Tesi sul tema "Sediment export"

The Upper North Bosque River (UNBR) watershed is under a Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) mandate to reduce Phosphorus (P) due to excess nutrients in the watershed. To address these problems, Texas A&M University researchers have developed a turfgrass sod Best Management Practice (BMP) to remove excess nutrients from impaired watersheds. Turfgrass harvest of manure fertilized sod removes a thin layer of topsoil with most of the manure applied P. Plot and field scale research has demonstrated the effectiveness of turfgrass to remove manure phosphorus (P). In order to assess the impact of the turfgrass BMP on a watershed scale, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was used to predict water quality in the UNBR watershed. The SWAT model was modified to incorporate turfgrass harvest routines to predict manure and soil P export through turfgrass sod and soil during harvest. SWAT simulations of the BMP predicted stream load reductions of 20 to 36% for P loads in the UNBR depending on the implementation scenario, an average reduction of 31% for total N and 16.7% for sediment for all the scenarios, at the watershed outlet. The SWAT model also predicted up to 176 kg/ha P removed per sod harvest when fertilized with 100 kg manure P/ha, and 258 kg/ha of P removed per sod harvest when the manure P application rate was 200 kg/ha. In addition, depending on the implementation scenario, the turfgrass BMP could export between 262 and 784 metric tons of P out of the UNBR watershed every year. Manure fertilized turfgrass has the advantage of slow releasing nutrients from the composted dairy manure, so it would not require any additional P for life. This means reduced urban non-point source pollution and lower maintenance cost compared to regular sod. These modeling simulations complement the wealth of research that shows the effectiveness of the turfgrass BMP.

A Baía da Guanabara vem sofrendo alterações na sua bacia de drenagem desde o início do século XIX que resultaram em acentuada degradação ambiental. O presente trabalho discute a influência da implantação de um Terminal Aquaviário de Gás Natural Liquefeito (GNL) na Baía, e suas possíveis influências nos processos de sedimentação local e/ou re-disponibilização de sedimentos de fundo, e possíveis contaminantes associados. Os resultados dos modelos matemáticos mostram que as maiores velocidades das plumas termicas que atingem o fundo são em média 0,46 m3/s para as simulações de verão e 0,47 m3/s para as simulações de inverno, sendo que são necessários pelo menos de 0,50 m3/s para uma corrente erodir o fundo, porem velocidades na faixa de 20 a 50 m3/s são suficientes para causar erosão de sedimentos finos inconsolidados. Sendo assim, a influência das plumas térmicas geradas no processo de re-gaseificação do GNL é de pequena magnitude, e suas correntes só conseguem exportar estes sedimentos para distancias inferiores a 1000 m. Em relação a re-disponibilização de contaminantes associados aos sedimentos de fundo se mostrou pouco provável, dado o fato da qualidade dos sedimentos apresentarem, diferente da água, baixa concentração de contaminantes e da baixa competência de erosão, que eles tenham competência para erodir sedimentos consolidados.
Since the beginning of the XIX century, interventions on the Guanabara\'s Bay drainage basin result in severe environmental degradation. This work aimed to analyze the implementation of an Aquaviary Terminal of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), and its putative consequences on the local sedimentation processes, and the availability and possible associated contaminants of the bottom sediments. According to the mathematical models developed, the means of the greatest speeds of the thermal plumes that reach the bottom are 0.46m3/s for the summer simulations and 0.47m3/s for the winter. However, for a current to be able to erode the bottom it must be of at least 50m3/s. Currents with speeds ranging from 20 to 50m3/s are sufficient only to cause the erosion of fine and non-consolidated sediment. Therefore, the thermal plumes generated in the process of re-gasification of the LNG are of little magnitude, and will not be able to export these sediments to any distance greater than 1000 meters. The re-availability of the contaminants associated with the bottom sediments is not likely, once these sediments, differently from the water, showed little concentration of contaminants. In addition, with the low erosion capacity of the currents generated, the consolidated sediments are not likely to be eroded.

