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Tesi sul tema "Scientific writing"
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1
Knight, Amanda Margaret. "Students' abilities to critique scientific evidence when reading and writing scientific arguments". Thesis, Boston College, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:104146.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis advisor: Katherine L. McNeillScientific arguments are used to persuade others for explanations that make sense of the natural world. Over time, through the accumulation of evidence, one explanation for a scientific phenomenon tends to take precedence. In science education, arguments make students' thinking and reasoning visible while also supporting the development of their conceptual, procedural, and epistemic knowledge. As such, argumentation has become a goal within recent policy documents, including the Next Generation Science Standards, which, in turn, presents a need for comprehensive, effective, and scalable assessments. This dissertation used assessments that measure students' abilities to critique scientific evidence, which is measured in terms of the form of justification and the support of empirical evidence, when reading and writing scientific arguments. Cognitive interviews were then conducted with a subset of the students to explore the criteria they used to critique scientific evidence. Specifically, the research investigated what characteristics of scientific evidence the students preferred, how they critiqued both forms of justification and empirical evidence, and whether the four constructs represented four separate abilities. Findings suggest that students' prioritized the type of empirical evidence to the form of justification, and most often selected relevant-supporting justifications. When writing scientific arguments, most students constructed a justified claim, but struggled to justify their claims with empirical evidence. In comparison, when reading scientific arguments, students had trouble locating a justification when it was not empirical data. Additionally, it was more difficult for students to critique than identify or locate empirical evidence, and it was more difficult for students to identify than locate empirical evidence. Findings from the cognitive interviews suggest that students with more specific criteria tended to have more knowledge of the construct. Lastly, dimensional analyses suggest that these may not be four distinct constructs, which has important implications for curriculum development and instructional practice. Namely, teachers should attend to the critique of scientific evidence separately when reading and writing scientific arguments
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2015
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
2
Nylén, Aletta, e Christina Dörge. "Using competencies to structure scientific writing education". Universität Potsdam, 2013. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2013/6485/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Scientific writing is an important skill for computer science and computer engineering professionals. In this paper we present a writing concept across the curriculum program directed towards scientific writing. The program is built around a hierarchy of learning outcomes. The hierarchy is constructed through analyzing the learning outcomes in relation to competencies that are needed to fulfill them.
3
Gallo, Katarzyna Zaruska. "Scaling Undergraduate Scientific Writing via Prominent Feature Analysis". Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10974642.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Prominent Feature Analysis (PFA) is a reliable and valid writing assessment tool, derived from the writing it is used to assess. PFA, used to assess on-demand expository essays in Grades 3–12, uncovers positive and negative characteristics of a sample. To extend PFA to a new academic level and genre, I assessed scientific writing of 208 undergraduates, identifying 35 linguistic and 20 scientific prominent features. An essay could earn up to 28 positive (24 linguistic and four scientific), and up to 27 negative marks (11 linguistic and 16 scientific). The minimum prominent features number in a paper was 3, the maximum was 25 (M = 12.45, SD = 3.88). The highest positive and negative prominent features numbers noted were 17 (M = 4.11, SD = 3.96), and 16 (M = 8.34, SD = 3.25) respectively.
Rasch analysis revealed a good data-model fit, with item separation of 5.81 (.97 reliability). The estimated feature difficulty of items spanned over 10 logits; common errors were easier to avoid than “good writing” characteristics to exhibit. Significant correlations among linguistic, but not between linguistic and scientific features, suggest writing proficiency does not assure excellence in scientific writing in novices. Ten linguistic features significantly strongly and moderately inter-correlated with each other, appearing to represent writing proficiency. Student GPA correlated significantly with the raw prominent features scores (r = .37; p < .01), and negatively with the sum of negative linguistic features (r = –.40, p < .01), providing support for scale’s validity, and suggesting that good students are better at avoiding common writing errors than less able learners. Additionally, PFA scores positively significantly correlated with composite ACT scores.
To investigate PFA’s ability to track change in writing over time, I compared 2 sets of prominent features scores of 25 students. In comparison with earlier essays, later (longer) essays exhibited significantly more positive, and more negative features. Prominent features scores did not correlate significantly between the sets. This suggests, that while PFA is a valid and appropriate tool for analysis of undergraduate scientific writing, it was not suitable for tracking change in writing ability in this small sample.
4
Slawson, Deborah L., e Nicholas E. Hagemeier. "Scientific Writing. Mastering the Art of Verbal Communication". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/1416.
Testo completo
5
Erard, Michael-Jean. "Inscribing language : writing and scientific representation in American linguistics /". Full text (PDF) from UMI/Dissertation Abstracts International, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/fullcit?p3004259.
Testo completo
6
Hundleby, Margaret N. "What counts as technical writing?, a situated look at writing for technical and scientific purposes". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq41053.pdf.
Testo completo
7
Kokt, D., L. Lategan e R. Dessels. "The Interim as developmental academic journal". Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal, Vol 11, Issue 1: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/327.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Published ArticleResearch has two important objectives: the contribution to scientific discourse and the identification of solutions for the challenges societies, government, business and industry face. Research should be in the public domain. The publication and presentation of research results are important activities academics need to engage with. Through publications and presentations are societies informed of the positive influence and impact research can bring to them. This paper will focus on the importance of publications and how emerging scholars can be assisted to get their research published. A case study is presented of the Interim, an in-house academic journal.
8
Plappert, Gary Lee. "Phraseology and epistemology in scientific writing : a corpus-driven approach". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3884/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis uses the tools and methods of corpus linguistics to study the process of knowledge encoding in a corpus of texts from the scientific discipline of genetics. It is argued here that the approach taken fits into the tradition of corpus-driven approaches to linguistic questions in that no assumption is made about the linguistic form that this knowledge encoding will take. Instead the study proceeds by identifying a set of keywords using the concept of lexical chains to identify items of terminology. The investigation of these uses the cluster function of WordSmith Tools (Scott 2004) and is qualitative, following Sinclair (1991; 2004) in attempting to develop a picture of the typical linguistic nature of the patterns surrounding these clusters inductively through a process of studying collocation and colligation patterns and identifying phraseology. It is argued here that such an approach is required to discover linguistic aspects of epistemic encoding that have as yet not been identified by those working in the related fields of discourse analysis or corpus linguistics.
9
Calmes, Jordan. "Mass spec : the biography of a scientific instrument". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68473.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (S.M. in Science Writing)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Humanities, Graduate Program in Science Writing, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 36-37).
Over the past century, the mass spectrometer has become commonplace in scientific fields ranging from chemistry to geology to environmental science. Its ability to identify compounds and determine concentrations of those compounds leads to a wide variety of applications, from environmental monitoring to disease diagnosis. This thesis is meant to familiarize the non-scientist with the mass spectrometer. It illustrates the instrument's basic physical principles and the wide range of research that utilize mass spectrometry. The story discusses the development of the mass spectrometer from the early experiments of JJ Thomson to modern uses in proteomics and attempts to miniaturize the instrument.
by Jordan Calmes.
S.M.in Science Writing
10
Wickman, Chad. "Displays of Knowledge: Text Production and Media Reproduction in Scientific Practice". [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1247068612.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Kent State University, 2009.Title from OhioLINK ETD abstract webpage (viewed March 12, 2010). Advisor: Christina Haas. Keywords: Scientific writing; rhetoric of science; writing in the disciplines; multimodality; semiotics; visual rhetoric; technical writing; ethnography; workplace literacy. Includes bibliographical references.
11
Rhodes, Susan. "The active and passive voice are equally comprehensible in scientific writing /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/9033.
Testo completo
12
Wood, Duncan Michael. "Improvement of students’ scientific writing in a middle-years science classroom". Thesis, Curtin University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/1774.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis illustrates a mixed-methods action-research evaluating impact of selected intervention strategies on writing skills of Science students in a mixed ability year 6 class. Scaffolding, peer/self-assessment and metacognitive journaling were implemented as part of the students’ scheme of work over 3 months. Using interviews, work-samples and anecdotal records, it was established that the students improved their writing skills and self-efficacy towards writing in Science as a result of the use of these strategies.
