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1
Soames, Scott. "Semantics and Semantic Competence". Philosophical Perspectives 3 (1989): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2214282.
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WANG, YINGXU. "ON FORMAL AND COGNITIVE SEMANTICS FOR SEMANTIC COMPUTING". International Journal of Semantic Computing 04, n. 02 (giugno 2010): 203–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793351x10000833.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Semantics is the meaning of symbols, notations, concepts, functions, and behaviors, as well as their relations that can be deduced onto a set of predefined entities and/or known concepts. Semantic computing is an emerging computational methodology that models and implements computational structures and behaviors at semantic or knowledge level beyond that of symbolic data. In semantic computing, formal semantics can be classified into the categories of to be, to have, and to do semantics. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of formal and cognitive semantics for semantic computing in the fields of computational linguistics, software science, computational intelligence, cognitive computing, and denotational mathematics. A set of novel formal semantics, such as deductive semantics, concept-algebra-based semantics, and visual semantics, is introduced that forms a theoretical and cognitive foundation for semantic computing. Applications of formal semantics in semantic computing are presented in case studies on semantic cognition of natural languages, semantic analyses of computing behaviors, behavioral semantics of human cognitive processes, and visual semantic algebra for image and visual object manipulations.
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Acero, Juan José. "Games in Semantics: Semantic games". Enrahonar. Quaderns de filosofia 16 (1 marzo 1990): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/enrahonar.752.
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Sheth, Amit, Cartic Ramakrishnan e Christopher Thomas. "Semantics for the Semantic Web". International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 1, n. 1 (gennaio 2005): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jswis.2005010101.
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Gao, Fan. "Semantic Choice in Translation from Morris' Modern Semiotic Theory". Technium Social Sciences Journal 55 (8 marzo 2024): 387–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v55i1.10694.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
From the perspective of the Internet, this article focuses on semantic selection in translation, and delves into the semantic selection of translation in Morris's modern semiotic theory. After exploring the relevant theoretical concepts by dimensions, it is found that the semantics of translation in Morris' modern semiotic theory can be divided into three types: denotational semantics, pragmatic semantics and intra-verbal semantics. Finally, the choice of the three types of semantics: denotational semantics, pragmatic semantics and intra-verbal semantics is explored in depth to provide guidance for related theoretical research.
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Kozlov, Ivan M., e Elena S. Kuznetsova. "Semantic Differences between Verb-Nominal Collocations and Corresponding Verbs (As Exemplified by Collocations with Verbs Ispytyvat’ / Ispytat’)". Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, n. 9 (6 dicembre 2021): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-9-68-74.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The following article focuses on semantical differences of verbal-nominal descriptive predicates constructed by verbs ispytyvat’ / ispytat’ from their lexically adequate verbal correlates. The Russian linguistic tradition describes such collocations as verbal periphrasis, and this leads to a misjudgment of their semantical particularity. Our main goal is to describe the differences due to state semantical independence of the collocations from the verbs.
The study showed that an emotional state described by descriptive predicates with verbs ispytyvat’ / ispytat’ presupposes no explication, which differs them from some lexically adequate verbal correlates. It reveals an intra-subject nature of their semantics that can be manifested in a specific actant structure or in its implementation. It is also worth noting their semantic complexity and an important role of verbal component: different meanings of the verbal component cause different semantics of whole collocation even with the same nominal one. Thus, particular meaning of a nominal component and of a verbal one makes up semantics of a whole construction.
Many types and examples of semantical discrepancy between the verbal-nominal descriptive predicates and their lexically adequate verbal correlates leads to the necessity of describing their semantics departed from the verbal correlates’ meaning and of the refusal to consider them as means of verbal periphrasis.
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Asudeh, Ash. "Glue Semantics". Annual Review of Linguistics 8, n. 1 (14 gennaio 2022): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-032521-053835.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Glue Semantics (Glue) is a general framework for semantic composition and the syntax–semantics interface. The framework grew out of an interdisciplinary collaboration at the intersection of formal linguistics, formal logic, and computer science. Glue assumes a separate level of syntax; this can be any syntactic framework in which syntactic structures have heads. Glue uses a fragment of linear logic for semantic composition. General linear logic terms in Glue meaning constructors are instantiated relative to a syntactic parse. The separation of the logic of composition from structural syntax distinguishes Glue from other theories of semantic composition and the syntax–semantics interface. It allows Glue to capture semantic ambiguity, such as quantifier scope ambiguity, without necessarily positing an ambiguity in the syntactic structure. Glue is introduced here in relation to four of its key properties, which are used as organizing themes: resource-sensitive composition, flexible composition, autonomy of syntax, and syntax/semantics non-isomorphism.
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Shutova, Maria, e Svitlana Mudrynych. "Morphological and semantic features of the words of semantics state in modern English". International Science Journal of Education & Linguistics 1, n. 5 (1 dicembre 2022): 70–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.46299/j.isjel.20220105.09.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Different approaches to determining the status of words of semantics state in modern linguistics are analyzed, the partial lexical potential of words of semantics state is outlined, the morphological and semantic features of words of semantics state in English are described, the attempt to divide words of semantics state into lexical-semantic groups is made in the article. It was noted that words of semantics state give a description of natural phenomena, physical and mental states of man, the core of words of semantics state in English is predicative adjectives in the predicate function. The basis of the study of words of semantics state in English is morphological features. The morphological characteristics of words of semantics state were singled out. It was found that morphologically words of semantics of the state are derived from adjectives, nouns and Participles II. Human perception is the basis in the division of words of semantics state into lexical and semantic groups. The growth of words of semantics state in English is due to the transition to them other parts of speech.
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Paulsen, Geda. "Keel meeles: kontseptuaalsest semantikast". Eesti ja soome-ugri keeleteaduse ajakiri. Journal of Estonian and Finno-Ugric Linguistics 4, n. 1 (19 giugno 2013): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/jeful.2013.4.1.05.
