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1
Kleman, Johan. "The spectral reflectance of stands of norway spruce and scotch pine, measured from a helicopter". Remote Sensing of Environment 20, n. 3 (dicembre 1986): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0034-4257(86)90046-5.
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Kask, P., e J. Frey. "VITALITY OF NORWAY SPRUCE AND SCOTCH PINE ASSESSED BY THE CROWN CLASS AND RADIAL INCREMENT". Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Ecology 3, n. 1 (1993): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3176/ecol.1993.1.02.
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Ul’yanovskii, Nikolay V., Aleksandra A. Onuchina, Anna V. Faleva, Natalia S. Gorbova e Dmitry S. Kosyakov. "Comprehensive Characterization of Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Lignan-Rich Coniferous Knotwood Extractives". Antioxidants 11, n. 12 (25 novembre 2022): 2338. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122338.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A knotwood of coniferous trees containing large amounts of polyphenolic extractives is considered a promising industrial-scale source of lignans possessing antioxidant properties and other bioactivities. The present study is aimed at a detailed characterization of the chemical composition and antioxidant activity of lignan-rich extractives obtained from the knotwood of the Norway spruce, Scotch pine, Siberian fir, and Siberian larch growing in the European North of Russia as a region with a highly developed forest industry. To achieve this, a comprehensive approach based on a combination of two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy with high-performance liquid chromatography—high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and the determination of antioxidant activity by the three complementary methods were proposed. The studied knotwood samples contained from 3.9 to 17% of extractive substances and were comparable to Trolox’s antioxidant activity in the single-electron transfer processes and superoxide radical scavenging, which is associated with the predominance of polyphenolic compounds. The latter was represented by 12 tentatively identified monolignans and 27 oligolignans containing 3–5 phenylpropane units in their structure. The extracts were characterized by an identical set of lignans and differed only in the ratios of their individual compounds. Other components of the knotwood were flavonoids taxifolin, quercetin (Siberian larch), and three stilbenes (pinosylvin, its methyl ester, and pterostilbene), which were identified in the Scotch pine extractives. Sesquiterpene juvabione and its derivatives were found in extracts of Siberian larch knotwood.
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Byers, John A. "Bark Beetles,Pityogenes bidentatus, Orienting to Aggregation Pheromone Avoid Conifer Monoterpene Odors When Flying but Not When Walking". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/940962.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Previous studies and data presented here suggest that odors from healthy host Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris) and nonhost Norway spruce (Picea abies), as well as major monoterpenes of these trees at natural release rates, significantly reduce the attraction of flying bark beetles,Pityogenes bidentatus, of both sexes to their aggregation pheromone components grandisol andcis-verbenol in the field, as tested by slow rotation of trap pairs. In contrast,P. bidentatusmales and females walking in an open-arena olfactometer in the laboratory did not avoid monoterpene vapors at release rates spanning several orders of magnitude in combination with aggregation pheromone. The bark beetle may avoid monoterpenes when flying as a mechanism for avoiding nonhost species, vigorous and thus unsuitable host trees, as well as harmful resinous areas of hosts. Inhibition of this flight avoidance response in beetles after landing would allow them to initiate, or to find and enter, gallery holes with high monoterpene vapor concentrations in order to feed and reproduce.
