Tesi sul tema "Sesuto"

Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
English Abstract: This research project examines the syntax of negative sentence constructions in Sesotho and explores implications of the empirical data on negation within the framework of the Minimalist Program. According to Minimalist Program, language consists of a lexicon and Computational System where the operations Merge and Move generate sets of structural descriptions, it is driven by the principle of economy, which entails that movement should take place only when necessary for the purpose of Case feature checking. It is also concerned with the expansion of syntactic structures in terms of X-bar theoretic properties, where functional category gives full categorical status. This project further considered the morphology of negation in Sesotho where Sesotho data is refined within the Lexeme-morpheme base morphology, where bound grammatical morphemes such as the negative morphemes in Sesotho are defined in terms of morphological spelling operations. Within these two theoretical frameworks, sentence constructions which realize negation by means of negative morphemes over a full range of tense, aspect and mood distinctions were examined, including sentence construction that realize negation in subordinate clauses as well as those that entail issues of topic and focus, and scope of negation. Constituent negation, with constituents such as subjects, objects and adjuncts is also investigated. Various ways of negating constituents in Sesotho were examined: they are cleft sentences, pseudo-cleft sentences, sentence construction with locative AgrS [ ho ] and sentence constructions with subject inversion as well as sentences where constituents are negated within the VP. All these methods were considered with regard to noncopulative and copulative verbs. The issue of focus which entails plain focus, restrictive and contrastive foci, the issue of topic, which entails stage topics, modified topics and multiple topics are investigated and interpreted within the Focus Structure theory, a theory which assigns focus structures to sentences of the language. Negative sentences are assigned two focus structure viz. main focus structure and the subordinate focus structure. Finally, this study also looks into the scope of negation in Sesotho, where negative criterion (Neg-criterion) stipulates various positions of negative morphemes or words which in turn determines the scope of negation. Scope of negation is also examined in terms of focus, with constituents such as NP's, NP Lac's and NP's in subordinate clauses.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsingsprojek ondersoek die sintaksis van konstruksies met negatiewe sinne in Sesotho en gaan die implikasies na van die empiriese data oor ontkenning binne die raamwerk van die Minimalistiese Program. Volgens die Minimalistiese Program, bestaan taal uit In leksikon en In rekenaarsisteem waar die bewerkinge Saamsmelt en Skuif versamelings strukturele beskrywings genereer, dit word aangedryf deur die beginsel van ekonomie wat inhou dat Skuif slegs plaasvind wanneer dit nodig is vir die doel van die nagaan van die Kasus kenmerk: dit het ook te doen met die uitbreiding van sintaktiese strukture in terme van die teoretiese kenmerke van die X-balk, waar die funksionele kategorie volle kategoriale status verkry. Dié projek het ook verder die morfologie van ontkenning in Sesotho oorweeg waar die Sesotho data verfyn is binne die Lekseem-Morfeem Basis Morfologie, waar grammatikale morfeme soos die negatiewe morfeme in Sesotho gedefinieer word in terme van morfologiese spellingsbewerkings. Binne hierdie twee teoretiese raamwerke, is daar ondersoek ingestel na sinskonstruksies wat negatief realiseer deur middel van negatiewe morfeme binne In volledige reeks van onderskeidinge van tyd, aspek en modus, insluitende sinskonstruksies waar die negatief realiseer in die bysin, asook daardie negatiewe wat gaan oor sake soos Topiek en Fokus, en die omvang van ontkenning. Konstituent ontkenning is ondersoek waaronder konstituente soos onderwerpe, voorwerpe en adjunkte. Verskeie wyses om konstituente in Sesotho te ontken is ondersoek, naamlik: klef en pseudo-klef sinne, sinskonstruksie met die lokatiewe kongruensie [ho] en sinskonstruksies met subjeksinversie asook sinne waar konstituente ontken word binne In werkwoordfrase. AI hierdie wyses is nagegaan met nie-kopulatiewe en kopulatiewe werkwoorde. Die probleem van fokus is ondersoek wat insluit eenvoudige fokus, beperkende en kontrastiewe fokus, asook die probleem van topiek wat verskeie soorte topiek insluit. Hierdie ondersoek is gedoen en uiteindelik geïnterpreteer binne die Fokus Sruktuur teorie, In teorie wat fokusstrukture toeken aan sinne van In taal. Negatiewe sinne word twee fokusstrukture toegeken, naamlik: die hoof fokus struktuur en die onderskikkende fokus struktuur. Laastens het die studie ook gekyk na die omvang ('scope') van ontkenning in Sesotho waar die negatiewe kriterium verskeie posisies van negatiewe morfeme of woorde stipuleer wat dan weer die omvang van ontkenning bepaal. Die omvang van ontkenning is ook ondersoek in terme van fokus waar kontrastiewe fokus die uitbreiding van omvang bepaaloor konstituente soos naamwoordfrases, lokatiewe naamwoordfrases en naamwoordfrases in onderskikkende klouse.

Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em História, Florianópolis, 2010
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Até o início da década de 1960, as sessões de cinema da capital catarinense eram batizadas com títulos diversos, identificando a que grupos estavam endereçadas. Nas crônicas escritas na cidade, a mais citada é a Sessão das Moças, que tinha lugar no Cine Ritz, no Centro de Florianópolis, entre 1943 e 1962, a qual figurava no calendário de lazer ilhéu. A sessão pode ser compreendida como um misto de construtora de redes de sociabilidades e espaço pedagógico, pois projetava representações de ser, agir e sentir possíveis de serem apropriados pelas/os espectadoras/es. Ao lado de imagens de moda e beleza, os filmes exibidos na sessão exploravam representações do amor romântico em todas as suas etapas: do inesperado primeiro encontro ao casamento redentor. Ademais, as temáticas estressavam as lições envolvendo a moral, a valorização da família e a contenção das pulsões.

Main goal of thesis entitled "Landslide remediation design" is - based on acquired knowledge and submitted documents about the problematic of landslides - to determine the causes of the landslides on II. class road between villages Koryčany and Jestřabice and to propose optimal redevelopment.

The topic of this Master`s thesis is to design stabilization of road embankment, which is between Brno-Chrlice and Brno-Holásky. Aim of this thesis is finding acceptable solution of problem including finding cause of fault and describing other possible options. Solution will be design in GEO5. Thesis is completed with procedure in pile installation and drawing documentation.

Thesis (DLitt)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
207 leaves printed single pages, preliminary pages i-xiii and numbered pages 1-195. Includes bibliography.
Digitized at 600 dpi grayscale to pdf format (OCR), using a Bizhub 250 Konica Minolta Scanner.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The object of this study is to examine the expression of tragedy in randomly selected Sesotho novels in two major periods, namely the early period (1925 to 1970s) and the later period (1970s to 1990s). Five Sesotho novels will be discussed in each period and give an indication of tragic expression in that period. It is however not the main emphasis in this work to compare and contrast between the two periods but mainly to observe patterns of tragedy and tragic expressions in Sesotho novels. Chapter One orientates the reader by indicating aspects such as the problem identification, aim of the research, the approach or modus operandi, the scope as well as the organisation of the study, that is, a brief arrangement of chapters and presentation of what would be contained in subsequent chapters. Chapter Two presents the theoretical framework within which the research will be based. As the theoretical framework in this work, aspects of tragedy, namely, character, plot and theme will be discussed. Chapter Three focuses on the early Sesotho tragedies within the literary period 1925 to 1970s. As already indicated, five novels, namely, Chaka, Mphatlalatsane, Moiketsi, Mosali a nkhola, and Leshala Ie tswala molora will be discussed in terms of the theoretical principles suggested in Chapter Two. At the end of the chapter, an analysis of the findings and conclusions will be drawn on tragic expressions in these novels. These novels distinguish themselves as largely classical tragedies (there are modern ones also) in terms of the nature of tragic characters available. Chapter Four examines the later Sesotho tragedies ranging between the period 1970s to 1990s. As in early Sesotho novels, five novels will be discussed with a view to highlight tragic expressions in this period. Peo ena ejetswe ke wena, Mehaladitwe ha e eketheha, Nna ke mang, Ke lesheleshele leo a iphehletseng lona and Lehlaba la lephako will be the novels we analyse. Analysis of the findings will be made and conclusions drawn at the end of the chapter in how tragedy is expressed in all these novels. These novels distinguish themselves as largely modern tragedies in terms of the tragic characters portrayed in them. Chapter Five presents the general conclusions on all the novels discussed in the two periods. A comparison will be made as to how tragic expression differs from one period to another particularly in terms of the three aspects of tragedy. Each novel will be given the individual attention and focussed exclusively as to how it presents tragedy and how perhaps it differs from others.
SESOTHO ABSTRACT: Ka mosebetsi ona wa diphuputso re hlahloba ka moo mahlomola a totobatswang ka teng dingolweng tse kgethilweng dinakong tsena tsa bongodi, e leng ho tloha selemong sa 1925 ho isa selemong sa 1970 le tse hlahlamang esita le nako ya morao e qalang selemong sa 1970 ho isa dilemong tsa 1990 le tse hlahlamang. Re tla hlahloba dipale tse hlano mokgahlelong 0 mong le 0 mong wa nako e le ho totobatsa ka moo mahlomola a hlahiswang ka teng dipaleng tsa Sesotho. Ha se sepheo se seholo sa mosebetsi ona ho bapisa totobatso ya mahlomola mekgahlelong ena ya nako empa sepheo se seholo ke ho bontsha ka moo mahlomola a hlahiswang ka teng dipaleng tsa Sesotho. Kgaolong ya Pele re tla nyenyeletsa mrnadi diphuputsong tsena ka ho mo tsebisa dintlha tsa bohlokwa malebana Ie mosebetsi ona tse kang totobatso ya qaka, sepheo sa phuputso ena, mokgwa oo phuputso e tla etswa ka ona, dintlha tse tla fuputswa esita le tlhophiso ya mosebetsi ona. Ka tlhophiso ya mosebetsi ona re bolela tatelano ya dikgaolo esita le tlhahiso ya kgaolo ka nngwe, ho tse tla latela. Kgaolong ya Bobedi re hlahisa teori kapa moralo wa tsebo 0 tla sebediswa bakeng sa phuputso ena. Tse ding tsa dikarolwana tsa moralo ona wa tsebo e tla ba dikarolo tsa bohlokwa tsa pale ya mahlomola, mme ka hona mosebetsi 0 tla totobatsa mophetwa, moralo wa kgohlano (poloto) le mookotaba. Dintlha tsena tsa moralo wa tsebo di tla sebediswa dipaleng tsa Sesotho tse tla hlahlojwa dikgaolong tse tla latela. Kgaolong ya Boraro re hlahloba dipale tsa Sesotho tse ngotsweng mokgahlelong wa pele wa nako mme e le nako e qalang selemong sa 1925 ho isa selemong sa 1970 le tse mmalwa tse latelang. Jwalo ka ha re se re hlalositse, re tla hlahloba dipale tse hlano e leng Chaka, Mphatlalatsane, Moiketsi, Mosali a nkhola le Leshala le tswala rnolora ho latela dintlha tseo re buileng ka tsona kgaolong ya bobedi. Qetellong ya kgaolo ena re tla hlahloba diqeto tseo re di etsang ho latela tseo re di lemohileng dipaleng tsena malebana Ie tlhahiso ya mahlomola. Dipale tsena ke dipale tsa tlelaseki tse tshwanang le tsa.S ekgerike (le hoja ho ntse ho na le dipale tsa sejwalejwale) ho latela semelo sa mophetwa wa mahlomola. Kgaolong ya Bone re hlahloba dipale tsa mahlomola tsa mokgahlelo wa sejwalejwale mme e le dipale tse ngotsweng nakong ya selemo sa 1970 ho tla tihla dilemong tsa 1990 le tse hlahlamang. Jwalo ka ha re ile ra etsa dipaleng tsa kgale, re tla hlahloba dipale tse hlano e le ho bontsha ka moo mahlomola a totobatswang ka teng paleng tsa Sesotho. Dipale tseo re tla di hlahloba ke Pea ena ejetswe ke wena, Mehaladitwe ha e eketheha, Nna ke mang, Ke lesheleshele lea a iphehletseng lana Ie Lehlaba la lephaka. Ha re se re hlahlobile dipale tsena re tla fana ka diqeto tseo re di tihleletseng mabapi le ka moo mahlomola a hlahiswang ka teng paleng tsena. Dipale tsena di ka tsejwa e le dipale tsa sejwalejwale ho latela mofuta wa mophetwa wa mahlomola ya fumanwang ho tsona. Kgaolong ya Bohlano re fana ka diqeto tse akaretsang malebana Ie dipale tsohle tseo re di hlahlobileng mekgahlelong ena e mmedi ya nako. Re tla bapisa ka moo tlhahiso ya mahlomola e fapaneng ka teng ka lebaka la tshwaetso ya semelo sa mophetwa, diketsahalo kapa moralo esita Ie mookotaba kapa molaetsa. Re tla lekola pale ka nngwe mme re hlahlobe ka moo e hlahisang mahlomola ka teng le ka moo e fapanang le dipale tse ding ka teng.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die voorkoms van die tragedie in geselekteerde Suid-Soetoe romans gedurende hoofsaaklik twee periodes, naamlik, die vroeere periode (1925 tot die 1970's) en die latere periode (1970 tot die 1990's) te ondersoek. Vyf Suid-Soetoe romans sal bespreek word rakende elke periode en sal 'n aanduiding gee van die tragedie gedurende die betrokke periode. Dit is egter nie die hoofdoel van die werk om vergelykings en onderskeidinge tussen die twee periodes te tref nie, maar eerder om tragedie en tragiese elemente binne Suid-Soetoe romans te bespreek. Hoofstuk Een se doel sal wees om die leser te orienteer aangesien dit aspekte soos die probleem identifikasie, die doel van die studie, die omvang en die voorlopige navorsing gemaak in terme van ander navorsingswerke rakende die onderwerp bevat, naamlik, vorige studies rakende die karakter in Suid-Soetoe romans met spesifieke verwysing na tragiese karakters. Die hoofstuk sal ook die uiteensetting van die studie, soos die uitleg van die hoofstukke en inhoud van daaropvolgende hoofstukke bevat, bespreek. Hoofstuk Twee stel die teoretiese raamwerk bekend waarop die navorsing gebasseer is. As deel van die raamwerk, sal aspekte van die tragedie soos karakter, intrige en tema bespreek word. Hierdie teoretiese aspekte sal dan toegepas word op Suid-Soetoe romans in opvolgende hoofstukke. Hoofstuk Drie fokus op die vroeere Suid-Soetoe tragedies binne die literere periode 1925 tot 1970s. Vyf romans, naamlik Chaka, Mphatlalatsane, Moiketsi, Mosali a nkhola en Leshala Ie tswala rnolora sal bespreek word in terme van teoretiese beginsels genoem in Hoofstuk Twee. Aan die einde van die hoofstuk sal 'n analise gemaak word van die bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings rakende die tragedie se voorkoms in hierdie romans. Hierdie romans onderskei hulself grootliks as klassieke tragedies in terme van die tragiese karakters se voorkoms. Hoofstuk Vier ondersoek die latere Suid-Soetoe tragedies gedurende die tydperk 1970 tot 1990. Soos in die vroeere tydperk, sal vyf romans bespreek word met die doel om die aspekte van tragedie te aksentueer. Peo ena e jetswe ke wena, Mehaladitwe ha e eketheha, Nna ke mang, Ke lesheleshele leo a iphehletseng lona en Lehlaba la lephako sal romans wees waarop gefokus word. 'n Analise van die bevindinge en gevolgtrekkings sal gemaak word aan die einde van die hoofstuk en sal die voorkoms van die tragedie in al die romans beskryf. Hierdie romans onderskei hulself hoofsaaklik as moderne tragedies in terme van die tragiese karakters se voorkoms. Hoofstuk Vyf verskaf algemene gevolgtrekkings waartoe gekom is in die voorafgaande bespreking van die genoemde twee periodes. 'n Vergelyking sal gemaak word oor hoe die voorkoms van die tragedie verskil van een periode na die ander, rakende die tragiese figuur. Elke roman sal individuele aandag kry en klem sal gele word op hoe dit verskil van ander romans.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to identify the basic emotion verbs in Sesotho. Five basic emotions verb are identified: anger, anxiety, disgust, sadness, and fear. The verbs, expressions, as well as idiophones that express these emotions, are identified. Furthermore, the emotion words are semantically and syntactically analyzed. The outlay of the nine chapters is as follows: Chapter One is an Introduction in which reference is made to the aim of this study, methods used in compiling the data, and the analysis of the data. Chapter Two offers an overview of the basic emotions. A psychological overview of the work of the following scholars is undertaken: Le Doux (1998), Johnson-Laird and Oatley (1992), Tomkins (1962), Plutchik (1980), and Izard (1971); as well as a linguistic overview of the work of the following scholars: Kovecses (1989), Wierzbicka (1989), Frijda (1986), and Goddard (1998). Chapter Three deals with the lexical semantics which will be used in analyzing the different emotion words. Chapter Four deals with anger words. It starts with an overview of anger as treated by the following scholars: Taylor and Mbense (1998), Kovecses (1989), and Lakoff and Kovecses (1987). The treatment of the data (the expression of anger in Sesotho) starts with the definition of anger, followed by expressions of anger and the verbs of anger which are analyzed semantically and syntactically. Another form of the expression of anger, namely the threat, is also analyzed semantically and syntactically. Chapter Five deals with anxiety, Chapter Six with disgust, Chapter Seven with sadness and Chapter Eight with fear. In all these instances, the definition of the emotion word is followed by relevant expressions and verbs which are semantically and syntactically analyzed. The last chapter, Chapter Nine, offers conclusions regarding the five different types of emotion words in Se otho.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie stu die is om die basiese emosie-werkwoorde in Sesotho te behandel. Vyf basiese emosies word geidentiflseer, naamlik toorn/woede, angstigheid, walging, droefheid en vrees. Die werkwoorde en uitdrukkinge, sowel as idiofone wat hierdie emosies uidruk, word geidentifiseer. Voorts word die emosie-woorde semanties en sintakties geanaliseer. Die uitleg van die nege hoofstukke is soos volg: Hoofstuk Een is die Inleiding, met besonderhede betreffende die doel van die stud ie, metodes gebruik in die inwin en opstel van die data, sowel as die analise van die data. Hoofstuk Twee behandel die basiese emosies oorsigtelik. 'n Psigologiese oorsig so os verwant in die werk van die volgende deskundiges word onderneem: Le Doux (1998), Johnson-Laird en Oatley (1992), Tomkins (1962), Plutchik (1980) en Izard (1971); daar is ook 'n linguistieke oorsig van die werk van Kovekses (1989), Wierzbicka (1989), Frijda (1986) en Goddard (1998). Hoofstuk Drie behandel die leksikale semantiek wat in die analise van die verskillende emosie-woorde gebruik sal word. Hoofstuk Vier behandel die woede-woorde. Dit begin met 'n oorsig van woede soos behandel in die werk van Taylor en Mbense (1998), Kovecses (1989) en Lakoff en Kovecses (1987). Die behandeling van die data begin met 'n definisie van woede, en word gevolg deur 'n semantiese en sintaktiese analise van uitdrukkinge en werkwoorde wat woede uitdruk. 'n Ander vorm van woedeuitdrukking, naamlik die dreigement, word ook semanties en sintakties geanaliseer. Hoofstuk Vyf behandel angstigheid, Hoofstuk Ses walging, Hoofstuk Sewe droefheid, en Hoofstuk Agt vrees. In elke hoofstuk word 'n definisie van die emosie-woord gevolg deur 'n behandeling van relevante werkwoorde en uitdrukkinge wat semanties en sintakties geanaliseer word. Die laaste hoofstuk, Hoofstuk Nege, bring sekere gevolgtrekkinge betreffende die vyf ver killende tipes van emo ie-woorde in Sesotho.