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Kontseptuaalne semantika on kognitiivse suunitlusega keeleteaduse haru, mille eesmärgiks on välja töötada teooria keele toimimisest tajusüsteemi osana. Kontseptuaalset semantikat iseloomustab pürgimus erinevate keelega seotud kognitiivsete alasüsteemide ja nendevaheliste seoste võimalikult täpse formaalse analüüsi suunas. Käesolev artikkel annab ülevaate kontseptuaalse semantika peamistest teoreetilistest seisukohtadest ning nende metodoloogilisest väljendusviisist, asetades teooria üldisemasse keeleteaduslikku konteksti. Tutvustan lähemalt soome keeleteadlase Urpo Nikanne kontseptuaalse semantika tierneti mudeli metodoloogiat, mille abil analüüsin eesti ja soome keele neutraalsete liikumisverbide minema ja mennä/lähteä leksikaalset kontseptuaalset struktuuri ning nn sujumiskonstruktsioonide (X läheb hästi/lörri) semantikat.Language in mind: about conceptual semantics. This paper discusses the framework of conceptual semantics and its methodological solutions for the semantic analysis. The conceptual semantics theory, based on the ideas of Ray Jackendoff, strives for an integration of the psychological reality of linguistic information with other linguistic faculties. The article discusses the central theoretical assumptions and aims of this theory and also gives a brief presentation of the basic methodology of Urpo Nikanne’s tiernet model of conceptual semantics. The tiernet technology is the basis for the analysis of the lexical conceptual structure of the Finnish neutral motion verbs mennä ‘go’ and lähteä ‘go from a place’ as well as of the Estonian counterpart minema ‘go’. Two “(un)success-constructions” in connection with these verbs are also discussed.
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Sun, Ying. "Artificial Intelligence Method for Accurate Translation of Fuzzy Semantics in English Language and Literature". International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 19, n. 1 (27 settembre 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.331033.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In order to address the drawbacks of semantic ambiguity, inaccurate quantifiers, and low translation accuracy in traditional grammar-based translation methods, this paper proposes an artificial intelligence translation method based on semantic analysis for English fuzzy semantics. Firstly, a comprehensive analysis of English language semantics was carried out from different semantic levels such as language, knowledge, and pragmatics, and the key points of fuzzy semantics were identified. Then, key feature quantities for accurate translation of fuzzy semantics in English vocabulary and literature were constructed, and artificial intelligence methods were used to optimize fuzzy semantics. The experimental results show that the proposed method can avoid semantic understanding ambiguity and improve the accuracy of English language translation.
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Li, Xuhui, Yanqiu Wu, Xiaoguang Wang, Tieyun Qian e Liang Hong. "Towards a semantics representation framework for narrative images". Electronic Library 37, n. 3 (3 giugno 2019): 386–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/el-09-2018-0187.
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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore a semantics representation framework for narrative images, conforming to the image-interpretation process.Design/methodology/approachThis paper explores the essential features of semantics evolution in the process of narrative images interpretation. It proposes a novel semantics representation framework, ESImage (evolution semantics of image) for narrative images. ESImage adopts a hierarchical architecture to progressively organize the semantic information in images, enabling the evolutionary interpretation under the support of a graph-based semantics data model. Also, the study shows the feasibility of this framework by addressing the issues of typical semantics representation with the scenario of the Dunhuang fresco.FindingsThe process of image interpretation mainly concerns three issues: bottom-up description, the multi-faceted semantics representation and the top-down semantics complementation. ESImage can provide a comprehensive solution for narrative image semantics representation by addressing the major issues based on the semantics evolution mechanisms of the graph-based semantics data model.Research limitations/implicationsESImage needs to be combined with machine learning to meet the requirements of automatic annotation and semantics interpretation of large-scale image resources.Originality/valueThis paper sorts out the characteristics of the gradual interpretation of narrative images and has discussed the major issues in its semantics representation. Also, it proposes the semantic framework ESImage which deploys a flexible and sound mechanism to represent the semantic information of narrative images.
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Wang, Yisong, Fangzhen Lin, Mingyi Zhang e Jia-Huai You. "A Well-Founded Semantics for Basic Logic Programs with Arbitrary Abstract Constraint Atoms". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 26, n. 1 (20 settembre 2021): 835–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v26i1.8213.
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Logic programs with abstract constraint atoms proposed by Marek and Truszczynski are very general logic programs.They are general enough to captureaggregate logic programs as well asrecently proposed description logic programs.In this paper, we propose a well-founded semantics for basic logic programs with arbitrary abstract constraint atoms, which are sets of rules whose heads have exactly one atom. Weshow that similar to the well-founded semanticsof normal logic programs, it has many desirable properties such as that it can becomputed in polynomial time, and is always correct with respect to theanswer set semantics. This paves the way for using our well-founded semanticsto simplify these logic programs. We also show how our semantics can be applied toaggregate logic programs and description logic programs, and compare itto the well-founded semantics already proposed for these logic programs.
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Levisen, Carsten. "Postcolonial Semantics". Scandinavian Studies in Language 13, n. 1 (14 dicembre 2022): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/sss.v13i1.135072.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
“Postcolonial semantics” is the study of meaning and meaning- making in postcolonial contexts, and at the same time, it is a way of articulating and mediating metasemantic critique. In this paper, my aim is to provide a brief overview of postcolonial semantics as an emerging field and approach, focusing on central concepts and analytical scopes.
The theoretical backdrop for the establishment of postcolonial semantics is partly found in the developments of new fields, such as colonial and postcolonial linguistics, postcolonial pragmatics, and decolonial linguistics, and partly in the cognitive and cultural renewals of linguistic semantics. The cognitive cultural semantics to which this special issue is devoted is a conceptual kind of semantics, as opposed to a “realist” (or “referential”) semantics. It is also a semantics of “understanding” (U-semantics), rather than a semantics of “truth” (T-semantics). Synthesizing the overall aims of these movements, we can say that postcolonial semantics is a conceptual and U-semantic approach to the linguacultural complexities that colonial language encounters have brought about, and an approach that combines cultural and critical perspectives. Postcolonial semantics engages critically with the semantic conceptualizations born out of colonial-era linguistic worldviews, especially in the form of a critique of the terminological and conceptual biases that have entered into the frameworks of modern cognitive and social sciences, including Eurocentric and Anglocentric concepts and terminologies that characterize the vocabulary and priorities of modern linguistics.
