Articoli di riviste: "Seawater – Analysis"

1

Crompton, T. R., e P. J. Worsfold. "Analysis of seawater". Analytica Chimica Acta 237 (1990): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)83958-6.

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Yao, Wensheng, e Robert H. Byrne. "Simplified seawater alkalinity analysis". Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers 45, n. 8 (agosto 1998): 1383–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-0637(98)00018-1.

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Wangersky, PeterJ. "Methods of seawater analysis". TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 4, n. 1 (gennaio 1985): xx. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(85)80011-x.

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4

Wang, Shu Xun, Ying Xia Miao, Jian An Hao, Jing Wang e Yu Shan Zhang. "Analysis on the Technological Advantages of Domestic Seawater". Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (marzo 2015): 692–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.692.

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The principle of domestic seawater technology is to replace fresh water by seawater. This paper introduces the features and demonstration scale of domestic seawater technology. Considering the successful seawater toilet-flushing in Hong Kong, comparison and economic analysis on the cases of seawater, recycled water and tap water are done. The result shows domestic seawater technology is an economical and efficient water saving technology.

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He, Yuntao, Yongjun Liu, Chang Liu e Duan Li. "Analysis of Transmission Depth and Photon Number in Monte Carlo Simulation for Underwater Laser Transmission". Remote Sensing 14, n. 11 (27 maggio 2022): 2565. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14112565.

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The modeling of laser transmission characteristics in complex seawater is fundamental for bathymetric and oceanographic laser detection systems. Because the factors affecting laser transmission in seawater are independent of one another, firstly, in this paper, a Monte Carlo model of laser propagation in seawaters with suspended matter was established to study the influence of suspended matter with specific radius on the underwater laser transmission. Secondly, the influence of transmission depth and the number of photons on the laser extinction coefficients of seawater containing different concentrations of suspended matter were analyzed, respectively. Thirdly, the relationships between maximum transmission depth, the number of initial photons, and the concentrations were built and verified by simulations. Lastly, an experimental platform was set up and experiments were carried out to verify the Monte Carlo model and the relationships. Results show that (1) both the minimum initial photon number and maximum transmission depth depend exponentially on the concentrations of the suspended matter; (2) the extinction coefficients obtained by the Monte Carlo model and those obtained by experiments are consistent. The absolute values of the differences are less than 0.028 m−1, implying that (1) the proposed Monte Carlo model is effective for simulating laser propagation in seawaters with suspended matter; (2) the established relationships between maximum transmission depth, the minimum initial photon number, and the concentrations of suspended matter have better accuracies, which are valuable for the simulations on attenuation of laser transmission in seawater. The method of this paper can also be extended to the study of suspended solids with other radii and improve the simulation accuracy and decrease simulation time consumption.

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Xu, Zexuan, Bill X. Hu e Ming Ye. "Numerical modeling and sensitivity analysis of seawater intrusion in a dual-permeability coastal karst aquifer with conduit networks". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 22, n. 1 (12 gennaio 2018): 221–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-22-221-2018.

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Abstract. Long-distance seawater intrusion has been widely observed through the subsurface conduit system in coastal karst aquifers as a source of groundwater contaminant. In this study, seawater intrusion in a dual-permeability karst aquifer with conduit networks is studied by the two-dimensional density-dependent flow and transport SEAWAT model. Local and global sensitivity analyses are used to evaluate the impacts of boundary conditions and hydrological characteristics on modeling seawater intrusion in a karst aquifer, including hydraulic conductivity, effective porosity, specific storage, and dispersivity of the conduit network and of the porous medium. The local sensitivity analysis evaluates the parameters' sensitivities for modeling seawater intrusion, specifically in the Woodville Karst Plain (WKP). A more comprehensive interpretation of parameter sensitivities, including the nonlinear relationship between simulations and parameters, and/or parameter interactions, is addressed in the global sensitivity analysis. The conduit parameters and boundary conditions are important to the simulations in the porous medium because of the dynamical exchanges between the two systems. The sensitivity study indicates that salinity and head simulations in the karst features, such as the conduit system and submarine springs, are critical for understanding seawater intrusion in a coastal karst aquifer. The evaluation of hydraulic conductivity sensitivity in the continuum SEAWAT model may be biased since the conduit flow velocity is not accurately calculated by Darcy's equation as a function of head difference and hydraulic conductivity. In addition, dispersivity is no longer an important parameter in an advection-dominated karst aquifer with a conduit system, compared to the sensitivity results in a porous medium aquifer. In the end, the extents of seawater intrusion are quantitatively evaluated and measured under different scenarios with the variabilities of important parameters identified from sensitivity results, including salinity at the submarine spring with rainfall recharge, sea level rise, and a longer simulation time under an extended low rainfall period.

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Qi, Xiao Ni. "Performance Analysis of Seawater Cooling Tower". Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (giugno 2012): 598–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.598.

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Due to salt deposition on the packing and subsequent airflow block, thermal performance of the tower declines after a period of time. Eliminating the fill makes the tower fully empty which is of far-reaching significance in circulating seawater with high temperature, high turbidity. Application of PCTs to industry is not practical due to salt deposition on the packing and subsequent blockage. Analysis of seawater characteristics main includes temperature, salinity, density, specific heat and other properties, which is of great significance in the seawater cooling performance. The results provide necessary theoretical bases for the extensive application of seawater cycling and cooling technology, and at the same time lay foundation for the design of seawater cooling tower.