Magister Artium - MA
The purpose of this study is to investigate how subject PRO of the infinitive in Sesotho is assigned an antecedent The general framework which is assumed is the Government Binding theory of generative grammar, in particular one of its subtheories, namely the Control theory which is concerned with the assignment of an antecedent to the subject PRO in the infinitive. A survey of the work done by various linguists on the Infinitive in Bantu languages shows that much has been written on the properties of the infinitive. In the Nguni languages, especially in Xhosa, considerable research has been done to establish the syntactic nature of the infinitive in the various constructions that it may occur. The Infinitive in Sesotho has, however, not been studied extensively. The central issue of this study relates to establishing the antecedent of the subject PRO of the infinitive in the various constructions in which it may appear. It is demonstrated that in some instances it is possible for two different NP arguments in a sentence to serve as a possible antecedent of the empty category PRO. This examination of control of the subject PRO in the infinitive in Sesotho has revealed the following: The subject PRO in the infinitive must have antecedent. In such cases the empty category PRO which is obligatory control is considered to behave like an anaphor, because as an empty of the clausal complement it must take its referential index from either the subject or object argument of the matrix sentence. This implies that the empty category PRO has no capacity for independent reference. 2. The subject PRO in the infinitive may have an In such cases the empty category PRO which is subject to non-obligatory control is considered to behave like a pronoun, because the empty category PRO may either refer to individuals independently or co-refer to individuals already named on a given sentence. Finally the subject PRO in the infinitive can at times have no antecedent at all In such cases the empty category PRO is subject to arbitrary control, because its antecedent may be implicit This has been established in the following instances: 3.1 There are cases where the infinitive is a complement of a Verb or a Copulative with the subject position occupied by an empty existential pronominal which is associated with the existential morpheme Ho. This pronominal is an empty category just like PRO, but is in a non-argument position, for it lacks a thetha-role. This is attributed to the fact that the existential pronominal associated with Ho, which signifies "it" or "there" is a dummy element and has therefore no semantic role. Therefore the antecedent of the subject PRO in the infinitive can be "anyone in general". The interpretation thereof is known as arbitrary control. It has also been established that, the Nominal infinitive, which has in Sesotho, like all other nominals, a class prefix which is morphologically marked with a prefix Ho, is subject to arbitrary control (see 3 above). This is attributed to the fact that its subject NP-argument has a non-referential expression which is thus ungoverned, because it has no agreement (-AGR) and can therefore not be assigned Case.

The thesis called The Design of Nedašova Lhota Landslide Securing concentrates on the basic analysis of the problems connected with landslides and safety factors needed for the slopes stability. At the same time it presents a concrete solution to the given practical task, where the slope stability, the causes leading to the landslide and the subsequent redevelopment in view of financial requirements are discussed.

Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examined persuasion in selected drama texts from the literary period 1981 to 2006. The selection was organised through the examination of two such texts in each of the following three periods: • 1981–1989: Le ka nketsang and Mpowane • 1990–1999: Bana ba khomo tsa batho and Tsiketsing sa qomatsi • 2000–2006: Ha le fahloe habeli and Leholimo la phetloa Since persuasion is a relatively new topic in literature, particularly in African languages, the study examined the persuasion strategies used in the selected texts. These strategies either entail persuasion applied purely as an upfront aspect for changing the targets’ attitudes, behaviours, beliefs or opinions or entail certain situations during which the persuaders, as literary characters, employ another type (or types) of persuasion – coercion, manipulation or propaganda – in order to change the targets. The main thrust of this thesis was the persuasive tactics or techniques that might be applied by literary characters in an attempt to stimulate change in other literary characters. The study also examined whether additional persuasive interactions are employed to motivate change in others and whether counter-persuasive actions are employed to resist the proposed change. Chapter One introduces the aspect of persuasion as propounded by persuasion practitioners and experts and gives the framework of the study as a whole. Chapter Two initiates the literature review on the goals-plans-action (GPA) model as part of the psychological theories on persuasive messages produced by various interactants. This model presupposes reasons for persuaders to create certain plans for achieving their goals. Chapter Three is concerned with Le ka nketsang and Mpowane as the selected 1981 to 1989 drama texts. Chapter Four concentrates on Bana ba khomo tsa batho and Tsiketsing sa qomatsi from the 1990 to 1999 literary period. Chapter Five deals with the literary period 2000 to 2006 and analyses the two drama texts Ha le fahloe habeli and Leholimo la phetloa. Chapter Six draws a conclusion from the findings on persuasive strategies and makes observations, per chapter, on the persuasive attempts from each literary period.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het oorreding in geselekteerde dramatekste uit die letterkundige tydperk 1981 tot 2006 ondersoek. Die seleksie is georganiseer deur twee sodanige tekste in elk van die onderstaande drie tydperke te ondersoek: • 1981–1989: Le ka nketsang en Mpowane • 1990–1999: Bana ba khomo tsa batho en Tsiketsing sa qomatsi • 2000–2006: Ha le fahloe habeli en Leholimo la phetloa Aangesien oorreding relatief nuwe onderwerp in die letterkunde is, in die besonder in Afrikatale, het die studie ondersoek ingestel na die oorredingstrategieë wat in die geselekteerde tekste gebruik is. Hierdie strategieë behels óf oorreding wat toegepas word suiwer as spontane aspek vir verandering van die houdings, gedrag, oortuigings of menings van die teikens, óf dit behels sekere situasies waartydens die oorreders, as letterkundige karakters, ander soort (of soorte) oorreding – dwang, manipulering of propaganda – gebruik ten einde die teikens te verander. Die belangrikste dryfkrag van hierdie tesis was die oorredende taktieke of tegnieke wat deur letterkundige karakters toegepas kan word in poging om verandering in ander letterkundige karakters aan te moedig. Die studie het ook nagegaan of addisionele oorredende interaksies ingespan word om verandering in ander te motiveer en of teen-oorredende optrede gebruik word om weerstand te bied teen die voorgestelde verandering. Hoofstuk Een stel die aspek van oorreding bekend soos dit by oorredingspraktisyns en deskundiges aangebied word, en gee die raamwerk van die studie as geheel. Hoofstuk Twee onderneem die literatuurstudie oor die doelstellings-planne-optrede (DPO)-model as deel van die sielkundige teorieë oor oorredende boodskappe soos gelewer deur verskeie persone wat in interaksie tree. Hierdie model voorveronderstel redes vir oorreders om sekere planne te ontwikkel vir die bereiking van hulle doelstellings. Hoofstuk Drie word gewy aan Le ka nketsang en Mpowane as die geselekteerde dramatekste uit die tydperk 1981 tot 1989. Hoofstuk Vier konsentreer op Bana ba khomo tsa batho en Tsiketsing sa qomatsi uit die tydperk 1990 tot 1999. Hoofstuk Vyf dek die letterkundige tydperk 2000 tot 2006, en analiseer die twee dramatekste Ha le fahloe habeli en Leholimo la phetloa. Hoofstuk Ses kom tot gevolgtrekking na aanleiding van die bevindings oor oorredende strategieë en maak waarnemings, per hoofstuk, oor die oorredende pogings van elke letterkundige tydperk.

Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The expression of aspect in Sesotho within the framework of the principles, properties and mechanisms of three different components of grammar, i.e. the syntactic, morphological and semantic components, has been established in a broader context. The application of the terms aspect and tense in the existing grammatical descriptions of the Sesotho verbs, however, has proved to be problematic. This is largely owing to the fact that these categories are established in Sesotho on the basis of notional distinctions. This study aims to examine comprehensively, firstly, the morphosyntactic system of Sesotho, in order to determine the range of categories that express grammatical aspect, which includes the Perfective and Imperfective aspects in Sesotho. The perfective-imperfective opposition is a particular area of focus in this study, and comprises the different tenses which are involved in the meaning of the situation types (activities, achievements, accomplishments and states). In this regard, questions relating to the distinctive properties of tense and aspect in Sesotho, namely: (i) the aspect categories that occur in the full range of tenses in Sesotho, (ii) the aspect categories that occur in deficient verb constructions, and (iii) the theoretical treatment of the relationship between aspect and the aspectual classes of verbs (activities, achievements, accomplishments and states) in Sesotho, undergo detailed examination and investigation in this study. Secondly, the study both defines and explores the theoretical frameworks pertaining to the analysis of: (i) the correlation between the Sesotho aspect system and the relationship between situation types and grammatical aspects in Sesotho, (ii) the distribution of aspectual classes of verbs with respect to grammatical aspect and temporal adjunct (for- adverbial and in- adverbial) categories in Sesotho, and (iii), the effect on telicity of certain complement categories on the inner temporal structure of aspectual verb classes. The study establishes the premise that the syntactic evidence for telic events in Sesotho usually turns on the feature of completion which involves the interaction of duration and a change of state. Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate that the existence and application of the durative adverbial provides syntactic evidence for atelic events. The argument for the causes and dynamics of the telic/atelic dichotomy, as approached in this study, is based on crucial shifts which are triggered by either completive or durative adverbials when appearing with situation types.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die wyse waarop aspek in Sesotho tot uitdrukking kom binne die raamwerk van die beginsels, eienskappe en meganismes van drie verskillende komponente van die grammatika, naamlik die sintaktiese, morfologiese en semantiese komponente, is binne ‘n breër konteks vasgestel. Die toepassing van die terme aspek en tempus/tydsaanduiding in die bestaande grammatikabeskrywings van die Sesotho werkwoorde, blyk egter problematies te wees. Dit moet grootliks toegeskryf word aan die feit dat hierdie kategorieë in Sesotho op grond van begripsonderskeidinge gevestig geraak het. Die doel van hierdie studie is eerstens om ‘n omvattende ondersoek van die morfosintaktiese sisteem van Sesotho te doen ten einde vas te stel wat die omvang van die kategorieë is wat grammatiese aspek uitdruk. Dit sluit die Perfektiewe en Imperfektiewe aspekte van Sesotho in. Die perfektum – imperfektumopposisie is ‘n besondere fokus area in hierdie studie en dit behels die verskillende tye van die werkwoord wat betrokke is die betekenis van die situasietipes (aktiwiteite, verrigtinge, afhandeling en toestande). In hierdie verband word vrae wat betrekking het op die distinktiewe eienskappe van tempus en aspek in Sesotho, naamlik (i) die aspekkategorieë wat in die volle reeks tye in Sesotho voorkom, (ii) die aspekkategorieë wat in gebrekkige/ontoereikende werkwoordkonstruksies en (iii) die teoretiese hantering van die verhouding tussen aspek en die aspektiese klasse werkwoorde (aktiwiteite, verrigtinge, afhandeling en toestande) in Sesotho in hierdie studie in besonderhede ondersoek en nagevors. Tweedens omlyn en verken die studie die teoretiese raamwerke wat betrekking het op (i) die korrelasie tussen die Sesotho aspeksisteem en die verband tussen situasietipes en grammatikale aspekte in Sesotho, (ii) die distribusie van aspektiese werkwoordklasse ten opsigte van grammatiee aspek en temporele adjunkkategorieë (vir – adverbiale en in – adverbiale) in Sesotho, en (iii) die effek op “telicity” telisiteit van sekere komplementkategorieë op die binneste temporele struktuur van die aspektiese werkwoordklasse. Die verhandeling poneer die premis dat die sintaktiese bewys vir “telic” telies gebeure in Sesotho gewoonlik die kenmerk van voltooidheid aktiveer wat die interaksie van tydsduur en ‘n verandering van toestand betrek. In teenstelling hiermee beoog hierdie tesis om te demonstreer dat die bestaan en toepassing van die duratiewe adverbiale aspek sintaktiese bewys verskaf vir “atelic” gebeure. Die argument vir die oorsake en dinamika van die “telic/atelic” digotomie, soos in hierdie studie benader, is gebaseer op deurslaggewende verskuiwings wat teweeggebring word deur òf voltooide òf duratiewe adverbiale aspekte wanneer hulle saam met situasionele tipes voorkom.
KGUTSUFATSO: Tshebediso ya aspekte Sesothong e sibollotswe ka moelelo o pharalletseng ho sebedisitswe moralo wa molawana o bontshang dikarolwana tse tharo tse fapaneng tsa kwahollopuo e leng: kahopolelo/sintheks, kahontswe/mofoloji, moelelo/ semanthiks. Tshebediso ya aspekte le lekgathe ke bothata bo teng ditlhalosong tsa kwahollopuo ya dihlopha tsa maetsi Sesothong. Bothata bona bo amana le dikarolo tse latelang: Lebaka ke hobane aspekte le lekgathe di thehilwe ho latela phapano ya tsona mekgahlelong ya Sesotho. Tabeng ya pele, boithuto bona bo hlahloba ka botlalo tshebediso ya kamano ya mantswe le dipolelo (morphosyntactic system) ho hlalosa lethathama la mekgahlelo e bontshang aspekte kwahollopuong, ho kenyelleditswe diaspkete tse bontshang phethahalo (Perfective) le tse sa bontsheng phethahalo (Imperfective). Phapano pakeng moelelo o bontshang phethahalo (Perfective) le tsa moelelo o sa bontsheng phethahalo (Imperfective) ke e nngwe e toboketswang ka hara boithuto bona e bile e na le mefuta e fapaneng ya lekgathe mmoho le dihlopha tsa maetsi a bontshang (ketso (activity), phihlello e bontshang nako e telele (accomplishment), phihlello e etsahalang ka potlako (achievement) le boemo (state)). Ka tsela ena dipotso tse tobaneng le ditshobotsi tsa lekgathe le aspekte Sesothong, e leng (i) mekgahlelo ya aspekte e fumanwang lethathamong la lekgathe Sesothong, (ii) mekgahlelong ya aspekte e fumanwang dipolelong tsa mahaelli/mathusi, le (iii) mohopolo wa tshebediso ya kamano e teng pakeng tsa aspekte le dihlopha tsa maetsi a yona a bontshang (ketso (activity), phihlello e bontshang nako e telele (accomplishment), phihlello e etsahalang ka potlako (achievement) le boemo (state)) Sesothong. Tabeng ya bobedi, boithuto bona bo hlalosa ka bophara moralo wa mohopolo o amanang le manollo ya: (i) kamano e teng pakeng tsa tshebetso ya aspekte Sesothong le dihlopha tsa maetsi le kwahollopuo ya aspekte Sesothong, (ii) kabo ya dihlopha tsa maetsi ho latela aspekte ya teng kwahollopuong le ho mahlalosi a bontshang nako (hora ekasitana le ka hora) mekgahlelong ya Sesotho, hammoho le (iii) sekgahla sa mekgahlelo ya dipolelwana tsa tlatsetso tse itseng tse bontshang ketso e tswellang pele kapa e phethahatsang ho latela sebopeho se ka hare sa nako sa dihlopha tsa maetsi. Boithuto bona bo fumane bopaki ba dipolelo Sesothong hore diketso tse totobatsang phethahatso ya ditshobotsi tsa moelelo wa ketso e hlalosang phetelo/qetelo Sesothong di kenyelleditse le tshebedisano pakeng tsa botswelli le phetoho ya boemo. Le ha ho le jwalo boithuto bona bo rerile ho senola boteng le tshebediso ya mahlalosi a nako (hora le ka hora) a bontshang botswelli mme a nehelana ka bopaki bo netefatsang ketso e sa phethahalang mme e ka ikemela ka boyona e se na pheletso kapa diphetoho moelelong. Boithutong bona, bo bontshitse mabaka a phapanyetsano tshebedisong a thehilweng hodima ho phethahala le ho se phethahale le ho ritsa ha moelelo ho bakwang ke mahlalosi a bontshang phethahatso le botswelli ha a hlahella hammoho le dipolelo tsa dihlopha tsa maetsi.

