Articoli di riviste sul tema "Scientifics knowledge broadcasting"

Developing disciplines in Colombia, such as engineering, is a fundamental element in developing technological development and innovation. Such discipline generating knowledge and research represents input which must support approaches made to Colombia's social and economic problems. The present article recognises scientific journals' role as a support mechanism by controlling the quality of such input, aimed at strengthening technological developments and innovation. It describes the role of broadcasting knowledge and developing engineering, clearly showing the support which it has received in Colombia and the journals' role as an element for strengthening innovation; in the paper "Ingeniería e Investigation" Journal is emphasised, describing its trajectory from its creation to how it has acquired its present day scientific and technological maturity. Some challenges and perspectives are then proposed for broadcasting and appropriating knowledge from journals.

The aim of the article is to disclose some general trends in scientific discourse studies that have emerged by the second decade of the 21 st century, to characterize scientific discourse as a means of promoting knowledge, and to consider its contribution to public communication. The notion of scientific discourse incorporates both conventional (scientific articles, reviews, theses, dissertation abstracts) and modern forms of discourse (online academic conferences, symposia, colloquiums, seminars). The research is viewed in the article as a result of scientists' social activity targeted at new knowledge discovery and broadcasting, whilst the scientific text is defined in terms of verbal representation of the research results in a par with new knowledge transmission. Two types of determinants are introduced to regulate the model of scientific text composition – internal and external. The internal determinant is represented by discursive structures, which promote knowledge in scientific text as the element of scientific communication, while the external dominant is represented by extralinguistic factors, which provide the promotion of scientific discourse outside the professional community (socializing). Воth kinds of determinants provide the interpretation of the scientific discourse as open systems. An assumption is made on the increasing role of external determinant in discursive extension of modern scientific text by means of the Internet; the addressee factor wider representation and scientific knowledge inclusion into cross-cultural communication.

Case studies are vehicles to bridge the gap between science and practice because they provide opportunities to blend observations and interventions that have taken place in real-world environments with scientific rigor. The purpose of this invited commentary is to present considerations for those providing applied sport science support to athletes with the intention of broadcasting this information to the scientific community. The authors present a 4-phased approach (1: athlete overview; 2: needs analysis; 3: intervention planning; and 4: results, evaluation, and conclusion) for scientific support to assist practitioners in the development and implementation of scientific support. These considerations are presented in the form of “performance questions” designed to guide and critically evaluate the scientific support process and aid the transfer of this knowledge through case studies.

The abstract reveals the problem of communication in a live broadcast. The source of the scientific article is the Ukrainian live broadcast. It was noted that psycholinguistic aspects should be taken into account when analyzing the live broadcasting speech. The modern researches of mass media psycholinguistic aspect in the paradigm of scientific knowledge have been considered. The live broadcast has been characterized as segment of modern media space according to the types of communication, topics of radio and television programs. The results of the study will serve to examine of the mass media psycholinguistic patterns influence on the linguasociety and on the person.

The abstract reveals the problem of communication in a live broadcast. The source of the scientific article is the Ukrainian live broadcast. It was noted that psycholinguistic aspects should be taken into account when analyzing the live broadcasting speech. The modern researches of mass media psycholinguistic aspect in the paradigm of scientific knowledge have been considered. The live broadcast has been characterized as segment of modern media space according to the types of communication, topics of radio and television programs. The results of the study will serve to examine of the mass media psycholinguistic patterns influence on the linguasociety and on the person.

Abstract: India is dominantly a country of villages. There is a great necessity for transmitting latest scientific knowledge about agriculture and related fields among the farming communities. Today we have many problems- high rate of illiteracy, accelerating population growth which eats into any gain that educational expansion may bring, increasing pressures on admissions at all stages, explosion in knowledge necessitating change and review of curricula and teaching method, urban – rural imbalance, wastage in education need for raising standards and the criterion of an environment favourable to social change and capable of softening its harsher incidences. The mass media are supremly adapted to adult education. Radio is the transmission and reception of signals by means of electric waves without the use of connection wires. Therefore, this study was undertaken with a view to find out relative effectiveness of three mode of presentation

The article discusses the transition to a new stage of civilization, the knowledge society. In the modern world, knowledge is one of the major socio-economic resources for both the individual and the state. Accordingly, the educational strategy of any higher educational institution should be refocused to ensure smooth transition from the traditional model to innovative in order to prepare the modern student for a life in the society where innovation and intellectual resources play the major role. The modern library can act as a control centre of knowledge, integrate with the world information resources and mediate for the user in global information space using the tools and mechanisms of the electronic library. In this regard, the e-library becomes a knowledge management centre focused on the development and maximum use of intellectual potential of library for the purpose of preservation, reproduction, building up and broadcasting of knowledge. The article analyses the opportunities which are given by electronic library for the University.The authors constructed the scheme of interrelation of knowledge and information resources. The article considers the concept of proactive electronic library of the University as a system of information service of readers, the main purpose of which is to provide resources in any form and on any carrier using the classical and network forms of services based on the advanced inquiry services. The authors constructed the model of proactive University library, which is a complex system, incorporating elements of various properties and complexity. The proactive electronic library itself searches for information corresponding to the information needs of the user, without waiting for his request; that can influence the development of his information needs. Thus, the library transforms from a passive storage of information into an interaction partner. Information is automatically selected for the user, relevant to his educational and scientific interests, hobbies and preferred leisure.

Online platforms have become the primary source of information about scientific advances for the wider public. As online dissemination of scientific findings increasingly influences personal decision-making and government action, there is a growing necessity and interest in studying how people disseminate research findings online beyond one individual platform. In this paper, we study the simultaneous diffusion of scientific articles across major online platforms based on 63 million mentions of about 7.2 million articles spanning a 7-year period. First, we find commonalities between people sharing science and other content such as news articles and memes. Specifically, we find recurring bursts in the coverage of individual articles with initial bursts co-occurring in time across platforms. This allows for a ranking of individual platforms based on the speed at which they pick up scientific information. Second, we explore specifics of sharing science. We reconstruct the likely underlying structure of information diffusion and investigate the transfer of information about scientific articles within and across different platforms. In particular, we (i) study the role of different users in the dissemination of information to better understand who are the prime sharers of knowledge, (ii) explore the propagation of articles between platforms, and (iii) analyze the structural virality of individual information cascades to place science sharing on the spectrum between pure broadcasting and peer-to-peer diffusion. Our work provides the broadest study to date about the sharing of science online and builds the basis for an informed model of the dynamics of research coverage across platforms.

English: The article presented describes the marriage (nikah) divorce, multi-marriage Shariah and Indian constitution due to the religious trends of the Muslim class in Indian society. India is a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic with a parliamentary system of government. In the republic of the same parliamentary system, in the present time, the right of Muslim women to be violated, in the form of divorce, in the form of divorce, and there is no more dowry, the main reason for such exploitation is lack of proper and complete knowledge of religion. , Wrong use of the rule of Sharia law is to be superstitious and orthodox and to not give legal form to marriage with very important religious marriage. The articles presented are based on Purnataya Second type of information like - Islamic book, Indian constitution, newspaper, website of Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (Government of India) etc. Hindi: प्रस्तुत लेख में भारतीय समाज में मुस्लिम वर्ग के धार्मिक प्रवृत्तियों से हो रहे विवाह (निकाह) तलाक, बहु विवाह शरीअत एवं भारतीय संविधान का वर्णन किया गया है। भारत में संसदीय प्रणाली की सरकार वाला एक प्रभुसत्ता सम्पन्न, समाजवादी, धर्म निरपेक्ष, लोकतंत्रात्मक गणराज्य है। उसी संसदीय प्रणाली की सरकार वाले गणराज्य में वर्तमान समय मुस्लिम महिलाओं के अधिकारों का हनन कही निकाह के रूप में, कही तलाक के रूप में तो कही दहेज अधिक न मिलने के कारण इस प्रकार के शोषण का मुख्य कारण धर्म का सही और पूरा ज्ञान न होना, शरीअत कानून के नियम का गलत प्रयोग अन्धविश्वास एवं रुढ़िवादी होना एवं अत्यन्त महत्वपूर्ण धार्मिक विवाह के साथ ही साथ विवाह को कानूनी रूप प्रदान न किया जाना है। प्रस्तुत लेख पूर्णताया द्वितीय प्रकार की सूचनाओं पर आधारित हैं जैसे - इस्लामिक पुस्तक, भारतीय संविधान, समाचारपत्र, सूचना एवं प्रसारण मंत्रालय (भारत सरकार) की बेवसाइड इत्यादि।

The article analyzes the necessity of forming the motivation of students of economic faculties to carry out scientific research. The significance of the students’ scientific work for the growth of their creativity, self-realization, the formation of creative critical thinking and the development of individual abilities in solving practical problems, identifying the initiative, expanding the theoretical world outlook and scientific erudition, and the conscious use of theoretical knowledge in future practical activities is proved by numerous studies of modern scholars.However, the motivation of students to perform research remains very low. This, according to the author, is conditioned by the lack of students' needs for such activities, their lack of awareness of the importance of this activity for their professional training and professional self-determination. In particular, conducting research using foreign-language original scientific sources with further presenting the results in a foreign language is a rather complex activity for many students who do not major in foreign languages. In order to form the internal motivation of students for scientific research, the author recommends a number of approaches to organizing a learning process in a foreign language aimed at forming a culture of foreign language broadcasting the formation of students' reflective culture; forming student research culture to interactively interact in the process of performing problem-oriented professional tasks of creating public speaking skills.

The modern educational paradigm provides for the formation of various competencies: general cultural, personal and professional, the optimal combination of which should be achieved as a result of professional training of a specialist. Accordingly, for students of non-linguistic specialties, the study of a foreign language should be aimed at the development of all these competencies, which determines the choice of the main forms and methods of teaching it, based on an integrative personal-activity approach. At the same time, the main methodological solution for teaching a foreign language in a non-linguistic university should be the development and creative application of complex digital educational resources that can be used both as basic and additional pedagogical technologies. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that in the conditions of modern informatization of society, it becomes necessary not only to develop methodological tools independently, but also to use the existing developments productively. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that students have the opportunity to apply the knowledge, skills and abilities they have acquired, determine for themselves the need for additional information, continue their continuing education and self-education throughout their professional path. The use of digital educational resources makes it possible to switch the process of acquiring knowledge from broadcasting to their purposeful acquisition, which corresponds to the modern competence paradigm.

In the article the issue of mastery the most important school habit by schoolchildren with severe speech disorders is raised. Legislative documents, scientific principles of theory of the special studies to the language and broadcasting, that consist in forming of the valued orientations, skills of communication in sociocultural environment, capture of social behavior and social cooperation charts are analysed. The way of achieving results is examined in developing a language ability in the structure of capacity for a communication. The essence of the phenomenon of language ability is revealed according to the concept of capabilities of S. L. Rubinstein. Capabilities have organic, hereditarily envisaged preconditions for their development in the form of the endowments. Distance between endowments and capabilities is all way of development of personality. A child, who is able to learn languages, makes maximum use of his knowledge base in a specific situation of speech communication, which is impossible for children with speech pathology. Institutions of general school education create psychological-pedagogical conditions for children with low aptitudes for the formation of language skills, a component of which is the structural block of speech therapy assistance. Common maintenance of divisions of speech therapy diagnostics is scientifically reasonable. General content of sections of speech therapy diagnostics is scientifically proved. Speech therapy diagnostics should be based on psycholinguistic approach, that envisages the study of deep syntactic structures, semantic relations that characterize the structure of expression, character of passing to the surface syntactic structures, their physical implomentation. Both the finished speech products and the processes of speech are analysed by such method. The quality of speech therapy diagnostics determines the content of the individual of a child with low speech ability. The realization of the program takes place development inclusive education, the structural block program in the created psychological and pedagogical conditions of speech therapy is a part of it.

