Tesi sul tema "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique – Philosophie"
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Fenoy, Anne. "Les défis épistémiques de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL140.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), better known in France as Charcot's disease, is a neuro-evolutionary disease that has been described in many ways: "the worst disease", "the cruelest disease", "the least rare disease", "the most brilliant discovery of Jean-Martin Charcot". These formulas give a unique status to this disease, which is still little studied by philosophy, unlike, for example, Alzheimer's disease, a neuro-evolutionary disease that is much more common. They were a catalyst for the philosophical inquiry that constitutes this work, which focuses on the epistemic challenges of ALS. Epistemic challenges are the theoretical and practical problems that can arise from a plurality of perspectives (or epistemic plurality) on the same object. They are challenges in the sense that the ALS community needs to address them in order to avoid possible harmful consequences. This thesis examines three of them in particular. In the first part, the idea that ALS is the exemplary disease in terms of medical difficulties in understanding and treating it is identified, analyzed, and challenged. It is shown that in approaching discourses on ALS it is important to take into account the distinction between ALS as studied and characterized by medicine and biology (disease), ALS as lived experience (illness), and ALS as social phenomenon (sickness). The second part examines the historiography of ALS. It is shown that the focus on the genesis of the concept of ALS in Charcot's work may be a factor of ignorance for the history of medicine and for the current conception of ALS. The third part examines different categorizations of ALS: ALS as a disease or syndrome, as a motor disease and as a rare disease. Epistemological, practical, and ethical issues are highlighted in light of their relevance and limitations. By examining the discourses on ALS, this thesis aims to nuance and dialogue them in order to propose an overall reading grid for this complex subject. Addressing the epistemic challenges of ALS also serves to show the extent to which considering the concept of ALS as a 'boundary object' can be fruitful, including in philosophy, particularly in order to account for the conceptual fragmentation at work when it comes to the concept of disease
Secchi-Buhour, Marie-Sonia. "Neuroimagerie multimodale et neuropsychologie dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : liens entre les altérations cérébrales et cognitives". Caen, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CAEN1034.
Testo completoNeuroimaging has allowed considerable advances in the field of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), typically regarded as a purely motor neuron disease. The main objectives of this thesis were to bring a better understanding of cognitive deficits and cerebral abnormalities in ALS and ALS with a frontotemporal dementia (FTD), as well as their relationships by using structural MRI and FDG-PET. First, we confirmed the presence of genuine cognitive theory of mind impairment in ALS patients and also showed the neural bases of this theory of mind deficit. Still in classical ALS, with a multimodal approach, we highlighted discrepancies in the topography of ALS characteristic lesions, suggesting the involvement of different underlying mechanisms. Moreover, we found a significant relationship between hypermetabolism, frequently described, and cognitive deficits of ALS patients, suggesting that it could be deleterious. Taking advantage of repeated multimodal acquisitions, we observed a functional decline, GM volume loss as well as metabolic changes in ALS patients. Moreover, we also highlighted that alterations of both GM volume and metabolism in the inferior parietal cortex could predict functional decline in ALS. Finally, with the recruitment of 6 ALS-FTD patients, we showed that ALS-FTD patients, on the field of cognition and structural imaging, present severe damages as compared to ALS patients. Moreover, their cognitive, structural and metabolic profiles are quite similar to those of FTD patients. Taking together, our results are in favor of a continuum between ALS, ALS-FTD and FTD
Coque, Emmanuelle. "La neuroimmunité dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT095.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease that is characterized by the selective loss of upper and lower motoneurons. Symptoms appears as muscular weakness, which irrevocably leads to muscle paralysis and death of patients within 3 to 5 years after onset of symptoms. An inflammatory response, along with the accumulation of blood-derived immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) is a hallmark of the disease. This work proposes to investigate the role of resident cells of the brain, such as astrocytes and especially peripheral immune cells such as T CD8+ lymphocytes, in ALS pathogenesis. We show that once infiltrated in the CNS of SOD1G93A mice, CD8+ T cells become activated and undergo an oligoclonal expansion. In vitro, CD8+ T cells isolated from ALS mouse model (SOD1G93A strain) can trigger motoneuron death, in a manner that is dependent on the recognition of the MHC class I by TCR. We report that peripheral immunodepletion of CD8+ T cells is not sufficient to improve lifespan of SOD1G93A mice, but still permit to protect motoneurons from neurodegeneration. A genetic approach will confirm implication of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the disease
Vercruysse, Pauline. "Altérations hypothalamiques dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ064/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a major neurodegenerative disease characterised by a loss of upper and lower motor neurons. The loss of motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy and paralysis. Besides motor loss, weight loss is important in ALS patients. This symptom appears before first muscular symptoms and is correlated with survival. This defect of energetic metabolism is partially due to hypermetabolism associated with food intake problems. Hypothalamus is the part of brain controlling the energetic metabolism. The aim of my Ph.D. was to characterise hypothalamic alterations in ALS. First, we have shown a default in the melanocortin system of hypothalamus, and shown that this melanocortin defect correlates with alterations in food intake behaviour. Second, we demonstrated the existence of hypothalamic atrophy in ALS patients in the posterior part of the hypothalamus, including the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA). This atrophy was correlated with weight loss. Finally, we observed that hypothalamic MCH neurons, located in the LHA, are affected in ALS, and that MCH complementation rescues weight loss in a mouse model of ALS
Moumen, Radouane. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique sporadique et stress oxydatif". Caen, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001CAEN2067.