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Utami, Noor Amalia, e Sailal Arimi. "Semantic of Banjarese Prepositions: Cognitive Semantics". Deskripsi Bahasa 4, n. 2 (29 ottobre 2021): 86–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/db.v4i2.4732.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Spatial system is fundamental in any language. This makes each language has spatial system which in some extent distinctive one another. Study of spatial system commonly found within cognitive linguistics area which takes preposition as object of study as the present research does. Banjarese, as one of local languages in Indonesia, indicates a unique spatial system by having particular spatial particles. Data collection is based on the questionnaire where the respondents are 153 native Banjareses. The result shows that Banjarese have eight spatial prepositions which classified into three categories based on the vector direction. Preposition di, where it is used excessively, is a placement preposition where there is no movement in the configuration. On the other hand, source and goal directive preposition carry vector from and toward the LM respectively. Source-directive prepositions are di, dari, matan, and pada. Meanwhile, goal-directive prepositions are ka, taka, baka, and ampah. Particular spatial expression such as hulu (upstream), hilir (downstream), laut (sea), and darat(land) are found generated from river life. All these four spatial particles are based on river stream direction. Hulu and hilir take horizontal relation toward river while laut and darat are perpendicular to river line that extends further or nearby toward river.
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Callaway, Howard G. "Semantic competence and truth-conditional semantics". Erkenntnis 28, n. 1 (gennaio 1988): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00204422.
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Krämer, Stephan. "Semantic values in higher-order semantics". Philosophical Studies 168, n. 3 (19 giugno 2013): 709–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11098-013-0157-z.
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HOVDA, PAUL. "Semantics as Information about Semantic Values". Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 81, n. 2 (settembre 2010): 502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1933-1592.2010.00408.x.
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Splendiani, Andrea, Albert Burger, Adrian Paschke, Paolo Romano e M. Marshall. "Biomedical semantics in the Semantic Web". Journal of Biomedical Semantics 2, Suppl 1 (2011): S1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2041-1480-2-s1-s1.
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Rosenthal, Arnon, Len Seligman e Scott Renner. "From semantic integration to semantics management". ACM SIGMOD Record 33, n. 4 (dicembre 2004): 44–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1041410.1041418.
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Boisson, Claude. "La place de l'image mentale en sémantique". Recherches anglaises et nord-américaines 23, n. 1 (1990): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ranam.1990.1216.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Place of Mental images in Semantics. Mental images have been sadly neglected in semantics. It is my contention that propositional representations cannot account for the semantic content of many words, that world knowledge interacts with strictly semantic characterizations, and that consequently mental images are a necessary part of a truly "cognitive" semantics.
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Koseska, Violetta. "Semantics, contrastive linguistics and parallel corpora". Cognitive Studies | Études cognitives, n. 14 (4 settembre 2014): 85–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/cs.2014.009.
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Semantics, contrastive linguistics and parallel corporaIn view of the ambiguity of the term “semantics”, the author shows the differences between the traditional lexical semantics and the contemporary semantics in the light of various semantic schools. She examines semantics differently in connection with contrastive studies where the description must necessary go from the meaning towards the linguistic form, whereas in traditional contrastive studies the description proceeded from the form towards the meaning. This requirement regarding theoretical contrastive studies necessitates construction of a semantic interlanguage, rather than only singling out universal semantic categories expressed with various language means. Such studies can be strongly supported by parallel corpora. However, in order to make them useful for linguists in manual and computer translations, as well as in the development of dictionaries, including online ones, we need not only formal, often automatic, annotation of texts, but also semantic annotation - which is unfortunately manual. In the article we focus on semantic annotation concerning time, aspect and quantification of names and predicates in the whole semantic structure of the sentence on the example of the “Polish-Bulgarian-Russian parallel corpus”.
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Derevianko, V. "PRAGMATIC ASPECTS OF SEMANTICS OF TRANSFORMED PHRASES". Comparative studies of Slavic languages and literatures. In memory of Academician Leonid Bulakhovsky, n. 36 (2020): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2075-437x.2020.36.02.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article deals with the problem of pragmatic aspects of the semantics of transformed phrases. Functional-pragmatic features of transformed phrases are explored on examples of structural-semantic transformations of the distributionof the component composition. The structural analysis is presented and the formal features of the phraseological transformations updated by the spreading of the component composition is analyzed. An attempt to find out the causes and purposes of the authors using of the structural-semantic transformations of the component composition spreading of phrases and their influence on the phraseological significance is made in the article.In accordance with the author’s intentions, the pragmatic potential of phraseological transformations in the Czech opinion journalism is clarified. Comparing meaning of the actualized phraseological transformations with the values of phraseological invariants (based on the Czech National Corps), the author identified 5 types of the semantic landslides: 1) specification of semantics; 2) the literalization of semantics; 3) intensification of semantics; 4) expression of semantics; 5) explication of semantics. The pragmatic potential of phraseological semantics modeling is outlined.
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Barðdal, Jóhanna, Thomas Smitherman, Valgerður Bjarnadóttir, Serena Danesi, Gard B. Jenset e Barbara McGillivray. "Reconstructing constructional semantics". Theory and data in cognitive linguistics 36, n. 3 (30 novembre 2012): 511–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.36.3.03bar.