The present work aims to show the research carried out in online environments, showing relevant information for the construction of scientifi c knowledge. The virtual environment is improving and progressing every day to provide a more facilitative resource mode for our society. Having Ethnography as a methodological support, using Youtube as a locus of data production. Taking into account the various social networks that we currently have, the video platform was selected as a place to search for the empirical material of the research. related to shares, likes, comments and views. In order to be able to track the most relevant information about events related to the negative impacts of the pandemic on the environment. made with the broadcasting of news and information regarding the knowledge of these impacts, to the audience that most frequents the video platform. As we know, the situation started in China and spread worldwide. And with that, one of the means used to suppress the advance of the virus as a form of combat attributed to society was isolation and social distance. What can be seen is that the pandemic had a very impacting factor on our environment, such as isolation and social distance, caused by restrictions due to the pandemic, had a signifi cant increase in hospital waste worldwide, as well as plastics discarded in domestic environments.

In the context of the scientific and technical history of electrocardiography, the development of transtelephone electrocardiography (tele-ECG) remains unexplored - as a set of technical and methodological aspects of remote ECG transmission via telecommunication. This direction played a significant role in medical science and practice in the middle of the twentieth century, in many ways it remains relevant to this day. The task of the study. To identify and systematize the patterns of development of scientific knowledge related to the creation and use of transtelephone electrocardiography technologies in the period of the 1960s-1980s in Europe, Asia, North America and Australia. Results. From the point of view of technical sciences, there were two main trends in scientific research: a) the design of hardware solutions for broadcasting and receiving ECG via cable or radio channels; b) the development of algorithms for computer analysis of ECG. From the point of view of medical sciences: a) clinical trials, including an assessment of the technical reliability of equipment; b) evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of remote (both "human" and machine) interpretation of ECG; c) study of the clinical significance of tele-ECG. When comparing the trends of scientific and technological development of transtelephone electrocardiography in foreign countries, it is obvious that the countries of Europe and Asia follow in the wake of medical science in the USA. In the studies of scientists from Eastern Europe, the influence of medical science of the USSR in the form of the use of tele-ECG in occupational medicine is noted. Conclusions. In the period of the 1960s-1980s, the scientific and technical development of transtelephone electrocardiography took place in many countries of the world, but the activity and significance of these processes seriously differed. The emergence of affordable and reliable technologies for remote counseling, as well as automated analysis of electrocardiography results, has become significant. The overall result was the emergence of clinically significant remote diagnostics techniques and new models of medical care organization based on them.

<p><strong><em>Research aim: </em></strong><em>to characterize the changes in the preparation and broadcasting of the news audiovisual product by Ukrainian television broadcasters and which technologies have become key in providing live broadcasts, live feed, feedback from the audience, etc. during the extraordinary events in the country, namely Covid-19.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methodology. </em></strong><em>A survey method was used to find out changes in media production and broadcasting. The results were interpreted in the form of tables and diagrams through the method of comparison and systematization. The descriptive method was used during the presentation of the research results.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results. </em></strong><em>The analysis of scientific literature made it possible to distinguish three main stages of media content production and to structure theoretical knowledge on the organization of broadcasters’ activities in the Ukrainian information space. Considered how today’s challenges – emergency situations in Ukraine – affected the technology of creating news media content and what changes became necessary in the system of transmission of multimedia content. The proposed results of the survey clearly demonstrate how broadcasters chose acceptable ways to organize news production in difficult periods for the country and how innovations in the field of telecommunications, digital technologies, satellite communications and new information processing technologies contributed to regular broadcasting. </em></p><p><strong><em>Scientific novelty. </em></strong><em>In the period of emergency situations, starting with the challenges of the Covid-19 pandemic and continuing through the full-scale invasion of the Russian Federation into Ukraine, news content is extremely important for users. Prompt delivery of information has become a challenge for broadcasters, as audiovisual content has become more difficult to create due to a number of circumstances. Although thanks to information technologies, the system of news’ collecting and distributing has become simpler, the question of their form and content and the quality of information services to meet the needs of various reading and viewing audiences has arisen. So, the transformational changes in television production have been an interesting experience to study. </em></p><p><strong><em>Practical value.</em></strong><em> The results of the research can be used in the process of studying communication courses, the work of newsrooms on television, media production and audiovisual product creation technologies, as well as by media practitioners in issues of interaction with the audience.</em></p><p><strong><em>Key words</em></strong><strong><em>:</em></strong><em> media production, news content, newsroom, live broadcast, media reality, audience, television broadcaster.</em></p>

This article contributes an empirical analysis of information sharing practices on Twitter relating to the use of face masks in the context of COVID-19. Behavioural changes, such as the use of face masks, are often influenced by people’s knowledge and perceptions, which in turn can be affected by the information available to them. Face masks were not recommended for use by the UK public at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Due to developments in scientific understanding, the guidance changed and by the end of 2020 they were mandatory on public transport and in shops. This research examines tweets in this longitudinal context and, therefore, provides novel insights into the dynamics of crisis communication in an ongoing crisis event with emerging scientific evidence. Specifically, analysis of the content of tweets, external resources most frequently shared, and users sharing information are considered. The conclusions contribute to developing understanding of the digital information ecology and provide practical insights for crisis communicators. Firstly, the analysis shows changes in the frequency of tweets about the topic correspond with key guidance and policy changes. These are, therefore, points in time official channels of information need to utilise the public’s information seeking and sharing practices. Secondly, due to changes in face mask guidance and policy, the current literature on digital information ecology is insufficient for capturing the dynamic nature of a long-term ongoing crisis event. Challenges can arise due to the prolonged circulation of out-of-date information, i.e. not strategic misinformation, nor “mis”-information at all, which can have serious ramifications for crisis communication practitioners. Thirdly, the role of traditional media and other journalism/broadcasting platforms in shaping conversations is evident, as is the potential for scientific organisations’ and individual people’s Twitter user accounts. This plurality of contributors needs to be acknowledged and understood to inform crisis communication strategies.

This article analysis the efficient ways of using public relations tools in tourism and hospitality business. The main aim of the article is defining useful aspects of PR and their adoption for tourist sphere. Enlarge using of foreign successful practise of PR in our regional and country tourism. Establishment of effective system of PR among subjects. The progress of modern information and communication technologies brings new opportunities: with the help of the means and methods of the Republic of Uzbekistan the regulatory impact on the state of economic, political and cultural development of society is being implemented. Modern information and saturated society offer wide opportunities for individualization of market offers, bilateral communications through both personal contacts and in the format of media communication. The growing informatization of subjects' activities in the sphere of tourism leads to the increase of communicative impact with the purpose of forming preferences of the target public, broadcasting cultural knowledge, norms, traditions and values, transformation of old stereotypes and new behavioural practices. The urgency of the scientific problem of PR support is dictated by the need of the formation of favourable images and recognizable brands of travel companies, maintaining positive reputations in order to harmonize internal and external PR-communications in the field of tourism.

The article analyzes the necessity of forming the motivation of students for oral foreign language communicative activity in the process of distance learning. The importance of motivation and self-motivation for learning in conditions of physical isolation is proved by numerous studies of modern scholars.The purpose of the article is to search for approaches to creating feedback between students and their motivation for foreign language communication in the context of distance learning. Such approaches, according to the author's conclusion are: attracting students to professional research activities, providing students with the initiative to create online collaboration groups, collaborating according to a well-coordinated plan, and identifying individual achievements of students. The effectiveness of the communicative method is defined in view of the applied didactical principle of conscious approach in the process of study a foreign language and practical implementation of this principle as teaching a foreign language based on the native language support.The significance of the students’ scientific work for the growth of their creativity, self-fulfillment, formation of creative critical thinking and the development of individual abilities in solving practical problems, identifying the initiative, expanding the theoretical world outlook and scientific erudition, and the conscious use of theoretical knowledge in future practical activities is obvious. Thus being one of the most important motivating factors for oral foreign language communicative activity in the process of distance learning students’ scientific research work is aimed at forming a culture of foreign language broadcasting, the formation of students’ reflective and research culture to interactively cooperate in the process of performing problem-oriented professional tasks,in the process of cooperation in small groups and creating public speaking skills. The purpose of involving students in research activities was to form a positive motive for learning, awareness of future psychologists about theoretical and practical significance of knowledge gained during the search and processing of professional information. It should be noted that the selection, approval of individual findings of each student by the teacher will help to form their motivation for further exploration and the need to share experiences with other students in the group. Keywords: distance learning, communication, foreign, motivation, self-motivation, cooperation, research activities, self-fulfillment.

<div><p><strong><em>The aim of the study</em></strong><em> is to outline the concept of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) editorial policy on covering problematic issues of journalistic related to children, production of content specifically intended or likely to be available to minors, and other possible forms of direct or indirect interaction between media professionals and children.</em></p><p><strong><em>Research methods.</em></strong><em> The research was made possible by conducting a traditional (content-related) analysis of documents on journalistic ethics of the BBC, in which relevant issues of editorial policy were raised, and of historiographical sources of the scientific problem. Previously, inquiry and research work was carried out to establish appropriate documents. Therefore, through synthesis of the analyzed material, the stated aim was achieved.</em></p><p><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> The article presents a body of current editorial documents of the BBC, which regulate the activities of journalists in various forms of interaction with children. As a result of the historiographical literature study, the origins of the BBC editorial policy on the so-called “children’s issue” are briefly considered. The content of current documents is analyzed, in particular, such as the BBC Editorial Guidelines, the BBC Child Protection Policy, the BBC Code of Conduct, the BBC Guide to Working with Children, etc. Emphasis is placed on that norms of BBC ethics on children, which are potentially most important for Ukrainian journalism. The research established the values which are the basis of the BBC editorial policy on child protection.</em></p><p><strong><em>Novelty. </em></strong><em>With this research, the moral imperatives of the BBC on children will complement journalistic ethics as a field of knowledge in which the relevant scientific problem has not yet been properly developed.</em></p><p><strong><em>Practical importance.</em></strong><em> The research will contribute to the formation of journalistic morality on children as a specific audience and a distinctive source of information. For the same purpose, the study can be used in further scientific research in the field of journalistic ethics.</em></p></div><p><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> journalistic ethics, British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), child / children, BBC Editorial Guidelines, media, journalism.</em></p>

The article deals with a reflection as a scientific method, structural component and instrument of intercultural competence formation as a component of professional competence of future specialists in a theoretical and practical relation to the international economy. The special attention is given to the research of questions, related to the reflection in industry of study the foreign languages. It is found out in the article, that a reflection can be useful not only to self-knowledge but also for self-control and self-perfection in a personality and professional relation. It is also well-proven that most effective in sense of forming of intercultural competence are authentic texts on different transmitters, especially those which contain dialogs. This article contains information about the practical application of the reflective techniques in a work with authentic audio- and videotexts on the stage of discussion and arranging the role plays and the dialogues. Relating to the clarifying method the special system of questions consists of taking into consideration the reflection and the intensification of motivation. This work contains enough information on practical application of the indicated method on employments on the example of the German language for future specialists on an international economy. Examples of work with authentic texts of original sources, training of the dialogic broadcasting and discussion of the attained results are made.