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Jaakkola, Lotta Maaria, Timo Päiviö Helle, Jussi Soppela, Markku Tapio Kuitunen e Mikko Juhani Yrjönen. "Effects of forest characteristics on the abundance of alectorioid lichens in northern Finland". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, n. 11 (1 novembre 2006): 2955–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-178.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Quantitative knowledge of the abundance of epiphytic alectorioid lichens (Bryoria spp., Alectoria spp., and Usnea spp.) is important when evaluating the carrying capacity of the winter pastures of semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus (L., 1758)) and woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou (Gmelin, 1788)). This study, including a total of 234 sample plots, presents data on the biomass of alectorioid lichens in mature forests for the most common forest site types in the national parks of Oulanka, Pallas-Ounastunturi, and Lemmenjoki in northern Finland and relates them to forest stand characteristics. The biomass of alectorioid lichens on trees was estimated using the clump method in which the existing clumps of lichen thalli on branches are compared with clumps of lichens of known dry mass. Estimated biomasses were corrected by equations describing the ratio of estimated to measured biomass. We found the highest mean lichen biomasses (120 kg·ha–1) in subdry, Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) dominated sites above the timberline of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.). Below that timberline, the highest lichen biomasses were found in fresh (productive) sites dominated by Norway spruce. There the site-specific differences were mainly associated with tree species composition. Though in many previous studies forest age has been an important indicator of total lichen biomass, in our study areas lichen abundance was most commonly correlated with total volume of forest stands. The correlation of biomass with forest volume suggests that substrate availability was the most important limiting factor for alectorioid lichens in our study area. However, it is premature to say whether that is a common feature in northern forests over larger geographic areas.
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Byers, John A. "A Population Genetic Model of Evolution of Host-Mate Attraction and Nonhost Repulsion in a Bark BeetlePityogenes bidentatus". Psyche: A Journal of Entomology 2012 (2012): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/529573.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Studies have shown that the bark beetlePityogenes bidentatus(Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) avoids volatiles of nonhost trees (Norway Spruce, birch, and oak) and healthy host Scotch Pine when orienting to aggregation pheromone. A population genetic model of two behavioral genes was hypothesized where AA, Aa, and aa were allele combinations regulating orientation to host tree and pheromone odors, and BB, Bb, and bb were combinations allowing avoidance of nonhost and unsuitable host odors. The nine possible genotypes were assigned different survival factors that remained constant during simulation. The initial proportion of aabb genotype (little aggregation/host response and little avoidance of nonhosts) was ~1.0 when a mutation was hypothesized that caused better orientation to host/beetle odors (Aabb) and another mutation causing more efficient avoidance of nonhosts (aaBb). After these initial mutations, the model used indiscriminate mating of genotypic proportions and subsequent survival as input for each successive generation. The results indicate that AABB eventually fixates in the populations in some scenarios, while AABB and other genotypes reach stable equilibriums in other models depending on genotypic survival values supported by ecologically sound assumptions. The models indicate how development of insecticide resistance in pest insects may proceed.
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Царалунга, Vladimir Tsaralunga, Прохорова, Nadezhda Prokhorova, Воронин e ANDREY VORONIN. "FOREST PATHOLOGY CONDITION OF FOREST STAND GEOGRAPHICAL PARK OF PROF. B. M. KOZO-POLYANSKY BOTANICAL GARDEN, VORONEZH STATE UNIVERSITY". Forestry Engineering Journal 7, n. 1 (15 agosto 2017): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/25190.
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For the ecology of the big city it is very important to have such a significant woodland, as, for example, natural and artificial plantings of Prof. BM Kozo-Polyansky Botanical Garden, Voronezh State University. The article briefly characterizes the botanical garden, its origins and the present conditions. The main goal of the definition of forest pathology and health status of all the stand has been put on one of the key areas of the botanical garden referred to as "Northern ravine oak wood." In conducting research we use standard methods of forest inventory and forest pathology examination with appropriate post-processing. The detailed data on the composition, taxation rates and conditions of the studied plants are given. Complete loss of the composition of exotic species planted in 30-x – 70-ies of the last century is revealed and we determine an accelerated death of English oak and European white birch, which is actively being replaced by Norway maple and Scotch elm. Comparative analyzes of forestpathological characteristics of the main forest-forming species of this area is made, and conclusions about the lack of competitiveness of such artificially planted exotic species as the horse chestnut, bitternut walnut and European larch in natural groves stands is drawn. A list of found external characteristics of each species diseases in the surveyed forest stand is given. On English oak leading pathological features are: shrinkage of the skeletal branches and inboard hollows. On the Norway maple there are also a lot of dead skeletal branches, and a lot of trees with pathological forms of the barrel. The main conclusion of the work lies in the fact that the stock data on shrunken and especially drying trees testify to the strong weakening of the stand. Conducting sanitary measures in the form of selective sanitary cutting is required for its recovery.