Testo completoFergani, Anissa. "Altérations métaboliques dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13132.
Testo completoAbou, Ezzi Samer. "Chromogranines et pathogenèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27148/27148.pdf.
Testo completoPraline, Julien. "Génétique des formes sporadiques de sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR3139/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease. The cause of sporadic cases (SALS) remains unknown but a genetic participation in a model of complex disease is suspected. Our work concerns two susceptibility genes for SALS: Apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) and the gene involved in familial hemochromatosis (HFE). Our first study including 1482 patients with SALS confirms a link between ε4 allele and bulbar-onset of the disease, only in men. We suggest a pathophysiological explanation with a role for the androgen receptor which is particularly abundant in motor neurons of the brainstem. Our second study about 244 patients and 302 controls did not find any association between the H63D polymorphism and SLAS, which has previously been showed. However, the Y allele of the C282Y polymorphism seems to exert a protective effect against SALS. We discuss these data within the pathophysiological hypothesis of oxidative stress in ALS
Marin, Benoît. "Epidémiologie de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : incidence, mortalité et facteurs pronostiques nutritionnels de survie". Limoges, 2011. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/6e7490ac-2f22-4fb7-a39e-68b5b383ccbb/blobholder:0/2011LIMO310C.pdf.
Testo completoTo date, few data have been published on the incidence of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in France. Clinically, progression of ALS is marked by a progressive deterioration in nutritional status. However, the value of new nutritional markers (such as the phase angle) should be considered, and our understanding of changes in nutritional status during the course of the disease remains fragmentary- During our PhD Thesis we performed an epidemiological descriptive study, a geoepiemiological study, two reviews and two prognostic studies. When age-standardized for the 1999 French population, the mean annual incidence was 2. 0/100,000 inhabitants (95% confidence interval (CI): 1. 8-2. 3). We also identified three clusters of ALS in Limousin. Phase angle is altered in ALS patients as compared to healthy controls and is independently associated with survival. We also demonstrated a significant weight loss at diagnosis, a progressive worsening of this parameter during the course and a significant and independent prognostic value of weight loss measured at diagnosis with a 30% increased risk of death for a 5% decrease from usual weight. One of our perspectives is to establish a registry of ALS in Limousin. A second perspective involves, using the ALS clusters we identified, to examine the possible link between ALS and L-BMAA cyanotoxin. Finally, concerning nutritional aspects of ALS our results support (i) early consideration of making assessment of the patient's weight and weight loss part of daily routine, and (ii) the establishment of experimental studies aiming to reverse weight loss and alter body composition of patients as quickly as possible after diagnosis
Camu, William. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : étude critique des principaux facteurs étiopathogéniques, perspectives". Montpellier 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON11149.
Testo completoGil, Yacobazzo Juan. "Epidémiologie comparée de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique en Limousin, Franc - Uruguay". Limoges, 2008. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/7286bc00-2b75-40b0-a28a-8af212974fbd/blobholder:0/2008LIMO310I.pdf.
Testo completoGordon, Paul H. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : mortalité, facteurs prédictifs de la survie". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00829569.
Testo completoEl, Oussini-Ben Chaabane Hajer. "Rôle des neurones sérotoninergiques dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAJ030/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SLA) is a neurodegenerative disease characterize by the loss of upper motor neurons in the motor cortex and lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord. The loss of motor neurons leads to muscle atrophy and progressive paralysis. In 2013 our laboratory identified a new neuronal population affected in ALS. They observed the degeneration of serotoninergic neurons in ALS patients and animal models. For this, the aim of my PhD is to identify the role of serotoninergic neurons in case of ALS. We observed an upregulation of serotonin receptor 5-HT2B in ALS mice models. The investigation of the role of 5-HT2B receptor in case of ALS showed its role as a disease modulator. The loss of 5-HT2B receptor accelerated disease progression and modulated neuroinflammatory response. Moreover, our results showed that the loss of serotoninergic neurons is responsible of the development of spasticity, a painful symptom observed in ALS patients. All these opened the way for therapeutic strategies targeting spasticity and neuroinflammation in case of ALS
Chiot, Aude. "Implication des macrophages périphériques dans la Sclérose latérale Amyotrophique". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS595.