This article deals with the regional variants of English language and describes in detail the currently relevant reasons for the appearance of language dialects and their existence in modern English. The main theoretical basis of this research proves that one person&rsquo;s individual speech is the result of mixing the regional varieties and their features. The research analyses foreign linguistical discussions about American variant of English and its influence on British English within different aspects. Various materials of scientific discussions, different authors&rsquo; ideas and various comments of Internet users are in the list of materials that were used in this article. Based on dynamic and temporal characteristics of a speech, the article highlights the key features of British and American English and their territorial varieties. It also examines the influence of American English on other regional variants on the pronunciation and grammatical norms. The main object of the study is English language with its regional varieties. Analysis shows that the language reflection stands for significant component of national and cultural self-knowledge of English people. The article expresses the influence of American English on British English: firstly, on everyday vocabulary, phrases and expressions. Secondly, in the case of the functional varieties, the American influence is present in the field of journalism, broadcasting (cinema, television, music and so on.), politics, travelling, economics and so on.

The purpose of the article is to determine the peculiarities of the creativity formation of higher education students within the educational discipline “Ukrainian language for professional purposes”. To achieve the goal, a complex of general scientific (analysis of scientific literature, generalization and systematization, comparison of scientific views) and pedagogical (modeling of educational situations, observation of the educational process, development and testing of the system of tasks) methods was used. It has been proven that the creativity formation of higher education students by means of the educational course “Ukrainian language for professional purposes” requires a scientifically based approach of the teacher to the methodological tools selection. In this context, traditional and innovative teaching methods were divided into several groups: the first group included methods aimed at developing the emotional and volitional sphere of future specialists; the second group includes methods that involve the activation and strengthening of already formed motives, the transformation of external stimuli into the inner sphere of the individual, their transformation into motives. The third group of methods involves orientation to the cognitive sphere of the individual, and therefore, these methods are aimed at finding and assimilating information, and forming skills and abilities to analyze works of various types of art, and expanding erudition. The fourth group included methods, the purpose of which was the formation of practical skills and skills in operating various educational materials, transmitting information using various means of broadcasting and its representation. The fifth group includes methods of a reflective nature, aimed at forming the ability to evaluate one’s own activity, existing knowledge, abilities and skills, as well as actualization and development of students’ ability to self-control and self-evaluation in various activities. It was found that the effectiveness of the creativity formation of higher education students depends on the optimal selection and combination of methods, taking into account the principles of individualization and differentiation. Key words: creativity, higher education students, methods, educational discipline, tasks.

The 4R Nutrient Stewardship is a concept that aims to optimize fertilization of agricultural crops, encompassing social, economic and environmental aspects. This concept involves 4 scientific principles (the right source of fertilizer, the right rate, the right timing and the right place) that should be defined based on local conditions and knowledge. This study aimed at determining best fertilization practices for broccoli in the region of Tatuí-SP in Brazil, using the 4R nutrient stewardship principles. Four experiments were installed, each one referring to a 4R principle, comparing the standard fertilization applied in the region with different management options. The recommended rate by the fertilization bulletin outperformed other rates we tested. An increase or decrease by 25% in the bulletin recommended rate led to a reduction in broccoli productivity. Mineral fertilizer source promoted highest growth, followed by a combination of mineral and organic. In regard to timing, the standard practice applied in the region, which is applying 100% of N and K at planting, did not differ from splitting the dose in 3 parcels. Lastly, applying the fertilizer in the planting row promoted better growth than broadcasting on the soil surface. The standard fertilization practiced in the region promoted the highest growth, although there are other possibilities in terms of timing and placement that also resulted in similar growth, and the decision should be made according to the reality of each farmer.

The article is devoted to the study of the experience of the development of technoparks and the determination of their development trends that need to be supported at various levels of innovation management. Innovative development of the country is connected with advanced technologies and their integration into socio-economic regional systems. The process of broadcasting scientific and technological progress for business entities depends on the quality of the institutional and logistical environment in which technoparks play a key role as relatively independent and separate structures consolidating scientific, human and technological resources. The object of the study is the technoparks of Russia. The subject of the study is the process of technoparks1 functioning and development. The purpose of the work is to study the peculiarities of the technoparks1 functioning and development in Russia. In the course of the work, strategic directions for the development of technoparks were identified, limitations of their integration into the business environment of the country’s subjects were identified, directions for improving the efficiency of cooperation and functional optimization were proposed. Research methods are the following: methods of system, situational and comparative analysis were used in the work. As a result of the study, the high importance of the state's participation in the development of technoparks as a key subject of innovation activity is determined. The necessity of public-private partnership is substantiated, which determines the vector of sectoral development based on the interest of leading enterprises in regions of various specialization. The limitations of sustainable integration of technoparks are determined due to the inconsistency of traditional approaches to managing these structures, the need for fundamentally new management models in difficult situational conditions. It is necessary to search for tools to attract qualified personnel on a platform basis, providing opportunities for the implementation of complex knowledge-intensive projects. The improvement of domestic technoparks is a necessary and significant element in the development of the national innovation system in order to support an innovative breakthrough in a situation of economic crisis and globalization

The article actualizes the problem of formation of teachers’ electoral culture in a special educational environment. The aim of the article is the conceptual substantiation of the formation of the electoral culture of the teacher on the basis of the creation of a cross-multi-level educational environment. Methodology. In developing the concept of forming the electoral culture of a teacher, the author relied on the methodological framework that includes the positions of dialectical materialism and noosphere approach at the worldview level, systemic and evolutionary approaches at the general scientific level, environmental, competence and activity approaches at the specific scientific level. The technological level is represented by specific technologies, ways, methods, and techniques of forming teachers’ electoral culture. The proposed methodology formed the basis for conducting an empirical study of the level of teachers’ electoral culture formation. The method of polling and questionnaire survey was used. Results of the research. The teachers’ electoral culture is a set of gnoseological (electoral competence), axiological (electoral disposition), praxiological (electoral activity) components which form a relatively stable system of knowledge, values, norms and models of electoral behavior, which are transmitted by a teacher in the course of educational relations and promote formation of civil identity and active life position in all participants of educational process. The traditions of attitudes towards electoral activity are revealed. The analysis of empirical data on the attitude towards electoral activity among teachers in the Chechen Republic is presented. Theoretical substantiation of the construction of a conceptual model for the formation of teachers’ electoral culture in the cross-multilevel educational environment, taking into account the principles of cultural appropriateness, scientificity, and the formation of an individual educational trajectory. Conclusion. Based on the results of two organized surveys among the teachers of the Chechen Republic the generalizing conclusions containing the focus on innovations in the formation and development of electoral culture were made. In this connection, teachers need to master the competencies that allow forming the electoral culture of students: special technologies, oriented to students of different age groups, training sessions with teachers, allowing them to gain confidence in the importance of broadcasting electoral culture, in their own potential.

Purpose of the study: The aim of this study is to analyse the meaning construction of the post-independence communities based on a historical documentary “Big Kitchen (1952)” which focuses on the literacy aspect of how an individual construe, implement and adapt technology in constructing meaning in line with the rapid development of the country. Methodology: A focus group discussion was conducted which involved twenty-one informants from an Institute of Higher Learning in Malaysia. The discussion focuses on how the post-independence communities collectively construct their institutional knowledge by linking these three main areas; literacy, meaning construction and technology based on the historical documentary which consequently reveals the social reality of the community. Main Findings: Findings revealed thatthere is a culture change (in Malaysia) due to migration, technological advancement, and rapid urbanization based on the meanings constructed by the post-independence communities. The combination of migration, technological development, and rapid urbanization have caused the informants to not be influenced by media materials that are shown but assess material based on the understanding and withholding long underlying themselves over the years. Applications of this study: Since the media and communication studies is an established academic discipline in today’s digital era, this study is beneficial in contributing to the development of mass media and communication field specifically in the area of media literacy/ broadcasting literacy as the study covers the art of scientific investigation of the media. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study justifies how media research and the technological shift in the media landscape affects the arts of social reality and the meaning construction of the post-independence communities in Malaysia via the “Big Kitchen (1952)” documentary. Findings revealed in this study contribute to the current debate of the current media issues, and to the development of mass media and communication field.

The article continues the empirical analysis of the influence of mediatization on the formation of value orientations of modern Russian youth. In the first part of the article, the search for theoretical grounds for studying the virtual projection of politics was problematized, the portrait of "digital aborigines" or "generation of 3C millennials" was conceptualized in political-axiological optics. The study reveals the basic value characteristics and potentially conflicting contradictions as a result of the influence of the rapid spread of new media on the audience of modern Russian youth. In the course of the analysis, a fundamentally new knowledge was obtained, based on a holistic vision of the cultural and historical reality of the formation of a "digital society" in Russia, about the axiological features of the modern Russian social order, including a complexly structured set of moral values of youth. The study included two trajectories of empirical analysis: conducting focus groups to identify and scientifically interpret trends in the formation of content preferences of the younger generation in the discourse of the use of new media, as well as monitoring social networks in order to mark popular communication platforms among young people, evaluating the most effective methods of information impact, broadcasting axiological discourses and articulation generated in them risks. To achieve the set scientific objectives, the authors of the study conceptualized the theoretical constructions of the specifics of new media in modern conditions, presented popular axiological trends identified as a result of qualitative content analysis of blogs in social networks. The results obtained are correlated with other fundamental studies of Russian scientists studying the problems of youth values in various academic planes, in order to search for correlations and assess the complementarity of conclusions for the subsequent increment of political science knowledge. As a result of the analysis, not only trends in the transformation of values of modern Russian youth are articulated, but also strategic risks determined by the mediatization of communications of the studied age cohort. In this regard, the article develops a model for measuring and preventing the risks of political and axiological transformations among Russian youth based on the development of complementary methods of their assessment for the construction and implementation of effective state strategies in terms of their change and improvement.

There are numerous overlapping laws in India that deal with financial loss and insolvency of both organisations and individuals. Under the current legal and institutional framework, lenders are unable to collect or restructure defaulted assets in a timely and effective manner, imposing an undue strain on the Indian credit system. The framework intended to combine a time-bound and scientific approach to insolvency resolution with the goal of maximising value for all stakeholders and balancing knowledge asymmetry, while also protecting the interests of all parties involved. In 2000, the amount of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) grew rapidly. Banks made indiscriminate loans between 2008 and 2014, resulting in a high number of NPAs, as revealed by Asset Quality Reviews of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), causing the government to act immediately. A Committee was formed, and its report, in which the IBC was recommended, was delivered in 2015. Following that, a bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha and referred to a Parliamentary Joint Committee for examination. On May 5, 2016, the Indian Broadcasting Corporation (IBC) was approved by both Houses of Parliament and received presidential assent on May 28, 2016. Indian insolvency rules have their origins in English law. Sections 23 and 24 of the Government of India Act 1800 established the first laws governing insolvency. In 1828, India passed a statute establishing the first expressly tailored insolvency legislation. This act was extended to include the Presidency towns of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. A few years later, the Indian Insolvency Act 1848 was introduced, which established a division between traders and non-traders. The High Courts were given jurisdiction over insolvency, with the High Courts' jurisdiction confined to presidential towns. This statute, known as the Presidency Towns Insolvency Act 1909, was enacted in 1909. Due to the absence of legislation governing insolvency in non-presidency areas before to 1907, the Provincial Insolvency Act was enacted in 1907 and was eventually succeeded by the Provincial Insolvency Act 1920, which is in force today.