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Malík, V., e J. Stuchlý. "Risk factors influencing the probability of browsing by hoofed game on forest trees". Journal of Forest Science 53, No. 8 (7 gennaio 2008): 359–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2179-jfs.
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In this paper we analyze how selected risk factors determine the probability of browsing by hoofed game on forest trees. Risk factors covered by the model are: tree species (Norway spruce or Scotch pine), time period (season: spring + summer or autumn + winter) and chemical structure of bark (content of selected nutrients and chemical elements). We use a logit model for these purposes. We formulate the model and perform linear transformation by the natural log. Since the disturbance term in the logit model is heteroscedastic, we cannot use the ordinary least-squares method to estimate the parameters of the model. In this case the maximum likelihood method included in STATGRAPHICS Plus for Windows program is used for its estimation. We use a random sample of data including 59 trees. We do the interpretations of the estimated parameters and other characteristics. We demonstrate how the estimated probabilities depend on the considered factor. The model explains 44.1% of variations of the logits, the model is statistically significant. All regression coefficients are significant at least at 12% confidence level. Among the main explanatory variables (content of P, Ca, NO<sub>3</sub>, tree species and season), the P and Ca contents in the bark of the tree are the most important factors influencing the probability of future damage to the tree.
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Ilinov, Aleksey A., Boris V. Raevsky e Olga V. Chirva. "The state of gene pool of the basic forest-forming species of the white sea watershed (on the example of a Picea × fennica (Regel) kom. And Pinus sylvestris L.)". Ecological genetics 18, n. 2 (8 luglio 2020): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen19006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background. The genetic diversity of forest tree species populations is a key factor contributing to their resistance against negative effects of human activity, and the global climate change. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the state of gene pools of the main forest-forming species in the White Sea watershed.
Materials and methods. Five populations of Norway spruce and seven populations of Scotch pine have been selected within the Arctic zone of the European part of Russia (the western part of the White Sea watershed), along with two boundary ones located near the northern borders of the abovementioned species areas. The analysis of the spruce samples had been performed using five nuclear SSR loci, while for the pine samples it was four. DNA fragments were separated on a sequencer CEQ 8000. The main criteria of the genetic diversity (A99%, Ho, He) and F-statistics were calculated.
Results. The marginal spruce populations were characterized by the largest magnitude of the genetic diversity (Ho = 0.46; He = 0.47) and isolation (FST = 0.33) compared to other populations of the same species. The differences were statistically significant. All pine populations studied demonstrated a higher level of genetic diversity (Ho = 0.50, He = 0.63) compared to spruce populations. The differences between the boundary and in-area populations were not statistically reliable (FST = 0.04).
Conclusion. Our investigation revealed a sufficiently high level of spruce and pine northern populations genetic diversity making them able to withstand expected negative effects of anthropogenic activity and global climate change.