Testo completoMicroglial cells and peripheral macrophages participate to motor neuron degeneration in ALS. However, the precise role of the peripheral macrophages surrounding motor neuron axons had not been discriminated from the role of CNS microglia. Although microglia and peripheral macrophages share common characteristics both populations have different developmental origins and are located in different cellular environments, which could lead to specific implications in the disease. In this study, we aimed to characterize the implication and the site of action of peripheral macrophages in ALS. We first confirmed the activation of peripheral macrophages in the sciatic nerve of two different mouse lines (expressing mutant SOD1) with different disease progression. We also showed for the first time the presence of macrophages surrounding motor neuron axons in the ventral root of a human ALS case. We showed that infiltration of macrophages in the spinal cord was minimal during the disease and was dependent on disease progression. Our transcriptional analyses showed major differences between microglia and peripheral macrophages even though both populations displayed a complex inflammatory profile. Finally, replacement of mutated macrophages by cells more neurotrophic or less neurotoxic led to an improvement of several pathophysiological markers and delayed symptomatic stage of the disease in ALS mice. In conclusion, we provide new evidence suggesting an active role of peripheral macrophages in ALS, supporting future therapeutic strategies by targeting peripheral macrophages
Sangari, Sina. "Atteintes sensorimotrices dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique chez l'homme". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066302/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is an adulthood neurodegenerative disease characterized by loss of motor neurons. Considered as a purely motor pathways disease, some investigations brought evidences for early and parallel sensory pathway impairments and for interneuron impairments that could precede and lead to motor neuron hyperexcitation. Although motoneuron activity is closely associated to sensory afferents and interneurons, their effects onto motoneuron excitation and their involvement in impairment spreading have not been studied yet. The aim of this thesis was on one hand, to confirm and characterize anatomically and functionally sensory impairment at spinal and cortical level in patients at the early stage of the disease and, on the other hand, to assess effects induced by these inputs onto motoneuron activity and through cervical and lumbar interneurons. Research project originality was to focus on proximal muscles clinically unaffected of which « presymptomatic » motoneurons receive sensory inputs from distal muscles clinically affected. We showed that: 1) despite their reduction, sensory inputs induce an hyperexcitation of motoneurons; 2) excitability and state of these motoneuron pools are normal through corticospinal afferents but are hyperexcited by peripheral afferents; 3) activity of cervical and lumbar propriospinal system and recurrent inhibition are reinforced
Cordier, Jérôme. "L'Assistance nutritionnelle dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : l'expérience montpelliéraine". Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11019.
Testo completoChatoui, Abdelfettah. "Ventilation à domicile des malades atteints de sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11068.
Testo completoDupuis, Luc. "Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : Mécanismes physiopathologiques et découverte de marqueurs biologiques". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003STR13025.
Testo completoLangou, Karine. "Développement de nouveaux modèles expérimentaux de la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22033.
Testo completoALS is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by a selective loss of motor neurons. A mutation in VAPB protein has been associated with ALS. VAPB, an endoplamic reticulum (ER) resident protein is proposed to play a role in protein transport and in the unfolded protein response. To manipulate VAPB (hVAPBwt and hVAPBp56s) expression in motor neurons in vitro, I used the viral gene transfer technology. hVAPBp56s induces selective motor neuron death which involved an ER-related pathway dependent on calcium signals. Studies on Cos-7 cells showed that hVAPBwt and hVAPBp56s impair the proteasome activity through the activation of ER stress and the sequestration of the 20S subnit. Moreover, we developed transgenic mice overxpressing hVAPBp56s which do not display any motor disorder
Bruneteau, Gaëlle. "Etude de la jonction neuromusculaire dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066097/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting motor neurons, usually leading to death in 3 to 5 years. The only treatment currently available, riluzole, has a modest effect on survival. Functional alterations of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) have been reported in ALS, but their pathophysiological significance remains unknown. We studied the morphology of neuromuscular junctions in muscle samples collected from 11 ALS patients, using confocal and electron microscopy. Functional analysis of the NMJs was performed using surface-recording of compound motor action potentials after repetitive nerve stimulation at slow stimulus rate. A significant decrement (>10%), suggesting impairment of the neuromuscular transmission, was present in 45% of the patients. Morphological alterations of the NMJs were present in all ALS patients even at the early-stages. Beside denervation-induced morphological changes, one third of the NMJs showed abnormal spike-like areas of the outer edge of the postsynaptic primary gutter. A marked interposition of the terminal Schwann cell between the nerve terminal and the postsynaptic membrane, which was likely to alter synaptic transmission, was sometimes present. We found a significantly greater compensatory reinnervation in muscle from patients with slowly progressive ALS. Furthermore, we identified that the muscle molecular factor histone deacetylase 4 could play a key role in muscle reinnervation and disease progression in patients with ALS. This work has highlighted the presence of major morphological changes at the NMJs of ALS patients and identified potential new targets for future treatment
Benbrika, Soumia. "Manifestations extra-motrices dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : quelles atteintes cliniques et cérébrales et quelles évolutions avec le temps ? Cognitive, emotional and psychological manifestations in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at baseline and overtime Longitudinal study of extra-motor manifestations in ALS: Clinical and imaging data Alexithymia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and its neural correlates". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC041.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease with motor and non-motor manifestations. If non-motor manifestations are well recognized, questions remain around their evolution during the illness. The assessment of patients’ psychological state is surprising in that subjects present infrequently psychiatric disorders, which raises the question of specificity related to the disease. Anatomical lesions of the gray matter (GM) in ALS are well described, but their evolution as well as the links between these disorders and the clinical signs are less known. Through two original studies, we have focused on describing the profile of the extra-motor signs and the psychological state as well as their evolution in a group of patients. We searched for the links between cognitive, emotional and psychological manifestations. We were interested in looking for changes of GM as well as the evolution of those. Finally, we looked for potential correlations between extra-motor changes and GM volume and cortical thickness (CTH). While at diagnosis, alterations to executive functions were present in nearly 40% of patients, at follow-up there was no degradation of these functions except for the inhibition capabilities. Patients also exhibit alterations in affective theory of mind and recognition of their own emotions, which seem to protect them from a pathological affective reaction. Reduction of CTH at baseline concerns motor and extra-motor cererbral regions with decline overtime. Extra-motor disorders appear to be subtended by those of specific brain regions
Echaniz-Laguna, Andoni. "Etude de la fonction mitochondriale et de l'expression du gène Nogo dans le muscle squelettique dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique sporadique chez l'homme". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2006/ECHANIZ-LAGUNA_Andoni_2006.pdf.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethal disease characterized by degeneration of motoneurons. ALS is usually a sporadic condition of unknown origin. No specific diagnostic marker of ALS exists. It was recently proposed that mitochondrial abnormalities may be involved in ALS pathophysiology. In this work, we performed a temporal study of mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle in patients with ALS using the skinned fiber technique. We demonstrated that mitochondrial function was progressively altered in skeletal muscle in ALS as the disease develops. However, this alteration may not be specific of ALS and may simply be the result of denervation. Nogo is a reticulon-type protein and a member of the myelin-associated proteins superfamily. The Nogo gene encodes several isoforms of the protein, including Nogo-A. Recent observations suggest that Nogo-A expression in skeletal muscle may be used as a diagnostic marker of ALS. In this work, we performed a study of Nogo-A expression in skeletal muscle of patients with lower motor neuron disease. Our results suggest that Nogo-A expression in skeletal muscle of these patients may predict which ones will eventually develop ALS. We also contributed to a study demonstrating that the expression of Nogo-A in skeletal muscle in ALS was correlated with the severity of the disease and with muscle fiber atrophy
Le, Stunff Isabelle. "La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) : Commentaires sur le traitement symptomatique conduit à l'Hôtel Dieu". Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05P062.