The object of the study is the intangible heritage of Russian folk arts and crafts as a phenomenon of traditional culture. Special attention is paid to the object content of the intangible heritage of crafts, as well as the forms of their preservation and actualization. The research originates from the definition of the concept of the intangible heritage of folk arts and crafts. The concept of the bearer of the intangible heritage of crafts is formulated. The definition of the morphology of the intangible heritage of crafts is based on the analysis of the intangible part of the artistic, industrial, ethnocultural and religious heritage of crafts. An important part of the study is the analysis of modern practices for the preservation and actualization of the intangible heritage of crafts in order to develop optimal forms and methods. The importance of such a form of preservation and broadcasting of the intangible heritage of folk arts and crafts as museification is emphasized. The definition of the concept of intangible heritage of crafts and the structural analysis of this fragment of cultural heritage was carried out on the basis of recognition of heritage by systemic education. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the definition of folk arts and crafts as a phenomenon of traditional culture, the key component of which is tradition, objectified, first of all, in an immaterial form. For the first time, the definition of the concept of the intangible heritage of folk art crafts is given based on the analysis of historiography and legislative practice, and a morphological analysis of this type of heritage of crafts is given based on the generalization and analysis of the experience of its preservation and actualization. The intangible heritage of artistic crafts - the artistic and pictorial language of handicrafts, techniques and technologies for their manufacture and decoration, social ways of transmitting knowledge and skill, customs, way of life and lifestyle in the craft - are of high value from an informational and axiological point of view and need to be preserved and broadcast.

Introduction. The article theoretically examines the genesis of specific features of such key pedagogical concepts and categories as ‘education’ and ‘educational space’ in the historical and philosophical context, adapted to the conditions of multi-vector social challenges of modern reality. Interest in the problem of the studied phenomena is determined by modern discussions around the current educational space, the specifics of its self-development in the historical and philosophical context of research in a rapidly and sometimes unpredictably changing social reality. The purpose of the article is a historical and philosophical analysis of the essence and existence of the educational space in the comparative context of sociocultural and cognitive characteristics of society. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the study was formed by historical-philosophical and systematic approaches. The authors used the principles of flexible rationality in building theoretical constructs of the phenomena ‘education’ and ‘educational space’. The methodological value of the study lies in the historical and philosophical analysis of the problems of the formation of educational space in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, the Enlightenment and the New Age, which makes it possible to navigate the variety of manifestations of the modern educational environment. Methods used by the authors include: comparative-historical, deductive, chronological, generalization and analysis. Results. The main results lie in the historical and philosophical analysis of the essence and existence of educational space and the disclosure of its specific characteristics in the comparative context of the socio-cultural characteristics of education, which allows to interpret the education itself as a unity of the process and result of the development and appropriation by the individual of general forms of interaction with the objects of reality and themselves that have been developed by the community and anchored in the culture. The study shows that the educational area of the Middle Ages absorbed a symphony of theological, philosophical and scientific knowledge in the true sense. During that time, scientific knowledge was pushed into the background compared to the knowledge of God and the soul. The authors established the idea that the evolving educational space, responding to the challenges of the time, determines the subject of education, i. e. in the womb of subject-subject and subject-object relationships. The authors highlight the relevant issues of the phenomenon of educational space as a complex, self-evolving system functioning as a significant sphere of social life. The educational space in the Age of Enlightenment begins to actively differentiate itself from layers of social spaces, as everyone realizes that through education, the process of deobjectification and objectification occurs in the human mind. One of the projections of modernity predictions is the transformation of education in postmodern society and the transition from the broadcasting and facilitating function of education to a mediating one. Conclusions. The authors have identified specific features of the genesis of the concepts of ‘space’, ‘education’, and ‘educational space’ in the comparative context of the historical and philosophical paradigm of the sociocultural characteristics of society and the role of education in it. The main content of the problem of the educational space as a societal phenomenon that is in a development and evolution situation together with society and the epoch is generalized. The position is justified that in the philosophical discourse, which is woven from people's cognitive actions and interpersonal communication, the educational space exhibits a developmental logic not only ontologically but also epistemologically, creating a unique phenomenon - educational environments in which its social criteria and meanings are formed and implemented. It was shown that the educational space reflects the structural coexistence and interaction of all possible educational systems, their components, educational events, for the existence of which the epoch is able to create conditions. It is noted that the educational space is an open system subject to dissipative processes, the emergence of new structures and the destruction of those that are energetically unable to maintain their existence.

The article raises the actual issue of the practice-oriented orientation of journalism education in Ukraine in the conditions of the technologicalization of the global information and communication space, the rapid development of super-modern means and tools of communication, informational, semantic and psychological wars. As a response to the challenges of the modern media space, the in-depth integration of theoretical and practical educational components of the educational process, the development of new forms of interaction between higher education institutions that train journalist personnel and media organizations as bases of practical training are considered. The object of the study is the educational and professional training of journalists, the subject is the practice-oriented component of the training of journalist personnel, aimed at social values, the formation of a socially responsible journalist. The purpose of scientific and practical research is the development and testing of an integrated practiceoriented component (IPOС) of the educational and professional training of journalists, aimed at combining the theoretical foundations of the profession with the acquisition of practical knowledge and skills through the interaction of a higher education institution and a practice base. The article presents the intermediate results of the approbation of the practice-oriented component of the educational and professional training of journalists. It is about the development and introduction into the educational process of an integrated study programm (ISP) for students of the second (master’s) level of higher education, which combines theoretical and practical components of mastering the subject and is implemented in the educational and professional collaboration of the Borys Hrinchenko Kyiv University and JSC «Public Broadcasting company of Ukraine». Features and stages of approbation of an integrated curriculum in a real educational environment are described. The results of observations, analysis, surveys, practical actions and the corresponding justification and interpretation are presented. Attention was drawn to the positive results of inclusion in this process the students of the first (bachelor’s) level of higher education. A conclusion was made about the need for further improvement of the integrated practice-oriented component, and in particular in the direction of integration with other professional disciplines and educational and production practices. The obtained results are of practical value for methodically ensuring the implementation of an integrated practice-oriented component in the system of educational and professional training of journalists.

Objective: The research aims to analyze the changes in brain activity of emotions caused by the use of celebrities in television (TV) commercials using Electroencephalography (EEG). It tries to determine the positive (liking, having fun) and negative (disliking, bored) emotions of the audience with Electroencephalography (EEG). Method: We tried to determine the emotional states of the volunteers who watched the commercials by examining the theta activities in different parts of their brains. A questionnaire was applied to 36 volunteers in our research before and after watching the advertisements. EEG recordings were made while the volunteers were watching the commercials. Theta activities obtained as a result of EEG recording were tabulated as duration. The hypotheses were tested by using the responses of the volunteers to the questionnaires and the EEG results comparatively with frequency tables and the Independent-Samples T test. Originality/Relevance: Both the preparation and broadcasting of TV advertisements, which have a very important place in marketing communication, can be very costly for businesses. Neuromarketing, which encourages interdisciplinary work, allows the use of methods, designs, theories and technologies used in neuroscience in areas such as marketing and advertising. In this study, with the help of EEG, one of the techniques used in neuromarketing, it has been tried to determine the emotions that the advertisements will create in the audience. It is among the few experimental studies conducted in Turkey. Results: Although EEG results shows that the activity intensity in the left hemisphere and left frontal lobe was higher than the activity intensity observed in the right hemisphere and right frontal lobe in the volunteers watching TV commercials, and the activity intensity in the left hemisphere and left frontal lobe in the volunteers where the advertisements created positive emotions, and the activity intensity in the left hemisphere and left frontal lobe in the volunteers, where the advertisements created negative emotions, statistically, as our hypotheses suggest, no significant activity difference was observed. Theoretical/methodological contributions: The research contributes to the scientific community by deepening the knowledge on neuromarketing, which is under development in Turkey as in many countries. It also provides clues about the use of neuromarketing in advertising research. This study will contribute to the preparation of effective advertisements by understanding the emotions of the audience. Managerial implications: Research findings can help businesses and advertisers prepare more effective commercials, thereby saving businesses costs.

одним из трендов современного образования стала гибридная модель обучения. Несмотря на рост популярности данной образовательной модели, в научной литературе недостаточно отражены особенности данной модели. Цель данной статьи заключается в обобщении особенностей гибридной модели обучения и анализе соотношения традиционных и инновационных элементов образовательного процесса в данной модели. Настоящее исследование основывается на мета-анализе результатов российских и зарубежных исследований в области гибридного обучения. Гибридное обучение – это не просто перенос образовательного контента в онлайн. В качестве главного отличия гибридного и смешанного обучения следует выделить синхронность обучения двух потоков обучающихся: обучающихся в аудитории и обучающихся онлайн, с чем большинство преподавателей столкнулись в период пандемии COVID-19. Разнообразные примеры реализации гибридных моделей обучения можно встретить в ведущих университетах мира и России. Экспертами выделяются 6 основных разновидностей гибридного обучения: «транслирующая (дублирующая); поддерживающая; чередующаяся; комбинированная; персонифицированная; полимодальная». В ходе исследования автор приходит к выводу, что в процессе реализации гибридной модели обучения необходимо основываться на понимании закономерностей процесса усвоения знаний, формирования знаний, умений, навыков, т.е. дидактике образовательного процесса. Наряду с этим, эффективность гибридного обучения невозможна без соответствующего технологического оснащения, что подтверждает опыт ведущих университетов мира, в которых создаются «умные» аудитории для проведения занятий. В данной статье анализируются отличия гибридного и смешанного обучения, соотношение традиций и инноваций в гибридной образовательной модели, требования к компетенциям преподавателей, работающих в данном формате. one of the trends in modern education has become a hybrid learning model. Despite the growing popularity of this educational model, the scientific literature does not sufficiently reflect the features of this model. The purpose of this article is to generalize the features of the hybrid learning model and analyze the ratio of traditional and innovative elements of the educational process in this model. The present study is based on a meta-analysis of the results of Russian and foreign research in the field of hybrid learning. Hybrid learning is not just about transferring educational content online. The main difference between hybrid and mixed learning is the synchronicity of learning between two streams of students: those studying in the classroom and those studying online, which most teachers encountered during the COVID-19 pandemic. Various examples of the implementation of hybrid learning models can be found in leading universities around the world and in Russia. Experts identify 6 main types of hybrid learning: "broadcasting (duplicating); supporting; alternating; combined; personalized; polymodal". In the course of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that in the process of implementing a hybrid learning model, it is necessary to be based on an understanding of the patterns of the process of acquiring knowledge, forming knowledge, skills, i.e. the didactics of the educational process. At the same time, the effectiveness of hybrid learning is impossible without appropriate technological equipment, which is confirmed by the experience of the world's leading universities, which create "smart" classrooms for classes. This article analyzes the differences between hybrid and mixed learning, the ratio of traditions and innovations in a hybrid educational model, and the requirements for the competencies of teachers working in this format.

