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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Seawater"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Seawater"

Kim, Choong-Gon, Jae Choi, Sae-Kwang Ku e Chang-Hyun Song. "Immunostimulatory Effects of Korean Mineral-Rich Seawaters on Cyclophosphamide-Induced Immunosuppression in Mice". Marine Drugs 22, n. 6 (21 maggio 2024): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md22060234.

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Deep seawater (DS), obtained from a depth over 200 m, has health benefits due to its rich nutrients and minerals, and intake of DS has shown diverse immunomodulatory effects in allergies and cancer. Therefore, the immunostimulatory effects of Korean mineral-rich seawaters were examined in a cyclophosphamide (CPA)-induced immunosuppression model. Three samples of Korean seawater, namely DS from the East Sea off the coasts of Pohang (PDS) and Uljin (UDS), and seawater from the West Sea off the coast of Boryeong (BS), were collected. The seawaters were abundant in several minerals (calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, etc.). Mice were orally administered the seawaters for 42 days, followed by CPA-induced immunosuppression. The CPA induction reduced the weight of the spleen and lymph nodes; however, the administration of seawaters increased the weight of the lymphoid organs, accompanied by stimulation of natural killer cells’ activity and NF-kB-mediated cytokine production (IFNγ, TNFα, IL1β, IL6, and IL12). The mouse-derived splenocytes showed lymphoproliferation without cytotoxicity in the seawater groups. Histopathological analysis revealed that the seawaters improved the CPA-induced atrophic changes by promoting lymphoproliferation in the spleen and lymph nodes. These results provide useful information for the use of Korean mineral-rich seawaters, particularly PDS and UDS, as alternative immunostimulants under immunosuppressive conditions.

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Zhang, Bao Feng, Zhen Hai Liu e Xiao Ma. "A Method of Seawater Sound Velocity Measurement Based on the Transit-Time". Advanced Materials Research 816-817 (settembre 2013): 439–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.816-817.439.

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In the prospects of maritime development, the accuracy requirements of the marine sonar equipment also getting higher and higher, it is particularly important to measure the sound velocity in seawaters(ultrasound propagation velocity in seawater) in high-precision, in this experiment, basing on the seawater sound velocity variation influencing factors, proposing a method of average measuring the sound velocity of seawater based on STM32 and TDC-GP21 transit-time, The results of the experiment show that this method can be high-precision measurement of the size of the seawater sonic，meet the seawater sound velocity measurement requirements.

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Živković, Igor, Jan Gačnik, Slaven Jozić, Jože Kotnik, Mladen Šolić e Milena Horvat. "A Simplified Approach to Modeling the Dispersion of Mercury from Precipitation to Surface Waters—The Bay of Kaštela Case Study". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, n. 4 (14 aprile 2022): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10040539.

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Wet deposition is the main source of mercury (Hg) from the atmosphere to the Earth’s surface. However, the processes that govern the dispersion of deposited Hg in seawater are currently not well understood. To address this issue, total mercury (THg) concentrations in surface seawaters and precipitation were determined on a monthly basis in the Bay of Kaštela (Central Adriatic Sea). Following the assumption that deposited THg is diluted in the seawater bulk due to mixing processes, an exponential decay-like model was developed and the wet deposition of THg was normalized based on periods between precipitation events and seawater sampling. Normalized wet deposition of THg showed significant correlation with the THg gradient in surface seawater after removal of an outlier. To explain the observed outlier, further data normalization included wind data to account for enhanced seawater mixing due to strong winds. Wind-normalized THg deposition of all datapoints showed significant correlation with the THg gradient in surface seawater. The correlation showed that the THg gradient in surface seawater of 0.378 pg L−1 m−1 corresponds to THg wet deposition of 1 ng m−2 after including the influence of wind speed on seawater mixing.

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Zeynolabedin, Amin, Reza Ghiassi e Moharam Dolatshahi Pirooz. "Investigating island groundwater salinity, using vulnerability index and numerical methods". Water Supply 20, n. 7 (10 agosto 2020): 2804–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2020.180.

