A network perspective". Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/133670.
Abstract (sommario):
Improving public sanitation is one of the major urban health and
environmental issues that confronts most cities in the developing
world. Sanitation-related diseases have been practically
eradicated in the developed world but these diseases continue to
threaten lives in the developing world. It is estimated that poor
or inadequate access to sanitation kills some ten million
children below the age of five every year. More than half of the
world’s rivers, oceans and lakes are polluted with untreated
wastewater, which contributes to environmental degradation as it
pollutes surface water, rivers and groundwater. This holds true
for the Philippines where cholera and diarrhoea remain endemic.
In Metro Manila, the country’s capital region that is home to
at least 12 million people, less than 15% of the population are
connected to the sewage system, some 85% are served by improperly
constructed and ill-maintained septic tanks and the rest of the
populations still practise open defecation. In 1997, the
Philippine government awarded long-term concession contracts to
two private concessionaires to bring in the much-needed capital
and private sector efficiency to upgrade and expand water and
sewerage services in Metro Manila. Some 20 years after the
concession contracts were awarded, the two private
concessionaires have achieved or nearly met their target of
providing 100% water supply connections in the capital. Sewerage
services, on the other hand, are at less than 15% of the
population.
Why has public-private partnership (PPP) failed to fix the
sewerage problems in Metro Manila? To answer this question, this
research analyses the performance of Metro Manila sewerage
services through the lens of the network governance theory. This
thesis suggests that the concessionaires were not able to timely
deliver the intended outcomes because of the network effect of
PPP. The network effect of PPP refers to outcomes that are caused
by the emergence of network features created as a result of
bringing in the private sector in the governance of public
services. PPP has exhibited certain network features that altered
the rules of infrastructure service delivery and allocated new
roles among the state, the market and civil society. The network
features created by PPP are (1) resource interdependence between
the stakeholders both in the private and public sectors, (2)
challenge of achieving goal congruence in a multi-stakeholder
setting and (3) unclear management roles.
Data collection for this research in the form of documentation,
interviews and direct observation, was conducted in Metro Manila,
Philippines. Interviews were the key source of information for
this thesis to elicit information on the respondents’
interorganisational relationships and dynamics and how such
interactions impact on the service delivery outcomes as
documentary information mainly provided information on the legal,
political and performance aspects of the Metro Manila water and
sewerage concessions
This research contributes to both research and practice. This
research contributes to the literature on network governance, PPP
and policy implementation. By using the network perspective to
analysing PPP performance, this research augments the current
literature on understanding PPP outcomes by filling out the
administrative analysis gap that has not been explored in the
literature. Second, it also offers a new perspective on
evaluating and understanding PPP outcomes by developing an
analytical framework that examines networks, not just a single
organisation, as the unit of analysis to analyse the performance
of sewerage services. Third, it aims to contribute to the growth
of a more specialised and differentiated study in the field of
network governance theory. For policymakers and practitioners,
this research promotes the understanding that policies are
implemented by multiple institutional actors, which can make
policy implementation a complex process. An acceptance of the
perspective that policy implementation is interorganisational in
nature contributes to effective and responsive policy design.
This can guide governments in considering the potential network
features that may arise when adopting a new policy, such as PPP,
that can hinder the achievement of the desired goals or effects.
26
TSAI, SHU-FEN, e 蔡淑芬. "The sewage sewer is in charge of the network and advance the risk of constructing to assess the research with quantitative analysis". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/x6dnzq.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
94
The sewage system has become an indispensable public works. Its function has gradually evolved from its traditional goals to having multi-purpose benefits; it not only elevates the feasibility of water recycling, but is also listed by advanced countries as an important indicator of the urban environment. It is an indispensable public works in the modern city, and has the functions of elevating the culture of living and improving the water environmental aesthetic. Sewage pipe network engineering usually uses tunnel jacking construction method, which is widely used and replaced the traditional open cut dredging method. The pipe jacking construction of sewage pipe network engineering is all conducted underground. If on-site conditions are unclear, the risk factors upon construction cannot be overlooked. Such risks should be analyzed and managed. The main effects caused by construction risks are “cost” and “progress.” A detailed consideration of the influence of risk factors on progress and cost before construction would be a basis for evaluating the construction budget and the construction period. This study seeks to explore the various construction uncertainties while constructing a sewage pipe network, and establishes an appropriate risk quantification evaluation model and analysis, in hopes that the results of the risk quantification evaluation model can be used as a basis of reference upon establishing the construction budget and period. This method reflects the indirect effects caused on budget and construction period on the practically executed budget and construction period, so that the actual budget and construction period become reasonable. After systematic summarization and organization, this study divides construction uncertainty factors into five main aspects and fourteen sub-aspects of factors. It uses the quantification evaluation model established by this study in expert questionnaires for main sponsors of construction, engineering consulting firms, and professional construction companies to make assessments on the chances of occurrence of risk factors and impacts on losses, and calculates risk values as a reference basis for future studies relating to risk management strategies.
