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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Séquençage d'ARNm sur cellules uniques"
Dariane, Charles, Manon Baures, Julien Anract, Nicolas Barry Delongchamps, Jacques-Emmanuel Guidotti e Vincent Goffin. "Progéniteurs luminaux prostatiques". médecine/sciences 39, n. 5 (maggio 2023): 429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2023058.
Testo completoTesi sul tema "Séquençage d'ARNm sur cellules uniques"
La, Forest Divonne Sébastien De. "Caractérisation constitutive et en condition d'infection bactérienne des populations hémocytaires par une approche intégrative cytologiques, transcriptomiques et fonctionnelles chez l'huitre creuse Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024PERP0025.
Testo completoThe Pacific oyster, Crassostrea (Magallana) gigas, is a bivalve mollusk of significant ecological and economic importance, and it has recently emerged as a model species for studying the innate immunity of bivalves. In recent years, oyster farming has been confronted with episodes of massive mortality, exacerbated by climate change and human activities. These mortalities, though multifactorial, share a common factor: the ability of pathogens (viruses and bacteria) to evade the oysters' immune defenses, often leading to fatal septicemia. While immune cells in vertebrates, particularly humans, are well characterized, the diversity and functional specialization of hemocytes in C. gigas remain a black box and are hotly debated within the scientific community. This knowledge gap hampers our understanding of host-pathogen interactions, thus limiting the development of strategies to reduce oyster mortality in aquaculture. In this context, the main objective of my thesis project was to characterize the circulating hemocyte types in C. gigas using cytological, functional, and single-cell transcriptomic approaches (scRNA-seq). These methods first allowed us to identify seven distinct constitutive hemocyte types in naïve animals. These hemocyte populations were characterized based on their morphological properties, gene expression profiles, and specific biological functions. Furthermore, we established a hemocyte ontology, suggesting potential differentiation pathways for the cell lineages. Using this hemocyte atlas, we then assessed the differential impact of Vibrio aestuarianus infection on hemocyte populations, both from a cytological and transcriptomic perspective, revealing alterations dependent on the circulating bacterial load. This work provides a significant contribution to the understanding of immunity in C. gigas, by offering a precise definition of hemocyte types. Our results propose a reference hemocyte atlas and emphasize the importance of studying hemocyte homeostasis in mollusks to better understand and anticipate oyster mortality crises during epizootic episodes
Foulon, Sophie. "Développement du séquençage ARN ciblé sur cellules uniques en microfluidique de gouttes et applications". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLET037.
Testo completoSingle cells technologies were introduced a few years ago and have been dramatically evolving ever since. These technologies have revolutionized biology, making it possible to better understand how heterogeneous cell systems works. For example, they permit to discover and follow cell subtypes, with applications in oncology or neurobiology. We have developed a technology to study the expression profile of genes of interest at the level of a single cell, using droplet-based microfluidics. By limiting the number of genes studied compared to commercial whole-transcriptome technologies, the targeted approach has several potential benefits: gaining deeper sequencing, increasing the number of cells studied, optimizing detection for low levels of expression, while reducing the complexity of data and costs. Targeting is sometimes essential, especially when the RNAs do not carry a generic primer sequence, as in the case of viral RNAs. Two applications are presented: the analysis of inflammation of the immune cells of the brain in the early stages of development, as well as the study of genetic recombination in the virus
Deprez, Marie. "Étude de l’hétérogénéité cellulaire et des dynamiques de régénération de l’épithélium respiratoire sain par analyses des signatures transcriptionnelles sur cellules uniques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AZUR6022.