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Abstract Seawater intrusion is one of the major issues in Qeshm Island, which is the biggest island of the Persian Gulf. To investigate seawater intrusion in this island, a modified GALDIT index is used to map the vulnerability of the whole region. Considering the vulnerability map, two critical sections which have the highest vulnerability, one in the northeast and the other in the west side of the island, are chosen for detailed investigation. To achieve this goal, two numerical models, MODFLOW and SEAWAT are applied to simulate the groundwater flow and solute transport. The results show that the aquifer is in a dangerous level of threat of vulnerability and 15 km2 of the aquifer is in danger of being salinized. A comparison is made between MT3DMS and SEAWAT results, indicating that SEAWAT simulates seawater intrusion with more accuracy. It seems because of considering salt density in SEAWAT flow equations. The numerical simulation shows that the seawater is intruding on the island at a rapid rate.

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Ding, Fei, Takao Yamashita e Han Soo Lee. "Atmosphere-Ocean-Groundwater Modeling System for Seawater Intrusion Simulation in Liaodong Bay Coastal Plain, China". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maggio 2012): 4155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.4155.

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Precipitation and seawater level are the two important factors to be considered in seawater intrusion simulation. However, these data are lacking in some regions of the world. Thus, limits the study on seawater intrusion. Considering the lack of availability of data on precipitation and seawater level, an atmosphere–ocean-groundwater modeling system was constructed in this paper. In the modeling system, the atmosphere model (MM5) and the ocean model (POM) is used to simulate the precipitation and seawater level, respectively while the SEAWAT model is used for groundwater model simulation. The system is used for seawater intrusion simulation case study in the Liaodong Bay coastal plain. The study shows that the atmosphere–ocean-groundwater modeling system provides a very reasonable result.

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Hastuti, Yuni Puji, Yuli Siti Fatma, Hardi Pitoyo, Yusli Wardiatno e Siska Tridesianti. "Bacterial and plankton communities in mariculture water sources: a case study in Nampu and Sembukan seawaters, Wonogiri, Indonesia". Natura Croatica 30, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2021): 351–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.20302/nc.2021.30.22.

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Seawaters in Indonesia, part of the tropical marine ecosystem, have great microbial and plankton diversity. Seawater is used as a water source for marine aquacultures, such as shrimp, milkfish, lobster, and mud crab. Sustainability of environmental resources for supporting aquaculture activities can be assessed by analyzing the actual conditions of the water source environment, including bacterial and plankton communities. However, the characteristics of bacteria and plankton communities in Indonesian seawaters have not been well documented. In this study, we investigated the bacterial and plankton communities in surface seawater from two coastal areas, i.e. Nampu and Sembukan, Wonogiri regency, Central Java, Indonesia. Bacterial diversity was analyzed using the Illumina-based high throughput sequencing with a primer set targeting the V3-V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Meanwhile, the plankton community (phytoplankton and zooplankton) was calculated and identified using a counting chamber method. Sequencing analysis revealed that the five dominant bacterial phyla in the two seawater samples were similar, consisting of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteriodetes, and Cyanobacteria. Although the two sites are separated by several kilometres, the distribution of dominant bacterial phyla in both seawater samples is similar. Phytoplankton in Nampu and Sembukan were similarly dominated by Trichodesmium sp., Navicula sp., and Rhabdonema sp. Dominant zooplankton in the two sites were Euterpina, Nauplius, Oithona sp., Oncaea sp., Tigriopus sp., and Gastropoda larvae. The seawater in Nampu and Sembukan is suitable as a water source for aquaculture.

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Nasser, Abid M., Lital Telser e Yeshayahu Nitzan. "Effect of sunlight on the infectivity ofCryptosporidium parvumin seawater". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 53, n. 9 (settembre 2007): 1101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w07-043.

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The prevalence of pathogenic microorganisms in seawater can result in waterborne and food borne outbreaks. This study was performed to determine the effect of sunlight and salinity on the die-off of Cryptosporidium parvum . Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts, Escherichia coli , and MS2 coliphage were seeded into tap water and seawater samples and then exposed to sunlight. The die-off of C. parvum in seawater, as measured by infectivity, was greater under sunlight (–3.08 log10) than under dark conditions (–1.31 log10). While, no significant difference was recorded in the die-off of C. parvum, under dark conditions, in tap water as compared to seawater (P < 0.05), indicating that the synergistic effect of salinity and sunlight was responsible for the enhanced die-off in seawater. The die-off of MS2 coliphage and E. coli was greater than that observed for C. parvum under all tested conditions. This indicates that these microorganisms cannot serve as indicators for the presence of C. parvum oocysts in seawaters. The results of the study suggest that C. parvum can persist as infectious oocysts for a long time in seawater and can thus pose a serious hazard by direct and indirect contact with humans.