27
Lin, I.-Ding, e 林怡廷. "Productivity model analysis on the main work of sewerage system branch networks—Take Kaohsiung as example". Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/03534838395592526493.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立高雄應用科技大學
土木工程與防災科技研究所
94
The present domestic sewerage constructors and other construction schedules are mostly evaluated by experience, and take the construction process as the representation of executive results. For the use of human resource, however, and the relationship between unit values are still maintaining on the experience-based stage for the schedule of human resource. It will be helpful to understand how the constructors operate their human resource if the involvement of human resource is reexamined, quantifying the quantitative testing through scientific ways. The preliminary productivity theory, applied in manufacture and used as a tool to measure the efficient use of the resource (manufacturing factors), whose core is to discuss the evaluated technology of investment resource and productivity efficiency. The research, based on the relevant productivity theories of Thomas, focuses on the branch networks of sewerage system, and proceeding as case study. Referring to the construction process, which is analyzed by crew-working, drilling and oscillator crews are the major cores that the branch networks of sewerage system based on. The research is based on the record of the factors of productivity influence, and developing the productivity evaluation model through statistic regression. The analysis shows that the best daily productivity values of drilling crew’s tunneling work and that of oscillator crew’s 300wh/m short pipe oscillator work, are 3.541wh/m and 2.459wh/m respectively. The main factors which affect productivity of drilling crew such as machine breakdown, maintenance and recovery of pipelines, exclusion of road obstacles; those of oscillator crew are factors for delayed pipeline move, and solution for tunneling accidents. The preliminary conclusion acquired in this research can be provided as a reference for the constructors in formulating future schedules of human resource, and preventing the construction from being intervened by influential factors, efficiently controlling the construction process.
28
Liu, Xi-Way, e 劉錫維. "Research on the Optimal Design of Sewerage Pipe Network System-case study of Ilan City,Yilan County". Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/hn9fk5.
Abstract (sommario):
碩士國立宜蘭大學
綠色科技學程碩士在職專班
106
Sewage sewerage system is an indispensable public facility for modern cities. Its function is to solve the problem of urban sewage drainage. The advanced countries in the world are not focusing on the construction of sewage sewers. China has invested large sums of money in the construction of sewage sewers for improvement in the past decade. Improve people's quality of life. At present, the construction areas of the sewage sewer network in China are all built in densely populated areas. The roads in the formed cities have been occupied by poewr lines, telecommunications, tap water, gas pipes, and other life lines. The open-cutting pipeline works are difficult to implement, so the sewage Most of the sewer network construction adopts the small pipe construction method, which has less impact on the environment than the traditional excavation and excavation methods. However, construction hurdles are often caused by local geological and topographic factors, resulting in increased construction costs. This study is With the best construction route selected, consider the impact of the size of the pipe diameter, pipeline length, pipeline gradient, flow rate,user sewage usage, and other variables needed to take over the sewage pipe network system from the sewage treatment plant to the household user. Analysis has been completed to complete the water analysis table, using computer software with computational capabilities and common software for pipeline construction cost analysis, to save construction funds. The results of this study can be used by relevant practitioners in the design of wastewater sewer networks, where computer software can be used to calculate the sewer network. Calculations can be made by simply setting variables and constraints to optimize the diameter of the water. Sewage sewer construction can achieve the ideal planning and design with lower costs.
29
Pokoo-Aikins, Grace Amarachukwu. "Design and Analysis of Flexible Biodiesel Processes with Multiple Feedstocks". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-08-7938.
Abstract (sommario):
With the growing interest in converting a wide variety of biomass-based
feedstocks to biofuels, there is a need to develop effective procedures for the design and
optimization of multi-feedstock biorefineries. The unifying goal of this work is the
development of systematic methodologies and procedures for designing flexible multifeedstock
biorefineries. This work addresses four problems that constitute building
blocks towards achieving the unifying goal of the dissertation.