13
Crowder, Julie K. "AN INTERNSHIP AS A SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATIONS ASSOCIATE AT ELI LILLY AND COMPANY". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1101594503.
Testo completo
14
Dietz, Heather G. S. "The effect of explicit writing instruction, scaffolded writing tasks and peer review on scientific writing and content mastery in a sophomore microbiology class". Montana State University, 2012. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2012/dietz/DietzH0812.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
I examined the effect of teaching scientific writing on students' attitude about writing, on their ability to write lab reports and on their content mastery. In addition, I used an iterative writing approach and review process that replicates the process of writing in scientific research. Students were asked to write subsections of a scientific journal-style lab report in the same order as a scientist would write these subsections. Then, each subsection underwent a self- or instructor-review or a peer-review process. The peer review process that was used closely mimicked the process used by scientists when they submit a manuscript for publication in a scientific journal. To determine the effectiveness of these interventions, I gathered data using student interviews, attitude surveys, skills tests, lab reports and exam results. The iterative peer review process benefitted most students, particularly the high-achievers. Although students' general lab-report writing skills and ability to cite and reference sources improved, there was less improvement on lab report subsections requiring deeper analysis and reflection. Students' already positive attitudes improved, although there was no clear short-term benefit to content mastery.
15
Jenkins, A. "Space and knowledge in literary and scientific writing in Britain, c. 1815-1840". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605090.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation advances a thesis about the ways in which British writers used and responded to concepts of space in the first part of the nineteenth century. It investigates the methods by which space is transformed into verbal representation. In the course of the argument I analyse how the abstract spaces which derive from but are independent of lived space are articulated discursively. The thesis uses source material from literature, science, and a variety of modes including travel narratives, popularisations of science, reviews and private journals. I select for examination texts which explicitly invoke and develop concepts of spatiality, rather than attempting to give a representative cross-section of English writing in the period. The Introduction places the dissertation within the spectrum of social, geographic and literary theory dealing with spatiality, particularly discussing the work of Lefebvre, Bachelard and Foucault, as well as more recent writers including Kathleen M. Kirby, Doreen Massey and Ernesto Laclau. Then the first part of the dissertation focuses on three major early nineteenth century writers on science: John Herschel, William Whewell and Michael Faraday. The first chapter within this part discusses early nineteenth century conceptions of the discourse suitable for writing about science, comparing the plain style and its claims to authenticity in both scientific and travel writing with allegorical or algebraic linguistic models. The next chapter focuses first on Whewell's account of space and its discursive possibilities in his Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, and then on his spatially-metaphorical review of Mary Somerville's On the Connexion of the Physical Sciences. The third chapter in the first part of the dissertation examines Michael Faraday's development of a spatial terminology for electrolysis, and then discusses his travel writing as spatial production. The second part of the dissertation investigates particular spatial tropes and the textual productions and contextual knowledges associated with them.
16
Collier, James H. "Scientific discourse, sociological theory, and the structure of rhetoric". Thesis, This resource online, 1993. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11102009-020217/.
Testo completo
17
Edwards, Michelle L. "STOP CHEATING!: AN EVALUATION OF A SCIENTIFIC INTEGRITY WRITING STRATEGY IN GENERAL CHEMISTRY I". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1409579223.
Testo completo
18
Tomas, Louisa. "Merging fact with fiction : a study of year 9 students' developing scientific literacy through the writing of hybridised scientific narratives on a socioscientific issue". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/34404/1/Louisa_Tomas_Thesis.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
International assessments of student science achievement, and growing evidence of students' waning interest in school science, have ensured that the development of scientific literacy continues to remain an important educational priority. Furthermore, researchers have called for teaching and learning strategies to engage students in the learning of science, particularly in the middle years of schooling. This study extends previous national and international research that has established a link between writing and learning science. Specifically, it investigates the learning experiences of eight intact Year 9 science classes as they engage in the writing of short stories that merge scientific and narrative genres (i.e., hybridised scientific narratives) about the socioscientific issue of biosecurity. This study employed a triangulation mixed methods research design, generating both quantitative and qualitative data, in order to investigate three research questions that examined the extent to which the students' participation in the study enhanced their scientific literacy; the extent to which the students demonstrated conceptual understanding of related scientific concepts through their written artefacts and in interviews about the artefacts; and the extent to which the students' participation in the project influenced their attitudes toward science and science learning. Three aspects of scientific literacy were investigated in this study: conceptual science understandings (a derived sense of scientific literacy), the students' transformation of scientific information in written stories about biosecurity (simple and expanded fundamental senses of scientific literacy), and attitudes toward science and science learning. The stories written by students in a selected case study class (N=26) were analysed quantitatively using a series of specifically-designed matrices that produce numerical scores that reflect students' developing fundamental and derived senses of scientific literacy. All students (N=152) also completed a Likert-style instrument (i.e., BioQuiz), pretest and posttest, that examined their interest in learning science, science self-efficacy, their perceived personal and general value of science, their familiarity with biosecurity issues, and their attitudes toward biosecurity. Socioscientific issues (SSI) education served as a theoretical framework for this study. It sought to investigate an alternative discourse with which students can engage in the context of SSI education, and the role of positive attitudes in engaging students in the negotiation of socioscientific issues. Results of the study have revealed that writing BioStories enhanced selected aspects of the participants' attitudes toward science and science learning, and their awareness and conceptual understanding of issues relating to biosecurity. Furthermore, the students' written artefacts alone did not provide an accurate representation of the level of their conceptual science understandings. An examination of these artefacts in combination with interviews about the students' written work provided a more comprehensive assessment of their developing scientific literacy. These findings support extensive calls for the utilisation of diversified writing-to-learn strategies in the science classroom, and therefore make a significant contribution to the writing-to-learn science literature, particularly in relation to the use of hybridised scientific genres. At the same time, this study presents the argument that the writing of hybridised scientific narratives such as BioStories can be used to complement the types of written discourse with which students engage in the negotiation of socioscientific issues, namely, argumentation, as the development of positive attitudes toward science and science learning can encourage students' participation in the discourse of science. The implications of this study for curricular design and implementation, and for further research, are also discussed.
19
Steed, Judith L. "The cognitive structure of cocitation clusters associated with scientific specialties". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45670.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study examines one empirical manifestation of social order of two elite scientific communities. This project examines the cognitive order or structure of the cocitation cluster of papers representative of each group.
The method reported in this paper retrieves the cognitive structures of cocitation clusters associated with scientific specialties. This method uses socially reinforced regularities in scientific writing styles, technical content and communicating techniques displayed in published scientific papers. A cognitive structure denotes a developmental outline of a scientific specialty's central ideas. This structure comprises of a series of principal statements and the linkages associating them. A principal statement is a single sentence extracted from a paper which exemplifies the paper as a whole. The linkages represent associations between sentences such as refinement of previously stated ideas, confirmation of previous findings, even contradiction of previous conclusions, and others. I apply this method to two independent clusters of papers each representing a biology group: Australia Antigen and Lâ Dopa specialties, respectively. The resultant cognitive structures are compare to accounts of specialty cognitive development created by a previous study of the same specialty groups performed by Mullins et al. (1977) and (1980).
Master of Science
20
Ding, Dan Xiong Rutter Russell. "Historical and social contexts for scientific writing and use of passive voice toward an undergraduate science literacy course /". Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p9835902.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Illinois State University, 1998.Title from title page screen, viewed July 3, 2006. Dissertation Committee: Russell K. Rutter (chair), James R. Kalmbach, Dana K. Harrington. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 233-248) and abstract. Also available in print.
21
Lorenzo, Salazar Danica Joy. "Lexical bundles in scientific English: A corpus-based study of native and non-native writing". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/52083.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The present dissertation is a corpus-based investigation of the frequency, structure and functions of lexical bundles in published scientific writing in English, whose main objective is the creation of an inventory of the most frequent and pedagogically useful lexical bundles in scientific prose, one that can be utilized in a variety of teaching applications.
