Tesi sul tema "Savinase"
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1
Hamed, Fatma. "Production d'hydrolysats de protéines des muscles du pataclet (Diplodus annularis) et leur caractérisation physicochimique, fonctionnelle, biologique et peptidomique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR075.
Abstract (sommario):
L'hydrolyse limitée des protéines alimentaires conduit à la production de peptides dotés d'un potentiel nutritif, fonctionnel et bioactif intéressant. Cependant, ce potentiel est dépendant de la nature des protéines substrat, de la spécificité de la protéase utilisée et des conditions de la réaction d'hydrolyse. Par conséquent, on peut logiquement escompter l'obtention de peptides originaux par leur structure, leur fonctionnalité et leur bioactivité en faisant le bon choix de ces paramètres. Les travaux de la présente thèse initient la valorisation dans ce domaine, du muscle du poisson pataclet. Dans ces travaux, deux hydrolysats des protéines de cette source étaient préparés par action séparée de la savinase (HPP-S) et de l'alcalase (HPP-AL), et leurs propriétés physicochimiques, fonctionnelles, biologiques examinées. L'approche peptidomique peut aider à mieux clarifier la relation qui existe entre la structure d'un peptide et son activité biologique. C'est pourquoi nous avons effectué une analyse peptidomique des hydrolysats et de leurs fractions. Les conditions de l'hydrolyse effectuée ont permis de produire des hydrolysats de protéines de muscle de pataclet capables de se comporter comme antioxydants et antibactériens, avec une plus grande efficacité de HPP-S qui avait le plus fort DH (15,42% contre 8,14% pour HPP-AL). Ce dernier était choisi pour être utilisé dans le test de conservation et pour la préparation de fractions qui étaient l'objet d'une analyse peptidomique. L'analyse des différentes fractions par couplage UPLC-MS/MS avait révélé que la MM ≤1250 Da et le degré d'hydrophobicité ≥ 50% étaient des caractéristiques communes des antioxydants et des antibactériensThe limited hydrolysis of food proteins leads to the production of peptides with interesting nutritional, functional and bioactive potential. However, this potential depends on the nature of the protein substrates, the specificity of the protease used and the conditions of the hydrolysis reaction. Consequently, we can logically expect to obtain original peptides in terms of their structure, functionality, and bioactivity by making the right choice of these parameters. The work of this thesis initiates the valorization in this field of the muscle of the pataclet fish. In this work, two hydrolysates of proteins from this source were prepared by separate action of savinase (HPP-S) and alcalase (HPP-AL), and their physicochemical, functional and biological properties examined. The peptidomic approach can help to better clarify the relationship between the structure of a peptide and its biological activity. Therefore, we performed peptidomic analysis of the hydrolysates and their fractions. The conditions of the hydrolysis carried out made it possible to produce hydrolysates of Diplodus muscle proteins capable of behaving as antioxidants and antibacterials, with greater efficiency of HPP-S which had the highest DH (15,42% against 8,14% for HPP-AL). This latter hydrolysate was chosen to be used in the conservation test and for the preparation of fractions which were the subject of peptidomic analysis. The addition of HPP-S to ground beef significantly improved the preservation. The analysis of the different fractions by UPLC MS/MS coupling revealed that the MM ≤1250 Da and the degree of hydrophobicity ≥ 50% were common characteristics of antioxidants and antibacterials
2
Кугук, Ірина Олександрівна, Ирина АОлександровна Кугук, Iryna Oleksandrivna Kuhuk e S. G. Zolotova. "Electricity savings". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/13460.
3
Золотова, Світлана Григорівна, Светлана Григорьевна Золотова, Svitlana Hryhorivna Zolotova e V. Kuguk. "Electricity savings". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17884.
Abstract (sommario):
Electricity accounts for a large portion of most of our monthly bills. It was one of those "modern conveniences" that quickly became necessity, to the point that most have never lived without it and even insist that we couldn't - with good reason because of how most homes are designed.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/17884
4
Rossi, Mariacristina. "Essays on savings". Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.410793.
5
Parveen, Shaila. "Microcredit and Savings". OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/491.