10
Nosnikov, Vadim. "Reforestation in Belarus: From the history up to the present time". REFORESTA, n. 3 (1 luglio 2017): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21750/refor.3.08.32.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The forest has always played a big part in Belarus. At present it covers about 40% of area of the country`s territory. Predominantly the forests are of natural origin. The main species are Pinus sylvestris L. (Scotch pine), Betula pendula Roth (European white birch) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. (Norway spruce). The other valuable species are Quercus robur L (English oak), Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. (European alder), Larix decidua Mill. (European larch), Abies alba Mill. (Silver fir). The history of the forest management in Belarus showed that over last 150 years the enormous damage to the qualitative and quantitative composition of forests had been made by wars and reconstruction of destroyed industry. The taken reforestation measures allowed to increase the forest area significantly, however, the work on improving of forests` quality requires further development. At present the artificial forest regeneration prevails in the republic. Over the past five years the volumes of established forest plantations range from 21 to 25 thousand hectares annually, the areas of assistance to the natural regeneration – from 4 to 6 thousand hectares annually. By now there are about 1,700 ha of the forest seed orchards, 2,795 plus trees and 1,125 ha of the plus stands in the republic. The cultivation of planting stock for needs of reforestation is carried out on 73 forest tree nurseries with a total area of 1,440 ha. Annually over the last five years there were grown from 270 to 317 million seedlings and transplants, among them 30-35 million seedlings were grown in greenhouses and about 6 million were container seedlings. In order to improve the gene resource and thereby to increase the productivity and quality of future forests, the tendency of forest plantations` prevalence in the reforestation process of Belarus should remain, but in this case the volumes of partial forest plantations should be increased.
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Kindermann, Gerald, Katja Hüve, Stefan Slovik, Herbert Lux e Heinz Rennenberg. "Emission of hydrogen sulfide by twigs of coniferes — acomparison of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scotch pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Blue spruce (Picea pungens Engelm.)". Plant and Soil 168-169, n. 1 (gennaio 1995): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00029355.
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Apostle, Richard, e Svein Jentoft. "Nova Scotia and North Norway fisheries". Marine Policy 15, n. 2 (marzo 1991): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(91)90009-z.
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Houšková, Kateřina, Jan Klepárník e Oldřich Mauer. "How to accelerate the germination of Scots pine and Norway spruce seeds?" Journal of Forest Science 67, No. 3 (5 marzo 2021): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2020-jfs.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of the study was to confirm and compare efficiency of methods enhancing the vitality of Scots pine and Norway spruce seeds: soaking in water, cold stratification, additional moistening and incubation according to IDS method. The examined parameters included water content in the seeds, germination energy, mean germination time and germination capacity before the seed treatment, after its treatment by the tested methods and after drying. Results show that all the tested methods accelerate germination of seeds; cold stratification is the most efficient and recommended method for Scots pine and soaking of seeds in water is the most efficient and recommended for Norway spruce. The best results in spruce were also obtained with cold stratification (comparable with soaking in water) but the method is complicated, longer-lasting and more costly than soaking in water.
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Fostad, Oddmund, e Per Anker Pedersen. "Vitality, Variation, and Causes of Decline of Trees in Oslo Center (Norway)". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 23, n. 4 (1 luglio 1997): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1997.024.
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To document the health of the most important city trees, a total of 1243 in the Oslo center were surveyed during a five year period. The most frequently planted species in the street environment were Acer platanoides, Aesculus hippocastanum, Tilia platyphyllos, and Tilia x vulgaris. Street trees had poorer health and more severe leaf scorch than park trees. Frequent symptoms of stress on street trees were chlorosis, small chlorotic leaves, necrosis, stem injury, dead twigs and branches, and pest attacks. For some species pests were significantly higher on street trees than in park trees. Tilia platyphyllos and Tilia x vulgaris had the highest ratios among the most commonly planted species. They tolerated the difficult growth conditions along streets surprisingly well, but were often attacked by linden spider-mites which can periodically be a serious problem. Acer platanoides and Acer pseudoplatanus received the lowest ratio and suffered in many cases from severe decline. Aesculus hippocastanum and Betula pendula showed intermediate fitness to street conditions. The most critical factors affecting the tree growth in the Oslo center, were de-icing salt (NaCI), stem injury due to lack of space for tree growth, pest attack, and relatively high soil pH.