In this study, three- to six-word lexical bundles were extracted from a 1.3 million word sample from the Health Science Corpus, a collection of published articles in biology and biochemistry. This initial list was filtered and enhanced through the application of the Mutual Information (MI) statistic and of a set of exclusion criteria established to satisfy the pedagogical objectives of the study. Following the SciE-Lex investigation (Verdaguer et al., 2009) the remaining lexical bundles were grouped together using like keywords. The present study additionally used the concept of prototypical bundle, which is based on Sinclair’s (2004) notion of canonical units of meaning, to tackle the semantic and structural connections between similar bundles. The structural and functional characteristics of the lexical bundles were explored through careful concordance analysis, which made it possible to categorize the bundles using modified versions of Biber et al.’s (1999) structural framework and Hyland’s (2008a) functional taxonomy.
These quantitative and qualitative analyses reveal how native expert writers employ recurrent word strings in the construction of a coherent, well-structured and convincing scientific text that conforms with the conventions of the genre. They bring to light the different functions that lexical bundles perform in scientific discourse, and how these functions enable writers to address their research concerns, achieve their communication goals and elicit the desired reaction from their target audience. They also show the typical structural realizations of these bundle functions, as well as important aspects of usage that non-native writers need to be aware of to be able to incorporate these expressions in their own writing.
The study also compares the results obtained from the corpus of published scientific articles to the lexical bundles found in a smaller corpus of biomedical research articles written by native Spanish-speaking scientists, who are all non-native users of English. In accordance with the methodology proposed by Cortes (2004), the lexical bundles identified in the HSC were treated as target bundles and subsequently searched for and analyzed in the corpus of non-native writing. This comparison uncovered non-native writers’ overuse of certain bundles, a tendency that results in unnecessary repetitiveness and lack of variation, as well as their restricted use of participant- oriented bundles, which points to their limited awareness of the usage and importance of this particular function.
The dissertation also discusses the pedagogical implications of its final product, a practical list of lexical bundles in scientific English for use in teaching applications, and how it addresses the six major challenges that hinder the successful introduction of lexical bundles in EAP classrooms and teaching materials, as identified by Byrd and Coxhead (2010).La presente tesis es una investigación de la frecuencia, la estructura y las funciones de los “lexical bundle” en artículos científicos escritos en inglés, con la finalidad de crear un inventario de los “lexical bundle” más frecuentes y pedagógicamente rentables en la prosa científica, una lista que se puede utilizar en varias aplicaciones didácticas. La investigación empezó con la identificación de combinaciones léxicas de tres a seis palabras en una muestra del “Health Science Corpus” que contiene 1,3 millones de palabras. Después, se filtró la lista inicial con la aplicación de la estadística de la información mutua y de un conjunto de criterios de exclusión. Se organizó la lista a través de la agrupación de los “lexical bundle” mediante las palabras clave que tenían en común y la utilización del concepto de “prototypical bundle” o combinación prototípica (Sinclair, 2004), que permitió tratar las conexiones semánticas y estructurales entre los “lexical bundle” similares. Finalmente, se investigaron las características estructurales y funcionales de las combinaciones léxicas a través del análisis de listas de concordancia, lo que hizo posible clasificar los “lexical bundle” según versiones modificadas del marco estructural de Biber et al. (1999) y la taxonomía funcional de Hyland (2008). Los análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos revelan cómo los científicos nativos y con largas trayectorias de publicación científica, emplean combinaciones léxicas en la construcción de un texto científico coherente, bien estructurado y convincente que se ajusta a las convenciones del género. Ponen de relieve las distintas funciones que realizan las combinaciones léxicas en el discurso científico y muestran las típicas realizaciones estructurales de estas funciones. El estudio también compara los resultados obtenidos del “Health Science Corpus” a un corpus más pequeño de artículos de investigación biomédica escritos por científicos de habla española, que son todos usuarios no nativos de inglés. Esta comparación resaltó las diferencias entre los autores nativos y los no nativos, y permitió averiguar las dificultades que los científicos no nativos pueden tener en el uso de combinaciones léxicas, y cómo estas dificultades pueden abordarse en el aula de idiomas, así como en los materiales didácticos.
22
Timmerman, Briana Eileen. "Peer review in an undergraduate biology curriculum : effects on students' scientific reasoning, writing and attitudes". Thesis, Curtin University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/2043.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Scientific reasoning and writing skills are ubiquitous processes in science and therefore common goals of science curricula, particularly in higher education. Providing the individualized feedback necessary for the development of these skills is often costly in terms of faculty time, particularly in large science courses common at research universities. Past educational research literature suggests that the use of peer review may accelerate students' scientific reasoning skills without a concurrent demand on faculty time per student. Peer review contains many elements of effective pedagogy such as peer-peer collaboration, repeated practice at evaluation and critical thinking, formative feedback, multiple contrasting examples, and extensive writing. All of these pedagogies may contribute to improvement in students' scientific reasoning. The effect of peer review on scientific reasoning was assessed using three major data sources: student performance on written lab reports, student performance on an objective Scientific Reasoning Test (Lawson, 1978) and student perceptions of the process of peer review in scientific community as well as the classroom. In addition, the need to measure student performance across multiple science classes resulted in the development of a Universal Rubric for Laboratory Reports. The reliability of this instrument and its effect on the grading consistency of graduate teaching assistants were also tested. Further, application of the Universal Rubric to student laboratory reports across multiple biology classes revealed that the Rubric is further useful as a programmatic assessment tool. The Rubric highlighted curricular gaps and strengths as well as measuring student achievement over time.This study demonstrated that even university freshman were effective and consistent peer reviewers and produced feedback that resulted in meaningful improvement in their science writing. Use of peer review accelerated the development of students' scientific reasoning abilities as measured both by laboratory reports (n = 142) and by the Scientific Reasoning Test (n = 389 biology majors) and this effect was stronger than the impact of several years of university coursework. The structure of the peer review process and the structure of the assignments used to generate the science laboratory reports had notable influence on student performance however. Improvements in laboratory reports were greatest when the peer review process emphasized the generation of concrete and evaluative written feedback and when assignments explicitly incorporated the rubric criteria. The rubric was found to be reliable in the hands of graduate student teaching assistants (using generalizability analysis, g = 0.85) regardless of biological course content (three biology courses, total n = 142 student papers). Reliability increased as the number of criteria incorporated into the assignment increased. Consistent use of Universal Rubric criteria in undergraduate courses taught by graduate teaching assistants produced laboratory report scores with reliability values similar to those reported for other published rubrics and well above the reliabilities reported for professional peer review.Lastly, students were overwhelmingly positive about peer review (83% average positive response, n = 1,026) reporting that it improved their writing, editing, researching and critical thinking skills. Interestingly, students reported that the act of giving feedback was equally useful to receiving feedback. Students connected the use of peer review in the classroom to its role in the scientific community and characterized peer review as a valuable skill they wished to acquire in their development as scientists. Peer review is thus an effective pedagogical strategy for improving student scientific reasoning skills. Specific recommendations for classroom implementation and use of the Universal Rubric are provided. Use of laboratory reports for assessing student scientific reasoning and application of the Universal Rubric across multiple courses, especially for programmatic assessment, is also recommended.