Introduction:in the article the authors turn to the question of the development of the social competence of the teacher on the basis of media education. In the society at the present stage there are many changes concerning the sphere of education, which put forward new and higher requirements for students, teachers and the educational process. In an information society focused on innovation, the rapid introduction of technological innovations, data exchange, students of schools and universities carry out through the Internet, various social media and various information resources. They can easily receive various information that they need to be able to correctly assess and interpret, and they can easily check the information they have received from the teacher, who in this situation ceases to be the only source of knowledge. These circumstances justify the increased demands on the teacher. Trained in their professional careers and in the process of life in the modern society will need to be constantly involved in the processes of consciousness, processing, rethinking and broadcasting (transfer) media texts. For this reason, media education is of paramount importance in modern society. In the current reality, the educator must have media literacy and train the students within the framework of the media education paradigm, in order to be successful in a professional way. The authors have considered the possibility of developing social competence of a teacher on the example of a state in South-East Asia - Indonesia, since this country shows a steady growth of those who want to get a higher education.Materials and methods: The methods of investigation were determined based on the tasks of the problem being solved. We used methods such as analysis of scientific sources, comparative analysis, a method of comparison and generalization.Results:the carried out research has allowed to reveal essence of concept of social competence; quality of the teacher; the role of media culture in the educational process; the role of spiritual and emotional intelligence; key aspects of emotional intelligence; Characteristics of a teacher with spiritual intelligence.Discussion and Conclusions: emotional and spiritual intelligence are interrelated with communicative ability of teachers. The social competence of the teacher in a modern, informative society, focused on innovation, in which students spend their free time with the involvement of various media, is possible in full on the platform of media education. The teacher should correspond to the time and self-improvement, be able to build literate communications in society, and also transfer skills to critically think, comprehend, create and broadcast various media texts. These qualities, in turn, will help them to fully adapt in the society and realize their professional career trajectory.

ROMAN LAW ON THE INTERNETSummary In the past ten years the Internet has become a very popular information exchange tool serving people around the world. A summary review of information included on the world wide web indicates that the Internet constitutes a rich and diversified source of information about certain issues, which enables not only the popularisation of such knowledge, but also creates an open forum for the discussions of many different issues. There are also many sites on Roman on the Internet, which were created not only by the universities and other scientific centres, but also by private individuals interested in Roman law as a hobby. O f course, such web sites are either currently not very large and devoted to specific problems of Roman law, or very general and thus not of much use for romanists interested in specific issues. Also the catalogue of sources of Roman law that is available on the net is still incomplete, which probably results from the problems connected with the transformation of original source texts into electronic form. In this article I would like to present the results of my „web surfing”, in order to encourage Roman law researchers to use the Internet as a serious source of information, and to show that the Internet may provide enormous possibilities in the future. The various sites devoted to Roman law existing on the Internet may be divided into some general categories depending on the type and purpose of each of these sites.The first type or category consists of Internet sites created by universities, law school and other educational centres. The information included therein is mainly of an administrative nature and refers to the programme of studies, exam schedules, academic teachers and tutors and similar matters not connected with Roman law itself. Some of them also give information about special projects conducted in this particular school and information about local libraries with lists of available books. Apart from the private sites created by the members of the academic community on the web one can find also the sites created by individual people, who publish on the Internet the results of their research, their opinions on different legal problems connected with Roman law, summaries of books devoted to Roman law an so forth.The next category of Internet sites that may be used by a person studying Roman law are sites that include texts of legal sources. This kind of site, although not including much substantial information on Roman law, may be helpful for the researcher of antiquity and Roman law as it enables easy access to the text of selected source.Last of all I would like to pay some attention to Internet sites devoted to ancient Rome in general, not necessarily to Roman law. The sites of this kind are more popular science than strictly scientific materials, and probably they are not of much use for the historians of antiquity. On the other hand, they include some interesting pieces of information neither being taught in standard course of studies nor included in history manuals, bringing the realities of ancient world closer to us, such as information on Roman cuisine, Roman coins, or Roman clothes. These sites also include a large variety of pictures and photos, which makes them more attractive for visitors.As we can see the Internet has become quite a rich source of information about antiquity and Roman law. Taking into consideration all the advantages that this global network offers in the field of transferring and broadcasting information, certainly it is worthy of greater attention on the part of romanists. Since the information included therein is relatively general, the primary use of the Internet by romanists should be in my opinion as an educational tool. Encouraging students to use the Internet while learning Roman law may inspire them to more detailed studies on selected subjects, not limited to information included in popular manuals and, as the next step, in creating their own www sites devoted to particular problems in the field of Roman law. Simultaneously no less of importance is co-operation among romanists from all countries in order to make the Internet useful also for the researcher of Roman law. That could be achieved through placing texts of scholar books and articles on the web, creating the universities’ homepages devoted to Roman law, initialising collaborative Internet projects and presenting the individuals achievements in the field of Roman law on the net. As a result in a few years it could be expected that the Internet would become the compendium of information on Roman law, widely available and easy to use, as well as the forum of collaboration among academia in the field of Roman law. In the modern world, where history knowledge is often treated as an useless ballast, especially the researchers of antiquity should make use of technical innovations in the field of dissemination of information because it enables their knowledge to survive. Providing the virtual reality has become the constant element of everyday life, the reservation of space on the Internet for Roman law is the way to make Roman law in some sense „immortal”.

Многомерные и сложные изменения реалий, которые можно наблюдать в современной общественной жизни, происходят под влиянием множества самых различных факторов. Однако даже невзирая на произошедший в социальных науках идеационный поворот, большинство исследователей все еще настаивают на материалистических интерпретациях этих процессов. Неполнота таких объяснений соответствующим образом порождает пробелы, которые требуют нетривиального и своевременного социально-философского осмысления. Включение идеальных параметров способно преодолеть порочный круг, заданный пониманием трансформационных процессов через многочисленные материальные изменения. Настоящая статья посвящена рассмотрению дистрибуции социальных идей как самостоятельного фактора, объясняющего преобразования в современном мире. Теоретико-методологическую базу исследования составили современные научные работы и разработанный автором мультипарадигмальный подход изучения социальных преобразований, учитывающий положения акторносетевой теории, неоинституционализма, мир-системного анализа, нарративного подхода, теории фреймов и ряда других исследовательских установок. Определено, что дистрибуция социальных идей уходит корнями еще в античные социально-философские концепции, но обретает действенную мощь лишь в Новое время. Показана тесная связь понимания дистрибуции идей с рациональной деятельностью. Выявлено, что в современном мире на основании комбинирования традиционных методов транслирования идей акторы все чаще прибегают к их сочетанию с психологическими знаниями и компьютерными технологиями. На основе анализа современности установлено, что неиссякаемый плюрализм методов дистрибуции и переход в иррациональную плоскость дает больший прагматический эффект и в духе классической праксиологии позволяет оптимизировать ресурсы, используемые влиятельными субъектами при дистрибуции идей в процессе инициирования и проведения социальных преобразований. Multidimensional and complex changes in realities that can be observed in contemporary social life occur under the influence of many very different factors, but even despite the ideational turn that has taken place in the social sciences, most researchers still insist on materialistic interpretations of these processes. The incompleteness of such explanations accordingly generates gaps that require nontrivial and timely socio-philosophical reflection. The inclusion of ideal parameters is able to overcome the vicious circle set by the understanding of transformational processes through numerous material changes. This article is devoted to the consideration of the distribution of social ideas as an independent factor explaining transformations in the contemporary world. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was made up of modern scientific works and a multi-paradigm approach to the study of social transformations developed by the author, taking into account the provisions of the actor-network theory, neoinstitutionalism, world-systems analysis, the narrative approach, the theory of frames, and a number of other research strategies. It has been established that the distribution of social ideas is rooted in ancient socio-philosophical concepts, but gains effective power only in Modernity period. The close connection between understanding the distribution of ideas and rational activity is shown. It was revealed that in the contemporary world, on the basis of a combination of traditional methods of broadcasting ideas, actors increasingly resort to their combination with psychological knowledge and computer technologies. Based on the analysis of the contemporary period, it has been established that the inexhaustible pluralism of distribution methods and the transition to an irrational plane gives a greater pragmatic effect and, in the spirit of classical praxeology, allows to optimize the resources used by influential actors in the distribution of ideas in the process of initiating and carrying out social transformations.

<pre><strong><em>The aim of the research.</em></strong><em> To demonstrate the need for the use of innovative, conceptual hybrid learning complexes in the Ukrainian language in the media of Professor Oleksandra Serbenska in Ukrainian universities, which include printed educational manuals, workshops, reference books, dictionaries, lecture texts, and electronic teaching and learning tools that correspond to modern European requirements for the structure, content of educational and methodological literature of higher education institutions for the training of journalist students.</em></pre><pre><strong><em>Research methodology.</em></strong><em> An important component of the qualitative training of future journalists is to provide students with complexes of educational, methodical printed and electronic means that contribute to the intensification of learning, to improve its methods, forms, which contribute to the implementation of the idea of a «hybrid» comprehensive educational and methodological support of teaching Ukrainian language in mass media Honored Professor of Lviv Ivan Franko National University Olexandra Serbenska. Well-known all over Ukraine, many-circulation, four-times reedited printed and electronic, educational and methodical means of studying the Ukrainian language are analyzed.</em></pre><pre><strong><em>Results.</em></strong><em> Prof. Оlexandra Serbenska’s educational and methodological works are differentiated into two types: printed and electronic. Printed works are divided into the following types: manuals, workshops, reference books, guidelines, curricula; electronic teaching aids are also divided into: local (accessible in virtual studying environment), and remote, accessible on the Internet.</em></pre><pre><em>It is confirmed that the educational books authored, co-authored or made under the leadership of Professor Оlexandra Serbenska embody a competent approach to the study of the Ukrainian language in the media, take into account the specifics of professional journalistic activity, have examples of materials of modern mass media, contain practical direction to improve language skills by future journalists. Particular attention is paid to different stages of professional activity in accordance with the educational and qualification characteristics of competencies, increased attention to independent, creative work with an emphasis on providing a culture of language, broadcasting on the radio, television.</em></pre><pre><strong><em>Novelty.</em></strong><em> The complex, conceptual, innovative, «hybrid» character of the printed and electronic educational-methodical works of professor Оlexandra Serbenska is revealed, which meets the requirements of modern European standards of preparation of students of the university.</em></pre><pre><strong><em>Practical meaning</em></strong><em>. Dissemination in Ukraine in the educational process of universities, during the independent work of students of innovative experience of scientific collectives under the guidance of Professor Oleksandra Serbenska which is fixed in hybrid complexes containing published manuals, workshops, dictionaries, reference books, methodical instructions, educational programs and educational means of learning, improvement of the Ukrainian language will have a great impact on the quality, performance of students’ knowledge in accordance with European requirements.</em></pre><pre><strong><em>Key words:</em></strong><em> «hybrid», «mixed» educational complexes, printed, electronic educational tools, Ukrainian.</em></pre>