L'érosion des sols est pourtant connue comme l'un des problèmes environnementaux les plus préoccupants au monde. L'érosion des sols est particulièrement et de plus en plus entraînée par les activités anthropiques dans le cadre du changement climatique. En RDP lao, un pays tropical, l'érosion des sols est due de manière significative à une gestion inappropriée des terres sur les terrains en pente. Le Houay Pano, un bassin versant cultivé du nord de la RDP lao, est exposé à l'érosion des sols, en particulier après la conversion de la culture itinérante en plantation de teck. La mauvaise gestion des terres en défrichant le sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck est considérée comme une cause sous-jacente du coefficient de ruissellement (Rc) plus élevé et de l'érosion des sols. Certaines mesures d'atténuation telles que le sous couvert végétal et la végétation rivulaire sont suggérées pour atténuer l'érosion des sols. Cependant, la mesure d'atténuation de l'érosion des sols et l'effet de la gestion de l'utilisation des terres sur le ruissellement de surface (SR) et la perte en sols/rendement de sédiments (Sl) à plusieurs échelles dans la plantation de teck ne sont pas entièrement évalués. Dans ce contexte, nous émettons l'hypothèse que le sous couvert végétal et l'herbe rivulaire atténuent l'érosion du sol dans la plantation d'arbres à teck et que les plantations d'arbres à teck ont ??des impacts sur SR et Sl entraînés par des processus dominants (l'érosion en nappe, l'érosion linéaire et le dépôt de sédiment) sur diverses échelles spatiales. Par conséquent, les objectifs fixés pour ce travail sont : (1) d'évaluer l'effet de la gestion du sous couvert végétal sur le ruissellement de surface et la perte en sols dans la plantation de teck à l'échelle de la micro-parcelle ; (2) d'évaluer la capacité des zones tampons d'herbes rivulaires à atténuer SR et Sl, et d'évaluer leur efficacité de piégeage de l'eau et des sédiments dans les plantations de teck sans sous couvert végétal à l'échelle du versant ; et (3) d'évaluer l'effet de la plantation de teck sur SR et Sl à diverses échelles spatiales (échelles de micro-parcelle, de versant incluant micro-bassin versant, et de bassin versant) dans un bassin versant tropical montagneux à utilisations mixtes de terre. Dans cette étude, le village de Ban Kokngew et le bassin versant d'Houay Pano ont été sélectionnés comme zones d'étude expérimentale pendant la saison des pluies. Des micro-parcelles, des pièges Gerlach et des déversoirs ont été utilisés pour estimer SR et Sl à chaque échelle. Nous avons suivi le modèle TEST développé pour l'érosion en nappe, qui nécessite quelques paramètres, pour évaluer Sl sur la micro-parcelle et le mettre en hautes échelles spatiales pour prédire Sl à l'échelle du versant et du bassin versant. Dans une étude réalisée en 2017 dans les plantations de teck de Ban Kokngew à l'échelle micro-parcelle, nous avons montré que Rc et Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectivement) sous teck avec sous couvert végétal étaient inférieurs à ceux sous teck sans sous couvert végétal (60 % et 5455 Mg·km-2, respectivement). Par conséquent, l'atténuation de l'érosion des sols par le maintien du sous couvert végétal sous la plantation de teck réduit Sl de 14 fois. [...]
Soil erosion is yet known as one of the most concerning problems of the environment in the world. Soil erosion is particularly and increasingly driven by anthropogenic activities under the changing climate. In Lao PDR, a tropical country, soil erosion is significantly due to inappropriate land management on the sloping land. The Houay Pano, a cultivated catchment of the northern Lao PDR, is prone to soil erosion, particularly after the conversion from shifting cultivation to teak tree plantation. Land mismanagement by clearing the understory under the teak tree plantation is considered as an underlying cause of higher runoff coefficient (Rc) and soil erosion. Some mitigations such as understory and riparian vegetation are suggested for alleviating soil erosion. However, the mitigation measure of soil erosion and the effect of land use management on surface runoff (SR) and soil loss/sediment yield (Sl) on multiple scales in the teak tree plantation are not fully assessed. In this context, we hypothesize that understory and riparian grass mitigate the soil erosion in the teak tree plantation and that teak tree plantation impacts on SR and Sl driven by dominant processes (inter rill erosion, linear erosion, and deposition) on various spatial scales. Therefore, the objectives set out for this work are: (1) to assess the effect of understory management on SR and Sl in the teak tree plantation on the microplot scale; (2) to assess the ability of riparian grass buffers to mitigate SR and Sl, and to assess their water and sediment trapping efficiencies in the teak tree plantations with no understory on the hillslope scale; and (3) to assess the effect of teak tree plantation on SR and Sl on various spatial scales (microplot, hillslope including micro-catchment, and catchment scales) in a mixed land uses mountainous tropical catchment. In this study, Ban Kokngew village and Houay Pano catchment were selected as experimental study areas during the rainy season. Microplots, Gerlach traps, and weirs were used to estimate SR and Sl on each scale. We followed the TEST model developed for inter rill erosion, which requires a few parameters, to assess Sl on the microplot and upscale it to predict Sl on the hillslope and catchment scale. In a study performed in 2017 in the teak tree plantations of Ban Kokngew on the microplot scale, we showed that Rc and Sl (23%, 381 Mg·km-2, respectively) under teak tree with understory were less than those under teak tree with no understory (60% and 5455 Mg·km-2, respectively). Hence, soil erosion mitigation by keeping the understory under teak tree plantation reduces Sl by 14 times. In a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on both the microplot and the hillslope scales, we showed that leaving the riparian grass buffer of at least 6 m could limit SR and Sl discharging downstream during small storms (24-hour rainfall < 54.8 mm) with the trapping efficiency up to 88%. Lastly, in a study performed in 2014 in the teak tree plantations of Houay Pano on various scales, we showed that SR and Sl were significantly higher (p-value < 0.05) in the teak-dominated micro-catchment than in the mixed-land-use micro-catchment. SR and Sl decreased from the microplot (122 - 196 mm, 275 - 1065 Mg·km-2, respectively) to the micro-catchment (24 - 188 mm, 95 - 3635 Mg·km-2, respectively) and catchment scale (33 mm, 236 Mg·km-2, respectively), except that Sl in teak tree plantation increased from the microplot (1065 Mg·km-2) to the micro-catchment scale (3635 Mg·km-2). [...]

Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 169-190).
Terrestrial organic carbon (OC) erosion, remineralization, transport through river networks, and burial in marine sediments is a major pathway of the global carbon cycle. However, our ability to constrain these processes and fluxes is largely limited by (i) analytical capability and (ii) temporal sampling resolution. To address issue (i), here I discuss methodological advancements and data analysis techniques for the Ramped PyrOx serial oxidation isotope method developed at WHOI. Ramped-temperature pyrolysis/oxidation coupled with the stable carbon (¹²C, ¹³C) and radiocarbon (¹⁴C) analysis of evolved CO₂ is a promising tool for understanding and separating complex OC mixtures. To quantitatively investigate distributions of OC source, reservoir age, and chemical structure contained within a single sample, I developed a kinetic model linking RPO-derived activation energy, ¹³C composition, and radiocarbon content. This tool provides a novel method to fundamentally address the unknown relationship between OC remineralization rates and chemical structure in various environmental settings. To address issue (ii), I additionally present results from time-series sample sets collected on two end-member systems: the Congo River (Central Africa) and the LiWu River (Taiwan). For the Congo River, bulk and plant-wax-lipid ¹³C compositions indicate that a majority of particulate OC is consistently derived from downstream, C₃-dominated rainforest ecosystems. Furthermore, bulk radiocarbon content and microbial lipid molecular distributions are strongly correlated with discharge, suggesting that pre-aged, swamp-forest-derived soils are preferentially exported when northern hemisphere discharge is highest. Combined, these results provide insight into the relationship between hydrological processes and fluvial carbon export. Lastly, I examined the processes controlling carbon source and flux in a set of soils and time-series fluvial sediments from the LiWu River catchment located in Taiwan. A comparison between bedrock and soil OC content reveals that soils can contain significantly less carbon than the underlying bedrock, suggesting that this material is remineralized to CO₂ prior to soil formation. Both the presence of bacterial lipids and a shift toward lower activation energy of ¹⁴C-free OC contained in soil saprolite layers indicate that this process is microbially mediated and that microbial respiration of rock-derived OC likely represents a larger geochemical flux than previously thought. The results presented in this thesis therefore provide novel insight into the role of rivers in the global carbon cycle as well as their response to environmental perturbations.
by Jordon Dennis Hemingway
Ph. D.