23
Timmerman, Briana Eileen. "Peer review in an undergraduate biology curriculum : effects on students' scientific reasoning, writing and attitudes". Curtin University of Technology, Science and Mathematics Education Centre, 2008. http://espace.library.curtin.edu.au:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=18880.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Scientific reasoning and writing skills are ubiquitous processes in science and therefore common goals of science curricula, particularly in higher education. Providing the individualized feedback necessary for the development of these skills is often costly in terms of faculty time, particularly in large science courses common at research universities. Past educational research literature suggests that the use of peer review may accelerate students' scientific reasoning skills without a concurrent demand on faculty time per student. Peer review contains many elements of effective pedagogy such as peer-peer collaboration, repeated practice at evaluation and critical thinking, formative feedback, multiple contrasting examples, and extensive writing. All of these pedagogies may contribute to improvement in students' scientific reasoning. The effect of peer review on scientific reasoning was assessed using three major data sources: student performance on written lab reports, student performance on an objective Scientific Reasoning Test (Lawson, 1978) and student perceptions of the process of peer review in scientific community as well as the classroom. In addition, the need to measure student performance across multiple science classes resulted in the development of a Universal Rubric for Laboratory Reports. The reliability of this instrument and its effect on the grading consistency of graduate teaching assistants were also tested. Further, application of the Universal Rubric to student laboratory reports across multiple biology classes revealed that the Rubric is further useful as a programmatic assessment tool. The Rubric highlighted curricular gaps and strengths as well as measuring student achievement over time.This study demonstrated that even university freshman were effective and consistent peer reviewers and produced feedback that resulted in meaningful improvement in their science writing. Use of peer review accelerated the development of students' scientific reasoning abilities as measured both by laboratory reports (n = 142) and by the Scientific Reasoning Test (n = 389 biology majors) and this effect was stronger than the impact of several years of university coursework. The structure of the peer review process and the structure of the assignments used to generate the science laboratory reports had notable influence on student performance however. Improvements in laboratory reports were greatest when the peer review process emphasized the generation of concrete and evaluative written feedback and when assignments explicitly incorporated the rubric criteria. The rubric was found to be reliable in the hands of graduate student teaching assistants (using generalizability analysis, g = 0.85) regardless of biological course content (three biology courses, total n = 142 student papers). Reliability increased as the number of criteria incorporated into the assignment increased. Consistent use of Universal Rubric criteria in undergraduate courses taught by graduate teaching assistants produced laboratory report scores with reliability values similar to those reported for other published rubrics and well above the reliabilities reported for professional peer review.
Lastly, students were overwhelmingly positive about peer review (83% average positive response, n = 1,026) reporting that it improved their writing, editing, researching and critical thinking skills. Interestingly, students reported that the act of giving feedback was equally useful to receiving feedback. Students connected the use of peer review in the classroom to its role in the scientific community and characterized peer review as a valuable skill they wished to acquire in their development as scientists. Peer review is thus an effective pedagogical strategy for improving student scientific reasoning skills. Specific recommendations for classroom implementation and use of the Universal Rubric are provided. Use of laboratory reports for assessing student scientific reasoning and application of the Universal Rubric across multiple courses, especially for programmatic assessment, is also recommended.
24
DeLuca, Todd A. "A Technical Writing Internship with CTC Parker Automation". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1006205131.
Testo completo
25
Bernstein, Sarah. "Social-scientific imagination : the politics of welfare in fiction by women, 1949-1979". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/23493.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis explores how writers mobilise what I call the “social-scientific imagination” to think through the welfare state during its “golden age.” Given the ongoing rollback of welfare programmes in Britain and elsewhere, the study offers timely insight into the history of the welfare state and its possible future. To that end, the chapters concentrate on postwar writers’ indirect and mediated representations of the welfare state in the form of a “social-scientific imagination” manifested in both cultural ideology and literary style. The term “social-scientific imagination” describes these writers’ engagements with the language and technique of social scientific disciplines like sociology, psychiatry, criminology, sexology and the science of city planning in their fiction, and how they imagine these disciplines as shaping the construction and maintenance of the British “welfare state” and its institutions. The texts I explore here capture the tension between care and control, between freedom and security, that is fundamental to the operation of social welfare programmes and that complicates women’s orientation to the welfare state; it is a relationship characterised by ambivalence, even though, as Jane Lewis has argued, women during the war and since perceived they would be – and have been – the welfare state’s primary beneficiaries. This, then, is the central problem examined in this thesis: that the novels represent welfare policies as integral to women’s security at the same time as they point up their coercive tendencies.
26
Pardoe, Simon. "Writing professional science : genre, recontextualization and empiricism in the learning of professional and scientific writing, within an MSc course in environmental impact assessment". Thesis, Lancaster University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387443.
Testo completo
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Hawkins, Steve. "An internship in technical and scientific communication with Dell Inc". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1070562313.
Testo completo
28
McLoughlin, Catherine. "Scientific text structure awareness: A cross-cultural comparison of tertiary students from different language backgrounds". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 1994. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1097.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research in both first and second language reading has shown that awareness of text structure, or rhetorical organisation is related to superior recall of main ideas from expository prose passages. The present study investigates awareness of scientific text structure among tertiary students from different language backgrounds. In this investigation, four reading passages containing two rhetorical text structures found in scientific discourse, comparison/contrast and problem/solution are employed. Meyer’s (1975) hierarchical content structure analysis was used to analyse the texts into top, high, mid and low level ideas corresponding to main and supporting ideas. The research questions were centred around three major areas: 1. Whether subjects from different language backgrounds displayed differences in quantity of idea units and main ideas recalled 2. Whether difference were related to subjects’ awareness of text structure as measured in use of the structure of the original passage in their written recalls 3. Whether the different rhetorical structures produced any significant overall differences in quantity and level (main vs supporting) of ideas recalled by subjects. Forty five first year university students aged between 18 and 20 studying science participated in the study, with fifteen students in each of the following groups: Australian, Singapore and Malaysian.
29
Ellis, Jonathan Charles. "The scientific revolutions of Copernicus and Darwin and their repercussions on Russian political and sociological writing". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301984.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
When Enlightenment science was first introduced in earnest into Russia as part of Peter I's programme of westernisation, the Orthodox Church's view of scientific truth remained the received wisdom and enlightenment science was looked upon as heretical, alien and un-Russian. After Peter's death the Church and other conservative forces in Russia attempted to reassert the traditional system of scientific belief, but Peter's vision had an energetic and enthusiastic supporter in the scientist and polymath MV Lomonosov, whose defence of Enlightenment science against such opposition is illustrated by particular reference to the Copernican Revolution. However, unlike scientists such as Benjamin Franklin in America, Lomonosov did not pursue Enlightenment values into the realm of social and political enquiry, but saw instead Enlightenment science as an instrument for the furtherance of Peter's model of the Russian autocratic state. The political and sociological writers discussed in connection with the Darwinian Revolution, Chemyshevsky, Pisarev, Mikhailovsky, Lavrov and Kropotkin, were all committed to scientific method, but their various responses to Darwinism were significantly coloured by the fact that the struggle for existence in nature described by Darwin seemed more of a piece with the conclusions of western Social Darwinists in favour of a competitive capitalist society, than with the sort of communal society that these Russian writers sought to justify in rational scientific terms. The specific Russian historical moment is of central importance: the Origin of Species appeared in Russia just at the time of the Emancipation, when a major concern of Russian radical thought was that Russian society should bypass capitalism and proceed directly to a socialist form of society. Both the scientific revolutions are examined in this study with reference to specifically Russian political and sociological issues arising from the particular Russian cultural and historical context into which they were received.
30
Ribeiro, Diogo Miguel Machado Pinto. "Internship in medical writing at a clinical research organization". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/18777.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Mestrado em Biomedicina FarmacêuticaThis report aims at describing my experience uring the 9 months of curricular internship at Eurotrials, Scientific Consultants, as part of the 2nd year of the Master’s in Pharmaceutical Medicine. The internship was mainly focused on the development of skills and acquiring experience in Medical Writing activities, trought actively participating in activities usually developed by medical writers: writing, preparation and submission of scientific articles, preparation of scientific posters, compilation of appendices for Clinical Study Reports, and writing of educational material. Throughout the internship, I had the opportunity to acquire valuable knowledge related to Medical Writing, as well as to clearly understand its role in clinical research, as an essential tool to interpret, describe and publish the data obtained.
Este relatório tem como objetivo descrever a minha experiência durante os 9 meses de estágio curricular na Eurotrials, Consultores Científicos, como parte do 2º ano do Mestrado de Biomedicina Farmacêutica. O estágio focou-se maioritariamente no desenvolvimento de competências e obtenção de experiência em atividades de Medical Writing, através da participação ativa em atividades usualmente desenvolvidas por medical writers: escrita, preparação e submissão de artigos científicos, preparação de pósters científicos, complilação de apêndices para Clinical Study Reports, e escrita de material educativo. Durante o estágio, tive a oportunidade de adquirir conhecimentos essenciais relacionados com a atividade de Medical Writing, e de perceber de forma clara o seu papel na investigação clínica, como ferramenta essencial na interpretação, descrição e divulgação dos dados obtidos.
31
Wheeler, Dora K. "A Technical Writing Internship in Instructional Design at Accenture Learning". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1292349010.