Thesis (PhD)--University of Stellenbosch, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines space and characterization in Sesotho novels focussing on three main categories such as the space of travelling characters; the space of migrating characters; and the space as an abstraction. CHAPTER 1 introduces the aims of study as well as the theoretical framework which forms the basis on which the study is analysed. The notions of space and character are discussed within the theoretical framework of structuralism, and the focus is placed on narratology. CHAPTER 2 studies the travelling characters, focus is on Mofolo's novels, Moeti wa botjhabe/a and Pitseng which depict two types of space where one space is presented as traditional, and the other as a westernized space. The traditional and westernized spaces are symbolized by means of bad and good characters respectively. The good characters are depicted as angels, and the bad characters as monsters. CHAPTER 3 examines the space of migrating characters that leave their rural spaces for the urban spaces. Their characters are shown by means of changes that they experience at different spaces. In most of the novels examined, characters are motivated by certain desires to act in a particular way, and the change in them is the result of a crucial situation in life, hence we say characterization and space in those novels are reconciled in an appropriate way. CHAPTER 4 deals with the space as an abstraction which shows how the characters' personalities are affected by the political, psychological and socio-economic factors. Characterization in these novels is good except in Makappa's novel, Thatohatsi. In CHAPTER 5 we look as to whether the novels are good or bad in terms of literary appreciation and conclusion is drawn to the effect that it is not heredity that makes up a character, but the social environment. This is achieved through the literary aspects such as the way conflict is handled, types of characters and the portrayal of the space in which the characters live.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing wat hierdie proefskrif gedoen is het die soeklig op ruimte en karakterisering in Sesotho novelles laat val. Klem is op drie hoof-kateqorie gele. uimte wat deur rondreisende karakters ingeneem word, die ruimte wat deur nomadiese of rondtrekkende karakters beslaan word, en ruimte as n bepaalde begrip. Hoofstuk 1 stel die leser voor aan die doelwitte van die navorsing, sowel as die teoretiese raamwerk wat die grondslag waarop die studie berus, vorm. Die begrippe 'ruimte' en 'karakter' word binne die teoretiese raamwerk van die strukturalisme bespreek en die fokus word in hierdie geval op die vertelkunde geplaas. Hoofstuk 2 Ie klem op rondreisende karakters en ondersoek Mofolo se novelles Moeti wa botjhabela en Pits eng waarin twee soorte ruimtes uitgebeeld word; naamlik, tradisionele ruimte en verwesterse ruimte. Tradisionele en verwesterse ruimtes word onderskeilik deur slegte en goeie karakters versinnebeeld. Die goeie karakters word as engele uitgebeeld, terwyl die slegte karakters as monsters voorgestel word. In Hoofstuk 3 word die ruimte van die nomadiese karakters wat hulle plattelandse ruimte vir 'n stedelike ruimte verruil, ondersoek. Hierdie karakters word deur middel van veranderinge wat in verskillende ruimtes plaasvind, voorgestel. In die meeste novelles wat ondersoek is, het die karakters op n sekere manier opgetree omdat hulle deur bepaalde begeertes daartoe gedryf is. Die verandering in die lewens van hierdie karakters as gevolg hiervan, kan dan beskou word as die direkte gevolg van sekere deurslaggewende gebeurtenisse. Karakteriseering en ruimte word dus in hierdie novelles op n geskikte wyse met mekaar verbind. Hoofstuk 4 neem die begrip 'ruimte' onder die loep om sodoende aan te dui hoe die karakters se persoonlikhede deur politieke, sielkundige en sosio-ekonomiese faktore beinvloed word. Karakterisering in hierdie novelles is geslaagd, behalwe in Makappa se novelle Thatohatsi. In Hoofstuk 5, word aandag geskenk aan die beoordeling van die novelles in terme van die hulle literere waarde en daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat dit nie oorerflike eienskappe is wat gestalte aan 'n bepaalde karakter gee nie, maar veel eercer sy omgewing. Oit word veral duidelik as gelet word op bepaalde literere aspekete soos die manier waarop konflik uitgebeeld word, asook die beskrywing van die ruimte waarin die karakters hulle bevind.

Thesis (MA) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines data from account-giving in Sesotho. Am account-making process according to Warren (1989), is more like a "life in motion" in which individual characters are portrayed as moving through their experiences, dealing with some problem in their lives and at the same time diligently searching for a resolution. It is then this quest to understand the major stresses in each individual's mind that is at the core of this study. The reasons that lead to the result of the daily experiences of destitution, depression, death, disability etc, are also addressed here. Narrative accounts form the basis of moral and social events and as such, stories have two elements through which they are explored. They are explored firstly in the way in which they are told and secondly, in the way they are lived in the social context. These stories follow a historically or culturally based format, and to this effect, Gergen (1994) posited narrative criteria that constitute a historically contingent narrative form. Narrative forms are linguistic tools that have important social functions to satisfactorily fulfil such needs as stability narrative, progressive narrative and regressive narrative.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek data oor verslagdoening in Sesotho. 'n Verslagdoeningsproses is volgens Warren (1989) soos 'lewe in beweging', waarin individuele karakters voorgestel word as dat hulle beweeg deur ervarings, en een of ander probleem in hulle lewe aanspreek, en terselfdertyd soek na 'n oplossing. Dit is hierdie soeke om die spanninge te verstaan in die denke van elke individu wat aan die kern van hierdie studie lê. Die redes wat lei tot die resultaat van die daaglikse ondervindings van eensaamheid, depressie, dood, gestremdheid, ens. word ook beklemtoon in hierdie studie met verwysing na Sesotho verslagdoenings. Narratiewe verslagdoening vorm die basis van morele en sosiale gebeure, en as sulks, vorm dit die twee elemente waardeur hulle ondersoek word. Dit word ondersoek, eerstens deur die wyse waarop dit vertel word en tweedens, deur die wyse waarop dit beleef word in die sosiale konteks. Hierdie stories volg 'n histories of kultureel-gebaseerde formaat en, tot hierdie effek, het Gergen (1994) narratiewe kriteria gepostuleer wat 'n histories afhanklike narratief vorm. Narratiewe vorme is linguistiese gereedskap wat belangrike sosiale funksies het om behoeftes te vervul aan stabiliteit narratiewe, progressiewe narratiewe, en regressiewe narratiewe.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The break and bend verbs in Sesotho are investigated with a view to account for the unique properties of these verbs. The study gives a full account of the predicate argument structure of break and bend verbs. In Sesotho we have three types of predicates, namely, one-place, two-place and three-place predicates. The study also focuses on the number of arguments these verbs may assign. Some of these verbs are intransitive and therefore they assign one argument, which is an external argument. Other verbs are transitive and as such they assign more than one argument (i.e. external and internal arguments). These verbs are investigated as to whether they would select certain arguments to appear with them and it was found that when they do, they also select semantic features which these arguments must have in order to appear with such verbs. These verbs are also examined with the view to account for their difference. It was found that certain bend verbs show the same syntactic properties as the break verbs, except those bend verbs name reverse actions. Another observation was that not all break and bend verbs have zero-related nominaIs. When they do, the nominals describe the result of the action named by the verb. The study investigate these verbs as to whether they would allow cognate objects, verbal alternations and derived verbs (in the case of bend verbs), and it was found that some of them would allow such lexical items.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die breek en buig werkwoorde in Sesotho is ondersoek met die doel om die unieke kenmerke van hierdie werkwoorde te bepaal. Die studie verskaf 'n beskrywing van die predikaat argumentstruktuur van breek en buig werkwoorde in Sesotho. Ons het drie tipes predikate, te wete eenplek, tweeplek en drieplek predikate. Die studie fokus ook op die aantal argumente wat hierdie werkwoorde kan toeken. Sommige van hierdie werkwoorde is onoorganklik, derhalwe ken hulle een argument toe wat ekstern is. Ander werkwoorde is oorganklik, sodat meer as een argument, te wete ekstern en intern, toegeken word. Daar is ook ondersoek of hierdie werkwoorde argumente kan selekteer om met hulle te verskyn, en dit is bevind dat as hulle dit doen, hulle ook die semantiese kenmerk selekteer wat hierdie argumente moet he as hulle saam met daardie werkwoorde verskyn. Hierdie werkwoorde is ondersoek met die doel om hul verskil te bepaal. Daar is bevind dat sommige buig werkwoorde dieselfde sintaktiese eienskappe het as die breek werkwoorde, behalwe dat buig werkwoorde ook reversiet is. 'n Verdere kenmerk is dat nie alle breek en buig werkwoorde voorkom met nul-verwante nominaIe. As hulle dit doen, beskryf die nominale die uitslag van die handeling in die werkwoord. Daar is ondersoek of kognitiewe voorwerpe, werkwoord alternasies en afgeleide werkwoorde toegelaat kan word, en daar is bevind dat sommiges dit toelaat.

Projeto de Pós-Graduação/Dissertação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Medicina Dentária
Um dos principais objetivos do tratamento Endodôntico é a tentativa de conseguir conduzir o sistema de canais radiculares a um ambiente de assepsia, sendo este conseguido através da eliminação dos microrganismos nocivos à cicatrização dos tecidos, permitindo assim a cura da infeção e posterior restabelecimento da função do dente. O tratamento endodôntico, seja preconizado numa ou em múltiplas sessões, visa a criação de condições ótimas para a obturação e selamento tridimensional dos canais radiculares. Assim, a seleção da modalidade de tratamento endodôntico terá de se basear, primeiramente, numa avaliação rigorosa do dente, propriamente dito, quanto à sua condição fisiopatológica pulpar e periapical, acessibilidade, caraterísticas morfológicas dos canais radiculares e restaurabilidade Uma das questões que mais se tem debatido é se o tratamento endodôntico numa sessão, possibilita que se atinjam tais condições, permitindo, portanto, alcançar os objetivos biológicos e mecânicos exigidos. Neste contexto, em que na atualidade paira a controvérsia e a incerteza sobre qual o procedimento mais indicado para a prática clínica, o objetivo deste trabalho foi, após efetuar uma revisão da literatura científica existente, tentar perceber se é mais indicado iniciar o tratamento e finaliza-lo na mesma sessão ou proceder a obturação na consulta seguinte. Hoje, devido aos avanços das técnicas de instrumentação e irrigação, que tem tornado o tratamento endodôntico mais eficaz num menor período de tempo, a sessão única é cada vez mais preconizada pelos profissionais. O sucesso será garantido se os procedimentos clínicos forem integralmente cumpridos e o tipo de modalidade escolhida resultar da reflexão das características de cada caso em particular. One of the main goals of Endodontic treatment is the attempt to achieve leading the root canal system to an aseptic environment, which is achieved through the elimination of the microorganisms that are harmful to the healing of tissues, allowing this way the healing of the infection and subsequent restoration of the tooth function. Endodontic treatment, whether recommended in one or in multiple sessions, aims to create optimal conditions for the tridimensional filling and sealing of the root canals. Thus, the selection of the type of endodontic treatment must be based, first, in a rigorous evaluation of the tooth itself, as far as its pathophysiological pulp and periapical condition, accessibility, morphological characteristics of the root canals and restorability are concerned. One of the most discussed issues is whether endodontic treatment in one session, enables one to get such conditions that allow the required mechanical and biological objectives to be achieved. In this context, in which nowadays hangs the controversy and the uncertainty about what the most suitable procedure for clinical practice is, the aim of this work, after carrying out a review of the existing scientific literature, was trying to understand whether it is more appropriate to start treatment and finish it in the same session or proceed with the filling in a second session. Today, due to the advances in the instrumentation and irrigation techniques, which have turned the endodontic treatment in a shorter period of time most effective, a Single Visit is increasingly recommended by health professionals. The success will be ensured if the clinical procedures are fully performed and if the type of modality chosen results of the reflection of the characteristics of each particular case.

Submitted to the department of psychology in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master’s in Clinical Psychology in the faculty of Arts at the University of Zululand, 2018.
This study focused on exploring the different meanings that young South African Sesotho speaking males have about male circumcision. The believe is that due to the differences in the experiences, this should instigate for different constructs about the phenomenon. Trying to narrow the study, two groups of young Sesotho speaking males where established to work with comparatively; these are males which are medically circumcised and those that are traditionally circumcised. This study aimed at understanding the different social constructs which young circumcised Sesotho speaking males have to the phenomenon. The researcher followed a qualitative research method trying to unravel the topic. The researcher used snowball sampling to source his participant. The researcher gathered his data via personal interviews with participants and later analyzed it using IPA. It appeared that the meaning towards this phenomenon is really socially constructed rather than being universal. It varies according to ones beliefs, which are dictated by an individuals’ cultural, religious, and ethnic background. For some it is still highly considered a rite of passage to manhood. However, a controversial debate which forms part of the meaning of the phenomenon for others is that it plays a significant role of reducing chances of contracting HIV and other STI’s. Another interesting issue related to this phenomenon is the subject of the psychological and physical risks and benefits linked to the procedure. The findings of this study suggested that, even though medical circumcision may be highly recommended, it still leaves a room for doubt whether it is really safer than traditional circumcision. The study discovered that medically circumcised males suffered from both physical and psychological complications. With the repelling forces between the two dimensions of the phenomenon (medical and traditional), considering the health and safety of these young males, the question at hand is that how will our nation strike a balance between the two and yet posses their different meanings attached to the phenomenon.

Lo scopo primario di questa tesi è la valutazione dell’efficienza energetica tramite il calcolo dell’indice R1 discriminante la termovalorizzazione e lo smaltimento. Per il calcolo del R1 sono state seguite le indicazioni europee , che si basano sul metodo indiretto per il calcolo del rendimento termico della caldaia. Inoltre, questa tesi, si pone anche l’obbiettivo di introdurre il concetto dell’economia circolare per giustificare uno dei motivi principali per il revamping previsto dell’impianto attuale. . A tale scopo, sarà fornita la descrizione preliminare del nuovo impianto dedicato al trattamento dei fanghi, con particolare attenzione all’analisi delle sezioni interessate al processo nonché della metodologia del recupero del fosforo che concludono lo schema previsto per l’applicazione dell’economia circolare.

This thesis examines the argument structures of applicative and causative verbs in Sesotho, and proposes conditions which they must comply with. It is argued that the two conditions in question are in fact general conditions on argument structure rather than restrictions specific to the individual suffixes. The first, the Thematic Hierarchy Condition, which accounts for the unacceptability of unaccusative verbs and experiencer verbs with a Benefactive argument, follows from a universal tendency to have the highest thematic role as the external argument. The second, the Internal Argument Principle, which accounts for the unacceptability of the applicative and causative suffixes with verbs that take two obligatory internal arguments, follows from the fact that basic verbs across languages take no more than two internal arguments. It is argued that this second principle does not follow from Case Theory or Theta Theory.
This thesis also demonstrates that the distinction between structural and inherent Case plays an important role in morphology. It accounts for certain differences between causatives and applicatives, including the unacceptability of causative verbs with an S$ sp prime$ complement and the order in which the applicative and causative suffixes appear.

Thesis (DLitt)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation, the semantic and syntactic properties of deverbatives are analyzed in the context of Generative Lexicon theory, which is a model of lexical semantics. The aim of the analysis relates to the existence of the relationship between nominals derived directly from an event description and their inheritance of the properties of that event. The deverbal nouns in Sesotho are analyzed semantically within specific parameters taking into account the deverbal noun as a whole. This is done by viewing how word meaning interact with a set of generative mechanisms to account for the creative use of language. These mechanisms involve the levels of representations (i.e. argument, event and qualia structures) which provides information about the number and type of arguments; the event type of a lexical item and how these events are tied together within different relations. There are correlations between lexically encoded base forms and morphological derived forms. These correlations provide a need for a representational structure to distinguish between stage-level and individual-level nominals. Focusing on the role of events in the semantics of nouns, it is shown that stage-level and individual-level nouns differ in the type and the quantification of their defining event. This led to the adoption of the view that that nominals in general should be named after the events they each fulfil.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie proefskrif word die semantiese en sintaktiese eienskappe van deverbatiewe in Sesotho ontleed binne die raamwerk van Generatiewe Leksikonteorie, ‘n model van leksikale semantiek. Die doel van die analise hou verband met die verhouding tussen nominale direk afgelei vanaf ‘n gebeurtenis (‘event’) beskrywing en die oorerwing van die eienskappe van daardie gebeurtenis (‘event’). Die Sesotho deverbatiewe word semanties ontleed binne spesifieke parameters met inagneming van die semantiese eienskappe van die deverbatief as geheel. Dit word gedoen deur ‘n ondersoek te doen na hoe woordbetekenis in interaksie is met ‘n stel generatiewe meganismes om ‘n verklaring te bied vir die kreatiewe gebruik van taal. Hierdie meganismes betrek die vlakke van representasie (nl. argumentstruktuur, gebeurtenis (‘event’) struktuur en qualia-struktuur) wat inligting voorsien omtrent die getal en tipes argumente (dit is, uitdrukkings wat tematiese rolle het), die gebeurtenis (‘event’) tipe van ‘n leksikale item, en hoe hierdie gebeurtenisse (‘events’) saamhang binne verskillende verbande. Daar is korrelasies tussen leksikaal ge-enkodeerde basisvorme en morfologiesafgeleide vorms. Hierdie ko-relasies bied ‘n behoefte vir ‘n verteenwoordigende struktuur om te onderskei tussen fase-vlak (‘stage-level’) en individuele-vlak nominale. Daar word aangetoon, met fokus op die gebeurtenisse (‘events’) in die semantiek van naamwoorde, dat fase-vlak en individuele-vlak verskil in die tipe en die kwantifisering van hulle definieerbare gebeurtenis. Dit lei tot die aanvaarding van die siening dat nominale in die algemeen benoem moet word na die gebeurtenisse waaraan elk voldoen.