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Pawlowicz, R., D. G. Wright e F. J. Millero. "The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater". Ocean Science 7, n. 3 (1 giugno 2011): 363–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/os-7-363-2011.

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Abstract. As seawater circulates through the global ocean, its relative composition undergoes small variations. This results in changes to the conductivity/salinity/density relationship, which is currently well-defined only for Standard Seawater obtained from a particular area in the North Atlantic. These changes are investigated here by analysis of laboratory experiments in which salts are added to seawater, by analysis of oceanic observations of density and composition anomalies, and by mathematical investigation using a model relating composition, conductivity, and density of arbitrary seawaters. Mathematical analysis shows that understanding and describing the effect of changes in relative composition on operational estimates of salinity using the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and on density using an equation of state for Standard Seawater require the use of a number of different salinity variables and a family of haline contraction coefficients. These salinity variables include an absolute Salinity SAsoln, a density salinity SAdens, the reference salinity SR, and an added-mass salinity SAadd. In addition, a new salinity variable S∗ is defined, which represents the preformed salinity of a Standard Seawater component of real seawater to which biogeochemical processes add material. In spite of this complexity, observed correlations between different ocean biogeochemical processes allow the creation of simple formulas that can be used to convert between the different salinity and density measures, allowing for the operational reduction of routine oceanographic observations.

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9

Sugio, Satora, Kinya Nakada e Daniel W. Urish. "Subsurface Seawater Intrusion Barrier Analysis". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 113, n. 6 (giugno 1987): 767–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1987)113:6(767).

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10

Koide, Min, Edward D. Goldberg e Richard Walker. "The analysis of seawater osmium". Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography 43, n. 1 (gennaio 1996): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(95)00082-8.

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11

Yang, Jeong-Seok. "Analysis of Promising Country for Seawater Desalination Plant Using Delphi Method". Journal of the Korean Society of Civil Engineers 33, n. 6 (2013): 2351. http://dx.doi.org/10.12652/ksce.2013.33.6.2351.

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Mohd Razali, Siti Harliza, Razali Ngah, Yoshihide Yamada e Kamilia Kamardin. "Performance analysis of patch antenna for underwater wireless communication in seawater". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, n. 2 (1 maggio 2021): 857. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp857-865.

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<span lang="EN-US">Underwater wireless communication in seawater is becoming more interesting and challenging in recent years. The development of antenna for underwater wireless communication in seawater at 900 MHz UHF range frequency is implemented by using patch antenna. In this paper, the antennas were designed using FEKO, an electromagnetic simulation software, and a suitable size for rectangular patch antenna for seawater application was developed to study the relevance between λ0 with W and L in seawater. The difference between the patches in free space and seawater was the L size, which was slightly bigger, about 0.9 mm, than free space size. But the gain for patch antenna in seawater was found at -2.51 dBi, lower than patch antenna in free space, which was 5.76 dBi due to the path loss in seawater. This shows that attenuation happened, and a better antenna will be design. The one that has better gain, which is around above 2 dBi in seawater, in order to get better performance antenna in seawater environment.</span>

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13

Miao, Ying Xia, Shu Xun Wang, Lu Yang Li, Tian Xiang Jiang e Jing Wang. "Marine Environment Impact Analysis and Countermeasures on Sea Water Utilization Project". Applied Mechanics and Materials 587-589 (luglio 2014): 882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.587-589.882.

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Sea water utilization projects are catching attention as the seawater utilization industry continues to grow. This paper analyzes the marine environment impact from different kind of sea water utilization projects such as seawater desalination, direct seawater utilization and seawater chemical resource extraction, and brieflypresents relevant countermeasures.

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14

Pawlowicz, R., D. G. Wright e F. J. Millero. "The effects of biogeochemical processes on oceanic conductivity/salinity/density relationships and the characterization of real seawater". Ocean Science Discussions 7, n. 2 (7 aprile 2010): 773–836. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/osd-7-773-2010.

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Abstract. As seawater circulates through the global ocean, its relative composition undergoes small variations. This results in changes to the conductivity/salinity/density relationship, which is currently well-defined only for Standard Seawater obtained from a particular area in the North Atlantic. These changes are investigated here by analysis of laboratory experiments in which salts are added to seawater, by analysis of oceanic observations of density and composition anomalies, and by mathematical investigation using a model relating composition, conductivity, and density of arbitrary seawaters. Mathematical analysis shows that understanding and describing the effect of changes in relative composition on operational estimates of salinity using the Practical Salinity Scale 1978 and on density using an equation of state for Standard Seawater require the use of a number of different salinity variables and a family of haline contraction coefficients. These salinity variables include an absolute salinity SAsoln, a density salinity SAdens, the reference salinity SR, and an added-mass salinity SAadd. In addition, a new salinity variable S∗ is defined, which represents the preformed salinity of a Standard Seawater component to which biogeochemical processes add material. In spite of this complexity, observed correlations between different ocean biogeochemical processes allow the creation of simple formulas that can be used to convert between the different salinity and density measures, allowing for the operational reduction of routine oceanographic observations.

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15

Hastuti, Yuni Puji, Yuli Siti Fatma, Hardi Pitoyo, Yusli Wardiatno e Siska Tridesianti. "Bacterial and plankton communities in mariculture water sources: a case study in Nampu and Sembukan seawaters, Wonogiri, Indonesia". Natura Croatica 30, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2021): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2021.30.22.