Testo completo
32
Moon, Antonia Jane. "Strategies of civil discourse in seventeenth-century ethical and scientific writing : the example of Sir Thomas Browne". Thesis, Birkbeck (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.427817.
Testo completo
33
Malakul, Karmolnad. "Exploring the use of a genre-based approach to teach scientific report writing to Thai EFL undergraduates". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/357.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Although science undergraduates in Thailand need to acquire English report writing skills, many in their final year are unable to describe even their own experiments in a clear, acceptable style. This study, therefore, set out to discover how the theory and practice associated with the Australian School of Genre could be used to create a report writing course, which would be viable with the Thai context. After careful examination of both the theoretical and actual conditions relating to the teaching of written English to undergraduates, a compromise position was adopted, wherein two genre-based courses were designed, taught and compared. In both the Australian School's approach was modified to suit the context with the more innovative experimental group, Mode X, following a course which was closer to the theoretical positions than the more traditional control group, Mode Y.
34
Ambro, Sharon. "Two Technical Communication Projects Performed During an Internship with Analex Corporation". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1018962841.
Testo completo
35
Lindh, Kristoffer. "Elevers möte med det naturvetenskapliga arbetssättet". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för matematikämnets och naturvetenskapsämnenas didaktik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54501.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur elever samtalar när de möter en uppgift som syftar till att öva deras förmåga att använda ett naturvetenskapligt arbetssätt. Undersökningen genomfördes genom att fyra grupper om två elever fick en uppgift där de formulerade frågeställningar kring en isballong (en frusen vattenballong). Samtalen spelades in på band. Inspelningarna transkriberades och analyserades med hjälp av en praktisk epistemologisk analys utifrån tre olika kategorier: samtal inom diskursen, samtal om diskursen och samtal utanför diskursen. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att de flesta eleverna har, trots att de har ringa eller ingen erfarenhet av att arbeta med natruvetenskapligt arbetssätt, ganska lätt att ta till sig uppgiften. Resultatet visar även att det inte är samtal som ligger utanför ramen för uppgiften som utgör det största hindret för eleverna att arbeta med uppgiften, utan i stället att det är samtal som rör uppgiftens utformning.
36
Carthell, Alicia J. Mrs. "My Internship with the Center for Teaching, Learning, and Technology (CTLT) at Murray State University". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1134051375.
Testo completo
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Orsatti, Joanne Information Systems Technology & Management Australian School of Business UNSW. "Characterising scholarly identities :a citation identity analysis of the field of the scientific study of consciousness". Publisher:University of New South Wales. Information Systems, Technology & Management, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40472.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The professional profile of researchers is established through communication of scientific work practices, leading to the establishment of a scholarly identity. Understanding scholarly identities is currently addressed through a conceptualisation of research narrative mechanisms. Citation and citing practices are a central component of scientific communication work practices. Therefore understanding these formal communication practices of researchers through their citing behaviours may contribute to the building of scholarly identity. This study is undertaken to understand whether scholarly identity could be informed through the use of citation identities. Studies on the citation identities of individuals were conducted, using authors working in the area of Consciousness, which provided a diverse field of participants for the testing of citation analysis techniques. This is accomplished through methodological development and further examined using a combination of field-level and individual-level analyses. A new methodology was developed for the generation of citing identities, based on the calculation of the Gini coefficient and the citee-citation ratio of authors' citing profiles. The resu!ting relationship was found to have high levels of consistency across a heterogenous set of researchers. An exploration of identification of author characteristics was subsequently undertaken using the new methodology and existing citation analysis techniques. The techniques were successful in identifying departures from conventional citation practice, highlighting idiosyncrasies well, but otherwise understanding of scholarly identity through citation analysis was only marginally successful. Aportion of the difficulty of achieving clarity was the complexity of the Consciousness author set, which was useful for establishing broad applicability of a new methodology, but poor for judging its successful application. In summary, definition of citing identity type offers possibilities for improving the understanding of scholarly identity, but will require further methodology development to reach its full potential.
38
Degaetano-Ortlieb, Stefania [Verfasser], e Elke [Akademischer Betreuer] Teich. "Evaluative meaning in scientific writing : macro- and micro-analytic perspectives using data mining / Stefania Degaetano-Ortlieb. Betreuer: Elke Teich". Saarbrücken : Saarländische Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1065232535/34.
Testo completo
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Harris, Elizabeth Anne. "Portraits of Writing Instruction: Using Systemic Functional Linguistics to Inform Teaching of Bilingual and Monolingual Elementary Students". Thesis, Boston College, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/2173.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis advisor: Maria E. BriskThis descriptive case study examines the role that Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory of language can play in making academic language more transparent and accessible to linguistically diverse students. In an urban fourth grade classroom composed of both bilingual and monolingual students, I incorporated key concepts of SFL into writing instruction on personal narrative and scientific explanation texts. Specifically, instruction explored the context, purpose, and tenor of each genre and scaffolded students' development of appropriate structure and useful language tools. Classroom instruction and student writing were examined using selective coding, constant comparison, and triangulation to make meaning from the data. Analysis of student writing in relation to SFL-influenced instruction revealed significant growth in areas of structure and language. In this case, SFL provided the researcher and classroom teacher with a useful theory of language and purposeful meta-language to identify and describe the functional elements of two genres to students from diverse literacy backgrounds
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2011
Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education
Discipline: Teacher Education, Special Education, Curriculum and Instruction
40
Aluisio, Sandra Maria. "Ferramentas de auxilio a escrita de artigos científicos em inglês como língua estrangeira". Universidade de São Paulo, 1995. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-07112013-164943/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Esta tese trata do problema da escrita de artigos científicos em inglês como língua estrangeira. Do ponto de vista teórico, foram investigados métodos e técnicas de duas áreas da Inteligência Artificial - Lingüística Computacional e Raciocínio Baseado em Casos -, em busca de soluções para a construção de ferramentas de software que diminuíssem os problemas de interferência da língua materna e de falta de coesão e coerência nos textos escritos por estudantes da área de física experimental, principalmente. Do ponto de vista prático, foram desenvolvidas duas ferramentas de auxilio a escrita. Uma primeira, chamada Ferramenta de Referência, foi implementada utilizando-se o método de análise de corpus para a geração de uma Base de Expressões que contém as colocações do tipo expressões padrão, comumente encontradas em textos científicos de artigos e livros de subáreas de física e informática. O acesso às colocações pode ser feito de três maneiras: através de componentes e sub-componentes da estrutura esquemática de artigos da área de pesquisa experimental, através de palavras-chave pertencentes a este gênero, e pelos padrões retóricos mais comuns que este gênero utiliza. Uma ferramenta de aquisição de conhecimento esta acoplada a Ferramenta de Referência, permitindo extensibilidade, fácil personalização, e transporte (portability) para novos domínios. Testes com alunos de pós-graduação em um curso de Escrita Cientifica no IFQSC-USP comprovaram a eficácia da ferramenta, urna vez que seu uso auxiliou na superação do bloqueio inicial em se produzir um primeiro rascunho de texto, e forneceu input adequado para a escrita de textos coesos. Como se observou também, que esta ferramenta é adequada para usuários com boa recepção da língua inglesa e alguma experiência em escrita cientifica, uma nova ferramenta foi implementada para urna classe de usuários que possuem problemas mais severos quanto à coesão e interferência da língua materna. Ela foi denominada Ferramenta de Suporte, e para sua implementação utilizou-se, alem do método de analise de corpus, a abordagem baseada em casos para modelar as fases da escrita. A análise de corpus nesta segunda ferramenta foi mais detalhada, ficando assim restrita a Seção Introdutória de Artigos Experimentais. Esta análise identificou trinta estratégias retóricas encontradas em artigos científicos, geralmente realizadas por três ou quatro mensagens (denominação para os tipos diferentes de informações) tomadas de um conjunto de quarenta e cinco tipos. A base de casos da implementação atual da ferramenta conta com cinqüenta e quatro instancias de introduções autenticas das revistas Physical Review Letters e