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A taxa de resposta sofre variações ao longo de uma sessão experimental livre-operante típica. Essas variações são ordenadas, e confiavelmente demonstradas com sujeitos de diferentes espécies, respondendo sob diferentes condições experimentais. Killeen (1995) postulou que as variações na taxa de resposta são uma função da interação entre excitação e saciação, e ofereceu um modelo matemático para essa hipótese. O presente estudo analisa o modelo de Killeen, demonstrando que, embora sólido em seus princípios, ele apresenta algumas falhas em sua implementação. Posteriormente, baseado nos mesmos princípios, é desenvolvido e testado um novo modelo da dinâmica motivacional intra-sessão. Também é demonstrado que, representando a excitação como uma variável com valores entre O e 1, é possível obter um modelo surpreendentemente simples da taxa de emissão de um livre-operante.
Operant response rate changes within the course of a typical free-operant experimental session. These changes are orderly, and reliably demonstrated with subjects from different species, responding under different experimental conditions. Killeen (1995) postulated that the response rate changes are a function of the interplay between arousal and satiation, and offered a mathematical model for this hypothesis. The present study analyzes Killeen's model, demonstrating that, although solid in its principles, it presents some flaws in its implementation. Then, based on the same principles, a new model of within-session motivational dynamics is built and tested. It is also demonstrated that, by representing arousal as a variable that ranges between 0 and 1, it's possible to obtain a surprisingly simple model of free-operant response rate.

Bibliography: pages 208-219.
The Auxiliary is a sadly neglected field of study in Southern African languages. The study investigates the syntactic and semantic behaviour of Auxiliaries in Sesotho. Having established that there is a category AUX in Sesotho, we then developed a descriptive framework in which auxiliaries in Sesotho participate. In this framework we posit as basic the three grammatical-semantic categories of verb phrases, namely, Tense, Aspect and Modality. The next major step was to develop formal tests which we used as defining characteristics for auxiliaries. We had to do this because the formal tests developed for English, for instance, do not work for Sesotho. The data used in this study represents samples of Sesotho as spoken by the native speakers. This work makes contributions in two areas. First, to language studies in Southern Africa and then to general linguistic theory. Since Tswana, Northern Sotho and Southern Sotho form one language group predict that the formal 'tests' we have suggested can be applied in the two Sotho languages as well. As far as Aspect, Tense and Modality are concerned, it is where this study makes a major contribution. Nowhere in Sesotho grammatical studies has either a tense or aspectual system of Sesotho been suggested or discussed. Modality has not even been referred to. In this regard the study is breaking new ground. We hope that a fresh debate will be initiated leading to vibrant discussions on comparative work. A number of studies on syntactic typology have been made. This study affords Sesotho its rightful place in the AUX debate.

La tesi mira ad analizzare i seguaci, l’entourage, di Sesto Pompeo, in un arco cronologico dal 42 a.C. anno della sua carica di praefectus classis et orae maritimae al 35 a.C. anno della sua morte. La tesi è suddivisa in tre capitoli. Il primo si concentra sulla vita di Sesto Pompeo e le sue attività belliche e diplomatiche; il secondo sui mezzi con i quali Sesto Pompeo è riuscito a mantenere il potere e la sua “propaganda”; infine il terzo capitolo si occupa di analizzare le vite dei suoi collaboratori, familiari, liberti o semplicemente proscritti che avevano trovato rifugio presso di lui. Si è potuto notare la centralità della figura di Sesto Pompeo nella tarda repubblica e dei suoi mezzi e metodici propagandistici all’interno di un sistema comunicativo variegato ma anche ben definito; l’importanza di personaggi, a prima vista “secondari”, nella vita e nelle decisioni politiche e militari nella vita di Sesto Pompeo.

Ingeniero Civil de Minas
El insesgo condicional es una propiedad deseada en un modelo de estimación de recursos. Esta propiedad indica que los recursos (leyes, tonelaje y metal) recuperados sobre cierta ley de corte, son iguales a los recursos estimados. Los estimadores geoestadísticos como el kriging generalmente producen estimaciones condicionalmente insesgados, dependiendo del tamaño y diseño de la vecindad de búsqueda. Poco se conoce sobre el sesgo condicional en un contexto multivariable, cuando el interés recae en la estimación conjunta de varias especies minerales. Para abordar este problema se analiza un caso de estudio correspondiente a un yacimiento ubicado en el norte de Chile. Los datos consisten en muestras de testigos de sondajes, con información sobre las leyes de cobre y arsénico. Estas leyes se encuentran altamente correlacionadas debido a que la mineralización ocurre principalmente en forma de enargita y tenantita. Además, a diferencia del cobre, falta la información de arsénico en algunos puntos de muestreo, lo que hace que el enfoque multivariable (cokriging) particularmente adecuado para esta estimación de recursos. La metodología considera los siguientes pasos. Primero las leyes de cobre y de arsénico son simuladas de manera conjunta, para crear modelos de referencias con los cuales se harán las comparaciones. Luego, usando las muestras de sondajes, las leyes serán estimadas separadamente mediante kriging y en conjunto mediante cokriging, usando una vecindad móvil que considera distintos números de datos en cada estimación. También son consideradas estimaciones mediante media de simulaciones y de cosimulaciones. Finalmente, el sesgo condicional es cuantificado aplicando leyes de corte de cobre o de arsénico (o de ambas especies) para mostrar la dependencia entre las variables estimadas. Para cuantificar el sesgo condicional se utilizan dos curvas, la primera muestra la ley media (estimada y real) en función de la ley de corte y la segunda muestra el tonelaje (estimado y real) en función de la ley de corte. Los resultados indican que el sesgo condicional es considerable cuando la vecindad tiene pocos datos, independiente del tipo de estimación (kriging o cokriging). También se observa una disminución del sesgo condicional cuando se utiliza cokriging en vez de kriging. Las estimaciones realizadas mediante simulación y cosimulación muestran un bajo sesgo condicional.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The classificatory system for features of humans in Sesotho has been investigated to show the unique nature of such human features. There are various models to handle the lexicon of a language and one of these models has been applied to Sesotho, i.e. the theory of the Generative lexicon. In chapter one attention has been given to the purpose of the study as well as various problems within lexical semantics such as lexical ambiguity. Chapter two is concerned with the theory of lexical semantics in which attention has been given to the various levels of representation of a noun in the lexicon. A representation has been given of the semantic entry of a noun in the Sesotho lexicon. Chapter three has the core of the study which investigates the semantic features of human nouns in Sesotho. Various semantic categories have been found within which such human nouns may be classified. The major categories contain nouns of humans with various physical and psychological features as well as nouns with features of various types of behaviour and features of wealth vs. poverty. Chapter four contains the conclusions of the study.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die klassifikasie sisteem vir kenmerke van mense in Sesotho is ondersoek met die oog op die unieke aard van sulke menslike kenmerke. Daar is verskillende modelle om die leksikon van 'n taal te hanteer en een van hierdie modelle is toegepas op Sesotho, d.i. die teorie van die Generatiewe leksikon. In hoofstuk een is aandag gegee aan die doel van die studie asook verskeie probleme binne die leksikale semantiek waaronder leksikale dubbelsinnigheid. Hoofstuk twee handeloor die teorie van leksikale semantiek waarin aandag gegee is aan die verskillende vlakke van representasie van 'n naamwoord in die leksikon. 'n Voorstelling is gegee van die semantiese representasie van 'n naamwoord in die Sesotho leksikon. Hoofstuk drie bevat die kern van die studie wat handeloor semantiese kenmerke VIr naamwoorde wat mense aandui. Verskeie kategorieë is gevind waarin sulke naamwoorde tereg kom. Die belangrikste kategorieë bevat naamwoorde van mense met verskillende fisiese en psigologiese kenmerke asook naamwoorde wat dui op gedragspatrone en rykdom teenoor armoede. Hoofstuk 4 bevat die konklusies van die studie.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The subject of this study is the polysemy of the motion verbs in Sesotho. Motion verbs can be classified as verbs of process or transition. This study examines the semantic and the syntactic properties of motion verbs in Sesotho. These motion verbs include verbs denoting process e.g. -ya, -tla, -tsamaya, -baleha, -nyoloha and -theoha as shown in the sentences below: a. Monna 0 ya toropong. 'The man goes to town' b. Bashanyana ba tsamaya thoteng. 'The boys walk in the veld' c. Bana ba tla hae. 'The children come home' d. Bashemane ba balehile mophatong. 'The initiates run away from the initiation school' e. Tshwene e theoha sefateng. 'The baboon descends from the tree' f. Banna ba nyoloha thaba. 'Men ascend the mountain' The study demonstrates that motion verbs in Sesotho are semantically divided into verbs denoting 'to go' e.g. -ya, verbs denoting 'to walk', e.g. -tsamaya, verbs denoting 'to run away', e.g. -baleha, verbs denoting to ascend, e.g. -nyoloha, verbs denoting to descend, e.g. -theoha. The study further demonstrates that these verbs are canonically intransitive. The study provides evidence that motion verbs are characterized by specific selection restrictions and event structures. The study further demonstrates that motion verbs are used with different subjects denoting (groups of) people, animals, abstract nouns, mass nouns, nouns denoting food, intoxicating and nonintoxicating liquids, natural phenomena, artifacts, natural object, possession/property, humans and animals. Lastly the lexical conceptual paradigm, providing the different word senses of each verb, is examined.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die onderwerp van hierdie studie is die polisemie van bewegingswerkwoorde m Sesotho. Bewegingswerkwoorde kan gekarakteriseer word as werkwoorde van proses (aktiwiteit) of transisie. Hierdie studie ondersoek die semantiese en sintaktiese eienskappe van bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho. Hierdie werkwoorde sluit in werkwoorde wat 'n proses (aktiwiteit) aandui, byvoorbeeld -~, -tla, -tsamaya, -baleha, -nyoloha en -theoha, soos geïllustreer in die volgende sinne: a. Monna 0 ya toropong. 'Die man gaan dorp toe' b. Bashanyana ba tsamaya thoteng. 'Die seuns loop in die veld' c. Bana ba tla hae. 'Die kinders gaan huis toe' d. Bashemane ba balehile mophatong. 'Die inisiante hardloop weg van die inisiasieskool' e. Tshwene e theoha sefateng. 'Die bobbejaan daal afuit die boom' f. Banna ba nyoloha thaba. 'Die mans bestyg die berg' Die studie demonstreer dat bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho semanties geklassifiseer kan word in werkwoorde wat beteken 'om te gaan', bv. -~, werkwoorde wat beteken 'om te loop', bv. -tsamaya, werkwoorde wat beteken 'om (weg) te hardloop', bv. -baleha, werkwoorde wat beteken 'om te bestyg', bv. -nyoloha, en werkwoorde wat beteken 'om afte daal', bv. -theoha. Die studie demonstreer verder dat bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho tiperend onoorganklik is. Daar word aangetoon dat hierdie werkwoorde gekenmerk word deur spesifieke seleksiebeperkings en gebeure-strukture ('event structures'). Die studie toon op uitgebreide wyse aan dat bewegingswerkwoorde in Sesotho met onderwerpe gebruik kan word wat verskillende semantiese tipes verteenwoordig, en wat verskillende kenmerke het, insluitende onderwerpe wat menslike individue, groepe mense of diere aandui, abstrakte naamwoorde, massanaamwoorde, voedsel, vloeistowwe, natuurlike verskynsels, artifakte, natuurlike voorwerpe, of be sittings.

Projeto de Graduação apresentado à Universidade Fernando Pessoa como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do grau de Licenciado em Enfermagem
A insuficiência renal crónica consiste na perda progressiva e irreversível da capacidade renal de manter as suas funções normais apresentando assim sinais e sintomas sistémicos. Constitui assim um problema de saúde, pois na maioria dos casos a insuficiência renal crónica é diagnosticada num estado muito avançado, devido aos sintomas iniciais poderem ser pouco evidentes. O procedimento hemodialítico tem complicações potenciais e o enfermeiro deve estar apto a intervir nessas complicações. Neste estudo o objectivo foi saber quais as principais complicações que ocorrem durante uma sessão de hemodiálise. No sentido de dar uma resposta ao objectivo delineado para este estudo optou-se por uma revisão bibliográfica com metodologia descritiva e exploratória. Perante o resultado deste estudo foi possível ao autor verificar que as principais complicações presentes durante a sessão hemodialítica foram: hipotensão, hipertensão, cãibras, náuseas, vómitos e cefaleias. Assim constatou-se que as complicações mais comuns que ocorrem durante a hemodiálise envolvem alterações hemodinâmicas decorrentes do processo de circulação exterior e a remoção de um grande volume de líquidos num curto espaço de tempo. Verifica-se deste modo que o papel do enfermeiro é essencial para a monitorização, detecção e intervenção nas complicações hemodialíticas do mesmo modo que se torna fundamental para a obtenção de segurança e qualidade no procedimento hemodialítico devido a sua relação de proximidade com os doentes. Chronic renal failure is progressive and irreversible loss of kidney capacity to maintain their normal functions showing how systemic signs and symptoms. Provides a health problem, since in most cases the chronic renal failure is diagnosed in a very advanced state, due to the initial symptoms can be little evident. Who are undergoing hemodialysis procedure has potential complications and the nurse must be able to intervene in these complications. The objective of this study was to know what are the main complications that occur during the hemodialysis session. In order to give an answer to the objective outlined for this study opted for a literature review with descriptive and exploratory methodology. Before the result of this study it was possible to verify that the main present complications during the hemodialítica session were: hypotension, hypertension, cramps, nausea, vomiting and headaches. It was found that the most common complications that occur during hemodialysis involve hemodynamic changes arising from the outer circulation process and the removal of a large volume of liquids in a short space of time. It turns out this way that the role of nurses is essential for monitoring, detection and intervention in hemodialíticas complications in the same way that becomes essential for obtaining safety and quality under hemodialysis procedure due to his close relationship with patients.

Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has taken over every aspect of our daily lives, from commerce to leisure and even culture. Today, mobile phones, desktop computers, hand-held devices, emails and the use of the internet have become a central part of our culture and society. ICT has made us a global society, where people can interact and communicate efficiently. In order for South Africa to be competitive in the global economy, it will need to develop a workforce with appropriate Information Technology skills. Of necessity, these skills will extend to using a computers and developing appropriate software and technical support skills (DOE, 2008). This thesis represents a critical analytical study in that it explores the online Sesotho Information and Communication Technology (ICT). It aims at analysing terminology development in this area. The study aims to determine how Sesotho and ICT correlate and how the linguistic aspect plays a role in online ICT terminology. The focus is not on creating new terms but to analyze the already existing ICT terms available, with regards to linguistic rules and principles and to critique if they are of quality. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether there are other strategies that can be used in the development of this terminology. It also seeks to determine if the terms are easily accessible to students and if they are used at all. Terms will be sourced from the Department of Arts and Culture ICT term list, and the focus will be on extracting only terms that have to do with computer literacy. Other online sources that list Sesotho equivalents will also be considered. The study also assesses the quality of the terms created by the Department of Arts and Culture (DAC) together with the Department of Communications (DOC) for a multilingual ICT terminology list. Furthermore, the thesis explores whether the Sesotho equivalents adhere to the linguistic rules and principles of the language. The other question asked is whether the terms are used by the intended users and if they are easily accessible to the speakers of the language. This entire aspect of the thesis speaks to the notion of the intellectualization of African languages and in this case Sesotho in particular. Not only does the thesis engage with computer literacy terminology, it also presents a detailed literature review of studies and work that has been done in this field. The thesis engagement is also done by linking the backdrop of the history of Sesotho and the Basotho peoples.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
O exercício resistido desperta bastante interesse devido à magnitude de suas respostas metabólicas, hormonais e também com o gasto calórico total. Objetivos: estudar o comportamento da lactacidemia e parâmetros gasométricos arterializado através de uma técnica pouco invasiva (aparelho Abbott i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyser); estudar os ajustes hormonais (cortisol, GH e insulina) e quantificar o gasto calórico total durante exercício de leg press (LP) e supino reto (SR). Métodos: 10 estudantes do curso de educação física da UFSCar, idade 20,3 ± 4,2 anos, estatura 177,2 ± 4,6 cm, peso corporal de 74 ± 10 kg e IMC 23,8 ± 3,2 kg/m2 realizaram 4 séries de 10 repetições a 70% de 1RM com 3 minutos de intervalo em LP e SR. Foram analisados lactacidemia e escalas subjetiva de esforço (Borg e Omni) em repouso (Pré) e ao final de cada série. Os parâmetros gasométricos arterializados (paO2, paCO2, pH, HCO3 - e BE) foram analisados Pré e imediatamente após o término do esforço (Rec. 0’). Os hormônios cortisol, GH e insulina foram analisados em Pré e em diferentes momentos durante a recuperação (Rec.0’, Rec. 30’ e Rec. 90’). Os parâmetros ventilatórios (VO2, CO2 e VE) foram analisados durante toda a sessão. Resultados: Ocorreram elevações (P<0,05) nas concentrações médias (±DP entre Pré e 4a série) de lactato sanguíneo (LP 1,4±1,9mmol/l para 6,6±1,5mmol/l e SR 1,1±0,5mmol/l para 6,5±1,3 mmol/l); Borg (LP 10,6±2,2 para 15,5±2,1 e SR 9,7±2,3 para 15,1±1,9); Omni (LP 3,6±1,8 para 6,8±2,4 e SR 3,0±1,4 para 7,5±1,5) e paO2 (LP 80,5±6,4mmHg para 94,5±5,3mmHg e SR 80,5±6,4mmHg para 84,7±8,6mmHg). E reduções (P<0,05) em pH (LP e SR de 7,5 para 7,4); paCO2 (LP 34,1±3,1mmHg para 33±8,8mmHg e SR 34,1±3,1 mmHg para 32,3±3,1mmHg); HCO3 - (LP 27,7±1,5mmol/l para 19,5±2,9mmol/l e SR 27,7±1,5mmol/l...
Resistance exercise arouses great interest because of the magnitude of their responses metabolic, hormonal, and also with the total caloric expenditure. Objectives: To study the behavior of lactate and arterial blood gas parameters through a minimally invasive technique (Abbott i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer), to study the adjustments hormone (cortisol, GH and insulin) and quantify the energy expenditure total during exercise leg press (LP) and bench press (BP). Methods: 10 students of physical education UFSCar, age 20.3 ± 4.2 years, height 177.2 ± 4.6 cm, weight 74 ± 10 kg and BMI 23.8 ± 3.2 kg/m2 performed 4 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM with 3 minutes apart in LP and SR. Were analyzed blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion (Borg and Omni) at rest (Pre) and at the end of each set. Arterial gasometric parameters (PaO2, PaCO2, pH, HCO3 - and BE) were analyzed pre and immediately after the exercise (Rec 0'). Hormones cortisol, GH, and insulin were analyzed at different times pre-and during recovery (Rec.0', Rec 30' and Rec 90'). The ventilatory parameters (VO2, CO2 and VE) were measured throughout the session. Results: There were increases (P<0.05) in mean (± SD between Pre and 4th set) concentrations blood lactate (LP 1.4±1.9mmol/l to 6.6±1.5mmol/l and BP 1.1±0.5mmol/l to 6.5±1.3 mmol/l), Borg (LP 10.6±2.2 to 15.5±2.1 and BP 9.7±2.3 for 15.1±1.9), Omni (LP 3.6±1.8 to 6.8±2.4 and BP 3.0±1.4 to 7.5±1.5) and paO2 (LP 80.5±6.4 mmHg to 94.5±5.3mmHg and BP 80.5±6.4mmHg to 84.7±8.6mmHg). And reductions (P<0.05) in pH (LP and BP from 7.5 to 7.4), PaCO2 (LP 34.1±3.1mmHg to 33±8.8 mmHg and BP 34.1±3.1 to 32.3±3.1 mmHg); HCO3- (LP 27.7±1.5mmol/l to 19.5±2.9mmol/l and BP 27.7±1.5mmol/l to 20.7±3,0mmol/l) and BE (LP 4.8 to- 5.3 and BP 4.8 to -4.0), with no difference between LP and BP. Cortisol... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study examines the presentation of race relations in two Sesotho novels written after 1994. The purpose of the study is to establish whether or not post-apartheid Sesotho novels present race relations as they were presented during the apartheid era. The novels of focus are, N.S. Zulu's Nonyana ya Tshepo (The bird of hope) (1997) and T.W.D. Mohapi's Lehfaba fa fephako (The pain of hunger) (1999). The manner in which the authors who wrote during the two distinct eras presented the issue of race and presented race relations will be the focal point. At the end of this study it should be clear whether or not authors after 1994, that is, after the apartheid era continue to present race relations in an idealistic manner. During the apartheid era authors such Lesoro (1968) and Mophethe (1966) were very cautious when presenting race relations in their novels. The common factor in these novels is the portrayal of the white Afrikaner characters by the authors. White characters were portrayed as very merciful, good Samaritans and their relationship with their black counterparts were often harmonious and crisis free. Attributes of race such as racial discrimination, racial hatred, racial conflict and racial intolerance were seldom spoken about in those novels. This is reminiscent of the notorious apartheid laws, which prohibit freedom of press. White characters in some novels published during the apartheid era were not characters derived from real life. In N.S. Zulu's novel, Nonyana ya Tshepo we examine the portrayal of the characters from the two distinct races, black Africans and white Afrikaners. The author portrays the two groups of characters to be what Scholes (1981 :11) calls characters representative of a social class, race and a profession. Black characters are portrayed as the exploited, which are always inferior, submissive and subjected to racial discrimination by their white counterparts. White Afrikaners are portrayed as the exploiters, who are superior, oppressors and the ones who further the policy of apartheid. This state of affairs prompted the black Africans to develop hatred towards the Whites. Instead of idolizing their masters, Blacks do the opposite. Our main character, Tshepo who is said to be fathered by the white Afrikaner, is marginalized by his fellow Blacks and declared an outcast. In T.W.D. Mohapi's novel, Lehlaba la lephako, the main character, Seabata who lusts for power and wealth is seen struggling for both at the expense of his fellow black Africans. Seabata is used by his white boss, Sepanapodi, to maintain the legacy of apartheid. The narrator portrays Seabata in such a way that he could carry out his boss' mission. Seabata is power hungry and always likes to please his boss to attain that, even if that means creating enmity with his own black people. Seabata's socio-economic status makes him vulnerable to manipulation by Sepanapodi. Seabata was advised by his father that he should always strive to please his master in order to gain glory and wealth. He followed the advice slavishly and that left him devastated. He found himself at loggerheads with his colleagues, with the pastor, Nkgelwane, with a local teacher, Mohanelwa and with his wife, Mmabatho. Conflict between Seabata and the community is caused by the pain of hunger.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doelstelling van hierdie studie is om ondersoek in te stel of die twee Sesotho novelles wat na 1994 geskrywe is, die verhouding tussen verskillende rasse behandel. Die doel van die studie is om uit te vind of die Sesotho novelles wat gedurende die tydperk van apartheid die aanbieding van rasse-verhouding dek, soos wat dit aangewys was gedurende die tydperk van apartheid. Die ondersoek sal gedoen word met die vergelykking van twee novelles wat na 1994 geskrywe is, d.w.s. N.S. Zulu se Nonyana ya Tshepo en T.W.D. Mohapi se Leh/aba /a /ephako . Die manier waarop die twee skrywers wat gedurende die twee afsonderlike tydperk, die kwessie van rasse behandel, en hoe hulle dit aangebied het, sal die fokuspunt wees. Aan die einde van hierdie studie moet dit duideliker word aan die lesers tot watter mate die skrywers wat na 1994 geskryf het, d.w.s na die apartheid tydperk, nog die rasse-verhouding op 'n idealistiese manier aangebied het. Die skrywers wat gedurende die apartheid tydperk geskrywe het, soos Lesoro (1968) en Mophethe (1966) was baie versigtig toe hulle die rasse-verhouding in hulle novelles aangebied het. Die gewone faktor van hierdie novelles is die uitbeelding van die wit Afrikaners se karakters deur die skrywers. Wit karakters is altyd as baie barmhagtig, en as goeie Samaritane beskrywe, en hul verhouding teenoor hulle swart teenhangers is dikwels eensgesind en vry van krisis uitgebeeld. Die hoedanigheid van rasseonderskeiding wat rassehaat, rasse in stryd met mekaar, en rasse onverdraagsaamheid, is in daardie tyd seide van geskryf in die novelle. Dit herinner die leser aan die ongunstige apartheidswette wat nie vryheid van die pers toegelaat het nie. Wit karakters, in sommige novelle wat gedurende die tydperk van apartheid gepubliseer is, is nie karakters wat van die ware lewe afgelei is nie. In N.S. Zulu se novelle, Nonyana ya Tshepo word 'n uitbeelding gemaak van karakters van die twee afsonderlike rasse, die swart Afrikaners en die wit Afrikaners. Die skrywer beeld die twee groepe van karaktes as die wat Scholes (1981 :11) noem die wat verteenwoordigend van 'n sosiale klas, rasse en beroep is. Swart karakters is beskrywe as diegene wat geeksploiteer word, wat altyd as minderwaardige, onderworpe en mindere rasse beskou word. Hulle word gediskrimineer deur hulle wit landgenote. Wit Afrikaners is beskou as die eksploiteerders, wat die voortreflike onderdrukkers is en wat wat die beleid van apartheid laat voortgaan. Hierdie toestand het die swart Afrikaners gelei om haat te ontwikkel teenoor die Wittes. In plaas van om hulle meesters eer te bewys, het die swart Afrikaners die teenoorgestelde gedrag. Die hoofkarakter, Tshepo, wat geglo is dat hy kind van die wit Afrikaner is, is deur sy mense verban en as verworpeling verklaar. In T.W.D. Mohapi se novelle, Lehlaba la lephako het die hoofkarakter, Seabata, begeertes van mag en rykdom. Hy word opgelei as 'n stryder op koste van sy medemense, swart Afrikaners. Seabata is deur sy wit meester, Sepanapodi misbruik om die nalatenskap van apartheid te handhaaf. Die verteller beeld Seabata af op so 'n manier dat dit duidelik is dat Seabata sy baas se opdrag sou voortdra. Hy, Seabata het 'n wens om mag te he en bo alles om sy baas tevrede te stel op koste van ander swart Afrikaners, al maak dit hom 'n vyand van sy mense. Seabata se sosiale status het hom laat kwesbaar ge stel teenoor Sepanapodi se manipulasie. Sy vader het hom advies gegee dat hy altyd sy meester moes bevredig ter wille van glorie en rykdom. Hy het toe die advies van sy vader slaafs nagevolg, daarom het dit hom in 'n neerdrukkende gevoel laat eef. Aan die einde is hy in 'n konflik met andere soos sy kollegas, die plaaslike predikant, Nkgelwane, die onderwyser, Mohanelwa en sy vrou. Die stryd wat Seabata met al die mense in die gemeenskap het, is die oorsaak van hongersnood.

Orientador: Vilmar Baldissera
Banca: Claudio Alexandre Gobatto
Banca: Marcelo Papoti
Banca: Guilherme Gularte de Agostini
Banca: Gilberto Eiji Shiguemoto
Resumo: O exercício resistido desperta bastante interesse devido à magnitude de suas respostas metabólicas, hormonais e também com o gasto calórico total. Objetivos: estudar o comportamento da lactacidemia e parâmetros gasométricos arterializado através de uma técnica pouco invasiva (aparelho Abbott i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyser); estudar os ajustes hormonais (cortisol, GH e insulina) e quantificar o gasto calórico total durante exercício de leg press (LP) e supino reto (SR). Métodos: 10 estudantes do curso de educação física da UFSCar, idade 20,3 ± 4,2 anos, estatura 177,2 ± 4,6 cm, peso corporal de 74 ± 10 kg e IMC 23,8 ± 3,2 kg/m2 realizaram 4 séries de 10 repetições a 70% de 1RM com 3 minutos de intervalo em LP e SR. Foram analisados lactacidemia e escalas subjetiva de esforço (Borg e Omni) em repouso (Pré) e ao final de cada série. Os parâmetros gasométricos arterializados (paO2, paCO2, pH, HCO3 - e BE) foram analisados Pré e imediatamente após o término do esforço (Rec. 0'). Os hormônios cortisol, GH e insulina foram analisados em Pré e em diferentes momentos durante a recuperação (Rec.0', Rec. 30' e Rec. 90'). Os parâmetros ventilatórios (VO2, CO2 e VE) foram analisados durante toda a sessão. Resultados: Ocorreram elevações (P<0,05) nas concentrações médias (±DP entre Pré e 4a série) de lactato sanguíneo (LP 1,4±1,9mmol/l para 6,6±1,5mmol/l e SR 1,1±0,5mmol/l para 6,5±1,3 mmol/l); Borg (LP 10,6±2,2 para 15,5±2,1 e SR 9,7±2,3 para 15,1±1,9); Omni (LP 3,6±1,8 para 6,8±2,4 e SR 3,0±1,4 para 7,5±1,5) e paO2 (LP 80,5±6,4mmHg para 94,5±5,3mmHg e SR 80,5±6,4mmHg para 84,7±8,6mmHg). E reduções (P<0,05) em pH (LP e SR de 7,5 para 7,4); paCO2 (LP 34,1±3,1mmHg para 33±8,8mmHg e SR 34,1±3,1 mmHg para 32,3±3,1mmHg); HCO3 - (LP 27,7±1,5mmol/l para 19,5±2,9mmol/l e SR 27,7±1,5mmol/l... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Resistance exercise arouses great interest because of the magnitude of their responses metabolic, hormonal, and also with the total caloric expenditure. Objectives: To study the behavior of lactate and arterial blood gas parameters through a minimally invasive technique (Abbott i-STAT Portable Clinical Analyzer), to study the adjustments hormone (cortisol, GH and insulin) and quantify the energy expenditure total during exercise leg press (LP) and bench press (BP). Methods: 10 students of physical education UFSCar, age 20.3 ± 4.2 years, height 177.2 ± 4.6 cm, weight 74 ± 10 kg and BMI 23.8 ± 3.2 kg/m2 performed 4 sets of 10 repetitions at 70% 1RM with 3 minutes apart in LP and SR. Were analyzed blood lactate and ratings of perceived exertion (Borg and Omni) at rest (Pre) and at the end of each set. Arterial gasometric parameters (PaO2, PaCO2, pH, HCO3 - and BE) were analyzed pre and immediately after the exercise (Rec 0'). Hormones cortisol, GH, and insulin were analyzed at different times pre-and during recovery (Rec.0', Rec 30' and Rec 90'). The ventilatory parameters (VO2, CO2 and VE) were measured throughout the session. Results: There were increases (P<0.05) in mean (± SD between Pre and 4th set) concentrations blood lactate (LP 1.4±1.9mmol/l to 6.6±1.5mmol/l and BP 1.1±0.5mmol/l to 6.5±1.3 mmol/l), Borg (LP 10.6±2.2 to 15.5±2.1 and BP 9.7±2.3 for 15.1±1.9), Omni (LP 3.6±1.8 to 6.8±2.4 and BP 3.0±1.4 to 7.5±1.5) and paO2 (LP 80.5±6.4 mmHg to 94.5±5.3mmHg and BP 80.5±6.4mmHg to 84.7±8.6mmHg). And reductions (P<0.05) in pH (LP and BP from 7.5 to 7.4), PaCO2 (LP 34.1±3.1mmHg to 33±8.8 mmHg and BP 34.1±3.1 to 32.3±3.1 mmHg); HCO3- (LP 27.7±1.5mmol/l to 19.5±2.9mmol/l and BP 27.7±1.5mmol/l to 20.7±3,0mmol/l) and BE (LP 4.8 to- 5.3 and BP 4.8 to -4.0), with no difference between LP and BP. Cortisol... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Doutor

Thesis (MA. (African Languages)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
This research is aimed at encouraging and empowering the Northern Sotho speaking people to make use of idioms in their everyday communication. A deep explanation of idioms was done as to how, where and when to use them. It has been discovered that idioms are not properly used at different places and levels. The researcher urges people to make use of idioms because they are rich with cultural values such as love and respect. It is very important, therefore, to understand and use idioms correctly as they have the literal as well as the figurative meanings.