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Erskine, Angus B., e Kjell-G. Kjær. "The polar ship Scotia". Polar Record 41, n. 2 (aprile 2005): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247405004237.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The ship that the oceanographer Dr William Speirs Bruce used on the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–04, was originally a sealer named Hekla, built in Norway in 1872. In 1889 the Norwegian skipper Ragnvald Knudsen explored the northeast coast of Greenland between latitudes 74° and 75°, and in 1891–92 the ship was used by the Danish naval officer, Lieutenant C. Ryder, to explore the inner recesses of Scoresby Sund, finally visiting Angmagssalik. In 1902, re-named Scotia and captained by Tam Robertson from Peterhead, she sailed to the Weddell Sea under the leadership of Bruce. The southern winter of 1903 was spent at Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands, and in March–April 1904 the party discovered 150 miles of previously unknown coastline of the Antarctic continent, reaching a farthest south of 74°01′S, 22°00′W. An extensive programme of marine survey and biological research was carried out. Back in the UK, Bruce sold the ship, and she returned to sealing, based in Dundee until appointed to be the first international North Atlantic Ice Patrol ship after the tragedy of Titanic. The Great War caused her to become a freighter in the English Channel area until she caught fire and was burnt out on a sandbank in the Bristol Channel on 18 January 1916.
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Hukka, Antti. "The Effective Diffusion Coefficient and Mass Transfer Coefficient of Nordic Softwoods as Calculated from Direct Drying Experiments". Holzforschung 53, n. 5 (10 settembre 1999): 534–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.1999.088.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Summary The effective diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient of Scot's pine and Norway spruce heartwood are calculated from the measured development of the internal moisture profiles of sawn timber during drying. Measurement is made using the oven-dry method. Calculation of both coefficients is based on using an existing timber drying simulation model to iteratively optimise the parameter values for the diffusion and mass transfer coefficients of prescribed functional form. The results show that the procedure employed is a feasible method to obtain numerical values for the internal and external transfer coefficients as functions of wood moisture content and temperature. The resulting diffusion coefficient and mass transfer coefficient are applicable in the whole moisture range between green and dry states in temperatures 20–80°C thus covering the whole process of medium-temperature wood drying.
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Křepela, M., e R. Petráš. "Comparison of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stem shape by means of geometrical methods". Journal of Forest Science 52, No. 8 (9 gennaio 2012): 337–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4516-jfs.
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In this article the stem shape is compared in three coniferous tree species: Norway spruce, Scots pine and European larch. Stem is investigated by means of geometrical methods. Simplified Bookstein coordinates (stem shape diameters) and Procrustes coordinates were used for variability investigation. The material, originating from the Czech and Slovak territories, involved in total 3,346 spruce stems, 3,082 pine stems and 1,403 larch stems. The accordance of mean stem vectors was assessed by means of Hotelling’s T<sup>2</sup> two-sample test. For stem shape diameters and Procrustes tangent coordinates, the variability was examined using the method of principal components analysis. The three most important principal components were diagrammatized and described. The relationship between the stem shape and its size was also investigated, and inflection points of morphological stem curve were described for all three tree species.
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Thiessen, Victor, Anthony Davis e Svein Jentoft. "The Veiled Crew: An Exploratory Study of Wives' Reported and Desired Contributions to Coastal Fisheries Enterprises in Northern Norway and Nova Scotia". Human Organization 51, n. 4 (dicembre 1992): 342–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.51.4.50317x7522h1wm61.
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Sterling, S. M., C. Angelidis, M. Armstrong, K. M. Biagi, T. A. Clair, N. Jackson e A. Breen. "Terrestrial liming to promote Atlantic Salmon recovery in Nova Scotia – approaches needed and knowledge gained after a trial application". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 11, n. 9 (5 settembre 2014): 10117–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-11-10117-2014.