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Ries, J. B. "Review: geological and experimental evidence for secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca (calcite-aragonite seas) and its effects on marine biological calcification". Biogeosciences 7, n. 9 (21 settembre 2010): 2795–849. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-2795-2010.

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Abstract. Synchronized transitions in the polymorph mineralogy of the major reef-building and sediment-producing calcareous marine organisms and abiotic CaCO3 precipitates (ooids, marine cements) throughout Phanerozoic time are believed to have been caused by tectonically induced variations in the Mg/Ca ratio of seawater (molar Mg/Ca>2="aragonite seas", <2="calcite seas"). Here, I assess the geological evidence in support of secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca and its effects on marine calcifiers, and review a series of recent experiments that investigate the effects of seawater Mg/Ca (1.0–5.2) on extant representatives of calcifying taxa that have experienced variations in this ionic ratio of seawater throughout the geologic past. Secular variation in seawater Mg/Ca is supported by synchronized secular variations in (1) the ionic composition of fluid inclusions in primary marine halite, (2) the mineralogies of late stage marine evaporites, abiogenic carbonates, and reef- and sediment-forming marine calcifiers, (3) the Mg/Ca ratios of fossil echinoderms, molluscs, rugose corals, and abiogenic carbonates, (4) global rates of tectonism that drive the exchange of Mg2+ and Ca2+ along zones of ocean crust production, and (5) additional proxies of seawater Mg/Ca including Sr/Mg ratios of abiogenic carbonates, Sr/Ca ratios of biogenic carbonates, and Br concentrations in marine halite. Laboratory experiments have revealed that aragonite-secreting bryopsidalean algae and scleractinian corals and calcite-secreting coccolithophores exhibit higher rates of calcification and growth in experimental seawaters formulated with seawater Mg/Ca ratios that favor their skeletal mineral. These results support the assertion that seawater Mg/Ca played an important role in determining which hypercalcifying marine organisms were the major reef-builders and sediment-producers throughout Earth history. The observation that primary production increased along with calcification within the bryopsidalean and coccolithophorid algae in mineralogically favorable seawater is consistent with the hypothesis that calcification promotes photosynthesis within some species of these algae through the liberation of CO2. The experiments also revealed that aragonite-secreting bryopsidalean algae and scleractinian corals, and bacterial biofilms that secrete a mixture of aragonite and high Mg calcite, began secreting an increased proportion of their calcium carbonate as the calcite polymorph in the lower-Mg/Ca experimental seawaters. Furthermore, the Mg/Ca ratio of calcite secreted by the coccolithophores, coralline red algae, reef-dwelling animals (crustacea, urchins, calcareous tube worms), bacterial biofilms, scleractinian corals, and bryopsidalean algae declined with reductions in seawater Mg/Ca. Notably, Mg fractionation in autotrophic organisms was more strongly influenced by changes in seawater Mg/Ca than in heterotrophic organisms, a probable consequence of autotrophic organisms inducing a less controlled mode of calcification simply through the removal of CO2 via photosynthesis. These results indicate that biomineralogical control can be partially overridden by ambient seawater Mg/Ca and suggest that modern aragonite-secreting organisms may have secreted a mixture of aragonite and low Mg calcite, and that modern high Mg calcite-secreting organisms probably secreted low Mg calcite, in calcite seas of the past. These effects of seawater Mg/Ca on the polymorph mineralogy and calcite Mg/Ca ratio of calcareous skeletons should be accounted for in thermal-chemical reconstructions of seawater that are based upon skeletal Mg/Ca. Lastly, by identifying how marine calcifiers respond to changes in seawater Mg/Ca and absolute Ca2+ concentration, this work should enhance our interpretation of parallel studies investigating the effects of anthropogenic CO2-induced ocean acidification on marine calcification.

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Ziervogel, K., A. D. Steen e C. Arnosti. "Changes in the spectrum and rates of extracellular enzyme activities in seawater following aggregate formation". Biogeosciences 7, n. 3 (15 marzo 2010): 1007–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-1007-2010.