En Bretagne, les « marées vertes » sont récurrentes depuis le début des années 70 et occupent une place importante dans le débat public en terme sanitaire, politique et économique. Lors de cette thèse, une large revue bibliographique a été réalisée sur l’export d’azote et une méthodologie innovante a été mise en place afin d’étudier la variabilité spatio-temporelle de l’export de nutriments dans 2 bassins versants à algues vertes à une échelle intra-annuelle et pendant des évènements extrêmes (évènements pluvieux, période touristique de basses eaux,…). Les bassins versants sélectionnés pour les expérimentations de terrain sont l’Ic et le Frémur (Côtes d’Armor). 3 types d’expérimentations ont été réalisées sur ces bassins versants : 1) Des campagnes de prélèvements ponctuels par temps sec et par temps de pluie (32 stations, 27 campagnes) ; 2) des prélèvements automatiques en crue (3 stations, 8 crues) ; et 3) la mesure haute fréquence (2 stations, en continu). Les paramètres hydrologiques et physico-chimiques classiques, les matières en suspension, les spectres UV et toutes les formes de macronutriments (carbone, azote, phosphore) ont été analysés lors de ces expérimentations. Les résultats obtenus confirment pour une part un certain nombre de résultats de la littérature. D’autre part, il met en lumière la relation carbone/nitrates, jusqu’à présent peu étudiée à différentes échelles spatio-temporelles et pendant des évènements pluvieux, qui semble pourtant primordiale dans la compréhension des phénomènes d’export de nitrates à l’échelle de l’année. Enfin, l’analyse de toutes les formes de nutriments révèle l’importance des formes particulaires issues de l’érosion des sols. Ces résultats soulèvent de nombreuses questions de recherche qui mériteraient un approfondissement afin d’améliorer la connaissance des transferts de nutriments dans les bassins versants et prioriser les actions de remédiations. Les perspectives de ce travail sont à la fois scientifiques et pratiques. Au niveau scientifique, les efforts de recherche sur la relation carbone/nitrate et l’identification de la fraction de carbone organique assimilable par les organismes dénitrifiants doivent être poursuivis. De même, l’amélioration des connaissances sur l’export de nutriments en crue passe par l’identification précise des sources de nutriments particulaires pendant les crues printanières. Au niveau pratique, il doit contribuer à l’amélioration des pratiques agricoles, à la reconnaissance de l’intérêt des zones humides naturelles et à l’amélioration des types de traitement utilisés par les stations d’épuration. Les résultats obtenus lors de cette étude devraient notamment être mis en relation avec la dynamique des nutriments observée dans l’estran pendant la période de développement des algues vertes. Enfin, un effort d’amélioration de l’accès à certains type de données sur les bassins versants est nécessaire afin d’améliorer la compréhension des transferts de nutriments
In Brittany (Western France), "green tides" are recurrent since the early 70s and have an important place in public debate in health, political and economic terms. In this thesis, a wide bibliographic review was performed on the export of nitrogen, and an innovative methodology has been set up to study the spatial and temporal variability of nutrient export in two coastal watersheds on an intra-annual basis and during extreme events (rainfall events, tourist periods of low water, ...). Watersheds selected for the field experiments are Ic and Frémur (Côtes d'Armor). 3 types of experiments were performed on these watersheds: 1) Campaigns of grab samples by dry and wet weather (32 stations, 27 campaigns); 2) automatic sampling during floods (3 stations, 8 floods); and 3) high frequency measurement (2 stations, continuous). Conventional hydrological and physicochemical parameters, suspended solids, UV spectra and all forms of macronutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus) were analyzed during these experiments. The results confirm in part a number of results of the literature. Furthermore, it highlights the relationship carbon / nitrates far little studied at different spatial and temporal scales and during rainfall events, which however seems to be crucial in understanding of nitrate export. Finally, the analysis of all forms of nutrients reveals the importance of particulate forms from soil erosion. These results raise many research questions that merit further development in order to improve knowledge on nutrient transfers in watersheds and prioritize remediation actions. The prospects of this work are both scientific and practical. At the scientific level, research efforts on the relationship carbon / nitrate and identification of the assimilable fraction of organic carbon by denitrifying organisms must be continued. Similarly, the knowledge on nutrient export must be improved through the precise identification of particulate nutrient sources during the spring floods. On a practical level, it should contribute to the improvement of agricultural practices, the recognition of the interest of natural wetlands and improvement of the types of treatment used by treatment plants. The results obtained in this study should in particular be linked to the dynamics of nutrients in the foreshore observed during the development of green algae. Finally, an effort to improve access to certain types of data on watersheds is needed to improve understanding of nutrient transfers

碩士
國立中正大學
應用地球物理研究所
103
One hundred - fifteen samples from the sediment core were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHCs), C14-C35 n-alkanes, of Dahu Lake, Yilan, Taiwan. The sediment samples were Soxhlet extracted and GC-FID analyzed. The total n-alkanes (C14-C35) concentrations averaged 16.1± 8.0 μg/g. The average concentrations of long chain n-alkanes (C26-C32) and short chain n-alkanes (C14-C20) were 9.11± 5.17 μg/g and 2.50±1.33 μg/g, respectively. The CPI L of 3.79±1.01 indicated biogenetics feature of the major terrestrial plant sources. The CPIS of 0.74± 0.33 (0.10~1.94) also indicated biogenetics feature, including sediment microorganism sources and suspended algae sources. In addition, CPIS values of 10 consecutive samples from 7.5cm to 12cm in depth were 0.12±0.22, resulted from the predominance of C14, C16 and C18. This occurrence of short chain n-alkanes with an even over odd predominance are suggested the source from terrestrial higher plants and need then further to be explored.