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Abstract. Populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in Southwest Nova Scotia (SWNS) have plummeted since the 1980s. Acidification is considered a main threat to this population. The lakes and streams of SWNS were among the most heavily acidified in North America during the last century and calcium levels are predicted to continue to fall in coming decades. One of the most promising mitigation options to reduce the risk of extirpation of the SWNS Salmo salar is terrestrial liming; however, both the chemistry of SWNS rivers, and effective strategies for terrestrial liming in SWNS are poorly understood. Here we have launched the first terrestrial liming study in Nova Scotia, employing a test hydrologic source area liming strategy in a 5 ha experimental catchment in SWNS, Maria Brook; we apply an average local application rate of 13 t ha−1 to 10% of the 47 ha catchment. We employ high frequency stream monitoring to complement grab sampling to identify which constituents pose a threat to Salmo salar and to identify strategies for larger scale terrestrial liming that would fit the local conditions. Results indicate that the water chemistry conditions are currently at toxic levels for Salmo salar throughout the year, with levels of ionic aluminium exceeding toxic thresholds almost 100% of the time. The stream chemistry in Maria Brook is remarkably similar to pre-recovery conditions in other heavily acidified watersheds, such as Birkenes in Norway. Our results support the hypothesis that there has been no recovery from acidification in SWNS. Results from the first year of post-liming do not show an improvement in stream chemistry levels, and further lime application is needed to improve the water chemistry conditions to needed levels for the recovery of Salmo salar.
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Бондаренко, А. С., А. В. Жигунов e Э. А. Левкоев. "Impacts of selection activities on phenotypic and genetic diversity of norway spruce and scotch pine plus tree seed progenies". Известия СПбЛТА, n. 216(216) (19 settembre 2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2016.216.6-17.
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В условиях климатических изменений и стремительно сокращающихся запасов природных ресурсов усиливается внимание к лесам как важному источнику экосистемных услуг и сырья. В сфере особого внимания находится генетическое разнообразие основных лесообразующих пород. Это связано с тем, что генетическое разнообразие является основой устойчивости и селекционного потенциала насаждений. Сегодня во всем мире прилагаются значительные усилия по изучению и сохранению биологического и генетического разнообразия лесных древесных пород с целью создания устойчивых лесных экосистем. Один из наиболее важных вопросов здесь - определение влияния селекционных мероприятий (отбор лучших с хозяйственной точки зрения генотипов) на уровень генетического разнообразия. Выполнена оценка влияния селекционных мероприятий на фенотипическое и генетическое разнообразие исследуемых популяций ели европейской и сосны обыкновенной. Объектами исследования для настоящей работы послужили испытательные культуры сосны обыкновенной и ели европейской, заложенные по принятой в лесном хозяйстве схеме стандартных лесных культур. На основе сопоставления скорости роста семенного потомства плюсовых деревьев и семенного потомства стандартных насаждений произведена оценка влияния селекционных мероприятий на фенотипическое и генетическое разнообразие исследуемых популяций. Фенотипическое варьирование в рамках популяций оцениваются на основе стандартного отклонения биометрических показателей. Уровень генетического разнообразия и его возрастная динамика оцениваются по значениям коэффициентов наследуемости в широком смысле основных биометрических показателей. По результатам выполненного анализа не было выявлено существенного влияния селекционного отбора плюсовых деревьев на фенотипическое и генетическое разнообразие семенного потомства плюсовых деревьев. Under conditions of changing climate and natural resources depletion, interest to the forests as to important source of ecosystem services and a raw material is growing stronger. At that, attention on a genetic diversity of the forest forming species is focused. This is because the genetic diversity is considered to be related with selection potential and sustainability of the treestands. Nowadays, significant efforts are put in research and preservation of biologic and genetic diversity. In the context of genetic diversity preservation problem, research on breeding program effects on the genetic diversity of artificial treestands is important. In current research, evaluation of breeding program effects on genetic and phenotypic diversity of Norway spruce and Scotch pine trials has been carried out. To estimate the effect, comparison of the growth rate for plus tree progenies and control progenies was made for the studied trials. The phenotypic variation for the progenies studied is estimated based on standard deviation of biometric parameters. The level of genetic diversity and its age dynamics is estimated based on broad-sense heritability coefficients of biometric parameters. As the result, no significant effects of breeding programs on phenotypic and genetic diversity of plus tree progenies is observed.