Due to the high information and communication importance and potential of the medical blogosphere in the formation of health literacy of the population, there is the increased need to study the opinions of Russian social media users on the impact of the content of medical blogs on personal and public health. Aim of the study was to find out the opinion of social media users on the extent to which the activities of bloggers specializing in public health and health care topics influence the prevention of major non-communicable and infectious diseases, public and personal health, within the changing boundaries of medical knowledge broadcasting (using sociological methods). Material and methods. The authors conducted a quantitative sociological survey of 178 respondents - users of social media: 55 (30.9 %) women and 123 (69.1 %) men about visiting blogs specializing in public health and healthcare. The collection of information was carried out by e-mailing a questionnaire developed by the authors, and analyzed the answers to questions from active blog users through a Google form in April – May 2023. Results. The study results of the impact of bloggers’ activities on personal and public health, including those related to the quality of medical information disseminated in social media, are described. Respondents believe that medical bloggers have a greater impact on public health than personal health. At the same time, according to the respondents, the spheres of influence in the field of public health do not coincide with the spheres of influence in the field of personal health. Thus, 74.7 % of respondents believe that medical bloggers have an impact on maintaining a healthy lifestyle of the population, prevention (61.8 % of all respondents think so) and treatment of infectious diseases (61.2 %). The requirements for the quality of information provided by bloggers are considered. Based on the analysis of Russian and foreign scientific literature, the authors developed a graphical diagram of the effect of dissemination through the blogosphere of information in the field of health care and disease prevention. Conclusions. The content published on medical blogs affects the health literacy of the population. That is why, medical blogs can be seen as a social determinant of health, because health blogs can be the key to the success of disease prevention and control efforts for public health maintaining. For organizing a communication intervention of medical personnel in social media to inform the population about methods for preventing the risk of developing major non-communicable and infectious diseases and increasing the level of health literacy of the population, medical blogs can and should be used to inform and educate patients as part of general or targeted multimodal educational practices or as a means of delivering electronic content. The risks of publishing inaccurate information in the blogosphere must be considered, whereby patients can easily become misinformed, which can have serious consequences for their health, and even increase their risk of mortality. To make the best use of the blogosphere, it is necessary to solve the problems of content accuracy and increase the level of professionalism of bloggers who write on medical topics. They need to be professionally trained to work for health, contributing to the prevention of the risk of developing major non-communicable and communicable diseases, improving the health of the population through education, and raising the level of health literacy. It makes sense to assess the success of the communicative intervention of doctors in social media and their management of the training of medical bloggers as a personnel determinant of public health, since it will depend on the personnel potential of the healthcare sector.

This paper investigates television weather forecasters’ role in leading discussions about climate change. It focuses on Miami, a city that has become a symbol of climate change’s effects in local, national and international imaginations. Most studies of climate change communication focus on the transmission of information from one group to another, such as from scientists to the lay public, but they do not capture the ways that climate knowledge can become part of everyday community life. This paper uses the case of TV weather reporters, or weathercasters, in Miami to investigate their roles as both participants in and instigators of ‘community ritual’. I combine James Carey’s concepts of communication as transmission and ritual with Candis Callison’s description of climate change vernaculars to show that ritual and community-building are just as important in facilitating the acceptance of talking about climate change as the broadcasting of scientific concepts.

The purpose of the work is to define the historical milestones of scientific and technological progress and to identify the interrelationship of art, technique, and technology at various stages of world culture development. The research methodology is based on philosophical and aesthetic research on the evolution of artistic culture and the understanding of the musical-communicative process, which allows the summing up and substantiating of the conclusions of the outlined issues. The scientific novelty of the work consists in gradually highlighting the historical stages of the scientific and technical revolution, demonstrating its direct influence on the development of musical art from the first stages of its development to the present day. It has been determined that in each historical formation, transformational processes are closely related to scientific and technical progress, which today are the main driving force of the musical and technical industry. Conclusions. The first stage is marked by the emergence of writing, which destroyed the monopoly of a small number of people on knowledge. At this stage, musical notation appears, with the help of which the information related to music is broadcasted. In the second stage, the invention of the printing press becomes a means of rapid dissemination of information, including musical information, through sheet music printing. The third stage is associated with the invention of mechanical sound recording and sound reproduction devices, as well as the introduction of electric current and analogue sound recording devices. In the fourth stage, because of modern technological achievements, the so-called phenomenon of "digital arts" is formed, which is characterised by interactivity, elitism, a new genre system, and innovative means of artistic expression. Modern artistic technologies, relying on the latest sound processors, computer software, and other digital innovations, help to expand the boundaries and create a new sound palette in music and concert practice, theatre performances, studio work, radio broadcasting, screen arts, and other areas of cultural and artistic life. Key words: musical art, scientific and technical progress, information revolutions, computer technologies, digital arts

First: The entrance to media and democracy The growth of the media and the development of its technologies are linked to the development of the democratic system and its political and mass institutions. In many cases, the technologies concerned were able to open the closed doors to the spread of democracy and broaden the base of its applications. As Dupre points out, “audio-visual has opened the image and sound after printing has opened the natural language” (1) to democratization. The generalization of the book, due to the development of printing, led to the transcendence of the Church's dominance in Europe, and the direct broadcasting and transmission of information enabled the media to transcend the domination of factional systems. On top of that and that, the development of media technologies has opened the coffers of human and social memory for the purpose of possessing knowledge, and how to translate it into a continuous daily action. It allowed us to see the shape of the earth, see the weather conditions and economic movement, see the political decision directly, and get to know better the data of the scientific and technical achievement (2).

Background: Black gram is one of the important crops among the pulses. Rice–blackgram cropping system is very common in Tamil Nadu. The traditional practice of broadcasting of seeds in the standing crop of rice does not ensure uniform plant population and moisture which results in poor crop growth and yield. Technology gap is a major problem in increasing blackgram production in Tiruchirapalli district of Tamil nadu State. So far, no systematic effort was made to study the technological gap existing in various components of blackgram cultivation. This project was implemented in Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) with main objective to increase the production and productivity through Cluster Frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) with latest technologies. Methods: The Cluster front line demonstration s were conducted with the objective of increase in pulse production. The five village of fifty nine Frontline demonstrations on blackgram (MDU-1) variety was laid out in an area of 50 hectares in farmer’s field in Ayelapettai, Jadamangalam, Sirugamani, Peruvanallur and Anjalam of Tiruchirapalli district in Tamil Nadu. The inputs i.e. distributed are blackgram (MDU-1) variety seed along with mechanized sowing, Result : There was 81.50 per cent increase in yield observed in demonstration plot over farmers’ practice. It was observed that potential yield can be achieved by imparting scientific knowledge to the farmers, providing the quality need based inputs and proper application of inputs. Combination of technical inputs viz., designer seeds, application of TNAU pulse wonder and biofertilizers with scientific interference have increased the potential yield of a crop.

AbstractMotorcycles are present in cycling races for reasons including television broadcasting. During parts of the race, these motorcycles ride in front of individual or groups of cyclists. Concerns have been expressed in the professional cycling community that these motorcycles can provide aerodynamic benefits in terms of drag reduction for the cyclists drafting behind them. However, to the best of our knowledge, no information about the extent of these benefits is present in the scientific literature. Therefore, this paper analyses the potential drag reduction for a cyclist by drafting behind a motorcycle. Wind tunnel measurements and numerical simulations with computational fluid dynamics were performed. It was shown that drafting at separation distances d = 2.64, 10, 30 and 50 m can reduce the drag of the cyclist down to 52, 77, 88 and 93% of that of an isolated cyclist, respectively. A cyclist power model is used to convert these drag reductions into potential time gains. For a non-drafting cyclist at a speed of 54 km/h on level road in calm weather, the time gains by drafting at d = 2.64, 10, 30 and 50 m are 12.7, 5.4, 2.7 and 1.6 s per km, respectively. These time differences can influence the outcome of cycling races. The current rules of the International Cycling Union do not prevent these aerodynamic benefits from occurring in races.

Educational tourism is regarded as a means to give the best education to students learning and to enhance knowledge. The increasing popularity of acquiring knowledge and technical competencies from the world's best destinations has led to increase in education tourism. The article examines the role of mass media in the development of education tourism in the Republic of Tatarstan. The article presents materials illustrating the role of mass media in promoting education and attracting potential tourists: websites, Instagram, social networks, television programs, broadcasting. series of thematic videos, brochures, fact sheets, articles in specialized publications, etc., prepared by the State Committee for Tourism of the Republic of Tatarstan. Research methods include theoretical analysis of international, national, regional and local sources. This article discusses issues related to the mass media development in education, cultural tourism and a whole range of activities aimed at promoting and preserving education, cultural values ​​and heritage in the Republic of Tatarstan. The priority direction of the government activities and scientific research in the development of cultural tourism is formation of a new attitude towards the preservation of national and World Heritage for modern and future generations and determining the impact of tourism on objects of cultural and natural heritage. In this article, the authors analyzed mass media materials in the development of tourism opportunities in the Republic of Tatarstan (Russia), as well as in the training and education of tourism personnel and improving the quality of tourism services. The materials of the article are useful for specialists in the tourism industry, teachers of educational institutions, as well as a wide range of readers.

The Web and its main tools (Google, Wikipedia, Facebook, Twitter) deeply raise and renew fundamental questions, that everyone asks almost every day: Is this information or content true? Can I trust this author or source? These questions are not new, they have been the same with books, newspapers, broadcasting and television, and, more fundamentally, in every human interpersonal communication. This paper is focused on two scientific problems on this issue. The first one is theoretical: to address this issue, many concepts have been used in library and information sciences, communication and psychology. The links between these concepts are not clear: sometimes two concepts are considered as synonymous, sometimes as very different. The second one is historical: sources like Wikipedia deeply challenge the epistemic evaluation of information sources, compared to previous modes of information production. This paper proposes an integrated and simple model considering the relation between a user, a document and an author as human communication. It reduces the problem to three concepts: credibility as a characteristic granted to information depending on its truth-value; trust as the ability to produce credible information; authority when the power to influence of an author is accepted, i.e., when readers accept that the source can modify their opinion, knowledge and decisions. The model describes also two kinds of relationships between the three concepts: an upward link and a downward link. The model is confronted with findings of empirical research on Wikipedia in particular.

The scientific investigation is an attempt to reveal a mutual influence of technical and artistic-creative attempt of the process of making a visual image in the cinema in the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI century, and also to justify the main thesis that the evolution and functioning of the ecosystem of audio-visual production and its important component of the film industry depends on the convergence of creative and technological resources in the sphere that generates a film image aesthetics. A look at the audio-visual industry as an ecosystem that includes cinema, broadcasting, video games, animation, video services on demand, web-market, etc., is an interesting and perspective methodological approach. It gives the possibility to look at this sector of creative industries as the individual and self-sufficient “dynamic and adaptive organism” that consumes, generates, and transforms knowledge into innovative audio-visual products and also combines its own resources by the principle of the convergence of technologies and creative decisions in separate industries and on the interbranch level. It produces ecosystem connections inside the branch and between separate industries that provide continuity and evolution of audio-visual production as a whole. Creating visual image in the frames of the film industry of the second part of the XX century and at the beginning of the XXI century occurs because of the convergence of technical and creative components of film- and video production that determines the step of cinematography. The creative application of the camera crane and in-frame editing, analog video, non- standard optics and increased sensitivity of film, continues to develop today in the direction of the convergence of cinema, television and the Internet based on digital cinemas, increasing the creative possibilities of filmmakers in working on a visual image and expanding the ecosystem of film production and screen communication. The symbiosis of creative decisions and audio-visual technologies in the work of film image aesthetics brings to the appearance as to the two opposite approaches in understanding the character of this convergence (“operationalism” and “techno-romanticism”), so as to dualism of the vectors of its development (“Godard’s line” and “Spielberg’s line”).