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Seawaters in Indonesia, part of the tropical marine ecosystem, have great microbial and plankton diversity. Seawater is used as a water source for marine aquacultures, such as shrimp, milkfish, lobster, and mud crab. Sustainability of environmental resources for supporting aquaculture activities can be assessed by analyzing the actual conditions of the water source environment, including bacterial and plankton communities. However, the characteristics of bacteria and plankton communities in Indonesian seawaters have not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and plankton communities in surface seawater from two coastal areas, i.e. Nampu and Sembukan, Wonogiri regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Bacterial diversity was analyzed using the Illumina-based high throughput sequencing with a primer set targeting the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Meanwhile, the plankton community (phytoplankton and zooplankton) was calculated and identified using a counting chamber method. Sequencing analysis revealed that the five dominant bacterial phyla in the two seawater samples were similar, consisting of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Cyanobacteria. Although the two sites are separated by several kilometres, the distribution of dominant bacterial phyla in both seawater samples is similar. Phytoplankton in Nampu and Sembukan were similarly dominated by Trichodesmium sp., Navicula sp., and Rhabdonema sp. Dominant zooplankton in the two sites were Euterpina, Nauplius, Oithona sp., Oncaea sp., Tigriopus sp., and Gastropoda larvae. The seawater in Nampu and Sembukan is suitable as a water source for aquaculture.

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Ke, Lina, e Huicheng Zhou. "Model for the Assessment of Seawater Environmental Quality Based on Multiobjective Variable Fuzzy Set Theory". Abstract and Applied Analysis 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/652083.

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With the rapid development of marine economy industry, the activities for exploring and exploiting the marine resources are increasing, and there are more and more marine construction projects, which contribute to the growing trend of eutrophication and frequent occurrence of red tide. Thus, seawater quality has become the topic which the people generally cared about. The seawater quality evaluation could be considered as an analysis process which combined the evaluation indexes with certainty and evaluation factors with uncertainty and its changes. This paper built a model for the assessment of seawater environmental quality based on the multiobjective variable fuzzy set theory (VFEM). The Qingdao marine dumping site in China is taken as an evaluation example. Through the quantitative research of water-quality data from 2004 to 2008, the model is more reliable than other traditional methods, in which uncertainty and ambiguity of the seawater quality evaluation are considered, and trade the stable results as the final results of seawater quality evaluation, which effectively solved the impact of the fuzzy boundary of evaluation standard and monitoring error, is more suitable for evaluation of a multi-index, multilevel, and nonlinear marine environment system and has been proved to be an effective tool for seawater quality evaluation.

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Yusuf, Hamzah, Akhmad Azis, Sugiarto Badaruddin, Andi Muhammad Subhan Saiby, Zulvyah Faisal e Zubair Saing. "Physical modeling of sand columns application in recharge reservoir to prevent seawater intrusion". Water Supply 22, n. 2 (26 ottobre 2021): 2170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2021.365.

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Abstract This study aims to provide visual evidence by the physical simulation to demonstrate the sand column performance of a recharge reservoir to control seawater encroachment and confirm some previous studies. In this analysis, a two-dimensional sand tank illustrates the sand column's role in overcoming seawater intrusion. Besides using dyes, the sand tank is also fitted with sensors to observe the length of seawater penetration. Furthermore, the simulation using SEAWAT numerical modeling is used as a reference in this analysis. The criteria analyzed were the number of sand columns, the reservoir water level, and the isochlors concentration. The results revealed a reasonably close match between physical and computational modeling. It was also found that the more sand columns and the higher the reservoir water level, resulted in the decrease of seawater penetration length that occurred. Physical and computational modeling findings indicated that the optimal results are derived using three sand columns with an RMSE value of 0.76. The seawater infiltration length decreased to 84.72% relative to sand column-free conditions at a reservoir water level of 15.0 cm.

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Chen, Baokui, Yujie Du, Yan Shi e Li Fan. "Seismic Analysis of Isolated Continuous Bridge considering Influence of Seawater and Site Condition". Shock and Vibration 2021 (23 agosto 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7599715.

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The effects of seawater and site conditions on the seismic response of the isolated continuous girder bridge are evaluated in this study. The seawater-muddy soil-isolated bridge coupling model is built in the dynamic analysis software ADINA, and the external seismic wave input is realized by the seismic wave motion analysis program. The influences of seawater and muddy soil on the seismic response of isolated continuous girder bridges are determined by comparing different offshore site models. The results indicated that the seawater and the muddy soil magnify the displacement of the seabed. The existence of seawater increases the longitudinal relative displacement of piers by 20%–40% but has limited influence on the bending moment and shear force of piers. The muddy soil can increase the longitudinal relative displacement and internal force of the piers remarkably. Moreover, the displacement of bridge bearings increases significantly under the combined influence of muddy soil and seawater. In the seawater-muddy soil-isolated bridge coupling model, the seawater and site condition can influence the seismic performance of sea-crossing bridges obviously.

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Rho, Taekeun, Dong-Jin Kang, Eun-Soo Kim, Sung-Hyun Kahng, Sung Rok Cho, Jung Moo Lee, Eun Ju Park e Cho-Rong Moon. "Development of Reference Material Using Natural Seawater for Nutrient Analysis in Seawater". Sea 20, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2015): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7850/jkso.2015.20.1.29.