Introduction and purpose Bladder exstrophy (BE) is a rare malformation that involves not only the bladder, urethra and genital organs but also all of the pelvic floor and bones. Its prevalence is about 1/25.000-40.000 born in Italy and about 15 new cases are estimated each year. The disease affects males and females with a ratio of 2:1. The etiology is unknown. The effect of this malformation, affecting the urogenital complex, can be reflected on urinary continence and sexual life. These aspects can influence strongly the social life of patients. We evaluated both psychosexual and psychosocial aspects and sexual dysfunctional in adult with BE using a validated instrument. Materials and methods We conducted a survey using SESAMO (Sexuality Evaluation Schedule Assessment Monitoring). We evaluated a group of patients (cases) and a group of controls. All are invited to complete the male or female, single or partnership version of the instrument. The questionnaires are loaded into the program SESAME-Win and processed by the software SESAME-R. Both cases and the controls are analyzed in general and by sex and by emotional situation (single or partnership). We investigated the Areas found to be significant in the group of cases and not in the corresponding group of controls; in these Areas we analyzed individually every Items, highlighting the percentage of significant responses. We also assessed the state of continence about patients. Results This questionnaire is being distributed to 45 patients with BE, including 30 men (M) and 15 women (W) and 40 controls, 20 M and 20 W. 26 cases (17 M and 9 W), with a response rate of 57.7%, and 35 controls (18 M and 17 W) with a response rate of 87.5%, were finally included in analysis. With regard to the cases 16 (11 M and 5 W), completed the questionnaire as situation of “partnership” and 10 (6 M and 4 W) as "single". In group of controls 26 (14 M and 12 W) completed the questionnaire as situation of "partnership" and 9 (4 M and 5 W) as "single". Median age was 28 years in the Cases group and 30.5 in Controls. Environmental psychology and Lived Body Areas were significant in all groups of Cases (except in Females Total about Lived Body) and never in groups of controls. Desire Area is significant only in females Cases. Pleasure Areas are significant only in the groups of Controls and never in Cases. Remote Masturbation is significant, both in the group of Cases that Controls Females. Previous Experiential and the Sexual and Medical History are significant in all groups (except in the group of females controls about this last Area). Patients had a continence rate of 80, 7%. Conclusions Patients with bladder exstrophy have a tendency toward obsessive-compulsive disorder towards sexuality. They are dissatisfied about their free time, but they reached a satisfactory social position. They have a critical relationship with their parents and especially with mother, certainly more present in the clinical pathway. Especially with female patients, there is a lack of communication about sexuality. They present a difficulty to express and share their experiences, particularly sexuality, which they define like frustration experience. The body perception was very critical, more critical in single cases than in partnership. The areas of the body affected by the malformation are hated by themselves. Sexual dysfunction affects a high percentage of both sexes and the women seem to have more difficulty in having a satisfying sexual relationship. Sexuality appear a pathological experience in both single and partnership group. Singles are not satisfied with their emotional situation and even the frequency of sexual intercourse. Patients who live in a partnership use frequently masturbation not for his own pleasure but as act that substitute a complete sexual intercourse.
Introduzione e scopo dello studio L’Estrofia Vescicale-Epispadia (EV) è una rara patologia congenita caratterizzata da uno sviluppo incompleto della vescica e dell’uretra. La sua prevalenza varia da 1/25.000 a 1/40.000 nati ed in Italia si stima un'incidenza di circa 15 nuovi casi ogni anno. La patologia colpisce maschi e femmine con un rapporto di 2:1. L’etiologia non è nota. La patologia, colpendo l’apparato uro-genitale si riflette su elementi di primaria importanza, vale a dire la continenza urinaria e la vita sessuale. Tali aspetti possono condizionare fortemente la vita di relazione dei soggetti affetti. Scopo dello studio è stato quello di identificare sia gli aspetti psicosessuali e psicosociali che gli aspetti disfunzionali sessuali in soggetti affetti da EV. Materiali e metodi Abbiamo eseguito un’indagine strutturata mediante il questionario SESAMO (Sexuality Evaluation Schedule Assessment Monitoring - Boccadoro, Perillo 1996). Sono stati individuati due gruppi d’indagine: un gruppo di pazienti (casi) e uno di soggetti non portatori della patologia (controlli). Tutti i soggetti sono stati invitati a rispondere alla versione maschile o femminile, single o di coppia del questionario. I questionari sono stati caricati nel programma SESAMO-Win ed elaborati dal software SESAMO-R. Sia i Casi che i controlli sono stati analizzati sia in generale che divisi per sesso e situazione affettiva single/coppia. Sono state indagate le Aree risultate significative nel gruppo dei Casi e non nel corrispettivo gruppo dei Controlli; di tali Aree sono stati analizzati singolarmente i vari Item che le componevano, evidenziando la percentuale di risposte significative. Abbiamo inoltre valutato lo stato di continenza dei pazienti. Risultati Il questionario è stato consegnato a 45 pazienti affetti da EV di cui 30 maschi (M) e 15 femmine (F) e 40 controlli, di cui 20 M e 20 F. Hanno aderito allo studio 26 casi (17 M e 9 F), con un tasso di risposta di 57,7%, e 35 controlli (18 M e 17 F) con un tasso di risposta di 87,5%. In particolare per quanto riguarda i casi, 16 (61,5%) di cui 11 M e 5 F, hanno compilato il questionario come situazione affettiva di “coppia” e 10 (38,5%) di cui 6 M e 4 F come “single”; riguardo i controlli 26 (74,5%) (14 M e 12 F) hanno compilato il questionario come situazione affettiva di “coppia” e 9 (25,5) (4 M e 5 F) come “single”. L’età mediana è stata di 28 anni nel gruppo dei casi e 30,5 nei controlli. Le Aree Relati psicoambientali e Vissuto corporeo sono risultate significative in tutti i gruppi dei Casi (eccetto nei Casi Femmine totali per quanto riguarda il vissuto corporeo) e mai nei gruppi dei Controlli. L’Area Desiderio è significativa solo nei Casi Femmine. Gli Ambiti del piacere sono significativi solo nei gruppi dei Controlli e mai nei Casi. La Masturbazione remota è significativa sia nel gruppo dei Casi che dei Controlli Femmine. L’Esperienziale pregresso e l’ Anamnesi Medica e Sessuale sono significative in tutti i gruppi (eccetto nel gruppo dei Controlli Femmine per quest’ultima Area). I pazienti hanno presentato un tasso di continenza dell’80,7%. Conclusioni I pazienti affetti da estrofia vescicale presentano una spiccata tendenza all’ossessività che si manifesta sia nelle pratiche quotidiane che nei confronti della sessualità. Sono insoddisfatti del loro tempo libero ma circa la metà di essi ha raggiunto una condizione sociale soddisfacente. Presentano un rapporto critico con i propri genitori e in particolar modo con la madre, figura sicuramente più presente nel percorso clinico; specialmente nelle pazienti di sesso femminile si riscontra una carente comunicazione intrafamiliare riguardo alla sessualità. E’ emersa inoltre una difficoltà ad esprimere e raccontare le loro esperienze, in particolare quelle sessuali che definiscono frustranti. L’attenzione rivolta al “se’ corporeo” è risultata molto critica, più nei casi in situazione di coppia che nei single; le zone interessate dalla malattia e di conseguenza coinvolte negli interventi chirurgici sono le più odiate da essi. Le disfunzioni sessuali colpiscono in alta percentuale entrambi i sessi e nel complesso le donne sembrano avere più difficoltà ad avere un rapporto sessuale soddisfacente. La sessualità è vissuta in maniera patologica sia nel gruppo dei pazienti “single” che “coppie”. I pazienti single non sono soddisfatti della loro situazione affettiva e neppure della frequenza dei rapporti sessuali. I pazienti che vivono una situazione di coppia sono spinti ad attuare con maggiore frequenza la masturbazione non per proprio piacere ma come atto sostitutivo al rapporto sessuale completo.

Si la traduction est simplement définie comme un processus de communication bilingue dont le but général est de reproduire en langue cible un texte qui soit fonctionnellement équivalent au texte de départ (Reiss 2004 : 168-169), l’approche empruntée dans la présente thèse est celle d’une opération interculturelle et systématique qui vise à capturer le message issu d’une langue étrangère, à le décrypter en tenant en compte des nuances culturelles ou inhérentes à la discipline, et à le rendre le plus clairement possible en se servant d'éléments linguistiques et extralinguistiques compréhensibles dans la langue du locuteur cible. L'objectif est de déterminer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale du sesotho, domaine qui demeure peu exploré par les spécialistes de cette langue. La problématique de ce travail repose sur la constatation que les néologismes en sesotho ne sont pas documentés de manière satisfaisante, si bien qu’il est difficile d'évaluer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale. Les études antérieures sur la morphologie, la dérivation, la composition, l’emprunt et la dénomination s’appuient sur la mesure de la productivité, soulevant la question de savoir si la traduction en soi contribue à l’enrichissement terminologique du sesotho. Le point de départ de la thèse est l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’interaction avec le monde européen a nécessité de traduire de nombreux concepts qui n’existaient pas dans les systèmes traditionnels du Lesotho, ce qui a entraîné un nouveau dynamisme qui a permis de combler des lacunes terminologiques évidentes et de s’ouvrir et de s’adapter aux nouvelles réalités. Pour mettre cette hypothèse à l’épreuve et arriver à des conclusions éclairées et fiables, je cherche à répondre à trois questions : 1) Quelle est la structure des mots sesothos par rapport à celle de l’anglais en tant que langue source de traduction en sesotho, et du français en tant que langue de rédaction de la thèse ? 2) Etant donné que le sesotho est utilisé concomitamment avec l’anglais sans pour autant être la langue d'une culture inventrice en matière technologique, quel est le rôle que joue l’emprunt dans son expansion lexicale ? 3) D’un point de vue lexicologique, comment le sesotho répond-il aux besoins terminologiques dans les domaines de spécialité techno-scientifiques ? Pour y répondre, je m'appuie sur Doke (1954) et Matšela et al. (1981) pour situer le sesotho parmi les langues bantoues, préciser les fonctions du préfixe classificateur et établir la différence entre les composés sesothos d'une part et les composés anglais et français d'autre part. J’utilise ensuite la théorie avancée par Lederer (1990) pour démontrer l’influence syntaxique, sémantique et morphologique que l’anglais a sur le sesotho et pour présenter les différents procédés d’emprunt du sesotho. Diki-Kidiri (2008), Dispaldro et al. (2010) et Baboya (2008) démontrent la nécessité de faire appel aux informateurs-spécialistes pour confirmer l’hypothèse de départ. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence qu’en effet, la traduction a contribué à l’expansion du sesotho moderne, bien que cela n’ait pas été documenté, d’où la recommandation d'un travail collaboratif entre lexicologues au Lesotho, au Botswana, en Namibie et en Afrique du Sud, pour ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives d’études linguistiques sur le sesotho et pouvoir suivre et mesurer l’évolution de la langue
Whilst translation is simply defined as a communication process whose main objective is to reproduce in the target language a text that is functionally equivalent to the source text (Reiss 2004: 168-169), the approach taken in this study views translation as an intercultural and systematic operation whose objective is to capture the message from the foreign language, to decrypt it taking into account cultural nuances or those inherent in the field at hand and to render it in the clearest possible manner using linguistic and extra linguistic elements which are comprehensible to the speaker of the target language. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of translation to the lexical expansion of Sesotho, an area which has been little explored by specialists of the language. The core issue is centred on the observation that Sesotho neologisms are not well documented, so that it is hard to measure the contribution of translation towards the lexical expansion of Sesotho. Analyses of morphology, derivation, compounding, borrowing and denomination are mainly focused on productivity in order to determine whether translation as a discipline contributes towards the creation of new words in the language.The study begins by positing the hypothesis that the interaction with the Western world necessitated the translation of numerous concepts which were absent from the then existing Sesotho systems. This process of interaction contributed a new dynamism that helped the language to bridge the terminological gap, to open up and adapt to new realities. In order to put this hypothesis to the test and arrive at well-researched and reliable conclusions, I attempt to probe three issues of concern: firstly, what is the structure of the Sesotho language compared to that of the English language as the source language of most translations into Sesotho and compared to that of the French language as the language in which this study is presented? Secondly, considering that Sesotho is used simultaneously with English even though it is not a techno-scientifically inventing language, what is the role played by the processes of borrowing in the lexical expansion of Sesotho? Thirdly, from the word-formation point of view, how does Sesotho respond to the terminological deficiencies in various fields of specialisation?To address these issues, Doke (1954) and Matšela et al. (1981) serve as references to situate Sesotho among the Bantu languages, to highlight the functions of the class prefix and to establish the difference between Sesotho and English and French compounding. Secondly, the theory advanced by Lederer (1990) serves as a springboard to analyse the syntactic, semantic and morphological influences that English has on Sesotho and to present the different borrowing processes. The third issue is addressed based on the theories presented by Diki-Kidiri (2008) while the theories proposed by Dispaldro et al. (2010) and Baboya (2008) led to the decision to call upon specialist informants to confirm the original hypothesis. The results obtained provide evidence that translation has, in fact, contributed to the lexical expansion of modern Sesotho, even though this has not been well documented. The study recommends collaborative work between Lesotho, Botswana, Namibian and South African linguists in order to open new avenues of linguistic studies on Sesotho with the aim to measure and monitor the evolution of the language

Orientador: Manuel de Jesus Mendes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica
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Resumo: O presente trabalha mostra como utilizar a ferramenta CASE, nomeada EPOS, para especificar a implementação do protocolo da camada de Sessão do modelo OSI/ISO (unidades funcionais Kernel e FuII-dupIex ), considerando-se parte do projeto SISDI_MAP atualmente em andamento no Departamento de Computação e Automação Industrial - FEE - UNICAMP. Como produto da especificação obteve-se o código final, na linguagem "C", que em parte foi gerada automaticamente pelo EPOS
Abstract: The present work shows how to use a CASE tool, called EPOS, to specify an implementation of OS I/I SO Session layer protocol (Kernel and Full-duplex functional units), which is part of the SISDI_MAP project, presently under development in the Departamento de Computação e Automação Industrial - FEE - UNICAMP. A final code was obtained as a product of the specification, in "C" language, generated in part automatically by EPOS tool
Mestrado
Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

O Sistema Multidimensional de Categorização de Comportamentos na Interação Terapêutica (SiMCCIT) desenvolvido por Zamignani e Meyer em 2007 pretende descrever o que ocorre em sessões de psicoterapias por meio de categorias de comportamentos de terapeutas e clientes. A pergunta que o presente estudo pretendeu responder é se o eixo correspondente ao comportamento verbal vocal desse sistema é capaz de identificar diferenças entre terapias bem e mal sucedidas quando aplicado às quartas sessões. A avaliação das terapias foi feita com um critério misto definido por: a) os resultados do Inventário de Aliança Terapêutica (WAI), b) presença de comportamentos de melhoras e de análise e c) relato de outras mudanças de comportamentos do cliente. De um total de 25 terapias com as quatro primeiras sessões gravadas em áudio, seis foram consideradas bem sucedidas, seis mal sucedidas e 13 foram consideradas terapias com resultados intermediários. Foi realizada a categorização da quarta sessão das terapias bem sucedidas e das terapias mal sucedidas. Os dados sugerem a existência de algumas diferenças entre as sessões das terapias bem e mal sucedidas, embora não significativas estatisticamente. Nas sessões das terapias bem sucedidas observou-se que: a categoria Solicitação de Relato tendeu a ser um pouco mais frequente em todos os casos; a categoria Solicitação apresentou uma porcentagem discretamente maior e ocorreu uma correlação positiva entre facilitação e empatia. Nas sessões das terapias mal sucedidas constatou-se que: a categoria relato ou foi menos frequente ou mais frequente que nas sessões das Terapias Bem Sucedidas; quanto mais os clientes relatavam mais os terapeutas facilitavam seus relatos e que quanto mais os terapeutas solicitavam reflexões, mais metas os clientes se propunham a realizar. Como as diferenças da categorização não foram estatisticamente significativas em casos julgados diferentes concluiu-se que o eixo de comportamento verbal vocal do SiMCCIT diferenciou pouco as terapias bem e mal sucedidas. Algumas variáveis dificultaram a observação da capacidade do sistema de diferenciar as sessões das terapias bem e mal sucedidas: o número reduzido da amostra e o uso de apenas um dos eixos do sistema. Discutiu-se assim a necessidade de ampliar a amostra e utilizar outros eixos do sistema, como o de temas
The Multidimensional System for coding Behaviors in Therapist-Client Interaction (SiMCCIT), developed by Zamignani and Meyer, intend to describe what happens in psychotherapy sessions using behavioral categories of therapists and clients. The question that this study intended to answer was if this system is able to identify differences between successful and unsuccessful therapies. The assessment of therapy success was made with a mixed criterion defined by: (a) the results of the Working Alliance Inventory (WAI); (b) presence of improved behavior and analysis and (c) report of other changes in client behavior. In the total of 25 therapies with the first four sessions audio recorded, six were considered successful, six unsuccessful and 13 intermediate. The fourth sessions of successful and unsuccessful therapies were categorized. The data suggest some differences between the successful and unsuccessful therapy sessions, although not statistically significant. In the successful therapy sessions it was noted that: the category Request Report tended to be slightly more frequent in all sessions, the category Request showed a slightly higher percentage, and there was a positive correlation between Facilitation and Empathy. In the sessions of unsuccessful therapies it was found that: clients reported more or less than in successful therapies, the more clients reported more therapists facilitated their reports and that the more therapist asked reflections, the more goals clients proposed to undertake. Because the differences in categorization were not statistically significant in cases considered different it was concluded that the axis of vocal verbal behavior of SiMCCIT did not differentiate the successful from unsuccessful therapies. Some variables hampered the ability of the system to differentiate between sessions of successful and unsuccessful therapies: the reduced number of the sample and the use of only one of the axes of the system. It was discussed the need to expand the sample and use other axes of the system, such as themes