Testo completoAebischer, Julianne. "Mécanismes de neurodégénérescence associés au processus inflammatoire dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX22067.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disease affecting primarily motoneurons in the brain and spinal cord. Symptoms of the disease include general muscle weakness, rapidly evolving in an overall paralysis, leading to the death of the patient. The precise mechanisms responsible for the selective vulnerability of motoneurons remain largely unknown, impeding therefore the development of effective therapies. My thesis work led to the discovery of a novel motoneuron selective death pathway dependent on the activation of LT-βR by LIGHT. This death pathway might also be triggered by the pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFNγ). Interestingly, we have documented signs of activation of this pathway in ALS mice and sporadic ALS patients, with IFNγ being upregulated in astrocytes and motoneurons. Furthermore, a genetic approach has provided evidence of the functional involvement of this death pathway in the pathogenic process
Hamidou, Bello. "Epidémiologie de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Facteurs de risque, incidence et phénotypes". Thesis, Limoges, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIMO0062/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a rare neurodegenerative disease. Currently in France, there is no population-based incidence data. The phenotypic profile of French patients with ALS, has not been studied. Lastly, no risk factors are confirmed for this pathology. In this context, to improve knowledge in these fields, our work consisted of three studies: (1) a study on the incidence of ALS in the Limousin region based on the database from the first French ALS register (2) a study of the phenotypes of patients from 11 French ALS centers and (3) a literature review of original epidemiological studies focusing on physical activity (PA) and ALS risk. Our work has highlighted a high crude and standardized incidence (on Europe population): 3.19 / 100 000 person-years (PY) and 2.58 / 100,000 PY respectively. Regarding phenotypic aspects, our work identified eight ALS phenotypes: (1) bulbar, (2) cervical spinal (3) lumbar spinal (4) flail leg, (5) flail arm, (6) respiratory, (7) ALS-FTD and (8) dropped head. We demonstrated that the PA itself is probably not a risk factor for ALS. As a first perspective we hope to expand the ALS Register to other French regions. In a second perspective, it would be very important to confirm our work on phenotypes on a larger and representative sample of ALS patients. Finally, regarding the relationship between PA and ALS, other work of high level of evidence are desirable to confirm the synthetic result we brought in this thesis work
Coulombe, Zoé. "Surexpression de facteurs neurotrophiques dans un modèle murin de sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0018/MQ55746.pdf.
Testo completoGowing, Geneviève. "Le rôle de l'inflammation et des microglies dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26199/26199.pdf.
Testo completoMoulard, Bruno. "La sclérose latérale amyotrophique familiale : étude de 13 familles montpelliéraines. Revue de la littérature : comparaison des phénotypes des formes familiales aux formes sporadiques : comparaison des différents phénotypes familiaux". Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON11118.
Testo completoGuillem, Jean-François. "Histoire naturelle de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : étude de l'évolution clinique de la maladie". Montpellier 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON11078.
Testo completoBayle, Lydie. "Amylose AL et maladie de la corne antérieure : une association peut-être non fortuite". Rouen, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ROUEM023.
Testo completoAttarian, Shahram. "La Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : investigation micro-électromyographique longitudinale des atteintes spinales et corticales". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20685.