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Wanninkhof, Rik, James R. Ledwell e Andrew J. Watson. "Analysis of sulfur hexafluoride in seawater". Journal of Geophysical Research 96, n. C5 (1991): 8733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/91jc00104.

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Koulouridakis, Pavlos E., Nikolaos G. Kallithrakas‐Kontos e Vasilios C. Gekas. "Seawater Mercury Analysis at PPB Levels". Instrumentation Science & Technology 34, n. 4 (agosto 2006): 425–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10739140600648845.

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Hamilton, E. I. "Methods for the analysis of seawater". Marine Pollution Bulletin 16, n. 1 (gennaio 1985): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(85)90259-0.

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23

Mulenga, M., O. Monama, Y. Kabungu, K. Kalala, K. Yowa e R. Dorebaba. "Chemical Analysis of Zairian Coastal Seawater". Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 98, n. 11 (1 settembre 2010): 855–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19890981106.

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Díaz-de-Alba, Margarita, M. Dolores Galindo-Riaño e José Paulo Pinheiro. "Lead electrochemical speciation analysis in seawater media by using AGNES and SSCP techniques". Environmental Chemistry 11, n. 2 (2014): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/en13154.

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Environmental context Metal contamination of seawater can present severe environmental problems owing to the high toxicity of metals and their persistence in the environment. This study explores the possibility of analysing lead in seawater media using two recently developed electrochemical methods. The methods are shown to be very useful tools to monitor the behaviour and fate of lead and other metals in seawater. Abstract The speciation of PbII in synthetic and real seawater is studied by absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping (AGNES) and stripping chronopotentiometry at scanned deposition potential (SSCP). The usefulness of the combination of both techniques in the same electrochemical cell for trace metal speciation analysis is assessed at different pH values (2.7, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 and 8.6). The AGNES (free metal ion concentrations) and SSCP (stability constants) results for synthetic seawater agree reasonably with each other and with the theoretical predictions of the software Visual MINTEQ 3.0. This is also true for real seawater media below pH 7.0. Because of the influence of natural organic matter (2.01mgL–1 total organic carbon) in the real seawater at pH 7.0 and 8.6 the SSCP signal showed that the PbII complexes became less labile and were formed by chemically heterogeneous ligands. At these pH values, free metal concentrations determined by AGNES agreed with concentrations predicted by Visual MINTEQ using a generic fulvic acid concentration.

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Yin, Fanglong, Songlin Nie, Wei Hou e Shuhan Xiao. "Effect analysis of silencing grooves on pressure and vibration characteristics of seawater axial piston pump". Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 231, n. 8 (14 luglio 2016): 1390–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406216660334.

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Seawater axial piston pump is a critical power component in seawater fluid power system. As the properties of high bulk modulus and low viscosity of seawater, the pressure and vibration characteristics of the seawater axial piston pump will be getting poorer than the traditional oil pump. In this study, the pressure, flow, and vibration characteristics for a seawater axial piston pump are investigated. The three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations for the port plate with non-grooved, U-shaped, and triangle-based pyramid silencing groove designs have been conducted over a range of operating conditions, which consider the fluid compressibility effect and cavitation damage. Measurements of pressure ripple and pump vibration are carried out at various loading conditions to verify the results of simulation. The experiment turned out that the well-designed port plate can mitigate both pressure ripples as well as vibrations of the pump. This research will lay the foundation for the further development of a low fluid noise seawater axial piston pump.

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McNichol, A. P., G. A. Jones, D. L. Hutton, A. R. Gagnon e R. M. Key. "The Rapid Preparation of Seawater ΣCO2 for Radiocarbon Analysis at the National Ocean Sciences Ams Facility". Radiocarbon 36, n. 2 (1994): 237–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200040522.

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We have established a laboratory for extracting ΣCO2 from seawater samples for AMS analysis of the radiocarbon content. The seawater samples are collected at sea, poisoned and stored until analysis in the laboratory. Each sample is acidified; the inorganic carbon is stripped out as CO2 with an inert carrier gas and then converted to graphite. We present results for Buzzards Bay surface H2O and Na2CO3 standards that demonstrate we strip >98% of inorganic carbon from seawater. Stable isotope analyses are performed to better than 0.2‰, and the reproducibility of 14C measurements on Buzzards Bay seawater is better than 13‰. Finally, we compare data from samples collected in 1991 to those collected in the 1970s and to large volume samples.

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Yu, L., M. Wu, W. Dong, J. Jin e X. Zhang. "Reverse flow injection analysis of trace amounts of anionic surfactants in seawater without liquid–liquid extraction". Soil and Water Research 6, No. 4 (28 novembre 2011): 198–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/13/2011-swr.

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  In order to control the pollution by anionic surfactants in seawater, a simple, accurate and sensitive reverse flow injection (rFIA) spectrophotometric method for the determination of anionic surfactants in seawater is suggested in this paper. Sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) was selected as the reference anionic surfactant. The method is based on the ion associate formed between LAS and Ethyl Violet. The absorbance of the complex is measured by optical detector at 585 nm. Chemical factors and rFIA variables affecting the system are also discussed. Under the optimal conditions, the linear range of this method was 25.0–400.0 μg/l; the detection limit was 2.4 μg/l; the relative standard deviation was 0.38%. This method is suitable for automatic and continuous analysis, and was successfully applied to determine the content of anionic surfactants in seawater.