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Abstract. Marine snow aggregates are heavily colonized by heterotrophic microorganisms that express high levels of hydrolytic activities, making aggregates hotspots for carbon remineralization in the ocean. To assess how aggregate formation influences the ability of seawater microbial communities to access organic carbon, we compared hydrolysis rates of six polysaccharides in coastal seawater after aggregates had been formed (via incubation on a roller table) with hydrolysis rates in seawater from the same site that had not incubated on a roller table (referred to as whole seawater). Hydrolysis rates in the aggregates themselves were up to three orders of magnitude higher on a volume basis than in whole seawater. The enhancement of enzyme activity in aggregates relative to whole seawater differed by substrate, suggesting that the enhancement was under cellular control, rather than due to factors such as lysis or grazing. A comparison of hydrolysis rates in whole seawater with those in aggregate-free seawater, i.e. the fraction of water from the roller bottles that did not contain aggregates, demonstrated a nuanced microbial response to aggregate formation. Activities of laminarinase and xylanase enzymes in aggregate-free seawater were higher than in whole seawater, while activities of chondroitin, fucoidan, and arabinogalactan hydrolyzing enzymes were lower than in whole seawater. These data suggest that aggregate formation enhanced production of laminarinase and xylanase enzymes, and the enhancement also affected the surrounding seawater. Decreased activities of chondroitin, fucoidan, and arabinoglactan-hydrolyzing enzymes in aggregate-free seawaters relative to whole seawater are likely due to shifts in enzyme production by the aggregate-associated community, coupled with the effects of enzyme degradation. Enhanced activities of laminarin- and xylan-hydrolyzing enzymes in aggregate-free seawater were due at least in part to cell-free enzymes. Measurements of enzyme lifetime using commercial enzymes suggest that hydrolytic cell-free enzymes may be active over timescales of days to weeks. Considering water residence times of up to 10 days in the investigation area (Apalachicola Bay), enzymes released from aggregates may be active over timescales long enough to affect carbon cycling in the Bay as well as in the adjacent Gulf of Mexico. Aggregate formation may thus be an important mechanism shaping the spectrum of enzymes active in the ocean, stimulating production of cell-free enzymes and leading to spatial and temporal decoupling of enzyme activity from the microorganisms that produced them.

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Ahn, Yu-Hwan. "Development of an Inverse Model from Ocean Reflectance". Marine Technology Society Journal 33, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1999): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/mtsj.33.1.9.

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An inverse ocean color model with three components—chlorophyll, suspended sediment and dissolved organic matter—is developed to extract the constituents of seawater from the surface reflectance (400‐700 nm) in oligotrophic, eutrophic and turbid waters. Ocean reflectance obtained from just beneath the sea surface by a spectral radiometer (with 61 bands) is associated with four specific absorption and backscattering coefficients of seawater constituents, including heterotrophic organisms and seawater itself. Although many semi-analytical methods have been used before, this is the first time to apply a purely analytical technique to the inverse model. A known radiative transfer theory was applied to extract the constituents. The model results showed good agreement between the measured values in seawaters and simulated values.

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Tesi sul tema "Seawater"

Nayar, Kishor Govind. "Improving seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121886.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2019
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis. "Thesis contains very faint/illegible footnote numbering"--Disclainer Notice page.
Includes bibliographical references.
Water scarcity is an increasing problem globally. Seawater desalination is increasingly being relied upon as a means of mitigating the problem of water scarcity. However, seawater desalination has costs associated with it: capital costs, cost of energy to desalinate and environmental costs from the discharge of high salinity brine. Efficient and cost-effective seawater desalination and desalination brine management systems are necessary to make seawater desalination a sustainable scalable process. This work seeks to improve seawater desalination and seawater desalination brine management in several ways. For the first time, the thermophysical properties of seawater have been characterized as a function of pressure across the full desalination operating regimes of temperature, salinity and pressure. Functions that allow accurate thermodynamic least work of desalination and seawater flow exergy analysis have been developed.
The least work of desalination, brine concentration and salt production was investigated and the performance of state-of-the-art brine concentrators and crystallizers was calculated. Hybrid designs of reverse osmosis (RO) and electrodialysis (ED) were proposed to be integrated with a crystallizer to concentrate desalination brine more efficiently. The RO-ED-crystallizer concept was applied to two separate applications: (a) salt production from seawater and (b) zero brine discharge seawater desalination. A parametric analysis to minimize the specific cost of salt production and water production was conducted. Parameters varied were: the ratio of seawater to RO brine in the ED diluate channel, ED current density, ED diluate outlet salinity, electricity, water and salt prices, and RO recovery by adding a high pressure RO (HPRO) stage. Results showed that significant cost reductions could be achieved in RO-ED systems by increasing the ED current density from 300 A/m² to 600 A/m².
Increasing RO brine salinity by using HPRO and operating at 120 bar pressure reduced salt production costs while increasing water production costs. Transport properties of monovalent selective ED (MSED) membranes were also experimentally obtained for sodium chloride, significantly improving the accuracy of modeling MSED brine concentration systems. MSED cell pairs transported only about ~~50% the water but nearly as much salt as a standard ED cell pair, while having twice the average membrane resistance.
Supported by Center for Clean Water and Clean Energy at MIT and KFUPM Project No. R13-CW-10, King Fahd University of Petroleoum and Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
by Kishor Govind Nayar.
Ph. D.
Ph.D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering