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Mataruga, Milan, e Branislav Cvjetković. "Forest seed and seedlings production and planted forests". ОДРЖИВИ РАЗВОЈ И УПРАВЉАЊЕ ПРИРОДНИМ РЕСУРСИМА РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ 5, n. 5 (16 aprile 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/eoru2305405m.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the post-war period, numerous activities were undertaken in the Republic of Srpska with the aim to renew and improve the state of seeds and seedlings production and planted forests. Among the first activities were the publishing of numerous manuals and publications, organizing seminars and conferences and carrying out organizational transformations such as the establishment of the Center for seed and seedlings production in Doboj city (as a separate organizational unit within the PFE “Šume RS”). Among the most important activities are certainly the significant financial investments related to the purchase of the equipment for the processing and the storage of seeds, as well as the container production of seedlings. Nowadays, Norway spruce, Scotch and Austrian pine seedlings (about 85% of the total number of seedlings) dominate in the production of forest seedlings in PFE “Šume RS”, which indicates that not much has changed in the established procedures of seedlings production from earlier periods. Such assortments largely do not correspond to the structure of the habitats where afforestation is carried out, nor do they correspond to the actual ecological-vegetative zoning. When referring to deciduous trees, especially from the category of valuable and rare ones, the participation of other tree species is generally small. Besides that, the ratio of the seedlings of the bare root system in relation to container seedlings has not been significantly changed till now. Practices, methods and procedures which applied for years in the production of forest seedlings have been maintained. Considering the world trends in the “target seedling production” for a previously known habitat (or buyer), the conclusions of this paper provides the recommendations and proposals, with the aim to improve seed and seedlings production (FRM) in the Republic of Srpska. With the aim of improving and increasing the success of forest establishments, activities are carried out regarding the following: adequate selection of species for afforestation, production of planting material with desirable characteristics and defining the parameters such as: planting density, habitat preparation and planting technology. Based on the new method of assessing the compatibility of habitats and species by applying the Ellenberg coefficients, a new assortment of species that needs to be produced in the Republic of Srpska in the next 30 years hasbeen defined. Dominant species are: beech (14%), fir (11%), black pine (11%), sessile oak (11%), Norway spruce (9%) and Downy oak (5%), while the remaining 39% consists of 44 different species of trees. The stress emphasis is on the use of improved planting material and on a significant increase in the participation of container seedlings (about 50%). The condition of the karst was examined and it was determined that there are large areas that are suitable for afforestation. For planting it is necessary to use the species adapted to the habitats exposed to the unfavorable effects of climatic factors. Afforestation in the Republic of Srpska can have a significantly greater success and effect if an adequate choice of species and types of planting material is made, if more attention is paid to the management of newly established forests and if afforestation is adapted to the new climate change trends.