Testo completoBéland, Louis-Charles. "Le dynamisme du phénoptype microglial dans la pathogénèse de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69506.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to motoneuron loss, progressive paralysis and death a few years after the first symptoms. As every other neurodegenerative disorder, inflammation is a main component of ALS pathogenesis. One of the cell type implicated in this inflammation, the microglia, is the central subject of this thesis. With the emergence of the symptoms, microglia transforms from an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective phenotype to an aberrant and neurotoxic phenotype. It is necessary to elucidate the cellular mechanisms underlying this phenotypic change and the factors maintaining these phenotypes to allow the development of effective inflammation-targeting therapies. In this thesis we seek to identify, using multiple molecular tools and animal models, the microglial signature at the different stage of the disease. During the symptomatic stage, we identified the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 to be responsible for maintaining the anti-inflammatory phenotype. This cytokine is at the same time produced and recognized by microglial cells. Blocking IL-10 receptor accelerated disease progression and shortened survival in a mouse model. Moreover, the augmentation of the expression of IL-10, using a viral vector, slowed disease progression and lengthened lifespan in the same mouse model. In order to understand the cellular mechanisms implicated in the microglial phenotypic change in ALS, we used a system-model for the microglia-specific molecular profiling. This tool, EDTA-TRAP, consists in the microglial poly-ribosome immunopurification and the subsequent identification of in-translation mRNAs and proteins sequestered on these ribosomes. It was possible to identify a strong mismatch in the nature of the most regulated mRNAs and proteins. The transcriptomic profile of symptomatic microglia denotes a phagocytic and possible neuroprotective function for microglia while its proteomic profile is proliferative and potentially neurotoxic. The discrepancy between these two profiles is explained by the repression of immune gene mRNA translation by a mechanism implicating the interaction of their 3'UTR and the RNA-binding protein SRSF3. The phosphorylated form of SRSF3 specifically accumulates in microglia cytoplasm proportionally with disease progression. The decrease of SRSF3 expression by an interfering oligonucleotide restores immune mRNA translation and the microglial phagocytic function. This leads to and slower disease progression and a longer survival in a mouse model. Hence, the use of an interfering oligonucleotide against SRSF3 could be a new therapeutic avenue in ALS treatment. The understanding of the diverse cellular mechanisms implicating SRSF3 is important in elucidating its dynamic function in ALS. SRSF3 is the shortest protein from the SR family. This family can be distinguished by their structure : one or two N-terminal RNA recognition motif and a C-terminal highly phosphorylatable arginine and serine rich domain. SRSF3 can be phosphorylated in the nucleus by the CLK1 kinase or in the nucleus and the cytoplasm by the SRPK kinases. SRSF3 is implicated in splicing, nucleocytoplasmic transport and translation, among others. The deregulation of the expression level or the phosphorylation of SRSF3 can drastically change its role in the cell. Hence, SRSF3 is implicated in many diseases such as cancer, viral infection and ALS. The cellular mechanisms governing SRSF3 dynamism should then by well understood in order to make the interfering oligonucleotide against SRSF3 an efficient therapy to treat ALS.
Debras, Corinne. "SLA/Démence : étude rétrospective d'une série de 7 patients". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23041.
Testo completoLe, Forestier Nadine. "Les Passeurs de mots. Une éthique philosophique du soin : à propos d’une enquête nationale au sein des Centres SLA de France". Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA11T098/document.
Testo completoThe teaching of Doctor-Patient relationship, in particular in making announcement of the diagnosis, makes progress in the Faculties of Medicine. But in practice, communicating the thruth of a disease with fatal issue remains a distressing time because still badly told. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, a motor neuron disease, is the most pejorative diagnosis to make in Neurology. In the controversy surrounding the time of the announcement of the diagnosis, and, by examining the results of 203 ALS Patients’ and their Caregivers’ questionnaires, we compare with the results of 38 ALS Centre Neurologists’ interviews. Through bringing an epistemological, ethical and philosophical analysis into focus, we argue that, in the rational multidisciplinary of the care in a rapid and incurable disease, the evolution of the clearly medical information changes the Doctor-Patient relationship into a moral injunction of presence for the Caregivers and the families. Only through the training of Doctors and a certain conception of Patient information in palliative care can the harmful consequences of such a trend be limited
Milane, Aline. "Impact des pompes d'efflux (abcb1 et abcg2) de la barrière hémato-encéphalique sur le passage cérébral du riluzole et de la minocycline : application à la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA114801.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative fatal disease. Riluzole (RLZ) is the only approved drug used in ALS treatment. Minocycline (MNC) showed to be neuroprotective in a murine model of ALS. The objectif of our work was to study the cerebral transport of RLZ and MNC, emphasizing on the role played by P-gp and BCRP in this transport. We also studied the interaction between RLZ and MNC. We showed that both RLZ and MNC are substrates of P-gp and that RLZ is a substrate for BCRP. MNC inhibits P-gp and increases RLZ brain concentrations, while RLZ induces BCRP. In a murine model of ALS, P-gp was induced and RLZ brain concentrations decreased. These studies should be taken into consideration in preclinical studies, especially one two or more drugs are combined
Renaud, Laurence, e Laurence Renaud. "L'impact de la mutation UBQLN2 sur la protéinopathie de TDP-43 dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique et la démence fronto-temporale". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37924.