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As the historical linguistic community is well aware, reconstructing semantics is a notoriously difficult undertaking. Such reconstruction has so far mostly been carried out on lexical items, like words and morphemes, and has not been conducted for larger and more complex linguistic units, which intuitively seems to be a more intricate task, especially given the lack of methodological criteria and guidelines within the field. This follows directly from the fact that most current theoretical frameworks are not construction-based, that is, they do not assume that constructions are form-meaning correspondences. In order to meet this challenge, we present an attempt at reconstructing constructional semantics, and more precisely the semantics of the Dative Subject Construction for an earlier stage of Indo-European. For this purpose we employ lexical semantic verb classes in combination with the semantic map model (Barðdal 2007, Barðdal, Kristoffersen & Sveen 2011), showing how incredibly stable semantic fields may remain across long time spans, and how reconstructing such semantic fields may be accomplished.
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Zulkarnain, Lalu Purnama. "Semantik Leksikal Pantun dalam Sastra Sasak". Jurnal Ilmiah Telaah 8, n. 1 (23 gennaio 2023): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31764/telaah.v8i1.13360.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lexical semantics of pantu in Sasak literature Semantic studies. This study aims to analyze pantun texts in Sasak literature. By using semantic theory which discusses lexical semantics The problem studied in this study is the use of Sasak rhymes, lexical semantics contained in pantun texts in Sasak literature, namely rhymes for advice, rhymes for youth, and rhymes for religion. This research is a research with a qualitative approach that is descriptive. The analysis aims to collect and describe the lexical semantics found in pantun texts in Sasak literature. The final finding in this study is that there is lexical semantics in each stanza of the pantun. From the lexical semantics, there are several messages in the pantun that are meaningful to listeners or the public.
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Getir, Sinem, Moharram Challenger e Geylani Kardas. "The Formal Semantics of a Domain-Specific Modeling Language for Semantic Web Enabled Multi-Agent Systems". International Journal of Cooperative Information Systems 23, n. 03 (14 agosto 2014): 1450005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218843014500051.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Development of agent systems is without question a complex task when autonomous, reactive and proactive characteristics of agents are considered. Furthermore, internal agent behavior model and interaction within the agent organizations become even more complex and hard to implement when new requirements and interactions for new agent environments such as the Semantic Web are taken into account. We believe that the use of both domain specific modeling and a Domain-specific Modeling Language (DSML) may provide the required abstraction and support a more fruitful methodology for the development of Multi-agent Systems (MASs) especially when they are working on the Semantic Web environment. Although syntax definition based on a metamodel is an essential part of a modeling language, an additional and required part would be the determination and implementation of DSML constraints that constitute the (formal) semantics which cannot be defined solely with a metamodel. Hence, in this paper, formal semantics of a MAS DSML called Semantic Web enabled Multi-agent Systems (SEA_ML) is introduced. SEA_ML is a modeling language for agent systems that specifically takes into account the interactions of semantic web agents with semantic web services. What is more, SEA_ML also supports the modeling of semantic agents from their internals to MAS perspective. Based on the defined abstract and concrete syntax definitions, we first give the formal representation of SEA_ML's semantics and then discuss its use on MAS validation. In order to define and implement semantics of SEA_ML, we employ Alloy language which is declarative and has a strong description capability originating from both relational and first-order logic in order to easily define complex structures and behaviors of these systems. Differentiating from similar contributions of other researchers on formal semantics definition for MAS development languages, SEA_ML's semantics, presented in this paper, defines both static and dynamic aspects of the interaction between software agents and semantic web services, in addition to the definition of the semantics already required for agent internals and MAS communication. Implementation with Alloy makes definition of SEA_ML's semantics to include relations and sets with a simple notation for MAS model definitions. We discuss how the automatic analysis and hence checking of SEA_ML models can be realized with the defined semantics. Design of an agent-based electronic barter system is exemplified in order to give some flavor of the use of SEA_ML's formal semantics. Lessons learned during the development of such a MAS DSML semantics are also reported in this paper.
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Moradi, Mohammad, e MohammadReza Keyvanpour. "XML and Semantics". International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 5, n. 5 (1 ottobre 2015): 1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v5i5.pp1174-1179.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Since the early days of introducing eXtensible Markup Language (XML), owing to its expressive capabilities and flexibilities, it became the defacto standard for representing, storing, and interchanging data on the Web. Such features have made XML one of the building blocks of the Semantic Web. From another viewpoint, since XML documents could be considered from content, structural, and semantic aspects, leveraging their semantics is very useful and applicable in different domains. However, XML does not by itself introduce any built-in mechanisms for governing semantics. For this reason, many studies have been conducted on the representation of semantics within/from XML documents. This paper studies and discusses different aspects of the mentioned topic in the form of an overview with an emphasis on the state of semantics in XML and its presentation methods.
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Boleda, Gemma, e Aurélie Herbelot. "Formal Distributional Semantics: Introduction to the Special Issue". Computational Linguistics 42, n. 4 (dicembre 2016): 619–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00261.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Formal Semantics and Distributional Semantics are two very influential semantic frameworks in Computational Linguistics. Formal Semantics is based on a symbolic tradition and centered around the inferential properties of language. Distributional Semantics is statistical and data-driven, and focuses on aspects of meaning related to descriptive content. The two frameworks are complementary in their strengths, and this has motivated interest in combining them into an overarching semantic framework: a “Formal Distributional Semantics.” Given the fundamentally different natures of the two paradigms, however, building an integrative framework poses significant theoretical and engineering challenges. The present issue of Computational Linguistics advances the state of the art in Formal Distributional Semantics; this introductory article explains the motivation behind it and summarizes the contributions of previous work on the topic, providing the necessary background for the articles that follow.