Este trabalho está dividido em dois capítulos. O primeiro aborda a distribuição espacial de microcrustáceos planctônicos nas zonas litorânea e limnética do lago Monte Alegre, situado em Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo, e a influência de fatores abióticos e bióticos sobre o desenvolvimento e a distribuição. Este capítulo utiliza dados de Ferreira (2013) referentes à zona limnética e constitui um manuscrito, que deverá ser submetido para publicação; os dados coletados e analisados neste trabalho foram os referentes à zona litorânea, bem como todo tratamento estatístico para a comparação entre as duas zonas. Foram analisadas amostras semanais do zooplâncton e seus predadores invertebrados, obtidas no mesmo período nas zonas litorânea e limnética, durante um ano, com o objetivo de estudar a flutuação ao longo do ano, sua reprodução e quais espécies de microcrustáceos planctônicos ocupam o litoral do lago; os fatores físicos e químicos avaliados no mesmo período das coletas foram utilizados para determinar as condições em que os organismos se encontram nas duas zonas. A distribuição das espécies planctônicas mais abundantes ocorreu em ambas as zonas, sendo que Bosmina tubicen e Diaphanosoma birgei mostraram preferência pela zona litorânea, enquanto Daphnia gessneri foi mais abundante na zona limnética e Ceriodaphnia richardi e Daphnia ambigua foram indiferentes quanto a sua distribuição nas zonas litorânea e limnética. Os copépodos distribuíram-se preferencialmente na zona pelágica. Maior concentração de carbono algal foi registrada na zona limnética em relação à zona litorânea, porém algumas algas podem apresentar características indigestas. Nossos dados indicam que o litoral possui condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimento de cladóceros planctônicos, sendo que a preferência de algumas espécies por essa zona poderia ser uma adaptação para diminuir a predação por invertebrados limnéticos. Embora o litoral tenha outros predadores, a mortalidade na zona limnética deve ser maior. O capítulo dois apresenta a distribuição horizontal da comunidade de microcrustáceos, especialmente os cladóceros, em três zonas do lago Monte Alegre - no banco de macrófitas, na borda do banco de macrófitas e na zona limnética - e o efeito desta distribuição sobre sua reprodução e tamanho. As amostragens de zooplâncton e medições de fatores físicos e químicos foram realizadas durante 18 dias, em intervalos de 3 dias. Também foram realizados experimentos em laboratório para analisar a influência da quantidade e qualidade do alimento sobre os parâmetros de tabela de vida de duas espécies de cladóceros encontradas no lago, utilizando o séston de cada zona. Fatores físicos e químicos do séston também foram avaliados no período dos experimentos. D. birgei mostrou preferência pela zona litorânea e D. ambigua pela zona limnética, enquanto C. richardi e D. gessneri não apresentaram preferência significativa. A qualidade do alimento não influenciou de maneira negativa o desenvolvimento de C. richardi e D. birgei, no período dos experimentos, podendo não ser o fator responsável por sua distribuição no lago. Já D. birgei apresentou diferenças significativas entre as zonas, quanto ao total de neonatos por fêmea, fecundidade média e máximo de neonatos por prole. Dessa maneira, a zona litorânea do lago Monte Alegre mostrou- se propícia ao desenvolvimento de cladóceros planctônicos; a qualidade do séston nesta zona não influencia de maneira negativa os parâmetros de tabela de vida de C. richardi e D. birgei.
This work is divided into two chapters. The first deals with the spatial distribution of planktonic microcrustaceans in the littoral and limnetic zones of the Lake Monte Alegre, located in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, and the influence of abiotic and biotic factors on the development and distribution. This chapter uses data from Ferreira (2013), concerning the limnetic zone and is a manuscript to be submitted for publication; the data analyzed in this study were those related to the littoral zone, as well as all the statistical analysis for comparison between the two zones. Weekly samples of zooplankton and their invertebrate predators, obtained in the same period in both zones were analyzed for one year, with the aim of studying the fluctuation throughout the year, its reproduction and which species of planktonic microcrustaceans occupy the littoral; physical and chemical factors were evaluated in the same period of the plankton samples to determine the conditions for the organisms in the two zones. The most abundant planktonic microcrustaceans distributed in both zones, Bosmina tubicen and Diaphanosoma birgei showing preference for the littoral, while Daphnia gessneri was more abundant in the limnetic zone and Ceriodaphnia richardi and Daphnia ambigua were indifferent, regarding both zones. Copepods occupied preferentially the pelagic zone. Higher concentration of algal carbon was recorded in the limnetic zone in relation to the littoral zone, but some algae may have indigestible features. Our data indicate that the shoreline of the lake has favorable conditions for the development of planktonic cladocerans, and the preference of some species for this area could be a strategy to reduce predation by limnetic invertebrates. Although the littoral has other predators, mortality in the limnetic zone might be higher. Chapter two presents the horizontal distribution of planktonic microcrustaceans, especially cladocerans, in three areas of the Lake Monte Alegre - within macrophyte stands, the edge of macrophyte stands and in the limnetic zone - and the effect of this distribution on their reproduction and size. Zooplankton samples and measurements of physical and chemical factors were carried out for 18 days at intervals of 3 days. Laboratory experiments were also performed to analyze the influence of the food quantity and quality on the life table parameters of two species of cladocerans from the lake, using the seston of each zone. Physical and chemical factors of the seston were also assessed during the experiments. D. birgei showed preference for the littoral and D. ambigua for the limnetic zone, while C. richardi and D. gessneri were indifferent. The food quality did not influence negatively the development of C. richardi and D. birgei and could be not the main factor responsible for their distribution in the lake. D. birgei showed significant differences between zones, such as the total neonates produced per female, average fertility, and maximum offsprings per clutch. Thus, the littoral zone of the Lake Monte Alegre was favorable to the development of planktonic cladocerans at the time of the experiments, the seston quality not influencing negatively the life table parameters of C. richardi and D. birgei.

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CNPq
Cada vez mais as corporações e instituições públicas desenvolvem aplicações móveis onde a segurança de autenticação é uma questão crítica. Sistemas biométricos são uma interessante abordagem, uma vez que usam características fisiológicas únicas de um indivíduo para autenticá-lo. A biometria de voz se destaca por não requerer o uso de transdutores adicionais em dispositivos móveis e por ter um modo de captura pouco incômodo para os usuários. Sistemas de autenticação que usam a voz de um usuário (locutor) sem levar em conta o que o mesmo diz são conhecidos como Sistemas de Verificação de Locutores Independente de Texto (SVLIT). Tais sistemas cadastram locuções para treinar o modelo de um locutor que será comparado posteriormente a uma locução de teste na autenticação. Os SVLIT, no entanto, estão sujeitos a operar com locuções de teste e treinamento capturadas em ambientes com níveis de ruído diferentes, aumentando a variabilidade intra-locutor e, consequentemente, diminuindo o desempenho. Esse tipo de discordância entre as locuções é conhecida como variabilidade de sessão. Este trabalho apresenta um novo SVLIT que lida com a variabilidade de sessão combinando o conhecido sistema de verificação GMM-UBM com a teoria de Conjuntos Nebulosos Tipo-2 (T2 FSs - Type-2 Fuzzy Sets) e uma metodologia de treinamento multicondicional. Consideramos que a variabilidade de sessão torna os parâmetros de um GMM incertos à medida que aumenta a discrepância entres os níveis de ruído de ambiente. Os T2 FSs e o GMM são combinados na abordagem conhecida como Type-2 Fuzzy GMM (T2 FGMM), utilizada em problemas de reconhecimento de padrão que usam GMMs cujos valores dos parâmetros são incertos dentro de um intervalo. Esse método, no entanto, exige o conhecimento prévio da amplitude do intervalo, ou seja, o grau de incerteza sobre os parâmetros. O SVLIT proposto utiliza o T2 FGMM realizando a estimação da incerteza. Para isso, foi utilizada uma metodologia de treinamento multicondicional com locuções ruidosas sintetizadas. Dessa maneira, o sistema é capaz de fazer a verificação sem conhecimento prévio do grau de ruído que as locuções de teste poderão ser expostas. Experimentos foram conduzidos com a base de dados MIT Device Speaker Recognition Corpus que é composta por locuções curtas (com uma média de 1,75 segundos de duração) gravadas através de um palmtop em três ambientes com níveis de ruído distintos: escritório silencioso, recepção de hotel e cruzamento de ruas ruidoso. O método proposto mostrou um ganho em Taxa de Erro Igual (EER - Equal Error Rate) de 24,11% comparado ao GMM-UBM, quando treinado com as locuções menos ruidosas e testado com as mais ruidosas.
Corporations and public institutes develop mobile applications where the security for authentication is a critical issue. Biometric systems are an interesting approach since it uses unique physiological characteristics of an individual for authenticating her/him. The voice biometry stands out because it does not need using special transducers in mobile devices and because it is not considered threatening to provide. Authentication systems that use utterances of an user regardless what she/he said are called Text-Independent Speaker Verification Systems (TISVSs). Such systems register speeches to train a speaker model which will be compared to a test utterance in the authentication. TISVSs, nevertheless, are subjected to operate using test and training speeches that were captured in environments under different noise levels, increasing the intra-speaker variability and, hence, decreasing the performance. This type of discrepancy is known as session variability. This work presents a new TISVS which deals with the session variability by combining the well-known GMM-UBM system with the theory of type-2 fuzzy sets (T2 FSs) and a multicondition methodology. We consider that the session variability makes uncertain the GMM parameters as increase the difference between the noise levels. The T2 FSs and GMM are combined in the approach known as type-2 fuzzy GMM (T2 FGMM), which is used in pattern recognition that use GMMs with uncertain parameters. This method however requires the previous knowledge of the interval range, i. e., the level of uncertainty under the parameters. The proposed TISVS uses the T2 FGMM performing the the uncertainty estimation. For this reason, it was used a multicondition model training using noisy synthesized utterances. Hence, the system is able to perform the verification without previous knowledge about the noise level the test utterances might be exposed. Experiments were conducted using the MIT Device Speaker Recognition Corpus. that is composed of short utterances (in average 1.75 minutes of duration) recorded by a hand-held device in three environments with different noise levels: a quiet office, a lobby, and a busy street intersection. The proposed method achieved a gain in the Equal Error Rate (EER) of 24.11% compared to the GMM-UBM, when it is trained using the lowest noisy speeches and tested with the noisiest speeches.

Phuputso e tla be e opile kgomo lenaka ha e nyalanya ntlha ya letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho le Bodumedi ba Setso. Ka baka la ho fihla ha baruti ba Mafora (baromuwa) mona Aforika, ba ile ba bolela hore tsohle tse amanang le motho e motsho ke bohetene, ka mantswe a mang di kgahlanong le Modimo. Taba ena e tlisitse sekgeo se seholo ntlheng ya boitshupo ba Modimo. Basotho ba fetoha Bokgowanatshwana, ba lahleha e le ka nnete. Matsatsing ana batho ba rata ho tseba moo ba tswang teng, e le hore ba tle ba tsebe moo ba yang teng. Phuputso ena e bohlokwa haholo jwalo ka phehiso ho Basotho, ho ka ba ntshetsa pele le ho ba matlafatsa. Pele baruti ba fihla Aforika Basotho ba ne ba se ba tseba Modimo o moholo. Tsebo ya bomodimo ba bile le yona ho tloha nakong ya maswetso, ha ho motho ya ba rutileng yona. Sena se bonahala kutlwisisong ya bona ya tlholeho le qaleho ya popo ya dintho tsohle. Modimo o itshupile ho bona ka mokgwa o akaretsang le ka mokgwa o qollehileng. Ntlha ena e totobatswa ke dimite, dilegente, dithoko tsa seholoholo le dingolwa tsa sejwalejwale tse kang dipale, ditshwantshiso, dithothokiso, dipalekgutshwe le meqoqo. Dingolweng tsena tsa Basotho ho hlakile ka mokgwa o motle hore ba na le tsebo ya bomodimo e phethahetseng, e, ke badumedi ka mehla. Sepheo sa phuputso ena ke ho batlisisa letshwao la bomodimo dingolweng tsa Sesotho, semelo, sebaka le maemo a Modimo jwalo ka ha ho bonahala hore ke ntlha e teng bophelong ba Basotho. Phuputso hie e itshetlehe haholoholo ka dingolwa tsa Basotho, ho be le dipuisano le bona le ho mamela Lenaka la Motheo Lekgotleng la Kgaso la Aforika Borwa. Ka ha ho se pelaelo hore phuputso ena e itshetlehile hodima ditsela tsa manollo ya dingolwa tsa matshwao le ho bolela (reha), dintlha tsa sehlooho tsa yona di tla hlaloswa ka matshwao le mabitso.
Thesis (M.A. (African Languages))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2008.

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The speech in defense of Sestius (oratio pro Sestio), delivered in 56 B. C., is one of the most fascinating pages written by Cicero, among his huge literary production, especially for the passion and vigor with which the speaker wields the words to defend his client and to express his impressions on the troubled political moment experienced by the Roman Republic in the end of the first half of the first century B. C.. The defense strategy established by that attorney in a cause that already seemed to be lost reveals to us a mature orator with long experience, forged in the long years of forensic practice. Concerning that specific point, the aim of this report is to study the rhetorical strategy, built by Cicero, in the oratio pro Sestio, to defend his client, from the primary use of a common topic (ός ός) to the three discursive genres of rhetoric, that is: the amplificatio (ὔς). The use of this argumentative resource allows to build a positive amplification, that occurs by increasing the figures of Sestius, of Cicero and of the optimates, along with a negative amplification, which happens through the decrease of the images of Clodius, Gabinius and Piso, contributing to the success of the speaker in winning the jury's adhesion to his thesis. And it is precisely for this reason that we consider, in this work, the amplificatio as an important key of interpretation of the argumentative strategy adopted in the judicial discourse analyzed here. We assume as theoretical framework the Aristotelian conceptions defined in his Rhetoric work, with the support of other works of classical rhetoric and new studies of rhetoric that corroborate the analysis of the text which is object of this research. With the aid of these analysis tools, the argumentative scheme of the oratio pro Sestio has been presented here starting from the átekhnai and éntekhnai proofs (non-technical or inartistics proofs and technical or artistic proofs), which were used by Cicero in the judicial discourse analyzed here, placing the amplification (amplificatio) in this Aristotelian division; we define the procedure of amplification according to the canons of classical rhetoric and the new studies of rhetoric; We identify in the text the techniques of amplification adopted by Cicero from the resources pointed out by Aristotle in Rhetoric; We identify in the style (elocutio), other linguistic resources that support amplification, such as the use of adjectives, nouns and verbs. Under a general perspective, this work reflects on the meanings of this argumentative resource in the work under study, seeking to know what justifies the adoption of this strategy and what are the subliminal messages of Cicero's arguments in promoting such amplifications. In the same way, this work also considers, in a transversal way, if this resource is related to a possible political project for the Republic.
O discurso em defesa de Séstio (oratio pro Sestio), pronunciado em 56 a. C., constitui uma das mais belas páginas escritas por Cícero em sua vasta produção literária, sobretudo pela paixão e pelo vigor com que o orador empunha as palavras para defender seu cliente e exprimir suas impressões sobre o conturbado momento político vivido pela República romana no final da primeira metade do século I a. C.. A estratégia de defesa estabelecida pelo advogado em uma causa que já parecia perdida revela-nos um orador maduro, detentor de larga experiência, forjada nos longos anos de prática forense. Observando particularmente esse ponto, a presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo a estratégia retórica, construída por Cícero, na oratio pro Sestio, para defender seu cliente, a partir da utilização primordial de um tópico comum (òς ός) aos três gêneros discursivos da retórica: a amplificatio (ὔς). O emprego desse recurso argumentativo permite erigir uma amplificação positiva, que se dá por aumento das figuras de Séstio, de Cícero e dos optimates, ao lado de uma amplificação negativa, que se realiza pela diminuição das imagens de Clódio, Gabínio e Pisão, contribuindo para o êxito do orador na conquista da adesão do júri para sua tese de que Séstio merecia a absolvição. Daí, considerarmos, neste trabalho, a amplificatio como importante chave de interpretação da estratégia argumentativa adotada no discurso judicial em tela. Assumimos como arcabouço teórico as concepções aristotélicas definidas em sua obra Retórica, com o apoio de outras obras da retórica clássica e dos novos estudos de retórica que corroboram a análise do texto objeto desta pesquisa. Com o auxílio dessas ferramentas de análise, apresentamos o esquema argumentativo da oratio pro Sestio a partir das provas átekhnai (não técnicas ou inartísticas) e éntekhnai (técnicas ou artísticas), empregadas por Cícero no discurso judicial em tela, situando a amplificação (amplificatio) nessa divisão aristotélica; definimos o procedimento de amplificação segundo os cânones da retórica clássica e dos novos estudos de retórica; identificamos, no texto, as técnicas de amplificação adotadas por Cícero a partir dos recursos apontados por Aristóteles na Retórica; identificamos, na elocução (elocutio), outros recursos linguísticos que corroboram a amplificação, tais como o uso de adjetivos, substantivos e verbos. Numa perspectiva geral, este trabalho reflete sobre os sentidos desse recurso argumentativo na obra em apreço, perquirindo o que justifica a adoção dessa estratégia e quais as entrelinhas da argumentação de Cícero ao promover tais amplificações, bem como, pondera, de modo transversal, se tal recurso guarda relação com um possível projeto político para a República.