Thin Solid Films, um número ainda pequeno que deve ser aumentado para que uma avaliação quantitativa do método de busca seja realizada. Uma ferramenta para auxiliar o engenheiro de conhecimento na aquisição de novos casos e vários filtros para automatizar o processo de edição dos casos foi implementada, tornando o processo de geração de novos casos semi-automático. Os trabalhos futuros com relação a esta segunda ferramenta devem tratar principalmente do acréscimo de casos na base, da avaliação da precisão e revogação da busca, e de testes com usuários, que, com certeza, contribuirão para o aperfeiçoamento de ferramentas construídas nestas basesThis thesis considers the problem of writing scientific papers in English as a foreign language. From the theoretical point of view, techniques from two areas of Artificial Intelligence, namely Computational Linguistics and Case-based Reasoning, were investigated in the search for possible solutions to minimize mother tongue interference and lack of cohesion and coherence in student\" texts, especially in experimental physics. Two writing tools were then developed. The first one, named Reference Version, employed corpus analysis for creating a sentences base containing collocations frequently used in scientific writing. Such collocations could be accessed in one of three ways: according to the components and subcomponents of the schematic structure of a scientific paper, by searching keywords and communicative goals. An acquisition mode was also implemented so that the tool can be customized easily thus allowing portability to other domains and possible extensions within a given domain. Experiments in a technical writing course at IFQSC-USP for graduate student\" have demonstrated the efficacy of the tool. It was particularly useful in helping students to overcome the initial block in the preparation of a first draft and also in providing contextualized linguistic input for producing a cohesive text. It was also observed that this first tool was only helpful for students possessing reasonable reception of the English language and some experience in scientific writing. A new, more sophisticated tool was then proposed and implemented. It is named Support Version and utilizes corpus analysis and the case-based approach as a framework for modeling the different stages of the writing process. Because a more detailed analysis had to be performed, the tool was restricted to the Introductory Section of papers on experimental physics. In this analysis 30 rhetorical strategies were identified which were generally realized linguistically using 3 or 4 rhetorical messages from a set of 45 types of message. The implemented cases base has 54 introductions from the Physical Review Letters and Thin Solid Films journals, which has been shown to be a far too small number for reasonable recall and precision figures to be obtained. A scheme has been incorporated into the tool for adaptations to be made in the cases recovered, by making use of revision rules. In future the tool may be extended in a straightforward way to other parts of a scientific paper or to other areas of research with a semi-automatic edition process of new cases that has been built into the Support tool. This certainly opens the way for customization, which will greatly facilitate the assessment of the tool according to usability criteria
41
Soprana, V?ctor Marques. "Hedging in writing : an analysis of business-related scientific articles written in english by brazilians and native speakers of english". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica do Rio Grande do Sul, 2018. http://tede2.pucrs.br/tede2/handle/tede/7961.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
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Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-23T19:03:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o - Victor Marques Soprana.pdf: 956604 bytes, checksum: 661af12f2b9fc53dc6a8eb5828c1791b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-01-19
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
A l?ngua inglesa se tornou crucial para o sucesso em publica??o de artigos cient?ficos no atual mundo acad?mico globalizado. Embora o ingl?s tenha se tornado uma Lingua Franca e, portanto, seja usado para falar com pessoas que possuem diferentes l?nguas maternas que compartilham o ingl?s como segunda l?ngua, a mesma abertura n?o ? encontrada em artigos cient?ficos ? os quais possuem uma estrutura espec?fica, independente da nacionalidade do escritor. Considerando tal processo multicultural, esta disserta??o objetiva prover a escritores de artigos cient?ficos um referencial te?rico sobre a relev?ncia do conhecimento intercultural e pragm?tico durante a escrita, especialmente sobre o uso de estrat?gias de hedging. Esta disserta??o foi desenvolvida baseada na hip?tese de que algumas caracter?sticas pragm?ticas, especificamente hedging, podem ser transferidas da primeira l?ngua (L1) de um autor para sua segunda l?ngua (L2) e que tal transfer?ncia poderia diminuir a possibilidade de publica??o de artigos cient?ficos em revistas acad?micas. Para confirmar tal hip?tese, foi desenvolvido: inicialmente, um referencial te?rico foi apresentado, provendo bases te?ricas sobre consci?ncia pragm?tica, transfer?ncia pragm?tica e comunica??o multicultural. Ap?s, hedges e estrat?gias de hedging foram introduzidas e discutidas, focando nas diferen?as entre hedges e hedging, e o efeito pragm?tico causado pelo uso de hedging. A se??o seguinte descreve a metodologia e an?lise da se??o de introdu??o de artigos cient?ficos produzidos por um falante nativo (NS) e um falante n?o-nativo (NNS), neste caso um brasileiro. Ambos artigos cient?ficos encontram-se dentro da mesma ?rea de conhecimento, a ?rea de neg?cios. A an?lise previamente mencionada e o referencial te?rico baseiam sugest?es sobre como reescrever frases categ?ricas encontradas no artigo escrito por um NNS. Como resultado, muitas ocorr?ncias de falta de hedging por NNS foram encontradas, evidenciando a necessidade de uma maior consci?ncia pragm?tica quando um autor NNS escreve artigos cient?ficos
English has become crucial for success in publishing scientific articles within the globalized academic world. Although English has become a Lingua Franca and, therefore, has been used to speak among people with different mother tongues who share English as a second language, the same openness is not found within scientific articles ? which have a specific structure, regardless of the nationality of the writer. In light of this multicultural process, this thesis aims to provide scientific article writers with a theoretical outline about the relevance of cross-cultural and pragmatic knowledge when writing, especially regarding the use of hedging. This thesis was developed based on the hypothesis that some pragmatic features, specifically hedging, might transfer from a writer?s first language (L1) to their second language (L2) and that such transfer would diminish their chances in successful publication of scientific articles in journals. In order to confirm this hypothesis, the following has been developed: first, a theoretical background has been presented, providing basis on pragmatic awareness, pragmatic transfer and multicultural communication. After, hedges and hedging strategies have been introduced and discussed, focusing on the differences between hedges and hedging, and the pragmatic effect that hedging causes. The following section describes the methodology and comprises the analysis of the introduction section of scientific articles produced by a native speaker (NS) and a non-native speaker (NNS), in this case a Brazilian. Both scientific articles are within the same area of knowledge, namely the business area. The aforementioned analysis and theoretical research support suggestions on how to rephrase categorical sentences found in the article written by a NNS. As a result, many instances were found where NNSs hedging is lacking, evidencing the necessity of an enhanced pragmatic awareness when a NNS writes a scientific article.
42
Luse, Donna Walton. "The Extent to Which Businesses Use the Scientific Method in the Organization and Preparation of Written Business Reports". Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc330740/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The problem of this study was to investigate the extent to which businesses use the scientific method in the organization and preparation of written business reports. Data for this study were collected by the use of a questionnaire which was devised, validated, and pilot testes. Questionnaires were mailed to 50 systematically, selected members (200 total) of each of the four major group categories (banking and finance, government and education, manufacturing and utilities, and sales and services) from Region V's 1985-1986 Association of Records Managers and Administrators membership roster. One hundred six responses were received, representing a 53 per cent return. Additional information was obtained from sample records and telephone interviews.
43
Chen, Ying-Chih. "Examining the integration of talk and writing for student knowledge construction through argumentation". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1129.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of this study was to examine students' understanding of argumentation when talk and writing were provided as learning tools, as well as to explore how talk and writing can best support students' construction of scientific knowledge. Most current studies have examined discourse patterns over a short interval of only a few class periods or compared only the students' initial and final products to assess the quality of their argument structure. Few studies have examined how students develop their understanding of argumentation over time and how their understanding might result in overcoming those challenges. Moreover, talk and writing have been offered as two critical learning tools to support students' argumentative practice. So far, few studies have explored how those two learning tools could be combined to better support students in constructing scientific knowledge. The research questions that guided this study were: (1) How do students develop an understanding of the components of argumentation for public negotiations over time when participating in an argument-based inquiry classroom? (2) In what ways do talk and writing support scientific knowledge construction in an argument-based inquiry classroom?