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Nemich, Natalya N. "LEXICOGRAPHIC DESCRIPTION OF SYNONYMOUS CONSTITUENTS IN THE FIELD OF INEXPRESSIBLE SEMANTICS". Proceedings of Southern Federal University. Philology 26, n. 2 (20 giugno 2022): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/1995-0640-2022-2-34-46.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Based on the analysis of dictionaries, an attempt is made to lexicographically describe one-word lexemes with inexpressible semantics and pragmatic and stylistic semantic features. It is revealed that different constituents of inexpressible semantics contain a different number of lexical-semantic variants. In defining dictionaries, since the middle of the XX century, there has been an expansion of definitions of lexemes with the inexpressible semantics, there is an intersection with the semantics of an extremely high concentration of quality. A new meaning is formed in lexicographical practice in the second half of the XX century.
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Sinha, Chris, e Tania Kuteva. "Distributed Spatial Semantics". Nordic Journal of Linguistics 18, n. 2 (dicembre 1995): 167–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586500000159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The “local semantics” approach to the analysis of the meaning of locative particles (e.g. spatial prepositions) is examined, criticized and rejected. An alternative, distributed approach to spatial relational semantics and its linguistic expression is argued for. In the first part of the paper, it is argued that spatial relational semantic information is not exclusively carried in languages such as English by the locative particle, and that “item-specific meanings plus selectional restrictions” cannot save the localist approach. In the second part of the paper, the “covertly” distributed spatial relational semantics of languages such as English is contrasted with the “overtly” distributed spatial relational semantics characterizing many other languages. Some common assumptions relating to the universality of the expression of spatial relational meaning by closed syntactic classes are criticized. A change of perspective from “local” to “distributed” semantics permits the re-analysis of polysemy and item-bound “use-type” in terms of the distributed expression of language-specific spatial relational semantic types.
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Zhou, Jiang, e Xin Yu Ma. "Semantic Enabled 3D Object Retrieval". Advanced Materials Research 159 (dicembre 2010): 128–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.159.128.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the case of traditional 3D shape retrieval systems, the objects retrieved are based mainly on the computation of low-level features that are used to detect so-called regions-of-interest. This paper focuses on obtaining the retrieved objects in a machine understandable and intelligent manner. We explore the different kinds of semantic descriptions for retrieval of 3D shapes. Based on ontology technology, we decompose a 3D objects into meaningful parts semi-automatically. Each part can be regarded as a 3D object, and further be semantically annotated according to ontology vocabulary from the Chinese cultural relics. Three kinds of semantic models such as description semantics of domain knowledge, spatial semantics and scenario semantics, are presented for describing semantic annotations from different viewpoints. These annotated semantics can accurately grasp complete semantic descriptions of 3D shapes.
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Tchier, F. "Demonic semantics: using monotypes and residuals". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2004, n. 3 (2004): 135–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s016117120420415x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Relations and relational operators can be used to define the semantics of programming languages. The operations∨and∘serve to giveangelic semanticsby defining a program to go right when there is a possibility to go right. On the other hand, the demonic operations⊔and□do the opposite: if there is a possibility to go wrong, a program whose semantics is given by these operators will go wrong; it is thedemonic semantics. This type of semantics is known at least since Dijkstra's introduction of the language of guarded commands. Recently, there has been a growing interest in demonic relational semantics of sequential programs. Usually, a construct is given an ad hoc semantic definition based on an intuitive understanding of its behavior. In this note, we show how the notion ofrelational flow diagram(essentially a matrix whose entries are relations on the set of states of the program), introduced by Schmidt, can be used to give a single demonic definition for a wide range of programming constructs. This research had originally been carried out by J. Desharnais and F. Tchier (1996) in the same framework of the binary homogeneous relations. We show that all the results can be generalized by using the monotypes and the residuals introduced by Desharnais et al. (2000).
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Wang, Yingxu. "Fuzzy Semantic Models of Fuzzy Concepts in Fuzzy Systems". International Journal of Fuzzy Systems and Advanced Applications 9 (13 marzo 2022): 57–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/91017.2022.9.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The fuzzy properties of language semantics are a central problem towards machine-enabled natural language processing in cognitive linguistics, fuzzy systems, and computational linguistics. A formal method for rigorously describing and manipulating fuzzy semantics is sought for bridging the gap between humans and cognitive fuzzy systems. The mathematical model of fuzzy concepts is rigorously described as a hyperstructure of fuzzy sets of attributes, objects, relations, and qualifications, which serves as the basic unit of fuzzy semantics for denoting languages entities in semantic analyses. The formal fuzzy concept is extended to complex structures where fuzzy modifiers and qualifiers are considered. An algebraic approach is developed to manipulate composite fuzzy semantic as a deductive process from a fuzzy concept to the determined semantics. The denotational mathematical structure of fuzzy semantic inference not only explains the fuzzy nature of human semantics and its comprehension, but also enables cognitive machines and fuzzy systems to mimic the human fuzzy inference mechanisms in cognitive linguistics, cognitive computing, and computational intelligence.
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Zhang, Jun, Xiangfeng Luo, Lei Lu e Weidong Liu. "An Acquisition Model of Deep Textual Semantics Based on Human Reading Cognitive Process". International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence 6, n. 2 (aprile 2012): 82–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jcini.2012040105.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The acquisition of deep textual semantics is a key issue which significantly improves the performances of e-learning, web search and web knowledge services, etc. Though many models have been developed to acquire textual semantics, the acquisition of deep textual semantics is still a challenge issue. Herein, an acquisition model of deep textual semantics is developed to enhance the capability of text understanding, which includes two parts: 1) how to obtain and organize the domain knowledge extracted from text set and 2) how to activate the domain knowledge for obtaining the deep textual semantics. The activation process involves the Gough mode reading theory, Landscape model and memory cognitive process. The Gough mode is the main human reading model that enables the authors to acquire deep semantics in a text reading process. Generalized semantic field is proposed to store the domain knowledge in the form of Long Term Memory (LTM). Specialized semantic field, which is acquired by the interaction process between the text fragment and the domain knowledge, is introduced to describe the change process of textual semantics. By their mutual actions, the authors can get the deep textual semantics which enhances the capability of text understanding; therefore, the machine can understand the text more precisely and correctly than those models only obtaining surface textual semantics.