碩士
國立成功大學
環境工程學系
84
The study was conducted with the objective of estimating the sediment yield of constraction active，and the removal of the sediment in runoff when a storm occurs in order to design a sediment basin. A rainfall simulator was used inthis study.Four plots were selected for this research.There are including Tainan city Huw Wai Lai，the Tainan ramp of the south second free way of Kung Mung set and the west bay highway construction sites. The result shows that the slop of these sites is 1.25% to 5.4%， average slop is 3.1% and the annual average sediment yield is 57.7ton/ha，the annual TN export coefficient is average 51.6kg/ ha and TP is average 0.38kg/ha.The removal of sediment particle distribution in runoff .When overflow rate raises（266cmd/m2）， the removal decreases（45%），but the removal increases（75%） with overflowrate decreases（30cmd/m2）.According to this research，the sediment basin needed 1% surface of the construction site.

How to exploit and make use of natural gas hydrates in oceans will weigh much in the future researches. Unlike the oil or gas reservoirs, the distributions of natural gas hydrate are very complicated and don’t congregate massively in oceanic sediments. Besides, factors such as seafloor geohazards and climate must be taken into account, which makes it much more difficult and complicated to exploit oceanic gas hydrates than conventional oil or gas. Nowadays neither of such methods as thermal stimulation, depressurization, inhibitor injection, carbon dioxide replacement and mixing exploitation etc. is applied to exploit gas hydrates in marine sediments because of their disadvantages. This paper introduces a conception of combining solar and geothermal energy for gas hydrates exploitation. The model mainly includes five parts: solar energy transferring module, sea water circulating module, underground boiler module, platform and gas-liquid separating module. Solar cells and electric heaters are used to heat the formations containing hydrates. Because they become relatively more mature and cheaper, it’s the key of how to utilize the geothermy to exchange heat in developing this conception, which needs solution of fluid leakage, circulating passages and heat-exchange interface problems in building underground boiler. Probably it’s a feasible measure to use an effective hydraulic control system and hydraulic fracturing. The idea should be a good choice to exploit marine gas hydrates by combining solar and geothermal energy since this method has a great advantage either in terms of efficiency or cost.

A Pipeline Analytical Program and Dredging Knowledge{Base Expert{System (DKBES) determines a pipeline dredge's production and resulting cost and schedule. Pipeline dredge engineering presents a complex and dynamic process necessary to maintain navigable waterways. Dredge engineers use pipeline engineering and slurry transport principles to determine the production rate of a pipeline dredge system. Engineers then use cost engineering factors to determine the expense of the dredge project. Previous work in engineering incorporated an object{oriented expert{system to determine cost and scheduling of mid{rise building construction where data objects represent the fundamental elements of the construction process within the program execution. A previously developed dredge cost estimating spreadsheet program which uses hydraulic engineering and slurry transport principles determines the performance metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system. This study focuses on combining hydraulic analysis with the functionality of an expert{system to determine the performance metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system and its resulting schedule. Field data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pipeline dredge, Goetz, and several contract daily dredge reports show how accurately the DKBES can predict pipeline dredge production. Real{time dredge instrumentation data from the Goetz compares the accuracy of the Pipeline Analytical Program to actual dredge operation. Comparison of the Pipeline Analytical Program to pipeline daily dredge reports shows how accurately the Pipeline Analytical Program can predict a dredge project's schedule over several months. Both of these comparisons determine the accuracy and validity of the Pipeline Analytical Program and DKBES as they calculate the performance metrics of the pipeline dredge project. The results of the study determined that the Pipeline Analytical Program compared closely to the Goetz eld data where only pump and pipeline hydraulics a ected the dredge production. Results from the dredge projects determined the Pipeline Analytical Program underestimated actual long{term dredge production. Study results identi ed key similarities and di erences between the DKBES and spreadsheet program in terms of cost and scheduling. The study then draws conclusions based on these ndings and o ers recommendations for further use.