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Дурова, А. С., e А. В. Жигунов. "Influence of biochar on coniferous species seeds germinating ability and seedlings growth in protected ground conditions". Известия СПбЛТА, n. 219() (14 settembre 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.21266/2079-4304.2017.219.18-31.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Улучшение агрохимических, физико-химических и биологических показателей почвы в результате внесения в почву биоугля в качестве мелиоранта доказано множеством исследований. Наиболее эффективным при выращивании сельскохозяйственных культур оказалось применение мелиоранта в дозах от 1 до 30 т/га биоугля. Однако вопрос о влияния биоугля на рост сеянцев хвойных пород в условиях закрытого грунта на искусственных субстратах в научной литературе затронут не был. Целью исследования была оценка влияния различных доз биоугля на развитие грибных инфекций и рост однолетних сеянцев, выращиваемых на торфяных субстратах в условиях теплиц летнего типа. Объектами исследования были семена и однолетние сеянцы ели обыкновенной (Picea abies (L.), Karst.), сосны обыкновенной (Pínus sylvéstris L.) и лиственницы европейской (Larix decidua Mill.). Биоуголь вносился в торфяной субстрат, в дозах 5 и 10 т/га. Оценка влияния различных доз биоугля на рост и развитие сеянцев проводилась по показателям всхожести семян, отпада сеянцев, степени грибного поражения сеянцев и динамики роста сеянцев. Полученные данные говорят о различном влиянии биоугля на показатели роста и развития сеянцев различных хвойных пород в теплицах. Наибольшее положительное влияние внесение биоугля оказало на рост и развитие сеянцев лиственницы. Внесение как 5, так и 10 т/га биоугля дало достоверное (в 2 и 1,5 раза соответственно) увеличение всхожести, а также увеличение биометрических параметров сеянцев высоты и массы побега. В условиях закрытого грунта создаются наиболее благоприятные условия для роста и развития сеянцев. Однако эти же условия благоприятны и для развития грибных инфекционных заболеваний сеянцев. Следует отметить достоверное снижение отпада и уменьшение грибного поражения сеянцев при внесении биоугля в опытах со всеми испытываемыми хвойными породами. Максимальный эффект был получен в варианте с внесением 10 т/га биоугля при выращивании сеянцев лиственницы. Количество пораженных грибными заболеваниями растений снизилось с 60% в контроле до 41% в опыте. Improvement of agrochemical, physical-chemical and biological performance of soil due to introduction of biochar as ameliorant has been proved by a great number of researches. Biochar doses of 1 to 30 t/ha are considered most effective in farm production. However the effect of biochar application on germinating ability of coniferous seeds and seedlings growing on man-made substrate in greenhouses has not been considered in literature yet. The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of different doses of biochar on the development of fungal infections and growth of one-year seedlings in containers with peat substrate in summer greenhouses. The study was carried out with seeds and seedlings of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.), Karst.), Scotch pine (Pínus sylvéstris L.) and European larch (Larix decidua Mill.). Biochar was added into peat substrate in doses of 5 and 10 t/h. The effect of different doses of biochar on growth and development of seedlings was estimated based on the germination index, seedlings fall value, extent of fungal disease development, and seedling growth dynamics. The results have shown that introduction of biocar produces different effects on growth rate and development of seedlings of different species. The highest positive effect was observed for growth and development of larch seedlings. Application of biochar in doses of 5 and 10 t/h resulted in significant 2- and 1.5-fold increase in germination, accordingly, and increment in biometric parameters (height and diameter) and mass of the seedlings. Greenhouses provide the most favorable conditions for growth of seedlings. However, the same conditions are favorable for the development of fungal infection as well. Application of biochar has decreased the fungal attack and, as a result, the fall of seedlings of all species. Application of biochar in the dose of 10 t/ha has produced the maximum effect on larch seedlings. The number of plants attacked by fungal disease has decreased from 60% in the control group without biochar to 41% in the experiment with biochar application.
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Nguyen, John J., Stephen R. Westrop e Ed Landing. "The Cambrian (Furongian) olenid trilobite Peltura from Avalonian Nova Scotia, Canada, with a review of some species from Baltica". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 19 agosto 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2022-0007.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Cambrian olenid trilobite Peltura Milne-Edwards, 1840 is widespread in the Furongian strata of the Cambrian continents of Baltica and Avalonia, and has played a significant role in biostratigraphic zonations for both regions. Despite this importance, the genus is poorly known in Avalonian Canada. New collections from the Chelsey Drive Group on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, yielded numerous sclerites of a new species, Peltura hutchinsoni sp. nov., that may also occur in the Parabolina lobata Zone of Baltica. Archival specimens from Sweden and Norway allow the revision of Pelturascarabaeoides ( Wahlenberg, 1821 ) and Pelturaacutidens Brögger, 1882 , respectively.