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Moltmann, Friederike. "Truthmaker semantics for natural language: Attitude verbs, modals, and intensional transitive verbs". Theoretical Linguistics 46, n. 3-4 (1 ottobre 2020): 159–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/tl-2020-0010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper gives an outline of truthmaker semantics for natural language against the background of standard possible-worlds semantics. It develops a truthmaker semantics for attitude reports and deontic modals based on an ontology of attitudinal and modal objects and on a semantic function of clauses as predicates of such objects. The semantics is applied to factive verbs and response-stance verbs as well as to cases of modal concord. The paper also presents new motivations for ‘object-based truthmaker semantics’ from intensional transitive verbs such as need, look for, own, and buy and gives an outline of their semantics based on a further development of truthmaker semantics.
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Diachuk, Vira. "SEMANTIC CONCEPT SPACE AS A SOURCE OF ITS CONTENT INTERPRETATION". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Literary Studies. Linguistics. Folklore Studies, n. 31 (2022): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2659.2022.31.03.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
It has been acknowledged that concept consists of verbal and semantic spaces. Verbal space represents concept in speech when semantic space keeps all its meanings. The purpose of this research is to analyze the semantic concept space as a system of meanings. Also, it aims to represent role and significance of the semantic concept space for concept and linguistic world-image investigations, that declares main points of national worldview. Using theoretical, synthesis, descriptive and comparative methods, this study analyzes the structure of semantic concept space and also explores its distinguishing characteristics. In addition, a review of the literature shows main issues of the correlation between semantics and culture. The results of this study describe the principles of semantic concept space internal organization. They show that the semantic concept space is formed by semantic fields which are vocabulary groups, combined by common content, conceptual, subject or functional similarity of their phenomena. The semantic field reflects the content of the concept, reveals the degree of the word cultural semantics "antiquity". In addition, it represents the process and principles of surrounding reality cognition, because semantics is closely related to the process of naming, which is carried out at different stages of cognitive processing. The basis of the denotation nomination is its one or more relevant features that differ the denotation from other similar ones. This study definitely answers the questions regarding the correlation between semantics and ethnos worldview, semantics and nomination principles. The detailed analysis of semantic concept space makes it possible to understand linguistic world-image peculiarities and principles of a cultural phenomenon assessment.
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Pye, Clifton. "A METAPHORICAL THEORY OF MEANING". Linguistik Indonesia 35, n. 1 (25 febbraio 2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/li.v35i1.52.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Languages combine form and meaning in order to express an infinite number of ideas. Modern linguistics has developed sophisticated methods to probe the formal structure of languages from phonetics to syntax, but the study of meaning remains relatively unexplored. The lack of sophisticated methods to document the semantic structure of languages remains a significant problem for work with endangered languages. Research in semantics is limited by semantic theories that can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. These theories assume that languages use a universal set of semantic elements to construct meaning. The classical theories cannot account for semantic change and an explanation of metaphor is completely beyond the scope of such theories. In this paper I propose a theory of semantics that puts metaphor at the center of semantics. Rather than create an artificial dichotomy between figurative and non-figurative language, the metaphorical approach to semantics assumes that all languages are figurative. This approach assumes that a basic sentence as “The cat is on the mat” combines figurative language with pragmatic information to communicate a basic proposition. This approach differs from that of Lakoff (1993) in that its focus is on metaphoric mapping within cognitive domains rather than between domains. The trick in metaphorical semantics is to learn how to detect the metaphors used in basic linguistic expressions and to construct a theory of semantics based on metaphor.
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Analyti, Anastasia, Nicolas Spyratos e Panos Constantopoulos. "On the Semantics of a Semantic Network". Fundamenta Informaticae 36, n. 2,3 (1998): 109–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1998-36232.
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Grosky, W. I., D. V. Sreenath e F. Fotouhi. "Emergent semantics and the multimedia semantic web". ACM SIGMOD Record 31, n. 4 (dicembre 2002): 54–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/637411.637420.
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ter Meulen, Alice G. B. "Semantic realism, rigid designation, and dynamic semantics". Behavioral and Brain Sciences 21, n. 1 (febbraio 1998): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x98460400.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Semantic realism fits Millikan's account of kind terms in its focus on information-theoretic abilities and strategic ways of gathering information in human communication. Instead of the traditional logical necessity, we should interpret rigid designation in a dynamic semantics as a legislative act to constrain possible ways in which our belief may change.
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Batet, Montserrat, e David Sánchez. "Semantic Disclosure Control: semantics meets data privacy". Online Information Review 42, n. 3 (11 giugno 2018): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/oir-03-2017-0090.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose To overcome the limitations of purely statistical approaches to data protection, the purpose of this paper is to propose Semantic Disclosure Control (SeDC): an inherently semantic privacy protection paradigm that, by relying on state of the art semantic technologies, rethinks privacy and data protection in terms of the meaning of the data. Design/methodology/approach The need for data protection mechanisms able to manage data from a semantic perspective is discussed and the limitations of statistical approaches are highlighted. Then, SeDC is presented by detailing how it can be enforced to detect and protect sensitive data. Findings So far, data privacy has been tackled from a statistical perspective; that is, available solutions focus just on the distribution of the data values. This contrasts with the semantic way by which humans understand and manage (sensitive) data. As a result, current solutions present limitations both in preventing disclosure risks and in preserving the semantics (utility) of the protected data. Practical implications SeDC captures more general, realistic and intuitive notions of privacy and information disclosure than purely statistical methods. As a result, it is better suited to protect heterogenous and unstructured data, which are the most common in current data release scenarios. Moreover, SeDC preserves the semantics of the protected data better than statistical approaches, which is crucial when using protected data for research. Social implications Individuals are increasingly aware of the privacy threats that the uncontrolled collection and exploitation of their personal data may produce. In this respect, SeDC offers an intuitive notion of privacy protection that users can easily understand. It also naturally captures the (non-quantitative) privacy notions stated in current legislations on personal data protection. Originality/value On the contrary to statistical approaches to data protection, SeDC assesses disclosure risks and enforces data protection from a semantic perspective. As a result, it offers more general, intuitive, robust and utility-preserving protection of data, regardless their type and structure.