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Yu, Kwun Lok. "Modeling injection and extraction wells for seawater desalination in SEAWAT". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111534.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 67-68).
Subsurface intakes and disposal systems are gaining interest for seawater desalination in comparison with the older open ocean intake/discharge systems that induce many environmental problems. Facilities using reverse-osmosis technology to desalinate seawater require stringent feed water quality to operate efficiently, and are particularly prone to membrane fouling when contaminants enter the system. Subsurface systems leverage coastal aquifers as natural filters, increasing the effective flow field for seawater extraction and brine disposal, and are proven to reduce impacts on the coastal environment. In this study, we developed groundwater models in SEAWAT, a three-dimensional finite difference groundwater model capable of simulating a varying-density environment, to learn about the interactions of seawater, brackish water, freshwater and brine due to extraction and injection activities, with salinities ranging from 0-70 PSU, and densities ranging from 10009/L to 10509/L. Two hypothetical desalination plants with freshwater production rates adequate to supply 750 people and 7500 people were simulated. Using simplified cross-sectional two-dimensional models, an optimal offshore location can be identified to implement subsurface intake systems to extract seawater closest to the coastline while minimizing impacts on existing freshwater storage from seawater intrusion. Models have also shown that for the same desalination plants, the coastal aquifer is more tolerant of brine injection than feedwater extraction; given that desalination plants typically have a 50% efficiency, half of the extracted seawater becomes freshwater, and only the remaining wasted brine is injected into the aquifer. A 2D test model with an expanded longshore domain, as well as a 3D test model with non-uniform properties in the longshore direction were also developed to test sensitivity when the longshore domain is changed.
by Kwun Lok Yu.
M. Eng.

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Errani, Edoardo. ""In silico" seawater". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/18101/.

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Con In silico seawater si intende il calcolo di alcune proprietà chimico fisiche dell’acqua marina attraverso simulazioni al calcolatore. L’acqua marina è essenzialmente una soluzione elettrolitica caratterizzata da una composizione molto complessa, ci sono voluti più di 100 anni di studio. Data l’enorme complessità di tale soluzione è facile rendersi conto che il numero di molecole necessarie per la riproduzione della composizione dell’acqua marina è estremamente grande per essere implementato in simulazioni molecolari. In questo lavoro viene descritto un modello semplificato di acqua marina adottato per una simulazione numerica. In prima approssimazione, sono stati trascurati gli ioni a bassa concentrazione, come, ad esempio, HCO3− (XHCO3−≈0.0015). Gli ioni considerati sono Na+, Cl−, Mg2+, SO42−, Ca2+ e K+. Uno degli scopi principali di questo lavoro è quello di indagare il contributo dei diversi ioni sulle proprietà dell’acqua marina. Seguendo questa linea di ragionamento è stato interessante analizzare la sostituzione degli ioni Ca2+ e K+ con Mg2+ e Na+, rispettivamente. Le proprietà dell’acqua marina sono quindi state confrontate con quelle di una soluzione di NaCl, che rappresenta il soluto maggioritario. In questo lavoro di tesi sono stati usati due diversi Force Field (FF): il Joung-Cheatham (JC) e l’OPLS (Optimized Potentials for Liquid Simulations). Abbiamo dimostrato che entrambi i potenziali danno un risultato soddisfacente nel riprodurre le proprietà termodinamiche e dinamiche dell’acqua marina. Nel caso della viscosità e della densità, i dati calcolati sono comparati con dati sperimentali. Mentre per quanto riguarda la struttura e i coefficienti di diffusione, per i quali non vi è alcun dato sperimentale per l’acqua marina, sono comparati tra di loro i dati calcolati con i diversi modelli. E` stato quindi sviluppato un primo modello soddisfacente di acqua marina, ma per realizzare un Force Field più accurato sono ancora necessari notevoli sforzi.