This sixteen-week study was grounded in interactive constructivism and utilized qualitative design to identify students' understanding of argumentation, trace their learning trajectories, examine potential use of the combination of talk and writing, and analyze the cognitive processes involved when talk and writing were used as learning tools. Due to the lack of studies that focus on the elementary level, this study was conducted in a fifth-grade classroom that used the Science Writing Heuristic (SWH) approach with 22 students participating. Six students were selected for interviewing intensively. Multiple sources of data were collected, including classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, students' writing samples, and the researcher's field notes. To strengthen the interpretations, data analysis was conducted using three different approaches: (1) the constant comparative method, (2) the enumerative approach, and (3) in-depth analysis of knowledge construction trajectory (KCT) episodes.
The results showed that as fifth-grade students had more opportunities to practice, they could develop a more sophisticated understanding of argumentation, use talk and writing as learning tools to negotiate their ideas with peers, engage in more complex cognitive processes, and take ownership for their learning in science. Three major findings are discussed: (1) increased understanding of argumentative components in public negotiations, (2) increased ability to craft written arguments, and (3) five patterns in the use of talk and writing for knowledge construction and cognitive processes.
The findings have informed theories about argumentative practice, the use of language as a learning tool, and science learning from six aspects: (1) understanding of argumentation, (2) ability to craft written arguments, (3) use of talk and writing, (4) cognitive processes, (5) meaning of negotiation, and (6) methodology consideration. This study provides insights into the design of an argument-based environment in which students can develop successful argumentative practices. A long-term professional development program in the support of teachers implementing argument-based inquiry is suggested.
44
Krämer, Raimund. "Wissenschaftliches Schreiben. - 4., überarb. Aufl". Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2011/5545/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Schreiben ist harte Arbeit. Dafür sind sowohl Erfahrung als auch Orientierung nötig.
Diese Schrift, die jetzt in einer vierten, erweiterten Auflage erschienen ist, gibt Ihnen Hinweise zum wissenschaftlichen Schreiben in seinen verschiedenen Varianten: vom Exzerpt und der Literaturbesprechung über die Klausur und das Essay bis hin zur Abschlussarbeit. Zudem finden Sie Anregungen zu mündlichen Prüfungen und der Disputation.
Der Lehrtext ist eine konzentrierte Hilfe sowohl für Studienanfänger als auch für diejenigen, die vor dem Abschluss ihres Studiums stehen.
45
Aragão, Rodrigo Moura Lima de. "Modelos para a estruturação de artigos científicos: um estudo de instruções aos autores a introduções de artigos de revistas da Scientific Electronic Library Online do Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8142/tde-22082012-101602/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Esta dissertação trata de modelos para a estruturação de artigos científicos. Em seu corpo, apresentam-se respostas para as seguintes perguntas: Que modelos são esses?, Há modelos universais ou preponderantes para a composição de artigos científicos?, Existem modelos hegemônicos em áreas específicas do conhecimento?, Em que extensão artigos científicos em circulação correspondem a modelos apresentados em instruções aos autores de periódicos? e A uniformidade que emerge da adesão a um determinado padrão para a estruturação de artigos científicos manifesta-se no nível das seções de artigos?. As respostas dadas neste texto fundamentam-se em achados obtidos mediante: 1) a análise de instruções aos autores de revistas da Scientific Electronic Library Online do Brasil (SciELO Brasil) quanto à indicação de modelos para a estruturação de artigos científicos, 2) o estudo da correspondência entre a estrutura geral de uma amostra de artigos científicos publicados em Língua Portuguesa na SciELO Brasil e os modelos apresentados nas instruções aos autores das revistas que divulgam esses textos e 3) o exame dos componentes de introduções de artigos científicos que têm estrutura geral igual ao padrão Introdução-Métodos-Resultados-Discussão, ou a alguma variante sua, e que foram publicados em Português na SciELO Brasil. Além de respostas, de percursos e de achados de pesquisa, esta dissertação compreende a interpretação de resultados com a consideração de materiais que vão de livros e artigos sobre escrita científica a obras fundamentais de ramos específicos do saber. Ainda, compreende a interpretação de achados com o olhar voltado para o ensino de escrita científica.This dissertation deals with models for structuring scientific articles. Answers to the following questions are presented in its body: What are these models? Are there universal or preponderant models for writing scientific articles? Do predominant models exist in particular fields of knowledge? To what extent do real scientific articles correspond to models presented in instructions to authors of journals? Does the uniformity that arises from the adoption of a specific pattern for structuring scientific articles manifest itself within article sections? The answers given in the present text are based on findings obtained by means of: 1) the analysis of instructions to authors of journals of the Scientific Electronic Library Online of Brazil (SciELO Brazil) concerning models for structuring scientific articles, 2) the study of the equivalence between the general structure of a sample of scientific articles published in Portuguese in SciELO Brazil and the models presented in the instructions to authors of the journals to which these texts belong, and 3) the examination of the components of introductions of scientific articles that have general structure identical to the Introduction-Methods-Results-And-Discussion pattern, or to some variant of it, and that were published in Portuguese in SciELO Brazil. In addition to answers, research paths and findings, this dissertation contains an interpretation of results that takes into account materials that range from books and articles on scientific writing to basic works of particular branches of knowledge. Also, it contains an interpretation of results that focuses on the teaching of scientific writing.
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Krämer, Raimund. "Wissenschaftliches Schreiben. - 2., überarb. Aufl". Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2009/3699/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Wie schreibe ich einen Literaturbericht? Was gehört in einen Exzerpt? Wer sich mit den Schwierigkeiten des wissenschaftlichen Schreibens herumschlägt, kann sich an den WeltTrends – Lehrtext Nr. 4 wenden. In kurzen und präzisen Kapiteln wird dem Leser der korrekte Umgang mit den verschiedenen Anforderungen wissenschaftlicher Arbeit, wozu auch Protokolle und Referate zählen, nahe gebracht. Insbesondere die klare, strukturierte Darstellung der jeweiligen Anforderungen kann eine große Hilfe für den Anfänger darstellen.
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Mindedal, Annika. "Texter i NO - finns de? : En studie om textanvändning och textrelaterade samtal i ett fysiktema i skolår 5". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-54727.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis describes a field study in which one teacher and one class in Grade 5, with special focus on four pupils, are observed throughout four lessons of about 80-minutes in Physics. The lessons together deal with a project on Magnetism. The main aim of the thesis is to investigate how the teacher uses texts as a resource when designing and implementing Science lessons (Learning Design Sequences). A further aim is to study what texts are used and produced by both the teacher and the pupils, and how these texts are used. The four lessons were recorded with a video camera and the recordings supplemented by field notes and interviews. All the texts used were copied or photographed. A design theoretical frame and a sociocultural perspective have been applied to analyse both the presence of texts during different stages (activities) of the lessons, and to analyse the text-related interaction and communication that has taken place in the classroom. The results confirm several previous studies and show that the teacher is the main producer and consumer of texts before and during the Science lessons. Textbooks, and texts on the Internet, are only used by the teacher to design the lessons, and are then mediated by the teacher during classroom interaction. The pupils mainly read questions, which they write brief answers to, and also read and copy texts written by the teacher on the white board. One interesting finding is that dialogue concerning texts increases the scientific content, which means more empirical or theoretical descriptions and explanations. To become scientifically literate it is therefore argued that pupils need more practice reading and writing in combination with dialogue and activities in the science classroom.