Testo completoImprovements made in nucleic acid sequencing and cell handling technologies now offer the opportunity to analyze simultaneously the content of numerous single cells (RNA, DNA, ...) by global and unbiased approaches. This single-cell ‘omics’ revolution provides a new framework to revisit the “Cell Theory”, elaborated over several centuries, and essentially based on morphological and functional features. The many cell modalities now accessible at single- cell level, such as their transcriptome, spatial localization, developmental trajectories, enrich considerably this definition, and set a renewed context to precisely reassess the definition of ‘cell types’, ‘cell states’ as well as their different interactions and fates.My thesis work initially set up ad hoc approaches and statistical framework to analyze appropriately these single-cell data, which deeply differ from standard bulk RNA-seq. High variance, presence of a huge percentage of null values, large volume of data are among the specific characteristics of these datasets. My work was centered on the main experimental model of my host laboratory, e.g. the human airway epithelium. Human airways are lined by a pseudostratified epithelium mainly composed of basal, secretory, goblet and multiciliated cells. Airways also constitute a true cellular ecosystem, in which the epithelial layer interacts closely with immune and mesenchymal cells. This coordination between cells ensures proper defense of the respiratory system and its correct regeneration in case of external aggression and injuries. A better understanding of the operating sequences in normal and physiopathological situations is relevant in pathologies such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma or cystic fibrosis.First, I characterized at a single cell level the precise and cell-specific sequence of events leading to functional regeneration of the epithelium, using a 3D model of human cells. I then built a single-cell atlas of the different cell types that are lining healthy human airways from the nose to the 12th generation of bronchi.By applying computational and statistical approaches, I have identified cell lineage hierarchies and was able to reconstruct a comprehensive cell trajectory roadmap in human airways. I not only confirmed previously described cell lineages, but I have also discovered a novel trajectory that links goblet cells to multiciliated cells, identifying novel cell populations and molecular interactors involved in the process of healthy human airway epithelium regeneration. The profiling of 12 healthy volunteers then generated a dataset of 77,969 cells, derived from 35 distinct locations. The resulting atlas is composed of more than 26 epithelial, immune and stromal cell types demonstrating the cellular heterogeneity present in the airways. Its analysis has revealed a strong proximo-distal gradient of expression in suprabasal, secretory, or multiciliated cells between the nose and lung airways. My work has also improved the characterization of rare cells, including “hillock” cells that have been previously described in mice.In conclusion, this work probably represents one of the first single-cell investigations in human airways. It brings original contributions to our understanding of differentiation’s dynamics and cellular heterogeneity in healthy human airways. The resulting resource will be extremely useful for any future single-cell investigators and also for establishing a very useful joint between clinical and biological works. As such, it will constitute a reference in any future project aiming to precisely analyze specific disease conditions
Marcy, Guillaume. "Etude des spécificités transcriptionnelles et de la compétence des progéniteurs neuraux postnataux du cerveau antérieur chez la souris". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP070/document.
Testo completoDuring development, a remarkable coordination of molecular and cellular events leads to the generation of the cortex, which orchestrates most sensorimotor and cognitive functions. Cortex development occurs in a stepwise manner: radial glia cells (RGs) - the neural stem cells (NSCs) of the developing brain - and progenitor cells from the ventricular zone (VZ) and the subventricular zone (SVZ) sequentially give rise to distinct waves of nascent neurons that form cortical layers in an inside-out manner. Around birth, RGs switch fate to produce glial cells. A fraction of neurogenic RGs that lose their radial morphology however persists throughout postnatal life in the subventricular zone that lines the lateral ventricles. These NSCs give rise to different subtypes of olfactory bulb interneurons and glial cells, according to their spatial origin and location within the postnatal SVZ. These observations raise important unresolved questions on 1) the transcriptional coding of postnatal SVZ regionalization, 2) the potential of postnatal NSCs for cellular regeneration and forebrain repair, and 3) the lineage relationship and transcriptional specificities of postnatal NSCs and of their progenies. My PhD work built upon a previously published comparative transcriptional study of defined microdomains of the postnatal SVZ. This study highlighted a high degree of transcriptional heterogeneity within NSCs and progenitors and revealed transcriptional regulators as major hallmarks sustaining postnatal SVZ regionalization. I developed bioinformatics approaches to explore these datasets further and relate expression of defined transcription factors (TFs) to the regional generation of distinct neural lineages. I then developed a model of targeted ablation that can be used to investigate the regenerative potential of postnatal progenitors in various contexts. Finally, I participated to the development of a pipeline for exploring and comparing select populations of pre- and postnatal progenitors at the single cell level. Objective 1: Transcriptomic as well as fate mapping were used to investigate the relationship between regional expression of TFs by NSCs and their acquisition of distinct neural lineage fates. Our results supported an early priming of NSCs to produce defined cell types depending of their spatial location in the SVZ and identified HOPX as a marker of a subpopulation biased to generate astrocytes. Objective 2: I established a cortical lesion model, which allowed the targeted ablation of neurons of defined cortical layers to investigate the regenerative capacity and appropriate specification of postnatal cortical progenitors. Quantitative assessment of surrounding brain regions, including the dorsal SVZ, revealed a transient response of defined progenitor populations. Objective 3: We developed a transgenic mouse line, i.e. Neurog2CreERT2Ai14, which allowed the conditional labeling of birth-dated cohorts of glutamatergic progenitors and their progeny. We used fate-mapping approaches to show that a large fraction of Glu progenitors persist in the postnatal forebrain after closure of the cortical neurogenesis period. Postnatal Glu progenitors do not accumulate during embryonal development but are produced by embryonal RGs that persist after birth in the dorsal SVZ and continue to give rise to cortical neurons, although with low efficiency. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed a dysregulation of transcriptional programs, which correlates with the gradual decline in cortical neurogenesis observed in vivo. Altogether, these data highlight the potential of transcriptomic studies to unravel but also to approach fundamental questions such as transcriptional changes occurring in a population of progenitors over time and participating to changes in their fate potential. This knowledge will be key in developing innovative approaches to recruit and promote the generation of selected cell types, including neuronal subtypes in pathologies
Jestin, Martin. "Modifications du microenvironnement stromal après irradiation localisée du côlon : identification de voies moléculaires pour optimiser le processus de régénération épithéliale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2024SORUS165.pdf.