Thomas Mokopu Mofolo (1876-1948), né au Lesotho, est l'auteur de trois romans de langue sesotho : "Moeti oa bochabela" (1907), "L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant" (2003), "Pitseng" (1910) et "Chaka" (1925), "Chaka, une épopée bantoue" (1940). L'objectif de la thèse est d'analyser le roman "Pitseng" en le situant par rapport à son contexte de production et à l'ensemble de l'oeuvre romanesque de l'auteur. Pour ce faire, nous traduisons le roman en français, en respectant le registre de langue et le style proche de l'oralité, et Mofolo étant le premier romancier de langue sesotho, le contexte d'émergence de cette littérature est étudié notamment le rôle de la prese missionnaire et sa relation avec la littérature locale ainsi que la standardisation de l'orthographe de la langue sesotho du sud en 1906 (chapitre 1). L'analyse du roman Pitseng comprend cinq chapitres : la présentation générale portant sur l'organisation du récit, l'articulation des thèmes et les rôles des personnages (chapitre 2) ; l'étude de l'espace, notamment des éléments qui entrent en jeu pour construire l'espace référentiel, imaginaire et culturel (chapitre 3) ; l'analyse de la société traditionnelle telle qu'elle apparaît dans le roman, en particulier l'ensemble des valeurs dont celle, centrale, de l'humanisme (chapitre 4) ; l'observation de la langue et du rôle du narrateur (chapitre 5) donnent accès aux représentations de la conscience et du pluralisme linguistiques de l'Afrique australe ainsi qu'à la construction du discours des sociètés traditionnelle et chrétienne dans le roman ainsi que celle du style oral dans son rapport avec l'écriture romanesque (chapitre 6). L'analyse des deux autres textes de l'auteur, "L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant" (chapitre 7) et "Chaka" (chapitre 8), permet de comprendre l'articulation de "Pitseng" avec ces oeuvres
Thomas Mokopu Mofolo (1876-1948), born in Lesotho, is the author of three novels written in Sesotho language : "Moeti oa bochabela" (1907), "L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant" (2003), "Pitseng" (1910) et "Chaka" (1925), "Chaka, une épopée bantoue" (1940). The aim of this research is to study the novel "Pitseng", analyze the context of its production as well as its relationship with the other literary works of author. In order to achieve this, we translate the novel into French, in a way that respects the language register and the oral style of the original novel. Mofolo is the first novelist to write in Sesotho. The research therefore dealswith the emergence of Sesotho literature, in particular, the role of the missionary press and its relationship with the local literature. It begins by examining the 1906 standardization of Southern Sesotho orthography (Chapter 1). The analysis of the novel itself is presented in the first five chapters. Chapter 2 provides a discussion of the general presentation of the novel focusing on the structure of the narrative, themes and characters. Chapter 3 deals with the referential, imaginary and cultural settings in "Pitseng". Chapter 4 analyses the portrayal of traditional society, in particular its values at the centre of which is humanism. Chapter 5 is an analysis of language and the role of the narrator in fictional prose. It studies the representation of the linguistic awareness and pluralism of Southern Africa as well as the construction of discourse characteristic of traditional and Christian societies. Chapter 6 probes into relationship between orality and written fictional prose. A comparative analysis of "Pitseng" with the other two novels of the author appears in Chapter 7 which deals with "Moeti a bochabela" ("L'homme qui marchait vers le soleil levant"), and Chapter 8 wich focuses on "Chaka". This comparative approach is expected to enhance the understanding of the articulation of "Pitseng" with these two literaty works

Mestrado em Música
A dissertação explora o universo dos concursos escolares em Portugal, a partir de um estudo de caso: o Concurso Internacional Cidade do Fundão, vertente de piano (CICFP) (1999 – 2012). Parte da abordagem crítica ao conceito “talento” musical e da exploração teórica do estado designado “ansiedade da performance musical”, para a compreensão das estratégias em que se inserem os concursos de piano, assim como o impacto que podem ter junto dos seus participantes. Compreende também uma contextualização histórica dos concursos de piano em Portugal. Considerando a inexistência de estudos sobre esta realidade em Portugal, a pesquisa começou por centrar-se em fontes primárias junto de arquivos como o da Academia de Música e Dança do Fundão, Academia de Música de São João da Madeira, Arquivo de Família Moreira de Sá e Costa, com vista ao levantamento de dados relativos a concorrentes, elementos do júri, programas, etc. Recorrendo a um questionário dirigido às escolas do ensino artístico especializado da música em Portugal continental, pretendeu-se conhecer os concursos de piano promovidos por este tipo de instituições, no que se refere à quantidade, tipologia de destinatários, distribuição territorial e vigência. Também, foi desenvolvido um trabalho de campo entre 2010 e 2012, que consistiu na observação da 11ª edição no Concurso Internacional Cidade do Fundão, vertente de piano, em 2010, na realização de entrevistas ao júri dessa edição, ao diretor executivo da Academia de Música e Dança do Fundão e de questionários aos concorrentes da edição de 2010 e aos premiados da edição de 1999.
The dissertation explores the universe of piano competitions in the school context in Portugal, from a case study: International Competition of the City of Fundão (CICF) in the piano division (1999 - 2012). It starts with the critical approach to the concept of musical talent and the theoretical exploration of the state designated as Music Performance Anxiety, for understanding the strategies that fit the piano competitions, as well as the impact they can have on their participants. It also includes a historical overview of piano competitions in Portugal. Considering the lack of studies about this reality in Portugal, research began with focus on primary sources along with archives such as from the Academia de Música e Dança do Fundão, Academia de Música de São João da Madeira, and Arquivo de Família Moreira de Sá e Costa, which were aimed at collecting data on the competitors, the jury, programs, etc. Using a questionnaire directed to schools of artistic education specialized in music in Portugal, it was intended to learn about the piano competitions promoted by such institutions, with regard to the amount, type of recipient, territorial distribution and duration. Also, we developed fieldwork between 2010 and 2012, which consisted of observing the 11th edition in the CICF in the piano division in 2010, in interviewing the jury of this edition and the executive director of the Academia de Música e Dança do Fundão and questionnaires to competitors of the 2010 edition and winners of the 1999 edition.

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2008.
Thesis research directed by: Marine, Estuarine, Environmental Sciences Graduate Program. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Diversas investigaciones precedentes han abordado el problema de los sesgos psicológicos de decisión y, en particular, de su aplicación a la decisión financiera. Encontramos entre estas investigaciones muchos trabajos realizados sobre el análisis de un sesgo concreto, desde la perspectiva de la Psicología. Se trata normalmente de sesgos perfectamente delimitados conceptualmente y con un instrumento de medición fiable. Por otra parte, desde la perspectiva de las Ciencias Económicas, se han publicado diversos manuales de asesoramiento destinados a detectar, de manera general, los sesgos de los inversores. La presente investigación conjuga los dos puntos de vista citados anteriormente para adentrarse en un trabajo transversal de detección de sesgos. Siguiendo la tradición de los cuestionarios de los manuales de inversión, elabora su fundamentación desde el punto de vista de los estudios psicológicos para construir un sistema de referencia de sesgos, los llamados sesgos principales o mayores, de acuerdo con trabajos precedentes. A partir del esquema de sesgos principales se construye un sistema de ítems para su detección, de manera que se puedan realizar pruebas estadísticas tanto de intensidad de los sesgos, como de relaciones entre ellos, como de agrupación de los inversores por perfiles. Finalmente, tras la aplicación del cuestionario a una muestra de 189 inversores y el correspondiente análisis de datos, se consigue probar la intensidad de los sesgos. También se consigue un modelo explicativo para mejorar el asesoramiento a los inversores pero, sorprendentemente, ése no sigue el modelo teórico esperado de grupos de correlación relativos a un sesgo mayor. Alternativamente, el modelo explicativo indica que debemos basarnos en los diferentes perfiles de inversor sesgado que se detectan en el análisis estadístico.
Previous research has approached the problem of psychological decision biases and, in particular, in its application to financial decisions. We find among these investigations many works done on the analysis of a concrete bias, from the psychology perspective. These are usually biases that are conceptually perfectly delimited and with a reliable measuring instrument. On the other hand, from the perspective of economic sciences diverse advisory manuals have been published to detect, in a general way, the biases of the investors. The present research combines the two different points of view aforementioned to go into a transversal work of bias detection. Following the tradition of the investment manual questionnaires, its grounds are elaborated from the psychological studies point of view to create a bias reference system, the so-called main or larger biases according to previous works. Departing from the scheme of main biases a system of items is constructed for its detection, in order to enable the development of statistical proofs of bias intensity, of relations between them, and of the assembling of the investors by profiles. Finally, after applying the questionnaire to a sample of 189 investors and having analysed the corresponding data, the intensity of biases can be proved. Also, an explicative model is obtained to improve the investors advice but, surprisingly, it does not follow the expected theoretical model of correlation groups related to a larger bias. Alternatively, the explanatory model points out that we must rely on the different biased investor profiles that are detected in the statistical analysis.

Psicóloga
La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo identificar las variables de sesgo en las instancias de entrevista pericial psicológica, específicamente se indagó sobre las preguntas utilizadas por los(as) psicólogos(as) y otros elementos que podrían generar algún sesgo en éstas, concretamente la actitud y características del entrevistador inferidas a través de la conducta presentada por éste. Además, se logró visualizar el tiempo transcurrido desde que las presuntas víctimas realizan la denuncia hasta la entrevista pericial psicológica y la cantidad de veces en que deben repetir su relato durante el proceso judicial. La metodología utilizada fue de tipo cualitativa, donde se analizaron principalmente 27 transcripciones de entrevistas periciales psicológicas realizadas desde Marzo hasta Julio del año 2011 por los(as) psicólogos(as) del Programa de Diagnóstico Ambulatorio de la Corporación Opción perteneciente a la comuna de Ñuñoa de la Región Metropolitana, con la finalidad de evaluar la credibilidad del testimonio de los niños, niñas y adolescentes presuntas víctimas de agresión sexual. Estas transcripciones fueron analizadas a través del análisis de contenido, en base a la Teoría Fundamentada. A través del análisis de las transcripciones de entrevistas periciales psicológicas, fue posible evidenciar el uso significativo de preguntas que poseen el potencial de sesgar la respuesta de los evaluados, tales como: preguntas de elección forzada, preguntas de estimaciones y/o variables numéricas, preguntas cerradas, preguntas de selección múltiple, preguntas tendenciosas y preguntas sugestivas. A su vez, se identificó otras variables de sesgo que también podrían influir el relato de los entrevistados, como lo son la actitud mostrada por el entrevistador y las características de éste deducidas a través de su conducta

En este trabajo se aborda un análisis en profundidad de las medidas para evaluar el acuerdo entre jueces u observadores de un conjunto de ítemes u objetos sobre una escala de medida de naturaleza numérica o categórica. El punto de partida es una clasificación de las medidas de evaluación del acuerdo en dos grandes grupos: a) medidas descriptivas y b) medidas basadas en modelos estadísticos. En el primer grupo destacan coeficientes de acuerdo clásicos tales como kappa para datos nominales y ordinales de Cohen (1960, 1968), de aplicación generalizada en todas las áreas de la psicología, el coeficiente de correlación de contingencia de Lin (1989), de gran difusión en medicina y ciencias biológicas, pero poco conocida en psicología, y el coeficiente r wg de Finn (1970), de uso casi exclusivo en psicología social y de las organizaciones. En el segundo grupo son relevantes los índices de acuerdo derivados de los modelos loglineales y mixtura de la familia de modelos de cuasi-independencia. • El primer objetivo de este trabajo ha sido demostrar que cada una de las medidas descriptivas de acuerdo para datos numéricos pueden ser definidas mediante un coeficiente de correlación intraclase derivado de un modelo ANOVA en dos sentidos mixto con los ítemes u objetos como efectos aleatorios y los jueces u observadores como efectos fijos, aunque asumiendo una estimación atípica de los componentes de la varianza. De la misma manera se ha procedido con todas las medidas descriptivas de acuerdo para datos categóricos, para cuya finalidad se han utilizado ANOVA para datos categóricos (CATANOVA) en la línea apuntada en los trabajos de Light y Margolin (1971).• Frente a las medidas descriptivas clásicas y de empleo generalizado, lasmedidas basadas en el modelado estadístico se utilizan escasamente, pero tienen mayor potencial de aplicabilidad, aunque se restringen a datos categóricos. En este trabajo sedesarrollan medidas de acuerdo para la familia de modelos mixtura de cuasiindependenciacon una variable latente y dos clases y su equivalencia con las medidasdescriptivas clásicas tras la introducción de algún tipo de restricción estadística. • Uno de las cuestiones de mayor interés para el acuerdo concierne a la medida del sesgo entre observadores. Hasta ahora, todas las medidas de sesgo han sido de corte descriptivo, particularmente el índice BI de Ludbrook (2004). Como último objetivo de este trabajo se define y se aplica una nueva medida de sesgo ε basada en modelos estadísticos mediante una ampliación del modelo mixtura a dos variables latentes y cuatro clases (Ato, López y Benavente, 2008), que demuestra con simulación Monte Carlo que es una medida más precisa y rigurosa que el índice BI.

Master Erasmus Mundus em Quaternário e Pré-História
O sítio arqueológico de Via Neruda, localizado em Sesto Fiorentino (Florença, Itália), é datável entre o final da Antiga Idade do Bronze e o início da Média Idade do Bronze. Foi objeto de uma campanha de escavações no 1999, efetuada com a direção científica da secção de Pré-História da Universidade de Siena e de Florença, sendo estas encarregadas pela Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana. Ó sítio arqueológico devolveu uma quantidade de macro restos vegetais, entre os quais muitos carvões e alguns lenhos, que são o objeto de estudo na presente dissertação. Entre os carvões, alguns são consideráveis pertencentes a estruturas relativas a frequentação humana. Objetivo da presente dissertação é de perceber as conhecenças e o uso do lenho desta comunidade humana da Idade do Bronze. As análises furam feitas no Laboratório da Soprintendenza per i Beni Archeologici della Toscana. A análise antracológica dos carvões das estruturas evidenciou o uso de: Ulmus cfr. minor, Quercus spp. caducifolia, Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer cfr. campestre, Sorbus sp., Prunus cfr. avium e Populus cfr. alba. A escolha de alguns destes taxa arbóreos parece indicar uma boa conhecença das características das várias madeiras fornecidas pelas diferentes árvores identificadas (Sorbus sp., Acer cfr. campestre, Prunus cfr. avium e Populus cfr. alba); enquanto, para as outras madeiras identificadas (Sorbus sp., Acer cfr. campestre, Prunus cfr. avium e Populus cfr. alba) parecem a por em relação, mais que a escolhas especificas, ao seu abastecimento no território, provavelmente fácil, explorando as árvores das quais furam obtidos. Os resultados finais da análise xilo-antracológica de Via Neruda permitiram de identificar além das taxa já elencadas, também: Phyllirea cfr. latifolia, Cornus cfr. mas e Abies cfr. alba. O conjunto dos taxa identificados parece representar o testemunho de uma floresta sub-humida de planície. A única evidência de Abies cfr. alba, por causa das diferentes exigências eco edáficas desta espécie, em respeito as outras reconhecidas, parece a por em relação a um provável abastecimento em diferentes ambientes, provavelmente os das colinas nos arredores.

Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study explores the text-linguistic and genre-analytic properties of Sesotho magazine texts on society issues. In particular, the model of text construction postulated by Grabe and Kaplan (1996) is employed as general theoretical framework for the research on Sesotho magazine texts. The writing properties of effective texts dealing with the theme of society issues will be analysed, taking into account the ethnography of writing, i.e. the influence of socio-cultural beliefs and views on writing in Sesotho. The study will present an extensive invesitgation of the genre approach to writing in the context of language teaching. The rationale of the genre approach and its advantages for teaching writing are reviewed. The text-linguistic and genre-analytic properties of texts need to be incorporated in methodology for teaching writing at secondary school. The study presents an extensive analysis of the Sesotho magazine texts as regard properties such as information structuring (topic-comment, theme-theme), coherence relations, cohesion and lexical choices as a reflection of communicative purposes. The linguistic devices in Seotho that characterise these properties are examined extensively.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die tekslinguistiese en genre-analitiese kenmerke van Sesotho tydskrifartikel tekste oor sosiale vraagstukke. Die model van tekskonstruksie, soos gepostuleer deur Grabe en Kaplan (1996), word gebruik as algemene teoretiese raamwerk vir die ondersoek van Sesotho tydskrifartikels. Die skryf-kenmerke van effektiewe tekste wat verband hou met die tema van gemeenskapsvraagstukke, salontleed word met inagneming van die etnografie van skryf, d.i. die invloed van sosio-kulturele sieninge op geskrewe tekste in Sesotho. Die studie sal 'n uitgebreide ondersoek bied van die genre-benadering tot geskrewe tekste in die konteks van skryfonderrig. Die rasionaal van die genre-benadering en die voordele daarvan vir skryfonderrig word beskou. Die tekslinguistiese en genre-analitiese kenmerke van tekste moet ingesluit word in 'n metodologie vir skryfonderrig in sekondêre skool. Die studie bied 'n uitgebreide analise van die Sesotho tydskrifartikels t.o.v. eienskappe soos informasiestrukturering, koherensie, kohesie en leksikale keuses as 'n refleksie van kommunikatiewe doelstellings. Die linguistiese elemente in Sesotho wat hierdie kenmerke realiseer word ekstensief ondersoek.

Esta tese de doutorado apresenta um modelo de servidor Web mostrando as componentes internas básicas do software servidor, representando a comunicação completa entre cliente e servidor. O modelo construído pode ser usado para avaliação de desempenho e toma como base um modelo já existente no qual são feitas uma extensão e uma modificação inéditas. As principais técnicas usadas foram a teoria das filas, parametrização do modelo, solução do modelo por simulação e a validação através de observações obtidas em experimentos controlados de laboratório. Como contribuições citam-se aqui: (i)a extensão para conexões persistentes, o que diz respeito a uma característica já padronizada no protocolo HTTP 1.1, porém não considerada no modelo base anterior; (ii) a modificação quanto à carga de chegada, vindo esta segunda contribuição a constituir duas melhorias. A carga orientada a sessão é de modelagem mais fácil e a distribuição da chegada de sessões tem representação mais fidedigna do que a distribuição da chegada de documentos, conforme considerado no modelo base.
This doctorate thesis presents a Web server model showing basic internai software components, regarding the complete communication between client and server. The model is built from a base, already existing model in which an extension and modification are proposed. The techniques used were queueing theory, model parametrization, model solution through simulation and validation by measures obtained in controlled laboratory experiments. The main contributions are: (i) the extension for persistent connections, already a standard in HTTP 1.1, which had not been considered in the previous model; (ii) the modification of the arrival workload, bringing two improvcments. The session oriented load is more easily modeled and the distribution of session arrival has a good representation, as compared to the distribution of document arrival considered in the base model.