Статья посвящена проблеме сохранения культурного наследия региона в эпоху глобализации. Целью исследования является определение степени полноты отражения проблем сохранения культурного наследия в массмедиа постсоветской России на примере Астраханского региона. Материалами явились исследования культурологов и историков, а также публикации в региональных СМИ. Реконструкция процессов развития астраханских СМИ в социокультурной динамике и проведение контент-анализа современного медиакультурного пространства региона обусловили вывод о том, что массмедиа Астраханской области уделяют значительное внимание проблематике культурного наследия во многом благодаря серьезной поддержке местных властей, активно использующих СМИ в целях привлечения общественного внимания к сохранению культурного наследия. Указано на необходимость дальнейшего исследования данной проблематики средствами различных областей научного знания от истории, культурологии и философии до мультимедийной журналистики и политики.The article is devoted to the issues of reflecting activities to preserve the cultural heritage of a region in the mediacultural space of post-Soviet Russia using the example of Astrakhan Oblast. The aim of the study is to determine the degree of coverage of the problems of preserving cultural heritage in the mass media of post-Soviet Russia, based on the study of the evolution of the mediacultural space of Astrakhan. The research materials were the studies of culturologists and historians, as well as publications in regional media. The methodology is based on a system-historical approach and the ideas of the followers of the French sociological school (Emile Durkheim). The analysis of the concept cultural memory showed that objects of cultural heritage are an integral part of the history of humankind since they provide a factual basis for the development of ideas that arise in the field of humanitarian knowledge and can confirm them. Such objects preservation reflects the recognition of the need to study the past however, the specific content of the concept cultural heritage varies from generation to generation. The author used these ideas in the subsequent review of the media development in Astrakhan Oblast. This process began in the pre-revolutionary period with the appearance of the first sociopolitical newspapers and periodicals on economics. The study of the history of regional media in the Soviet times showed that the number of printed periodicals grew, their influence on the formation of public opinion increased, new media communication technologies (broadcasting and television) appeared. It is noted that the regional features of the media formed in the 20th century contributed to the formation of a single modern mediacultural space. The development of the media sphere of Astrakhan in the post-Soviet period was characterized by intense dynamics. Skillfully using modern communication capabilities, the regional authorities were able to draw public attention to the problems of preserving the objects of cultural heritage of Astrakhan. This became possible due to the nature of the mass communication tools, which have a direct impact on ideas, opinions, values, and guidelines of behavior that form and exist in the public consciousness. At the same time, a continuous coverage of a problem in the media devalues it, reduces its social significance and normalizes its severity in peoples minds. The need for further study of this issue by means of various fields of scientific knowledge, from history, cultural studies and philosophy to multimedia journalism and politics, is indicated.

Состояние современного высшего образования и проведенный анализ современных образовательных трендов определяют необходимость трансформации целей и результатов педагогического образования. Ведущей идеей, призванной обеспечить баланс технологизации и цифровизации образования, выступает приоритетность человека и гуманитарной направленности всей высшей школы, выражающиеся в обеспечении культурособразности высшего педагогического образования. Авторы представляют культуросообразность как исходную позицию культурного диалога времён, анализа концептуальных научных точек зрения, связанных со смыслами и ценностями человеческого бытия. Цель: выявить проблемы и барьеры реализации идеи культуросообразности в российском высшем педагогическом образовании, обеспечивающим подготовку кадров для всех уровней образования – дошкольного, школьного, профессионального и высшего.Методологией исследования выступает когнитивная парадигма образования, базирующаяся на развитии механизмов получения значимых знаний и освоения новых закономерностей познания у всех субъектов образовательной деятельности (студент, преподаватель и университетская культурно-образовательная среда). Базой исследования выступили программы развития педагогических университетов России, находящиеся в открытом доступе. В работе использованы теоретические (синтез и анализ) и эмпирические (метод сети для анализа программ развития педагогических университетов и интервьюирование профессорско-преподавательского состава педагогических университетов) методы исследования.Проведенное исследование позволило выявить проблемы, риски и барьеры реализации идеи культуросообразности в современном образовательном процессе. Особое значение данный феномен приобретает с учетом необходимости трансформации педагогического образования в современных условиях перехода к образованию в течение всех жизни. Культуросообразность обоснована авторами как ведущий принцип создания интегрированных образовательных технологий, курса, а также, что наиболее важно - интегрированной культурно-образовательной среды вуза, когда образовательный процесс превращается в культуросообразную единую систему.Доказано, что именно культуросообразность содействует формированию устойчивых личностных характеристик будущих педагогов, включая смыслы и миссию избранной специальности, ценности профессии, а также концептуальное осознание студентом себя как подлинного профессионала. В свою очередь, система образования дает культуре широкий спектр культурных паттернов, возможность для освоения духовных ценностей, а также определенную сумму алгоритмов, позволяющих как транслировать, так и воспроизводить культурные процессы (опыт, отношение к миру, поведенческие стратегии, образцы и модели и т.д.) и создавать объекты для воспроизводства современной и будущей культуры. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при разработке стратегий и программ педагогических университетов, рабочих программ гуманитарных дисциплин, реализуемых в рамках высшего педагогического образования, реализации сопоставительных исследований для разработки методологии подготовки будущих педагогов. The state of modern higher education and the analysis of modern educational trends determine the need to transform the goals and results of teacher education. The leading idea, designed to ensure a balance of technologization and digitalization of education, is the priority of a person and the humanitarian orientation of the entire higher education, expressed in ensuring the cultural imagery of higher pedagogical education. The authors present cultural conformity as the starting position of the cultural dialogue of times, the analysis of conceptual scientific points of view related to the meanings and values of human existence. Purpose: to identify problems and barriers to the implementation of the cultural conformity idea in Russian higher pedagogical education, which provides training for all levels of education - preschool, school, vocational and higher.The research methodology is the cognitive paradigm of education, based on the development of mechanisms for obtaining significant knowledge and mastering new patterns of cognition in all subjects of educational activity (student, teacher and university cultural and educational environment). The study was based on the development programs of pedagogical universities in Russia, which are in the public domain. The paper uses theoretical (synthesis and analysis) and empirical (network method for analyzing the development programs of pedagogical universities and interviewing the teaching staff of pedagogical universities) research methods.The study made it possible to identify problems, risks and barriers to the implementation of the cultural conformity idea in the modern educational process. This phenomenon is of particular importance given the need to transform teacher education in the current conditions of transition to lifelong education. Cultural conformity is substantiated by the authors as the leading principle of creating integrated educational technologies, courses, and, most importantly, an integrated cultural and educational environment of the university, when the educational process turns into a culturally consistent single system.It is proved that it is cultural conformity that contributes to the stable personal characteristics of future teachers development, including the meanings and mission of the chosen specialty, the values of the profession, as well as the student's conceptual awareness as a true professional. In turn, the education system gives culture a wide range of cultural patterns, the opportunity to master spiritual values, as well as a certain amount of algorithms that allow both broadcasting and reproducing cultural processes (experience, attitude to the world, behavioral strategies, samples and models, etc.). and create objects for the reproduction of modern and future culture. The results of the study can be used in the development of strategies and programs of pedagogical universities, the work programs of the humanities implemented within the framework of higher pedagogical education, the implementation of comparative studies to develop a methodology for training future teachers.