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Tang, Qi, Yao Zhao, Meiqin Liu, Jian Jin e Chao Yao. "Semantic Lens: Instance-Centric Semantic Alignment for Video Super-resolution". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 38, n. 6 (24 marzo 2024): 5154–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v38i6.28321.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As a critical clue of video super-resolution (VSR), inter-frame alignment significantly impacts overall performance. However, accurate pixel-level alignment is a challenging task due to the intricate motion interweaving in the video. In response to this issue, we introduce a novel paradigm for VSR named Semantic Lens, predicated on semantic priors drawn from degraded videos. Specifically, video is modeled as instances, events, and scenes via a Semantic Extractor. Those semantics assist the Pixel Enhancer in understanding the recovered contents and generating more realistic visual results. The distilled global semantics embody the scene information of each frame, while the instance-specific semantics assemble the spatial-temporal contexts related to each instance. Furthermore, we devise a Semantics-Powered Attention Cross-Embedding (SPACE) block to bridge the pixel-level features with semantic knowledge, composed of a Global Perspective Shifter (GPS) and an Instance-Specific Semantic Embedding Encoder (ISEE). Concretely, the GPS module generates pairs of affine transformation parameters for pixel-level feature modulation conditioned on global semantics. After that the ISEE module harnesses the attention mechanism to align the adjacent frames in the instance-centric semantic space. In addition, we incorporate a simple yet effective pre-alignment module to alleviate the difficulty of model training. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our model over existing state-of-the-art VSR methods.
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Petrie, Charles. "The Semantics of "Semantics"". IEEE Internet Computing 13, n. 5 (settembre 2009): 96–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mic.2009.117.
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Munir, Aumm-e.-hani, e Wajahat Mahmood Qazi. "Artificial Subjectivity: Personal Semantic Memory Model for Cognitive Agents". Applied Sciences 12, n. 4 (11 febbraio 2022): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12041903.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Personal semantic memory is a way of inducing subjectivity in intelligent agents. Personal semantic memory has knowledge related to personal beliefs, self-knowledge, preferences, and perspectives in humans. Modeling this cognitive feature in the intelligent agent can help them in perception, learning, reasoning, and judgments. This paper presents a methodology for the development of personal semantic memory in response to external information. The main contribution of the work is to propose and implement the computational version of personal semantic memory. The proposed model has modules for perception, learning, sentiment analysis, knowledge representation, and personal semantic construction. These modules work in synergy for personal semantic knowledge formulation, learning, and storage. Personal semantics are added to the existing body of knowledge qualitatively and quantitatively. We performed multiple experiments where the agent had conversations with the humans. Results show an increase in personal semantic knowledge in the agent’s memory during conversations with an F1 score of 0.86. These personal semantics evolved qualitatively and quantitatively with time during experiments. Results demonstrated that agents with the given personal semantics architecture possessed personal semantics that can help the agent to produce some sort of subjectivity in the future.
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Халанська, Наталія Миколаївна. "СИНКРЕТИЗМ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ В СЕМАНТИЧЕСКОЙ СТРУКТУРЕ ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ". Наукові записки Харківського національного педагогічного університету ім. Г. С. Сковороди "Літературознавство" 1, n. 97 (2021): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.34142/2312-1076.2021.1.97.09.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article discusses separate definitions of syncretic semantics, which are analyzed from the standpoint of an integral description of lexical-semantic and morphological-syntactic features that ensure the formation of the meaning of a sentence. A comprehensive analysis combining semantic and formal-grammatical features of linguistic units makes it possible to identify essential systemic features of sentences with separate definitions of syncretic semantics. Constructions with separate definitions of syncretic semantics are considered taking into account the interaction of different sides of the sentence organization – formal, semantic and communicative. At the same time, the main attention is paid to the content side of the proposals. The work is based on the method of synchronous description, aimed at identifying semantic relations in the structure of a sentence. The research also uses elements of the component analysis of lexemes and the transformation method. The aim of the article is to determine the factors that form the syncretism of meanings in separate definitions; trace the relationship between the semantic and formal organization of such structures. The author has come to the conclusion that additional adverbial relations in sentences with separate definitions of syncretic semantics arise on the basis of the correlation of the semantics of propositions indicated by a separate attribute and the main part of a sentence. The structure of isolated definitions at the semantic level is potentially isomorphic to the structure of a sentence, which leads to the semantic complexity of constructions with isolation and determines their semantic-syntactic asymmetry. There is a semantic "deployment" of a monopredicative unit into a polypropositive one.
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CHEMLA, EMMANUEL. "EXPRESSIBLE SEMANTICS FOR EXPRESSIBLE COUNTERFACTUALS". Review of Symbolic Logic 4, n. 1 (13 settembre 2010): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175502031000016x.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lewis (1981) showed the equivalence between two dominant semantic frameworks for counterfactuals: ordering semantics, which relies on orders between possible worlds, and premise semantics, which relies on sets of propositions (so-called ordering sources). I define a natural, restricted version of premise semantics, expressible premise semantics, which is based on ordering sources containing only expressible propositions. First, I extend Lewis’ (1981) equivalence result to expressible premise semantics and some corresponding expressible version of ordering semantics. Second, I show that expressible semantics are strictly less powerful than their nonexpressible counterparts, even when attention is restricted to the truth values of expressible counterfactuals. Assuming that the expressibility constraint is natural for premise semantics, this result breaks the equivalence between ordering semantics and (expressible) premise semantics. Finally, I show that these results cast doubt on various desirable conjectures, and in particular on a particular defense of the so-called limit assumption.