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Paik, J. K. "Corrosion Analysis of Seawater Ballast Tank Structures". International Journal of Maritime Engineering 146, a1 (2004): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.ijme.2004.a1.804.

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Markager, Stiig. "Practical guidelines for the analysis of seawater". Marine Biology Research 6, n. 2 (marzo 2010): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17451000903514220.

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Bardi, Ugo. "Extracting Minerals from Seawater: An Energy Analysis". Sustainability 2, n. 4 (9 aprile 2010): 980–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su2040980.

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John, Seth G., e Jess F. Adkins. "Analysis of dissolved iron isotopes in seawater". Marine Chemistry 119, n. 1-4 (aprile 2010): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2010.01.001.

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Ye, Yuwei, Chunting Wang, Hao Chen, Yongxin Wang, Jinlong Li e Fuqiang Ma. "An analysis of the tribological mechanism of GLC film in artificial seawater". RSC Advances 6, n. 39 (2016): 32922–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra03532a.

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The tribological performances of the graphite-like carbon (GLC) films sliding against WC balls in distilled water (DW), artificial seawater (SW) and four types of saline solutions related to seawater were investigated.

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Hasan, Saiful, Erpan Sahiri, Suprayitno Suprayitno e Endin Tri Hartanto. "ANALYSIS OF DETERMINING CRITICAL COMPONENTS USING FMECA METHOD IN SEAWATER PUMP OF DIESEL GENERATOR CATERPILLAR 3412". JOURNAL ASRO 10, n. 3 (31 ottobre 2019): 124. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v10i3.170.

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The seawater pump on the Caterpillar 3412 Diesel Generator is one of the important component to make the Diesel generator can work well. This section serves to circulate seawater for the heat transfer process. The seawater pump is part of a cooling system of the engine which keeps the engine temperature from being too overheat. Seawater pumps with continuous operational conditions, resulting in reduced component reliability. This study applies the FMECA method to identify opportunities for failure at the seawater pump. From the calculation of FMECA, it is obtained an assessment of the level of risk from a failure model that can give priority scale to preventive maintenance that can be done in the future. FMECA analysis of 27 components in seawater pump on the Diesel Generator, found 7 components that had RPN values above the average. The following are the 4 components with the highest RPN value, namely Shaft (7C-3493) RPN value 420,44; Key (175-6716) RPN value 300,31; Bearing Inner (4M-6107) RPN value 285 and Bearing Roller (3N-8463) RPN value 253,13. Components that have high RPN values require more attention, such as routine checks and periodic maintenance.Keyword: Seawater pump, Caterpillar 3412 Diesel Generator, FMECA, RPN.

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Chen, Chih-Feng, Yee Cheng Lim, Yun-Ru Ju, Frank Paolo Jay B. Albarico, Jia-Wei Cheng, Chiu-Wen Chen e Cheng-Di Dong. "Method Development for Low-Concentration PAHs Analysis in Seawater to Evaluate the Impact of Ship Scrubber Washwater Effluents". Water 14, n. 3 (19 gennaio 2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14030287.

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A naval ship’s exhaust gas scrubber may discharge polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into seawater. Due to the high lipophilicity and low water solubility of PAHs, their concentrations in seawater are extremely low, making them difficult to detect or accurately determine. To accurately assess the impact of scrubber washwater effluent on the PAHs concentration of seawater, appropriate analysis methods must be established. In this study, a large-volume pre-concentration water sampler was used onboard to concentrate PAHs in surface seawater (100 L) from four sites offshore of southern Taiwan. The quantitative and qualitative analysis of dissolved PAHs in seawater and quality control samples were implemented using a GC/MS system with the aid of internal and surrogate standards. Results showed that the field and equipment blank samples of quality control samples were lower than twice the detection limit. The detection limit of individual PAHs is between 0.001 (naphthalene, NA) and 0.014 ng/L (dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, DBA), which meets the requirements for evaluating PAHs in seawater (that is, less than the maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs)). The concentration of total PAHs (TPAHs) in the four seawater samples ranged from 2.297 to 4.001 ng/L and had an average concentration of 3.056 ± 0.727 ng/L. The concentrations of 16 PAHs were determined in each seawater sample, indicating that the analytical method in this study is suitable for the determination of low-concentration PAHs in seawater. Phenanthrene (PHE) is the most dominant compound in seawater samples accounting for 59.6 ± 12.6% of TPAHs, followed by fluorine (FL) accounting for 8.5 ± 3.7%. The contribution of high-ring PAHs to TPAHs is not high (0.5–9.2%), but the observed concentrations can cause a higher risk to aquatic organisms than low-ring PAHs. The diagnostic ratio showed that the sources of PAHs in the seawater collected offshore of southern Taiwan may include mixed sources such as petrogenic, petroleum combustion, and biomass combustion. The results can be used for regular monitoring, which contributes to pollution prevention and management of the marine environment.

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35

Audemard, Corinne, Tal Ben-Horin, Howard I. Kator e Kimberly S. Reece. "Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in Oysters under Low Tidal Range Conditions: Is Seawater Analysis Useful for Risk Assessment?" Foods 11, n. 24 (16 dicembre 2022): 4065. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11244065.