It’s a cool autumn morning and I am grateful for the sun as it warms the wet concrete. I have been told we will be spending some time outside later, so I am hopeful it will remain sunny. When everyone arrives, we go directly to the principal’s office. Once inside, someone points at the PA system. People pull out their cameras and take a quick photo—we were told the PA system in each school can be different so information about the broadcasting mechanism could be helpful in an emergency. I decide to take a photo as well. Figure 1: PA system inside the principal's office (Photo by Michelle Stewart) The principal joins us and we begin the task of moving through the school: a principal, two plain clothes police officers, two uniformed police officers, two police volunteers and an anthropologist researcher. Our goal is to document the entire school for a police program called School Action For Emergencies (SAFE) that seeks to create emergency plans for each school on a national Canadian police database. It is a massive undertaking to collect the data necessary to create the interactive maps of each school. We were told that potential hiding spaces were one focus alongside the general layout of the school; the other focus is thinking about potential response routes and staging for emergency responders. We snap photos based on our morning training. Broom closets and cubbyholes are now potential hiding spots that must be documented with a photo and narrated with a strategy. Misplaced items present their own challenges. A large gym mattress stored under the stairs. The principal comments that the mattress needs to be returned to the gym; a volunteer crouches down and takes a picture in the event that it remains permanently and creates a potential hiding spot. Figure 2: Documenting gym mat in hallway/potential hiding spot (Photo by Michelle Stewart) We emerge from the school, take a photo of the door, and enter the schoolyard. We move along the fence line: some individuals take notes about the physical characteristics of the property, others jot down the height of the retaining wall, still others take photos of the neighboring properties. Everyone is taking notes, taking photos, or comparing notes and photos. Soon we will be back at the police station for the larger project of harmonizing all the data into a massive mapping database. Locating the State in Its Objects Focusing on a Canadian police program called School Action for Emergency (SAFE), this article discusses the material labour practices required to create a virtual object—an augmented map. This mapping program provides a venue through which to consider the ways augmented objects come into the world. In this article, I discuss the labour practices necessary to create this map and then illustrate how labour practices are erased as part of this production and consumption of an augmented technology meant to facilitate an effective emergency response. In so doing, I will also discuss the production of authority and expertise through deployment of these police aids. As someone concerned with the ways in which the state instantiates itself into the lives of its subjects, I look at the particular enrollment practices of citizen and state agents as part of statecraft (Stewart). From Weber we are told about the role of police as they relate to state power, “state is a human community that (successfully) claims the monopoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Note that 'territory' is one of the characteristics of the state. Specifically, at the present time, the right to use physical force is ascribed to other institutions or to individuals only to the extent to which the state permits it” (Weber, 34 my emphasis). I would argue that part of this monopoly involves cultivating citizen consent; that the subordination of citizens is equally important to police power as is the state’s permission to act. One way citizen consent is cultivated is through the performance of expertise such that subjects agree to give police power because police appear to be experts. Seen this way, police aids can be critical in cultivating this type of consent through the appearance of police as experts when they appear all knowing; what is often forgotten are the workers and aids that support that appearance (think here of dispatchers and databases). Becoming SAFE The SAFE project is an initiative of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP), the national police force in Canada. The goal of the program is to “certify” every school in the country, meaning each school will have documentation of the school that has been uploaded into the SAFE computer program. As illustrated in the introduction, this is a time-consuming process requiring not only photos and other data be collected but also all of this data and material be uploaded into the RCMP’s centralized computer program. The desired effect is that each school will have a SAFE program so police and dispatchers can access this massive collection of the data in the event of an emergency. During my time conducting research with the RCMP, I attended training sessions with John, a young corporal in the national police force. One of John’s duties was to coordinate the certification of the SAFE program that included training sessions. The program was initiated in 2007, and within one year, the province we were working in began the process of certifying approximately 850 of its 1700 schools; it had completed over 170 schools and identified 180 local SAFE coordinators. In that first year alone over 23,000 photos had been uploaded and 2,800 school layouts were available. In short, SAFE was a data heavy, labour-intensive process and one of John’s jobs was to visit police stations to get them started certifying local schools. Certification requires that at least one police officer be involved in the documentation of the school (photos and notes). After all the data is collected it must be articulated into the computer program through prompts that allow for photos and narratives to be uploaded. In the session described in the introduction, John worked with a group of local police and police auxiliaries (volunteers). The session started with a short Power Point presentation that included information about recent school tragedies, an audio clip from Columbine that detailed the final moments of a victim as she hid from killers, and then a practical, hands-on engagement with the computer software. Prior to leaving for on-site data collection, John had the trainees open the computer program to become familiar with the screens and prompts. He highlighted the program was user-friendly, and that any mistake made could be corrected. He focused on instilling interest before leaving for the school to collect data. During this on-site visit, as I trailed behind the participants, I was fascinated by one particularly diligent volunteer. He bent, climbed, and stretched to take photos and then made careful notations. Back at the police station he was just as committed to detail when he was paired up with his partner in front of the computer. They poured over their combined notes and photos; making routes and then correcting them; demanding different types of maps to compare their handwritten notes to the apparent errors in the computer map; demanding a street map for one further clarification of the proposed route. His commitment to the process, I started to think, was quite substantial. Because of his commitment, he had to engage in quite a bit of labour. But it was in this process of refining his data that I started to see the erasure of labour. I want to take some time now to discuss the process of erasure by turning attention to feminist and labour theory emerging from science and technology studies as means to articulate what was, and was not, taking place during the data entry. Maria Puig de la Bellacasa highlights the role of care as it relates to labour. In so doing, she joins a literature that draws attention to the ways in which labour is erased through specific social and material practices (see for example works in Gibson-Graham, Resnick and Wolf). More specifically, Puig de la Bellacasa investigates care in labour as it effects what she calls “knowledge politics” (85). In her work, Puig de la Bellaca discusses Suchman’s research on software design programs that produce virtual “office assistants” to assist the user. Suchman’s work reveals the ways in which this type of “assistant” must be visible enough to assist the user but not visible enough to require recognition. In so doing, Suchman illustrates how these programs replicate the office (and domestic servant) dynamics. Seen this way, labour becomes undervalued (think for example interns, assistants, etc.) and labour that is critical to many offices (and homes). Suchman’s work in this area is helpful when thinking about the role of augmented objects such as the augmented police map because in many ways it is a type of office assistant for police officers, handing over virtual notes and information about a location that police would otherwise not necessarily know thereby replicating the office dynamic of the boss that appears all knowing because, in part, s/he has a team that supports every aspect of their work. This devalued work (the lower paid intern or assistant) facilitates the authority—and ultimately the higher wage of the boss—who appears to earn this status. Let me layer this analysis of the “office assistant” with the similar phenomena in scientific knowledge production. Steven Shapin, a sociologist of science, discusses Robert Boyle’s 17th century laboratory and the various technicians in the background that assisted in experiments but remained ignored. Shapin argues contemporary scientific practice has changed little in this regard as technicians remain unaccounted for in the scientific record. He points out “science could not be made if this technician’s work were not done, but it is thought that anyone can do it” (Shapin, 557). Without these workers and their labour, scientific knowledge would not be possible, and yet they are ignored and their labour contribution erased (for example not included in formal discussion about the research, or more recently not included as authors in articles). Of course many technicians are/were paid, but nevertheless their role in the experiment erased. One figure emerged as the expert, the scientist, whose work appeared to be solely configured and created. Programs such as the SAFE project illustrate ways in which the police officer can emerge as an authority figure; but the authority rests on labour practices that move around in the background and go unacknowledged. Much like the lab, there are many ignored figures that produce the necessary objects of police work. In the case of the SAFE program, the ideal is that a police officer will respond to a call for service and with the click of a computer screen will be immersed in this augmented map. One click reveals data about the PA system, another click offers a full layout of the school, instructions about the design of the exits, notes about potential hiding spots inside, the list goes on. Each click is a product of labourer(s) that compiled the data. But these individuals, much like Boyle’s laboratory technicians, fade into the background and are erased as the police officer emerges as an authority. The map, an augmented object, may be credited with the data it holds, but the data collectors are long forgotten as the police officer stands alone as the subject of authority because of the smooth effects of the augmented map. Smooth Effects In an era of big data and data-intensive experiences, augmented objects are increasingly present in our daily lives—with expanded tolerance and appetite. When engaging an augmented object, there is a built-in expectation that the object will "work;" meaning it will run smoothly and effectively. Take Google Maps as an example: one expects the program will run on different scales, offer the capacity to map directions, and perhaps most importantly to be accurate. When these augmented objects run smoothly they appear to be a self-contained and organized object in and of themselves. This paper intervenes on these assumptions to illustrate that this “smooth effect” can serve to erase the labour necessary to produce the effect. Thinking here of the commodity fetish, one can recall Karl Marx’s intervention that illustrated how objects, commodities, permeate our social worlds in such ways that we can see the object—that we only see the object. This concept, commodity fetishism, argues that we erase the labour and social relations involved in the production of the objects, that we forget all that was required to create the object, and we don’t see all that was destroyed in its making. An example is to think of a cup of coffee. As you sip and consume it, do you think of the commodity chain? Do you think of the worker, the working conditions necessary to plant, harvest, roast and distribute the beans; do you think about the production of the bag the beans were transported in; do you think of the warehouse or coffeehouse from which the bag of beans came from? You more likely think about how it tastes—as an object in and of itself, how it is, rather than how it came into being in the world. Similarly, I want to think about this augmented map and how attention turns to it, not how it came into the world. Thinking about labour as it relates to computer programs and computer worlds, social scientists have investigated the necessary work of computer programmers and other labourers (see for example Kelty). Tiziana Terranova discusses the immaterial and affective labour that makes online communities thrive as individuals lend their labour (often unpaid) to create an online “world” that appears to organically come together—she argues these online communities are a product of free labour. Although the police are not working for “free” the volunteers are and the valorization of labour, if erased, still results in the similar outcome. Terranova is concerned about online communities that don’t simply come into being, but rather are the product of free labour. In the case of the SAFE program, labour practices are rendered invisible when augmented objects appear to be running smoothly —when in fact this appearance of smoothness necessarily requires labour and the commodity being exchanged is the claim to authority. Figure 3: Cross referencing hardcopy map (Photo by Michelle Stewart) Figure 4: Using a hand-drawn map to assist data entry (Photo by Michelle Stewart) Moving in a different direction, but still thinking about labour, I want to turn to the work of Chris Kortright. In his work about agricultural scientists, Kortright carefully details the physical practices associated with growing an experimental crop of sorghum. From the counting and washing of the seeds, to the planting and harvesting of the seeds, he delivers rich ethnographic stories from experimental fields and labs. He closes with the story of one researcher as she enters all the data into the computer to generate one powerpoint. He explains her frustration: “You can’t see all the time we spent. The nights we slept here. All the seeds and plants. The flooding and time at the greenhouse. All the people and the labour.” I nodded, these things had disappeared. In the table, only numbers existed. (Kortright, 20) Kortright argues for the need to recognize the social relations carved out in the field that are erased through the process of producing scientific knowledge—the young researcher ultimately knowing her labour did have a place on the slide.In much the same way, the police and volunteers engaged in a practice of removing themselves from the map. There was not enough space for long sentences explaining the debate about the best route to take; longer sentences were replace with short-phrased instructions. Conjuring the image of the police officer looking for fast, quick information, quick data was what they would deliver. The focus of the program was to place emergency icons (police cars, ambulance, fire engines and helicopters) onto the map, outline response routes, and offer photos as the evidence. Their role as individuals and their labour and creativity (itself a form of labour) was erased as the desired outcome was ease and access to data—a smooth effect. I was often told that many of the police cars don’t yet have a computer inside but in an idealized future world, police cars would be equipped with a computer console. In this world, officers could receive the call for service, access the program and start to move through layers of data rapidly while receiving the details of the call. This officer would arrive informed, and prepared to effectively respond to the emergency. Thinking back to labour required to create the SAFE map for each school (photographing, mapping, writing instructions, comparing details, etc.) and then the processes of hiding that labour (limited photos and short instructions) so that the program would appear to run smoothly and be user-friendly, the SAFE program, as an object, serves to abstract and erase labour. Indeed, the desired result was a smooth running program that operated much like Suchman’s office assistant who should be just visible enough to provide the needed help but otherwise remain invisible; similar in many ways to Shapin/Boyle’s scientific technician who is critical to knowledge production and yet remains formally unrecognized. Conclusion This article investigated a map as an entry point to understand the ways in which labour can be erased in augmented objects and, concurrently, how authority figures or experts instead emerge. My goal was to discuss the labour necessary to make one augmented map while also describing the process by which the labour necessary for the map was concurrently erased. Central to this article are the ways in which labour is erased as one clicks between these layers of data and, in the process, thinks the smoothly operating computer program is a measure of the strength of program itself, and not the labour required therein. By focusing on this augmented object, I am pointing out the collective labour needed to co-produce the map but how that map then helps to produce the police officer as authority figure. My intention is to look at the map as an unexpected entry point through which to understand how consent and authority is cultivated. Accordingly, I am concerned with the labour that is erased as this police figure emerges and authority is cultivated on the ground. I focus on the labour that necessarily to produce the police officer as expert because when that labour is erased we are left only with the authority figure that appears to be self-evident—not co-constructed. To understand state practices, as practices and not magical phenomena, we must look for the ways in which the state comes into being through particular practices, such as policing and to identify the necessary labour involvedReferencesGibson-Graham, J.K., Stephen Resnick, and Richard Wolff, eds. Re/Presenting Class: Essays in Postmodern Marxism. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. Kelty, Chris. Two Bits: The Cultural Significance of Free Software. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008. Kortright, Chris. “On Labour and Creative Transformations in the Experimental Fields of the Philippines.” East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 7.4 (2013). Marx, Karl. Capital: A Critique of Political Econony Vol. 1. New York: Penguin Books, 2004. Puig de la Bellacasa, Maria. “Matters of Care in Technoscience: Assembling Neglected Things.” Social Studies of Science 41.1 (2011): 85-106. Shapin, Stephen. “The Invisible Technician.” Scientific American 77 (1989): 554-563. Stewart, Michelle. “The Space between the Steps: Reckoning in an Era of Reconciliation.” Contemporary Justice Review 14.1 (2011): 43-63. Suchman, Lucy. Human-Machine Reconfigurations. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Terranova, Tiziana. “Free Labour: Producing Culture for the Digital Economy.” Social Text 63 (2000): 33-58. Weber, Max. The Vocation Lectures: "Science as a Vocation", "Politics as a Vocation." Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company, 2004.