Testo completoLa sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA) est une maladie neurodégénérative affectant les neurones moteurs supérieurs et inférieurs menant éventuellement à une paralysie générale du patient. Le décès du patient survient généralement entre 2 à 5 ans subséquemment à l’apparition des premiers symptômes. La SLA consiste en la maladie neurologique causant le plus décès chez l’adulte et il est estimé qu’environ 10% des cas sont familiaux (fSLA) et 90% sont sporadiques (sSLA). De plus, 15% des patients souffrant de la SLA développent également une démence fronto-temporale (DFT) s’illustrant par des troubles de comportements ainsi qu’un changement de personnalité majeur. Il a été démontré que la SLA et la DFT partagent un spectre génétique commun et les patients atteints de DFT démontrent une protéinopathie caractérisée par une accumulation anormale de certaines protéines dans le cytoplasme des neurones et des cellules gliales, tout comme pour les patients souffrant de SLA. Plusieurs gènes mutés ont été identifiés au cours des dernières années pour la forme fSLA, notamment superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1), TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), ubiquilin-2 (UBQLN2), Fused in sarcoma (FUS), optineurin (OPTN), etc. Un des gènes le plus étudié et le mieux décrit est celui codant la protéine TDP-43. Cette protéine nucléaire, lorsque mutée, est délocalisée dans le cytoplasme, où elle forme des inclusions anormales et persistantes. Ces agrégats, lorsque formés, renferment également plusieurs autres composés, notamment d’autres protéines telles qu’UBQLN2, différentes nucléoporines, ubiquitine, etc. UBQLN2 est une protéine ayant un rôle primordial dans le système de dégradation du protéasome (UPS) ainsi que pour l’autophagie. Cette protéine est responsable de la liaison entre les protéines destinées à être dégradées avec l’UPS. Il a été démontré dernièrement in vitro et in vivo que la mutation d’UBQLN2 est liée à l’agrégation de TDP-43. Cependant, le mécanisme exact de ce phénomène reste grandement incompris et nécessite encore beaucoup d’attention et de travail. Dans ce mémoire, nous avons utilisé pour notre étude des cellules en culture afin de surexprimer les formes natives et mutantes d’UBQLN2 humain (hUBQLN2) pour étudier l’effet d’UBQLN2 sur la protéine TDP-43. Notre équipe a réussi à démontrer dernièrement dans les cellules de neuroblastome de souris (Neuro2a) que la surexpression de l’UBQLN2 entraînait une délocalisation de TDP-43 du noyau vers le cytoplasme en plus de son accumulation anormale dans des agrégats. De plus, l’effet synergique entre les formes mutées de TDP-43 et UBQLN2 a également été démontré dans un modèle murin dans notre article paru en 2018 comme quoi la mutation d’UBQLN2 influence grandement la protéinopathie de TDP-43. À la suite de ces constats, nous avons orienté nos études sur le phénomène synergique entre UBQLN2 et TDP-43 qui est encore grandement méconnu. Pour ce faire, une analyse complète et exhaustive de la littérature a été effectuée afin de bien comprendre la mutation UBQLN2 et consiste en la première revue littéraire couvrant la totalité des ouvrages publiés sur la mutation d’UBQLN2 dans la SLA. Par la suite, nous avons convenu d’étudier l’effet de la mutation d’UBQLN2P497H sur le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique dans les cellules Neuro2a ainsi que dans les tissus de souris transgéniques. Les souris utilisées sont les mêmes que pour l’article Picher-Martel et al., 2018, soit des souris simple transgénique UBQLN2P497H et TDP-43G348C ainsi que la première souris double transgénique arborant UBQLN2P497H/TDP-43G348C. Les souris doubles transgéniques se sont avérées très intéressantes. En effet, elles ont développé les caractères typiques retrouvés chez les patients SLA/DFT avec une perte motoneuronale accompagnée de dégénérescence axonale, atrophie musculaire, gliose, trouble moteur ainsi que cognitif en plus d’agrégations cytoplasmique de TDP-43 importantes. À l’aide de ce modèle unique nous avons approfondi notre compréhension des déficits observés au niveau du transport nucléo-cytoplasmique, déficit grandement observé chez les patients SLA. Nous avons observé que le transport nucléo-cytoplasmique était davantage et significativement altéré dans les cellules co-transfectées avec les gènes encodant pour les deux protéines mutées plutôt que transfectées avec une seule. Nous avons également observé pour les souris double transgéniques comparées aux souris simples pour l’une ou l’autre de ces protéines. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que la mutation d’UBQLN2 exacerbe significativement la protéinopathie de TDP-43 et engendre une perturbation importante du transport nucléo-cytoplasmique ainsi que des complexes du pore nucléaire. En conclusion, ce mémoire démontre un rôle important de la mutation d’UBQLN2 sur TDP-43 et leur grande affinité à augmenter les déficits du transport nucléo-cytoplasmique. Ceci suggère donc qu’UBQLN2 et TDP-43 sont intimement liés et peuvent jouer un rôle synergique dans la physiopathologie de la SLA. Le modèle murin double transgénique pourra indubitablement être utilisé en laboratoire afin de tester de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques.
Pédespan, Bernard. "Sclérose latérale amyotrophique : physiopathologie et épidémiologie, revue de la littérature et modalités d'une enquête étiologique en Aquitaine". Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR23036.