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Krokoscz, Marcelo. "Outras palavras: análise dos conceitos de autoria e plágio na produção textual científica no contexto pós-moderno". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/48/48134/tde-03102016-103125/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Esta tese é um trabalho de pesquisa teórica que discute as relações existentes entre autoria e plágio e suas implicações no âmbito da produção textual científica. O percurso teórico realizado permitiu aprofundar a compreensão e problematizar a temática destacando-se alguns núcleos de debate, sendo eles: 1)oscilações teórico-práticas entre as ideias de plágio e autoria: constatou-se que a discussão sobre o plágio precisa de uma abordagem que vá além da superficialidade pericial de identificação e punição de ladrões de palavras e ideias, mas que considere e problematize também aspectos como a necessidade de atualização do conceito de autoria e plágio; 2) especificidades do texto literário em comparação com o texto científico: embora a produção textual científica reserve algumas particularidades em relação ao texto literário, verificamos a possibilidade de integração das características comuns a ambos o que pode enriquecer a qualidade textual científica; 3) características de autoridade e responsabilidade no processo autoral: observamos que a autoria de um texto é uma forma de identidade que funciona como suporte de discursividade, o que atesta a credibilidade dos argumentos apresentados. Assim, concordamos com Foucault e reiteramos a ideia de autor como um fiador, aspecto que contribui na recuperação da finalidade da citação autoral em um texto científico; 4) distinções entre propriedade patrimonial e moral: refletimos que, com o advento da pós-modernidade e as novas possibilidades autorais, a apropriação patrimonial vem sendo alvo de críticas e questionamento seja pela forma mais rápida e fluída que as informações circulam pela internet, bem como pelo caráter público (common) do conhecimento. Consideramos que as ideias defendidas pelo commons paradigm são coerentes com os processos de circulação de ideias, que caracterizam a atualidade ao mesmo tempo em que defendem de modo procedente a concepção de que o conhecimento não é uma commodity como as outras e precisa ser distribuído de forma compartilhada. Constatamos que iniciativas exemplares neste sentido são as propostas de licenciamento creative commons e a adoção da marca de permissão Semion em obras que adotem a renúncia patrimonial; 5) as relações entre ética (leis morais) e técnica (normas e diretrizes): reconhecemos que o plágio pode ser uma falha técnica ou uma fraude ética, contudo concluímos que a condição autoral precede a ocorrência do plágio e é algo caracterizado por um ato de criação e estilo, marcado pela pessoalidade com que cada pesquisador percorre a rede de caminhos metodológicos, faz associações e estabelece implicações bem como interage socialmente. Concluímos que as concepções de plágio e autoria científica na atualidade correspondem às formas desatualizadas de entender dois fenômenos correlacionados que não podem ser mais interpretados com as categorias que precedem a revolução digital. Em nossa opinião, os estudos futuros em relação à autoria e ao plágio nos processos de produção textual científica deveriam explorar e aprofundar as reflexões e o debate sobre as correlações entre esses dois assuntos visando contribuírem para o desenvolvimento de uma conceituação atualizada sobre estes aspectos essenciais na produção científica.This thesis is a work of theoretical research that discusses the existent relationship between authorship and plagiarism and its implications in the context of scientific textual output. The theoretical trajectory allowed to deepen understanding and to discuss the theme highlighting some debate cores, namely: 1 ) theoretical and practical oscillations between ideas of authorship and plagiarism: it was found that the discussion of plagiarism needs an approach that goes beyond the expert superficiality of identification and punishment of thieves of words and ideas, but also problematizes and considers aspects such as the need to update the concept of authorship and plagiarism; 2 ) specificities of literary text in comparison with scientific text: although scientific text production has some peculiarities different from literary text, we see the possibility of integrating common features of both, which can enhance scientific textual quality, 3) characteristics of authority and responsibility in the authoring process: we observe that the authorship of a text is a form of identity that supports discursivity which attests the credibility of arguments presented. Thus, we agree with Foucault and reiterate the idea of the author as a guarantor, which contributes to the recovery of authorial purpose of citation in a scientific text; 4 ) distinctions between moral and patrimonial property: we consider that, with the advent of postmodernity and new authorial possibilities, the patrimonial ownership has been target of criticism and questioning, whether due to the fastest and fluid manner information circulates on the internet, whether due to public nature (common) of knowledge. We believe that the ideas advocated by commons paradigm are consistent with the processes of circulation of ideas that characterize the present while defend, in a proceeding manner, the idea that knowledge is not a commodity as others and needs to be distributed in a shared manner. We found that exemplary initiatives in this direction are the proposals for creative commons licensing and adoption of Semion permission brand in works that adopt patrimony waiver; 5 ) relationship between ethics (moral laws) and technique (standards and guidelines): we recognize that plagiarism may be a technical glitch or an ethical fraud, but we concluded that the author\'s condition precedes the occurrence of plagiarism and is something characterized by an act of creation and style, marked by the personality with each researcher goes through the network of methodological approaches, makes associations, provides implications and interacts socially. We concluded that the concepts of plagiarism and scientific authorship nowadays correspond to outdated ways of understanding two related phenomena that cannot be interpreted with categories that precede the digital revolution. In our opinion, future studies regarding authorship and plagiarism in scientific processes of textual production should explore and deepen reflections and debate on the correlations between these two subjects aiming to contribute to the development of an updated conceptualization of these essential aspects of scientific production.
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Burke, Sarah Elizabeth. "Working as an Agent of Change: Writing Rapidly and Establishing Standards in Web Software Documentation". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1050602342.
Testo completo
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Reith, Ralf Landim. "Avaliação de instrumento de auxílio à escrita científica em inglês fundamentado na aprendizagem baseada em exemplos e em experiências aplicado em alunos pós-graduandos em Engenharia de Produção". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18157/tde-06022014-102326/.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Os artigos científicos são o principal veículo de comunicação para divulgação dos resultados obtidos por milhares de pesquisadores ao redor do mundo. Entretanto, escrever os artigos científicos em publicações de alto impacto é uma tarefa complexa para autores que têm o inglês como segunda língua. Por meio da aprendizagem baseada em exemplos e em experiência, as habilidades de leitura, interpretação e redação de textos científicos podem ser desenvolvidas por intermédio da prática, facilitada por meio de exemplos de trechos de texto reutilizáveis. Para auxiliar na redação de artigos, várias ferramentas computacionais foram desenvolvidas para dar suporte nas várias etapas de concepção do artigo. As ferramentas existentes, que aplicam este tipo de suporte, são todas voltadas para outros temas de pesquisa, incompatíveis com os temas da Engenharia de Produção, que por sua vez possui maneiras particulares de redigir e estruturar o texto. O objetivo da pesquisa desenvolvida consistiu em adaptar e avaliar um instrumento de auxílio à escrita em inglês dirigido a pesquisadores da Engenharia de Produção, fundamentada na aprendizagem baseada em exemplos e em experiências. Para tal fim, foram adaptadas duas ferramentas existentes para auxiliar nas tarefas de leitura, anotação e redação de artigos científicos, avaliadas por meio de dois experimentos com dez alunos de pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção em universidade pública, nas quais o resultado foi aferido por intermédio de um questionário, buscando identificar os efeitos da utilização sobre o aprendizado e o tempo demandado. O instrumento adaptado oferece, além de exemplos extraídos de artigos publicados, uma estrutura mais coerente com os artigos relacionados à Engenharia de Produção. Os resultados apontam para 90% de aceitação do novo instrumento, em que os alunos relataram um efeito positivo sobre suas habilidades de escrita de artigos, além de uma economia de 11% no tempo dedicado à escrita. Assim sendo, o instrumento tem potencial de auxílio à escrita e sua aplicação traz benefícios reais aos usuários, passíveis de serem adaptadas para qualquer outra área de pesquisa.Scientific articles are the main communication means of disseminating results obtained by researchers around the world. However, writing scientific articles to highimpact journals is a complex task to authors for whom English is a second language. By means of example- and experience-based learning, reading, interpretation, and writing skills as regards the production of scientific texts can be developed through practice, facilitated by the use of reusable text snippets. Several computational tools have been developed to support the various phases of scientific writing in English. Existing tools that cater to this type of support are all geared to other research topics, incompatible with those inherent to Production Engineering, which has particular features of writing and structuring texts. The purpose of this research was to adapt and assess a new tool to help Production Engineering researchers to write articles English, grounded on example- and experience-based learning. To this end, two existing tools that aid scientists to read, annotate, and write articles in English were adapted and assessed through two experiments with ten Production Engineering graduate students at Brazilian public universities. Data were collected through a questionnaire in order to identify the effect of these tools on participants learning and time required to write articles. The adapted tools provide, in addition to snippets from published articles on Production Engineering, a structure more consistent with this field of knowledge. Results indicate 90% satisfaction rate with the new tool. Also, participants reported a positive effect on their writing skills as well as an 11% reduction in their time spent on scientific writing. Therefore, the tools in question have shown great potential to assist Production Engineering researchers in writing articles; moreover, their features may be adapted to scientific writing in other fields of knowledge.