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Human-pathogenic Vibrio bacteria are acquired by oysters through filtering seawater, however, the relationships between levels of these bacteria in measured in oysters and overlying waters are inconsistent across regions. The reasons for these discrepancies are unclear hindering our ability to assess if -or when- seawater samples can be used as a proxy for oysters to assess risk. We investigated whether concentrations of total and human pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus (vvhA and pilF genes) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (tlh, tdh and trh genes) measured in seawater reflect concentrations of these bacteria in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) cultured within the US lower Chesapeake Bay region. We measured Vibrio spp. concentrations using an MPN-qPCR approach and analyzed the data using structural equation modeling (SEM). We found seawater concentrations of these bacteria to predictably respond to temperature and salinity over chlorophyll a, pheophytin or turbidity. We also inferred from the SEM results that Vibrio concentrations in seawater strongly predict their respective concentrations in oysters. We hypothesize that such seawater-oyster coupling can be observed in regions of low tidal range. Due to the ease of sampling and processing of seawater samples compared to oyster samples, we suggest that under low tidal range conditions, seawater samples can foster increased spatial and temporal coverage and complement data associated with oyster samples.

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36

Wu, Hao, Xu Liu, Hang Zhang, Xinchao Ruan e Ying Guo. "Performance Analysis of Continuous Variable Quantum Teleportation with Noiseless Linear Amplifier in Seawater Channel". Symmetry 14, n. 5 (13 maggio 2022): 997. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14050997.

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Continuous variable quantum teleportation (CVQT) is one of the technologies currently explored to implement global quantum networks. Entanglement source is an indispensable resource to realize CVQT, and its distribution process has natural symmetry. Though there are many results for CVQT over optical fiber or atmospheric channel, little attention is paid to seawater channel. In this paper, a model based on seawater chlorophyll concentration is used to study the attenuation effect of seawater on light. In our scheme, a noiseless linear amplifier is utilized for enhancing the performance of CVQT under seawater channel. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme has an improvement in terms of fidelity and maximum transmission distance compared with the original scheme.

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Zhao, Jing De, Li Zhi Zhang e Yan Bin Zhu. "Design and Energy Analysis for Eco-Community Based on Constructed Marine Wetland". Advanced Materials Research 588-589 (novembre 2012): 2151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.588-589.2151.

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A design concept of eco-community based on constructed marine wetland is proposed. Constructed marine wetland can clean up seawater, which is not only helpful to reduce the corrosion of seawater on the pipeline of the seawater heat pump system, but also remove the thermal impact of discharged cooling water on ocean. Energy analysis simulation of a typical coastal eco-community in Xiamen city is conducted. This investigation shows that the eco-community has higher efficiency of energy and water usage than conventional chiller with cooling tower system.

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38

Yoon, Hyeon, Mi Young Shin, Cheol Ho Yoon, Jae Chun Lee e Kang Sup Chung. "Preparation and Standardization of Method for Valuable Metals Analysis in Seawaters". Materials Science Forum 544-545 (maggio 2007): 593–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.593.

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A direct analytical technique was developed and tested for correct estimation of recovery of Eco-elements such as Li, B, Br, in the seawater, and three processed seawaters from Hanjoo Co. Ltd. The reliability of recovery technique and the correct estimation of total recoveries become a major interest before the launch of pilot plant. High matrix solutions are frequently affected in analyte response during instrumental analysis as the concentration of major component changed drastically. To overcome such a complication during standard sample preparation and a better application in pilot plant, a modified matrix matching standard addition method was developed and the reliability was checked. The detection limit of elements in several seawaters analyzed by applying the modified matrix matching standard addition method were 0.144 – 0.258-g/dm3 for lithium, 0.0.013 – 0.18mg/dm3 for boron, and 4.23 – 17.8mg/dm3 for bromine. The instrumental analysis was carried by AAS for lithium and ICP-AES for boron and bromine.

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39

Ruan, Xinchao, Hang Zhang, Wei Zhao, Xiaoxue Wang, Xuan Li e Ying Guo. "Security Analysis of Discrete-Modulated Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution over Seawater Channel". Applied Sciences 9, n. 22 (18 novembre 2019): 4956. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9224956.

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We investigate the optical absorption and scattering properties of four different kinds of seawater as the quantum channel. The models of discrete-modulated continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) in free-space seawater channel are briefly described, and the performance of the four-state protocol and the eight-state protocol in asymptotic and finite-size cases is analyzed in detail. Simulation results illustrate that the more complex is the seawater composition, the worse is the performance of the protocol. For different types of seawater channels, we can improve the performance of the protocol by selecting different optimal modulation variances and controlling the extra noise on the channel. Besides, we can find that the performance of the eight-state protocol is better than that of the four-state protocol, and there is little difference between homodyne detection and heterodyne detection. Although the secret key rate of the protocol that we propose is still relatively low and the maximum transmission distance is only a few hundred meters, the research on CV-QKD over the seawater channel is of great significance, which provides a new idea for the construction of global secure communication network.

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40

Edward, Helfinalis e Y. Witasari. "The content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) compound of seawater in Mayalibit Bay, West of Papua". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1119, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2022): 012089. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1119/1/012089.