The first problem addresses the design and techno-economic analysis of an
integrated system for the production of biodiesel from algal oil. With the sequestration
of carbon dioxide from power plant flue gases, algae growth and processing has the
potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Algae are a non-food oil feedstock source
and various pathways and technologies for obtaining algal oil were investigated.
Detailed economic and sensitivity analysis reveal specific scenarios that lead to
profitability of algal oil as an alternative feedstock. In the second problem, a new safety metric is introduced and utilized in process
design and selection. A case study was solved to assess the potential of producing
biodiesel from sewage sludge. The entire process was evaluated based on multiple
criteria including cost, technology and safety.
The third problem is concerned with incorporating flexibility in the design phase
of the development of multi-feedstock biofuel production processes. A mathematical
formulation is developed for determining the optimal flexible design for a biorefinery
that is to accommodate the use of multiple feedstocks. Various objective functions may
be utilized for the flexible plant depending on the purpose of the flexibility analysis and
a case study is presented to demonstrate one such objective function.
Finally, the development of a systematic procedure for incorporating flexibility
and heat integration in the design phase of a flexible feedstock production process is
introduced for the fourth problem. A mathematical formulation is developed for use in
determining the heat exchange network design. By incorporating the feedstock scenarios
under investigation, a mixed integer linear program is generated and a flexible heat
exchange network scheme can be developed. The solution provides for a network that
can accommodate the heating and cooling demands of the various scenarios while
meeting minimum utility targets.
30
See, Chan H., Raed A. Abd-Alhameed, Achimugu A. Atojoko, Neil J. McEwan e Peter S. Excell. "Link Budget Maximization for a Mobile-Band Subsurface Wireless Sensor in Challenging Water Utility Environments". 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12141.
Abstract (sommario):
yesA subsurface chamber transceiver system and associated propagation channel link budget considerations for an underground wireless sensor system (UWSS) are presented: the application was a sewerage system for a water utility company. The UWSS operates over the GSM850/900, GSM1800/1900 and UMTS bands in order to operate with the standard public mobile phone system. A novel antenna was developed to minimize path loss from the underground location: a folded loop type, which is small enough to fit conveniently inside a utility manhole access chamber while giving adequate signal strength to link to mobile base stations from such a challenging environment. The electromagnetic performance was simulated and measured in both free space and in a real manhole chamber. An experimental test bed was created to determine the return loss and received signal strength with different transceiver positions below the manhole chamber access cover. Both numerical and experimental results suggested an optimum position of the unit inside the manhole, combining easy access for maintenance with viable received signal strength. This confirmed that the characteristics were adequate for incorporation in a transceiver designed to communicate with mobile base stations from underground. A field trial confirmed the successful operation of the system under severe conditions.
This work was supported partially by Yorkshire Innovation Fund, IETG Ltd. Contract, Research Development Project (RDP) and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424.
31
Lopes, Hugo Manuel Gaspar. "SIGREDES. Cadastro das redes de saneamento e abastecimento dos aglomerados urbanos da CIMAC". Master's thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/6874.
Abstract (sommario):
Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciência e Sistemas de Informação Geográfica.Desde o final dos anos 90 do século passado que a AMDE (Associação de Municípios do Distrito de Évora) actual CIMAC (Comunidade Intermunicipal do Alentejo Central) tem centralizado os processos de aquisição, manutenção e gestão de informação geográfica para os municípios associados. Diferenciados são os meios de aquisição, tal como as formas de financiamento, ou mesmo o vasto número de protocolos e acordos de cooperação. Por conseguinte, a CIMAC faz a gestão desde cartografia digital de base a grande escala, cartografia digital temática a várias escalas, informação estatística georreferenciada, ortofotomapas e outra informação geográfica em formato digital. O presente trabalho tem como substrato, colmatar uma lacuna de informação geográfica actualizada e em formato digital dos municípios do Alentejo Central: o cadastro das redes de água, nas vertentes de abastecimento e saneamento. Se a informação de outro tipo de infra-estruturas, como as telecomunicações, a electricidade e o gás já existem, surge como necessidade iminente o cadastro das redes de água, para que se obtenha uma cobertura o mais vasta possível em termos de informação geográfica das infra-estruturas existentes.(...)