Testo completoMesci, Pinar. "L’implication du système xc- et du glutamate microglial dans les modèles murins de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA)". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066286.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common adult onset motor neuron disease leading to paralysis and death of patients. Mutations in SOD1 are responsible for motor neuron degeneration through a non-cell autonomous mechanism. Microglial cells, the macrophages of the central nervous system, participate in the progression of the disease. Since ALS is mainly sporadic, targeting the symptomatic phase during which microglial cells are actively involved is relevant to ALS. Since microglial neurotoxic factors are still largely unidentified in ALS and excitotoxicity is one pathway suggested to cause motor neuron death, our hypothesis was to assess if glutamate released by microglia through system xc- (a cystine/glutamate antiporter with the specific subunit xCT) could participate to motor neuron death in ALS. We now show that primary microglial cells expressed xCT and to a higher level upon activation, that xCT transcripts were enriched in microglia compared to the whole spinal cord and absent in motor neurons. In addition, xCT mRNA levels were increased in mutant SOD1 mouse spinal cords during disease progression. Deleting xCT in mutant SOD1 mice accelerated the onset of the disease but increased the duration of the symptomatic phase. Microglial system xc- was responsible for release of glutamate by microglial cells and deleting xCT increased the neurotrophic profile of microglial cells. These results show that system xc- could be a good target to slow ALS disease progression
Barbeito, Ana Gabriela. "Rôle de la chimiokine CXCL12 et de son récepteur CXCR4 dans l'interaction motoneurone-glie dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066597.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal motor neuron disease that causes progressive paralysis. Microglial cells (macrophages of the central nervous system) play a crucial role in the progression of the disease. However the factors released by suffering motor neurons to activate and attract microglia are still largely unknown. Our results show that the chemokine CXCL12 is expressed by motor neurons in vivo and that its main receptor, CXCR4 is expressed in vitro and in vivo by microglial cells in a rat model for ALS ( expressing Cu / Zn superoxide dismutase mutant (SOD1G93A)). Notably , CXCL12 moto neuron expression and CXCR4 lumbar spinal cord expression, increases during the symptomatic phase of the disease in the SOD1G93A rats. At the functional level CXCL12 induced via CXCR4, a statistically sgnificant chemotactic response of SOD1G93A microglial cells compared with controls at a concentration of 10ng/ml cells. Finally , our study of pharmacological blockade of CXCR4 ( AMD3100 ) in mice expressing SOD1G93A , showed no difference in survival. Overall our studies show an increase in the expression of CXCL12/CXCR4 during motor neuron degeneration and a greater chemotactic effect of CXCL12 on SOD1G93A microglia, which highlights a possible role of CXCL12 / CXCR4 in motor neuron degeneration in ALS models
Bramucci, Maryline. "Eléments de guidance pour le médecin praticien des malades atteints d'une sclérose latérale amyotrophique traités à domicile". Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN11003.
Testo completoJacquier, Arnaud. "Etude des mécanismes cellulaires mis en jeu dans trois pathologies du système moteur". Aix-Marseille 2, 2008. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2008AIX22057.pdf.
Testo completoMotor neuron diseases are severe and ultimately fatal paralytic neurodegenerative disorders. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most frequent motor neuron disease in adults, is characterized by degeneration of both upper and lower motor neurons. In contrast, primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) classically involves only upper motor neurons and hereditary spastic paralysis (HSP) involves upper motor neurons and other types of neurons. Charcot-Marie-Tooth diseases (CMT) feature demyelination and/or axonal degeneration in peripheral nerves. My thesis focuses on the function of three genes mutated in these pathologies: 1. Autosomal recessive mutations in alsin have been linked to juvenile forms of ALS, HSP and also PLS. Alsine represents a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for the GTPases Rac1 and Rab5. Using RNA interference, we showed that Alsin depletion perturbs endocytosis in spinal motor neurons and leads via defective Rac1 activation to retarded axon growth and cell death. We further demonstrated that co-cultured astrocytes secrete a soluble factor capable to completely rescue alsin-depleted motor neurons. This protective effect provides a potential explanation for the relative preservation of lower (spinal) motor neurons in patients with alsin mutations and alsin knock out mice. 2. Autosomal recessive mutations in the frabin gene were identified in two large consanguineous Mediterranean families suffering from CMT4H, a demyelinating form of CMT. Similarly to Alsin, Frabin represents a GEF for GTPases of the Rho family. We demonstrated that Frabin co-localises with actin in spinal motor neurons and a Schwann cell line. The in vitro expression of mutated forms of frabin causes a dramatic reduction in the number of microspikes reflecting defective Cdc42 activation. In vivo, frabin mutations might cause disease by affecting Schwann proliferation, differentiation or radial sorting 3. Dominant mutations in superoxide dismutase 1 (Sod1) are the most frequent cause of familial ALS. Previous work has shown that mutant hSod1 motor neurons were hypersensitive to Fas agonists and nitric oxide (NO) which are potentially derived from glia. We showed that the hypersensitivity involves a feed forward amplification loop involving NO-FasL-Fas-NO. The progressive accumulation of NO or other toxic intermediates in the loop might explain the slow kinetics and particular spread of the degenerative process in ALS. Together these results highlight the important role of non cell autonomous mechanisms in motor neuron diseases and related disorders
Deforges, Séverine. "Analyse des effets de l'exercice physique dans un modèle murin de Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00824771.