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Abstract Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) are polycyclic aromatic organic compounds that contain several carbon and hydrogen rings, known to be toxic and can be harmful to human life and biota in marine waters. This study aimed to determine the levels of PAHs in seawater in Mayalibit Bay, Papua. Seawater samples were taken using a water sampler at 8 locations in Mayalibit Bay in November 2008. The contaminant content of organic carbon compounds in PAHs was determined by Gas-Chromatography Spectrometry and Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The results showed a high content of HMW-PAHs and LMW-PAHs and passed the criteria for living status marine organisms by instruction of quality control guidelines by The Environment Ministry of Indonesia. The high molecular weight (HMW-PAHs) type has the highest rate, and LMW-PAH has the widest spread in Mayalibit’s seawaters, higher than Jakarta Bay, Timor Sea and Klabat Bay. The Diagnostic individual ratio analysis shows that the origin of PAHs in Mayalibit’s seawater comes from a pyrogenic source such as: residual petroleum and combustion products of organic matter.

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41

Sun, Li Juan, Hu Yuan Sun, Kun Cao e Rui Hua Yan. "The Electrochemical Analysis of Trace Titanium Addition to the High Pure Zinc Electrode in Seawater". Advanced Materials Research 662 (febbraio 2013): 379–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.662.379.

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High pure zinc with trace titanium of various contents was prepared by the method of master alloy preparation, and electrochemical characteristic difference in seawater was discussed. The result reveals that there is a minimum of self corrosion current density at 0.04% titanium content in high pure zinc in seawater of Qingdao seashore, and trace addition of titanium may increases the potential stability but not change the corrosion behavior of high pure zinc in seawater.

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42

Delly, J., K. Mizuno, T. E. B. Soesilo e M. Gozan. "The Seawater Heavy Metal Content of the Mining Port Close to the Residential Area in the Morowali District". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 940, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2021): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/940/1/012019.

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Abstract Mining port operations are complex and can cause various forms of pollution. Analysis of seawater pollution from mining ports is required and complicated because of the various types of pollution, sources, effects, and different characteristics. This study examines the content of heavy metals in seawater in residential areas very close to mining ports. The method used sampling in three different places, examining seawater’s heavy metal properties. Secondary data of the quality of seawater was obtained from the results of data monitoring carried out by the company periodically since the port was built as a comparison material from the results of sample inspection. The results of this study indicate that the waters around the settlements contain heavy metals. The composition of Cd was 10%, Pb was125%, Cu was 625%, Ni was 760%, and Zn was 300% above the standard of seawater quality for the Port Area set by the Indonesian government, which did not match the yearly reports (secondary data). On the other hand, community activities also have a minor role as a source of pollution. Therefore, it is essential to do further research with a focus on finding sources of pollution.

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Fang, Yunrui, Linhui Hua, ChengKun Jin, Junkai Gao e Zhi Han. "Analysis of the Optimization on Application of Seawater Slurry Ice in Coastal Areas". E3S Web of Conferences 236 (2021): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123602023.

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Cold Storage is a key point of cold chain logistics. In this article, the cooling capacities of water, slurry ice and seawater slurry ice were compared, and results showed that both slurry ice performed better than water. Furthermore, differences between seawater ice and slurry ice were analyzed, and experimental results showed that seawater ice has more advantages as coolant for cold storage in the coastal areas. On the basis of the study, we put forward a new design of high temperature cold storage for coastal areas (inland cities).

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Zheng, Xuehong, Yuehan Li, Ding Chen, Airong Zheng e Qikang Que. "Study on Analysis and Sedimentation of Alumina Nanoparticles". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 3 (12 febbraio 2019): 510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16030510.

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Dispersion and aggregation behavior of nanoparticles in aquatic environment may be affected by pH, salinity, and dissolved organic matter, which would change its ecological risk. Effects of time, power and temperature on the alumina nanoparticles (nano-Al2O3) ultrasonic dispersion in water were discussed. Al2O3 had a best ultrasonic dispersion for 30 min at 105 W and 30 °C. The concentration of Al2O3 could be measured by ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer, and the method was efficient and accurate. Furthermore, the sedimentation rate of Al2O3 was related to pH, salinity, and its concentration in the artificial seawater. When pH was 7.31, approaching the isoelectric point of Al2O3, they aggregated and settled fastest. Settlement coefficient (k) of Al2O3 increased by 3 and 2.7 times while the salinity and its concentration increased. The sedimentation rate was higher in natural seawater than that in artificial seawater. All results indicated that nano-Al2O3 would be removed in aquatic environment.

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45

Adamu, Faggo Abdullahi, Hartinie Marbawi, Ahmad Razi Othman, Nur Adeela Yasid e Mohd Yunus Shukor. "Kinetic Analysis of the Adsorption of Lead(II) onto an Antarctic Sea-Ice Bacterial Exopolysaccharide". Journal of Environmental Bioremediation and Toxicology 5, n. 1 (5 agosto 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jebat.v5i1.674.