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Przymusinski, Teodor. "Well-Founded Semantics Coincides with Three-Valued Stable Semantics1". Fundamenta Informaticae 13, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1990): 445–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/fi-1990-13404.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We introduce 3-valued stable models which are a natural generalization of standard (2-valued) stable models. We show that every logic program P has at least one 3-valued stable model and that the well-founded model of any program P [Van Gelder et al., 1990] coincides with the smallest 3-valued stable model of P. We conclude that the well-founded semantics of an arbitrary logic program coincides with the 3-valued stable model semantics. The 3-valued stable semantics is closely related to non-monotonic formalisms in AI. Namely, every program P can be translated into a suitable autoepistemic (resp. default) theory P ˆ so that the 3-valued stable semantics of P coincides with the (3-valued) autoepistemic (resp. default) semantics of P ˆ. Similar results hold for circumscription and CWA. Moreover, it can be shown that the 3-valued stable semantics has a natural extension to the class of all disjunctive logic programs and deductive databases. Finally, following upon the recent approach developed by Gelfond and Lifschitz, we extend all of our results to more general logic programs which, in addition to the use of negation as failure, permit the use of classical negation.
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Bekenova, G. "HYDRONYMS OF THE NORTHERN REGION TYPOLOGY". Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, n. 2 (15 giugno 2022): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2022-2.01.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Etymological analysis in toponymy involves the disclosure of the semantics of the name. The semantic aspect of the study is of great importance. Although almost all research scientists are focused on the semantics of the name, this aspect has not yet been fully analyzed. Currently, there is a need to develop a reliable, scientifically based reasoned methodology in the study of the semantics of a toponym, including a substratum toponym. Such technique can be developed only with a comprehensive study of the semantics of toponyms in each territory, in each language, along with the general, specific features of toponyms. The methodology for determining these features of semantics can be implemented through a linguistic typology that has not yet been used in toponomastics. It is clear that the work on identifying typological similarities and differences in the semantics of the toponymic system should be carried out on the basis of a large amount of material. An attempt to compare the Turkic (Kazakh) and Russian hydronyms of the northern region of Kazakhstan in this aspect and create their semantic typology is a natural phenomenon. This article will concern the hydronyms of the northern region of Kazakhstan from the point of view of semantic typology and consider the etymology of substarate hydronyms.
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Jun, Hee-Gook, e Dong-Hyuk Im. "Semantics-Preserving RDB2RDF Data Transformation Using Hierarchical Direct Mapping". Applied Sciences 10, n. 20 (12 ottobre 2020): 7070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10207070.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Direct mapping is an automatic transformation method used to generate resource description framework (RDF) data from relational data. In the field of direct mapping, semantics preservation is critical to ensure that the mapping method outputs RDF data without information loss or incorrect semantic data generation. However, existing direct-mapping methods have problems that prevent semantics preservation in specific cases. For this reason, a mapping method is developed to perform a semantics-preserving transformation of relational databases (RDB) into RDF data without semantic information loss and to reduce the volume of incorrect RDF data. This research reviews cases that do not generate semantics-preserving results, and the corresponding problems into categories are arranged. This paper defines lemmas that represent the features of RDF data transformation to resolve those problems. Based on the lemmas, this work develops a hierarchical direct-mapping method to strictly abide by the definition of semantics preservation and to prevent semantic information loss, reducing the volume of incorrect RDF data generated. Experiments demonstrate the capability of the proposed method to perform semantics-preserving RDB2RDF data transformation, generating semantically accurate results. This work impacts future studies, which should involve the development of synchronization methods to achieve RDF data consistency when original RDB data are modified.
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Korolova, Tetiana, e Yuliia Yavorska. "MODAL-EMOTIONAL SEMANTICS AS A PROBLEM OF LITERARY TRANSLATION". Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 2022, n. 35 (agosto 2022): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2022-35-6.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article has been devoted to the peculiarities and problems of reproduction of modal-emotional semantics. The study is urgent taking into consideration the position of the ambiguity of the phenomenon of modal-emotional semantics, and its representation in the literary text It should be emphasized that the translator faces the difficulty of reproducing an adequate translation of modal-emotional semantics, which can be achieved only under the condition of preserving the author’s content, observing the specifics of emotional vocabulary and using appropriate transformations of the text. The objective of the study is to research and analyse the specifics of modalemotional semantics throughout literary translation. To achieve this goal, the concepts of “emotionality”, “emotionality” and “expressiveness” were characterized, modality was defined as a semantic category, and modal-emotional semantics at different levels of language were considered. As a result of the study, the authors concluded that modality is a universal semantic category actualized by a number of linguistic means. During the analysis of the problem of modal-emotional semantics reproduction, we determined that in a general sense, linguists define the same content of modality with different terms, distinguishing, in addition to adjacent types, semantic types that are different from other classifications
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Hao, Jifei, e Bo Cheng. "A Subgraph Retrieval Method for Complex Questions Based on Hybrid Semantics and Path Representation". ITM Web of Conferences 60 (2024): 00017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20246000017.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Current subgraph retrieval methods generally fall into two categories: those that rely on semantic matching, which use only surface-level semantic information of relations and lack flexibility; and those based on personalized PageRank algorithms, which fail to leverage the semantic connection between the relation and the question, rendering them susceptible to noisy data. To address these issues, this paper introduces a novel retrieval model that employs hybrid semantics of relations and path representations. Specifically, hybrid semantics involves merging relational and entity information within a knowledge graph to extract the deep semantics of relations and enhance semantic representation by integrating it with the explicit descriptive text of the relations. Path representation merges the semantics of the current relation with those of preceding ones to form a complete path representation. This representation is then semantically matched with the question to compute a score, which determines whether the relation should form part of the subgraph. We integrated our subgraph retrieval model with the Neural Symbolic Machine (NSM) reasoning model and evaluated it on the publicly available CWQ and WebQSP datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that our method performs exceptionally well on these datasets, validating the efficacy of utilizing deep semantics and path representations for the retrieval of subgraphs in response to complex questions.