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Hatton, Angela. "Dimethylsulphoxide in seawater". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296563.

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Powell, Matthew Jacob. "Seawater proteomics the recovery, separation, and characterization of dissolved proteins in seawater /". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2005. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3945.

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Prieto, Carmen. "Groundwater-Seawater Interactions : Seawater Intrusion, Submarine Groundwater Discharge and Temporal Variability and Randomness Effects". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-222.

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Rust, Arlene Elizabeth. "Thermohaline convection in polar seawater". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.321658.

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Spokes, Lucinda Jane. "Photochemical redox reactions in seawater". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.294086.

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Mass, John Thomas. "Dynamic properties of seawater surfactants". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38179.

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Ülpre, H. "Turbulent acidic discharges into seawater". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1467269/.

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This thesis analyses the chemistry and physics behind acidic jets and plumes. The research was motivated from the discussions between industry and regulatory bodies concerning the dispersion of highly acidic discharges from exhaust gas scrubbers on ships into seawater. The industrial problem is simplified in an analytical model for acidic jets and plumes, which is then validated through an experimental study. The analytical model allows for the construction of an optimisation tool that considers the acidity of the discharge, the alkalinity of local seawater and the required scrubber flow rate to propose optimal discharge pipe configurations. This tool can be used for designing discharge pipe configurations in compliance with regulation MEPC 59/24/Add.1 Annex 9. The analytical model was then extended to also take into account the effects of ambient flow and buoyancy on the discharge trajectory. Existing regulatory compliance tests for scrubber discharges assume that no deflection occurs, however, the experimental study shows that an offset of one jet radius leads to an overestimation of pH recovery by one unit. Simplified expressions are developed to improve the accuracy of regulatory compliance tests by taking into account the effects of buoyancy and ambient flow. A general purpose computational fluid dynamics code was written to study the dispersion of contaminants in the wake of a ship. The study suggests that rapid dilution occurs in the near field as a result of the turbulence generated by propulsion, and further dilution occurs more slowly through the widening of the ship wake. Different velocity profiles are generated when the ship is either decelerating, accelerating or moving at a steady pace, but the widening of the wake is relatively insensitive to these factors in the near field.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Seawater"

Kim, Youngsik, e Wang-geun Lee. Seawater Batteries. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0797-5.

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Micale, Giorgio, Lucio Rizzuti e Andrea Cipollina, a cura di. Seawater Desalination. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-01150-4.

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Crompton, T. R. Analysis of seawater. London [England]: Butterworths, 1989.

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Sandeep, Sethi, a cura di. Desalination of seawater. Denver, CO: American Water Works Association, 2011.

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K, Grasshoff, Ehrhardt M, Kremling K e Anderson Lief G, a cura di. Methods of seawater analysis. 3^a ed. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 1999.

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Meyerson, A. Lee. Seawater: A delicate balance. Hillside, N.J., U.S.A: Enslow Publishers, 1988.

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Spokes, Lucinda Jane. Photochemical redox reactions in seawater. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1991.

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G, Shaw David, e International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. Commission on Solubility Data., a cura di. Hydrocarbons with water and seawater. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1989.

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Chambre syndicale de la recherche et de la production du pétrole et du gaz naturel. Comité des techniciens., a cura di. Seawater circuits: Treatments and materials. Paris: Editions Technip, 1998.

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Aoyama, Michio. 2003 intercomparison excercise for reference material for nutrients in seawater in a seawater matrix. Japan: Meteorological Research Institute, 2006.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Seawater"

Kim, Youngsik, e Wang-geun Lee. "Secondary Seawater Batteries". In Seawater Batteries, 91–293. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0797-5_3.

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Kim, Youngsik, e Wang-geun Lee. "Primary Seawater Batteries". In Seawater Batteries, 37–90. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0797-5_2.

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Kim, Youngsik, e Wang-geun Lee. "Seawater and Its Resources". In Seawater Batteries, 1–35. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0797-5_1.

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Platzer, Max F., e Nesrin Sarigul-Klijn. "Seawater Desalination". In The Green Energy Ship Concept, 63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58244-9_17.

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Bear, J. Jacob, e H. D. Alexander Cheng. "Seawater Intrusion". In Modeling Groundwater Flow and Contaminant Transport, 593–636. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6682-5_9.

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Weik, Martin H. "seawater battery". In Computer Science and Communications Dictionary, 1529. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-0613-6_16739.