Testo completoJokic, Natasa. "Etude du rôle de nogo dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : Validation d'un marqueur moléculaire". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005STR13052.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of motor neurons in the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. The objective of my PhD was to analyse the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in the loss of motor neurons. In this context, we carried out the studies conducted in our laboratory on the neurite outgrowth inhibitor Nogo identified as potential marker of ALS disease. Different isoforms of Nogo exhibit a specific pattern of expression in the muscle biopsies of ALS patients. Our studies showed that the protein levels of Nogo-A and Nogo-B correlated with the severity of clinical disability and with the mean area of oxidative fibres. In addition, the Nogo-A immunoreactivity was observed selectively in atrophic oxidative muscle fibres of ALS patients. These results suggest that Nogo-A and Nogo-B are the markers of disease severity. In order to characterise the function of Nogo-A in the pathology we crossbred the G86R ALS transgenic mice with the Nogo-A (Nogo-A-/-) knock-out mice. The life span G86R/ Nogo-A-/-was significantly increased. In order to determine if the muscular expression of Nogo-A as we observed in the muscle biopsies of ALS patients and in the muscle of G86R mice was sufficient to provoke destabilisation of neuromuscular junction (NMJ), we performed electrotransfer of a plasmid carrying Nogo-A gene into the soleus muscle of wild type mice. We observed that the morphology of the NMJ was affected by ectopic expression of Nogo-A. In conclusion, our results suggest that the muscle participates to the development of ALS
Allard, Ludivine. "Dysfonctions mitochondriales et homéostasie bioénergétique des motoneurones dans un modèle de sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22088/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a loss of motor neurons, leading to muscle wasting and weakness. Mutations in superoxide dismutase-1 (SOD1) cause a form of ALS. As in ALS patients, the mutant SOD1 animal model of ALS reveals that not all motor neurons are equally susceptible to the disease process. An attractive mechanism underlying differential susceptibility is the variable bioenergetics need of distinct subsets of motor neurons. This implies that within the CNS, bioenergetics can modulate the pathological threshold. Even in the absence of loss in bioenergetics, one can envision a situation in which a pathological stress alters the level at which either the production or delivery of ATP becomes insufficient, precipitating the demise of the most vulnerable neuron types. In neurons, majority of ATP is produced by mitochondria and the homeostasis of ion gradients is the most energy-consuming process. Reduced mitochondrial function will modify the electrical properties of motor neurons if ATP availability becomes insufficient to allow ion pumps to maintain appropriate gradients. We demonstrated that the basal ATP intra-cellular concentration in motor neuron cultures lower in SOD1 mutated cells compared to wild type. Paradoxically to this result, the oxygen consumption rate of mitochondria is increase in mSOD1 cells and there is no evidence for an increase of consumption. Our results support the interesting hypothesis that there is an uncoupling between the respiratory chain and the ATP production. This uncoupling might be used as a strategy to minor the toxic properties of hyper stimulated mitochondrion
Veyrat-Durebex, Charlotte. "Etude métabolomique d'un modèle in vitro de sclérose latérale amyotrophique exposé au stress oxydant". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR3314/document.
Testo completoAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disorder affecting selectively motor neurons and leading to death in 2 to 4 years. Genetic factors and various pathophysiological hypotheses, such as excitotoxicity and oxidative stress, have been suggested to explain the degeneration of motor neurons, but today no etiology explains the occurrence of this disease. In order to improve the knowledge of the metabolic pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, we developed an in vitro model of co-Culture of motor neurons and astrocytes over-Expressing human superoxide dismutase (SOD1), wild-Type or mutated (SOD1G93C), and exposed to oxidative stress. We studied the changes in metabolism after oxidative treatment with a metabolomics approach using gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry and multivariate statistical analysis. Thus we observed a change in metabolites involved in the citric acid cycle, the excitatory neurotransmission and the glutathione synthesis, in an in vitro model of ALS exposed to oxidative stress
Picchiarelli, Gina. "Rôle du muscle squelettique dans la Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique : apport de modèles transgéniques conditionnels". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018STRAJ054.
Testo completoAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a neurodegenerative whose first symptoms generally appear around age 60. It is characterized by progressive motor neuron degeneration, paralysis and leading to death due to respiratory failure in a few years. Currently, there is no cure so the understanding of ALS physiopathology is necessary. Although many alterations in the muscle have been highlighted, its contribution in ALS remains to be defined. We showed that FUS is enriched in subsynaptic nuclei and this enrichment depended on innervation. Besides, FUS binds directly acetylcholine receptors (AchR) promoter and is required for Ermdependent induction of AChR expression. Conversely, mutant FUS is enriched on extra-synaptic nuclei and induce muscle intrinsic toxicity responsible for neuromuscular junction (NMJ) alteration. Beyond NMJ, FUS is required for muscle mitochondrial function and muscle differentiation through PRMT1-dependent MEF2A activation. Thus, FUS muscular toxicity plays a key role in the ALS physiopathology
Moulard, Bruno. "Génétique de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : études cliniques et moléculaires des formes familiales ; études moléculaires des formes sporadiques". Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON1T015.
Testo completoCorcia, Philippe. "Facteurs de susceptibilité génétique dans la sclérose latérale amyotrophique : applications à l'étude des gènes SMN et SOD1". Montpellier 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON1T019.
Testo completoBeaulieu, Marie-Michèle. "Modèle en trois dimensions conçu par génie tissulaire pour l'étude de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26717/26717.pdf.
Testo completoWaegaert, Robin. "Etude du continuum mécanistique et physiopathologique entre la sclérose latérale amyotrophique et la démence frontotemporale". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ110.
Testo completoAmyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and FrontoTemporal Dementia (FTD) are two fatal and incurable neurodegenerative diseases. These two diseases share a clinical continuum supported by genetic and histological arguments. Today, about 15% of ALS patients develop later FTD symptoms and reversely. In 2006, mutations in the CHMP2B gene were discovered in ALS-FTD patients. Twelve years later, pathological mechanisms associated with mutations of this gene in the ALS-FTD syndrome are poorly understood. For a better understanding of CHMP2Bintron5-related pathological mechanisms, we studied by different approaches the impact of this mutation in a mouse model. Transcriptomic analysis on lumbar spinal cord highlighted a panel of deregulated cellular pathways, including the inflammatory response and the lipid metabolism. In addition, we showed an early disturbance of macroautophagy, with a blockage of final degradation step associated with a repression of autophagy initiation. Finally, our results show that neuron specific expression of CHMP2Bintron5 leads to muscular atrophy and structural and functional alterations of neuromuscular junctions