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Hypertension and kidney impairment are two of the many adult health problems that have been related to lead exposure. Women who are expecting a child are especially susceptible to the dangers of lead since it can have devastating consequences on the developing embryo. Existing techniques for the remediation of lead pollutant include membrane separation, ion exchange, precipitation and biosorption. Of all of this technology, biosorption has several positive aspects which include low operating expenses, very efficient detoxification of toxicants at low concentrations and low amount of disposal materials. The biosorption of the biosorption of lead(II) onto an Antarctic sea-ice bacterial exopolysaccharide is remodeled using nonlinear regression and the optimal mode was determined by a series of error function assessments. Statistical analysis showed that the best kinetic model for adsorption in salt-free water was pseudo-1st order while the best kinetic model for adsorption in seawater was pseudo-2nd order model. All error function analyses also supported these two best models. The kinetic constants values for salt-free water and seawater shows large difference in terms of adsorption in salt-free water and seawater. A higher equilibrium biosorption capacity for lead (II) or qe values were exhibited for both k1 and k2 rate constants in sea water indicating a more efficient adsorption in seawater. Adsorption in seawater increased the qe values from 51.11 (mg/g) (95% confidence interval from 49.75 to 52.44) to 92.98 (mg/g) (95% C.I. from 91.01 to 94.95) In addition, the h value, (mg/g.min) indicates a stronger driving force to accelerate the diffusion of adsorbate from seawater onto the adsorbent. The results suggest fundamental difference of sorption mechanism and functional groups are involved in salt-free and seawater.

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46

Casacuberta, Núria, Maxi Castrillejo, Anne-Marie Wefing, Silvia Bollhalder e Lukas Wacker. "High Precision 14C Analysis in Small Seawater Samples". Radiocarbon 62, n. 1 (19 agosto 2019): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2019.87.

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ABSTRACTA new method to extract CO2 in seawater samples for the determination of F14C has been developed in the Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics at ETH Zurich. The setup consists of an automated sampler designed to extract dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) from 7 samples in a row, by flushing the seawater with He gas to extract CO2. The fully automated method is controlled via a LabVIEW program that runs through all consecutive steps: catalyst preconditioning, CO2 extraction, CO2 trapping, thermal CO2 release from the trap into the reactor and finally the graphitization reaction which is performed simultaneously in the 7 reactors. The method was optimized by introducing a Cu-Ag furnace that was placed between the water and zeolite traps, which resulted in a better and faster graphitization performance (<2 hr) compared to previously used techniques. The method showed to be reproducible with an unprecedented precision of 1.7‰ even though consuming only 50–60 mL of seawater. The high throughput of 21 samples per day allows for coverage of future oceanographic transects with high spatial resolution, thus fostering the use of radiocarbon (14C) as water mass tracer.

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Chen, Chao, Jin Ming Liu, Yang Yang e Zhi Guo Guo. "Microscopic Analysis and Study of High-Performance Seawater All-Coral Concrete". Key Engineering Materials 815 (agosto 2019): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.815.216.

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The ocean islands are far from inland and the concrete sandstone aggregates are scarce. In this paper, high-performance seawater all-coral concrete was developed by seawater mixing and room temperature maintenance design, and by optimizing the water-to-binder ratio, regulating internal curing, changing auxiliary cementing materials and blending ratio, incorporating expansion agent, adjusting fiber blending, etc. Combined with the consideration of work performance and mechanical properties, the concrete self-shrinkage is adjusted to further optimize the mix design. The mechanical properties of the optimized high-performance seawater all-coral concrete were studied, and the relevant durability tests were carried out according to the natural environment characteristics of the island. This is of great significance to the construction of island projects, repair and construction, and construction of protective projects [1].

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Li, Cai Ling, Song Zhou, Dian Tao Liu, Zhi Yu Wang e Yuan Qing Zhu. "An Analysis on SOx Wet Scrubbers of Marine Diesel Engine". Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (agosto 2013): 2115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2115.

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With the increasing strictness of emission regulation, the requirements for marine diesel engine SOx emission are becoming more and more rigorous. This paper mainly introduces the reaction mechanisms of seawater scrubber and freshwater scrubber, and analyzes the research status quo of the two scrubbers. It also gives a contrast to the merits and shortcomings of them. Finally, this paper puts forward some considerations in the practical application of seawater scrubber on ships.

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Hilmi, Endang, Cecep Kusmana, Endang Suhendang e Iskandar. "CORRELATION ANALYSIS BETWEEN SEAWATER INTRUSION AND MANGROVE GREENBELT". Indonesian Journal of Forestry Research 4, n. 2 (31 ottobre 2017): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20886/ijfr.2017.4.2.151-168.

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50

Zabalegui, Nicolás, Malena Manzi, Antoine Depoorter, Nathalie Hayeck, Marie Roveretto, Chunlin Li, Manuela van Pinxteren, Hartmut Herrmann, Christian George e María Eugenia Monge. "Seawater analysis by ambient mass-spectrometry-based seaomics". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, n. 10 (28 maggio 2020): 6243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-6243-2020.

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Abstract. An analytical method coupled to multivariate statistical analysis was developed based on transmission-mode direct analysis in real-time quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TM-DART-QTOF-MS) to interrogate lipophilic compounds in seawater samples without the need for desalinization. An untargeted metabolomics approach is addressed here as seaomics and was successfully implemented to discriminate the sea surface microlayer (SML) from the underlying water (ULW) samples (n=22, 10 paired samples) collected during a field campaign at the Cabo Verde islands during September–October 2017. A panel of 11 ionic species detected in all samples allowed sample class discrimination by means of supervised multivariate statistical models. Tentative identification of the species enriched in the SML samples suggests that fatty alcohols, halogenated compounds, and oxygenated boron-containing organic compounds are available at the surface for air–water transfer processes. A subset of SML samples (n=5) were subjected to on-site experiments during the campaign by using a lab-to-field approach to test their secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potency. The results from these experiments and the analytical seaomics strategy provide a proof of a concept that can be used for an approach to identifying organic molecules involved in aerosol formation processes at the air–water interface.

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