Testo completoPelvic cancers are highly prevalent and are mainly treated with radiotherapy. While radiation therapy may control the tumor, it can also cause damage to surrounding healthy tissue, leading to disabling complications defined as a disease “pelvic radiation disease” (PRD). Currently, there is no curative treatment for this fibrosing pathology. The aims of this project are to study the colonic microenvironment after irradiation with a view to identify new therapeutic targets to improve the management of the colonic sequelae of PRD. For this project, a mouse model developing fibrosing colonic lesions similar to those observed in PRD patients was developed. It consists of localized colorectal irradiation with a single dose of 26Gy. We defined 2 post-irradiation study periods: 2 weeks to study the acute effects of irradiation and the regeneration process, and 12 weeks to study fibrosis. Histological studies characterized the mucosal lesions, with a deep ulcer at 2 weeks and fibrous remodeling at 12 weeks. At the 2 time points studied, an increased and disorganized proliferative process was observed, as well as a deficit in epithelial junction proteins, suggesting a defect in barrier function. We demonstrated the impact of the irradiated colonic microenvironment on epithelial proliferation and differentiation processes using a co-culture system with colonic organoids monitored by video microscopy. Our results validated in vivo observations of increased organoid proliferation in the presence of stroma derived from mice 12 weeks post-irradiation.To characterize stromal mesenchymal cells after irradiation, single-cell RNA sequencing experiments (using EpCAM-CD45-sorted colonic cells and from whole colon) and spatial transcriptomics were performed. They revealed a new marker, Edil3, specific for the major stromal population of the colon. This new marker allowed us to better characterize this cell population in terms of function and localization in the healthy colon. We proposed to call them mesitocytes. In the early stages, we found that this population could differentiate towards a pro-inflammatory profile called "IAF" for "Inflammation-Associated Fibroblasts". We also observed increased expression of transcripts involved in critical functions such as epithelial homeostasis, angiogenesis and inflammation by the majority of mesenchymal cells. The results demonstrate the importance of proliferative molecular signals from lymphatic endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells, particularly Grem-1. Analysis of the chronic phase after irradiation confirms the increase in proliferative signals from stromal cells. In addition, a new fibroblast cell type associated with fibrosis was observed, characterized by a transcriptional profile different from that of the IAF observed in the early phase. The study of the effects of irradiation on the epithelial compartment revealed significant changes in the colonocyte population and the appearance of epithelial cells with a "revival" phenotype, already described in the literature. Interestingly, these populations have specific localizations in regenerating crypts. We also established the importance of genes such as Lypd8 and Anxa1 in the progression of proliferating epithelial cells towards a "revival" phenotype. Interesting observations from spatial transcriptomic analyses also allow us to hypothesize the role of immune cells in the epithelial regeneration process
Desjardins-Lecavalier, Nicolas. "Sélection visuelle basée sur un phénotype migratoire, isolation et caractérisation de cellules uniques métastatiques". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25197.
Testo completoThe characterization of biological samples depends heavily on the optical microscope. However, it is technically challenging to isolate rare cells among a heterogeneous culture solely based on visual inspection at the microscope. Indeed, characteristics like location, morphology or displacement do not necessairly have specific related molecular markers. In order to solve this issue, the laboratory where I accomplished my master internship developped the Single Cell Magneto Optical Capture (scMOCa) wich uses commun reagents and a low powered laser to attach ferromagnetic beads on the cell plasma membrane and isolate the cells of interest with magnetic tools. The present work reports the application of scMOCa to the metastatic cell migration and the implemented adaptations to the technique in order to carry out the project, especially by increasing the number of single cells being isolated by a factor of 250. This adaptation requiered the study of photobleaching, phenomenon at the foundation of scMOCa. Briefly, the experiment consists to capture the cells presenting the most important migratory phenotypes, defined by their track analysis, among a heterogeneous metastatic cell culture. The experimental results show that the migratory phenotypes are preserved after several cell divisions. Also, the relative gene expression highlights some genes and gene groups owned to cellular migration.