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Bear, Jacob, e Arnold Verruijt. "Modeling Seawater Intrusion". In Modeling Groundwater Flow and Pollution, 196–215. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3379-8_7.

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Halverson, Galen P., e Lucie Hubert-Théou. "Seawater Sr Curve". In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 733–39. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6304-3_143.

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Halverson, Galen P., e Lucie Théou-Hubert. "Seawater Sr Curve". In Encyclopedia of Scientific Dating Methods, 1–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6326-5_143-1.

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Shifler, David A. "Chapter 13 | Seawater". In Supplement to Corrosion Tests and Standards: Application and Interpretation, Second Edition, 187–215. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/mnl202ndsup20190001.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Seawater"

Gauthier, Curtis, e Steve Friedman. "Seawater Intake Considerations". In Pipelines 2020. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784483190.039.

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Wang, Yanqing, Xiang Li e Jun Lu. "Tracer Evaluations for Seawater Fraction Monitoring During Offshore Seawater Flooding". In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/201553-ms.

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Al-Rubaie, J. S., M. A. Muhsin, H. A. Shaker e I. Washash. "Experience With Seawater Injection". In Middle East Oil Show. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/15739-ms.

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Zhou, Yiwen, Roger H. Lang, Cuneyt Utku e David Le Vine. "Seawater permittivity model function with new L-band seawater measurements at 33psu". In IGARSS 2013 - 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2013.6723147.

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Teng, Da, Jun Ma, Yangyu Huang, Xining Zhang e Ronger Zheng. "Investigate seawater and seawater anions' aqueous mixed solution by laser Raman spectroscopy". In Photonics Asia 2007, a cura di Lianghui Chen, Hiroyuki Suzuki, Paul T. Rudy e Ninghua Zhu. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.757561.

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Sanabria, D., e J. Lehr. "Breakdown in Seawater and Applications". In 2019 IEEE Pulsed Power & Plasma Science (PPPS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ppps34859.2019.9009914.

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Kopilevich, Yurij I., N. V. Aleksejev, B. V. Kurasov e Viktor A. Yakovlev. "Diagnostics of seawater refractive turbulence". In Refractometry: International Conference, a cura di Maksymilian Pluta e Mariusz Szyjer. SPIE, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.213204.

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Lewis, Lloyd F., Joseph van Ryzin e Luis Vega. "Steep Slope Seawater Supply Pipeline". In 21st International Conference on Coastal Engineering. New York, NY: American Society of Civil Engineers, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780872626874.197.

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Loureiro, David, Margarida Giestas e António Joyce. "Autonomous Solar HDH Seawater Desalination". In EuroSun 2014. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/eurosun.2014.01.05.

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Inamori, Mamiko, e Masayuki Morimoto. "Contactless power transfer in seawater". In 2017 19th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE'17 ECCE Europe). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/epe17ecceeurope.2017.8098970.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Seawater"

NAVAL CIVIL ENGINEERING LAB PORT HUENEME CA. Seawater Ballast Pump. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, gennaio 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada247012.

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Li, Yuan-hui. Chemistry of Lava-seawater Interactions. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada628220.

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Moser, Paul M. Spectral Transmission of Light through Seawater. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1012965.

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Heiser, J. H., e P. Soo. Corrosion of barrier materials in seawater environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), luglio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/125170.

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Al-Sheikhly, Mohamad, Travis Dietz, Zois Tsinas, Claire Tomaszewski, Ileana M. Pazos, Olga Nigliazzo, Weixing Li, Mohamad Adel-Hadadi e Aaron Barkatt. Enhancement of Extraction of Uranium from Seawater. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1329194.

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Collins, Greg E. Explosives Detection in Seawater on a Microchip. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428101.

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Jokela, Greg, e John Kunsemiller. Demonstration: Seawater Hydraulic Transfer Pump. Phase 2. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, aprile 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/adb210667.

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Dietz, Travis, Eli Fastow, Micah Tsoi, Zois Tsinas, Ileana Pazos e Mohamad Al-Sheikhly. Enhancement of the Extraction of Uranium from Seawater. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1489218.

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Noshkin, V. E., W. L. Robison, R. J. Eagle e J. L. Brunk. Radionuclides in sediments and seawater at Rongelap Atoll. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/641111.

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Wai, Chien, Guoxin Tian e Christopher Janke. Innovative Elution Processes for Recovering Uranium from Seawater. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), maggio 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1167189.

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