Abstract (sommario):
The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh has pioneered a credit delivery system with a vision to bring banking services to poor villagers. It extends small collateral-free loans, known as microcredit (or microfinance in broader terms), to group of poor borrowers in order that they may engage in income generating activities. Conventional banks usually do not consider the poor as bankable due to a lack of collateral and the incidence of high costs and risks. Grameen Bank's peer lending methodology has overcome these barriers to provide credit to the poor (www.grameen-info.org). The joint liability condition is one of the prominent features of the group lending methodology introduced by the Grameen Bank in the 1970s. Group lending with joint liability refers to the practice of disbursing loans to individual members within a group while the group as a whole is held liable if any repayment difficulty arises. In chapter 1 we theoretically examine an incentive mechanism in microfinance that may enhance repayment rates without applying the joint-liability condition introduced by the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh. In a two-period model of micro-lending with individual liability, we incorporate a savings scheme as an incentive device to prevent strategic default. Our theoretical analysis shows that a proper savings plan increases the borrower's future consumption, raises her utility and thus provides her with an incentive to repay even the second-period debt under a two-period financial contract. In chapter 2 we incorporate uncertainty into our two-period model of microcredit and savings with individual liability. We theoretically show that the borrower's savings and future consumption in high-income state are higher than those in low income state. Moreover, as the probability of generating high income from an investment project decreases, the interest rate on the borrower's savings to be offered by the lender increases to prevent strategic default. In chapter 3, based on a case study of Association for Social Advancement (a leading microfinance institution in Bangladesh), we empirically explore the impact of female borrowers' savings and male borrowers' savings on financial self-sufficiency and "depth" of outreach of the microfinance institutions. The results of our study highlight the possibility of mobilizing borrowers' savings to enhance the achievement of financial self-sufficiency of the microcredit programs and to improve outreach to poor borrowers. However, we find that female borrowers' savings, not male borrowers' savings (as the cointegrating regression results show) have statistically significant impact on the microcredit program's financial self-sufficiency and "depth" of outreach.
6
Savvidis, Ioannis. "Power Savings in MPSoC". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147365.
Abstract (sommario):
High performance integrated circuits suffer from a permanent increase of the dissipated power per square millimeter of silicon, over the past years. This phenomenon is driven by the miniaturization of CMOS processes, increasing packing density of transistors and increasing clock frequencies of microchips, thus pushing heat removal and power distribution to the forefront of the problems confronting the advance of microelectronics. In the opposite direction is the market growth of mainstream portable devices, which require extremely low power consumption. These evolving factors brought power dissipation into play and transformed it into a major design metric. This thesis comprises those knowledge and methodological tools that can offer a preliminary safe path toward less power-hungry SoC and MPSoC designs, thus contributing towards a holistic approach of power-related effects. This is accomplished by providing the essential theoretical background of CMOS power dissipation, investigating a vast range of power saving techniques and plotting their classifications, according to the power components each technique is meant to suppress and, the level of abstraction that it can be applied at, thus facilitating proper decision making about which power saving techniques to apply on a certain design. Moreover, this thesis implements, demonstrates and evaluates generic power analysis and optimization flows that are based on the ASIC industry’s de facto standard Synopsys tools. The tools’ actual capabilities are contrasted to the theoretical expectations and the chief tradeoffs that are involved in terms of speed versus accuracy and attainable power savings versus abstraction level are stressed. Our extracted power results, for an Ericsson’s large ASIC block, show that by putting emphasis on coping with power early, thus enhancing typical synthesis flows with an appropriate set of techniques, significant savings can be achieved for both dynamic and static power components in the front-end synthesis domain.
7
Boustani, Avid. "Remanufacturing and energy savings". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58461.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 205-213).
The substantial growth in industrial production, demand for materials, and population has led to an increasing need for sustainable manufacturing processes to mitigate the negative impacts on the environment and meet the needs of future generations. One proposed direction is remanufacturing, which is a process whereby used products having reached their end-of-life, are restored back to useful service-life. Remanufacturing utilizes the energy and embedded value retained in a product upon reaching end-of-life. Remanufacturing can close the loop between disposal and supply chains, extend the service lifetime of products, conserve resources, and help mitigate environmental consequences attributed to landfilling. Moreover, by preserving the geometrical architecture of cores, remanufacturing can reduce the needs for raw material processing and many manufacturing processes, hence, saving energy. A critical issue to consider when evaluating energy savings in remanufacturing is the product use phase: how well does the remanufactured device perform in the use phase compared to a similar new product from an energy standpoint? To answer this question, we utilize Life Cycle Assessments framework. Using this methodology, we quantify cumulative energy demands of a remanufactured product during its lifecycle and compare it to an equivalent new product. We conduct an analysis of lifecycle energy savings of remanufacturing for 19 different products in 8 distinct product case studies (4 product case studies discussed in detail in this thesis).
(cont.) By performing lifecycle evaluations we conclude that remanufacturing can be a net energy-saving option for products that have energy requirements dominated by the production phase. Moreover, our energy analysis sheds light on the importance of considering use phase while evaluating the energy savings potential of remanufacturing. We conclude that from a total life cycle perspective, remanufacturing may be a net energy saving as well as a net energy expending end-of-life option. We argue that in investigating energy savings of remanufacturing as an end-of-life option, one should also evaluate large-scale critical factors in order to effectively address the systems challenges associated with remanufacturing. Our retrospective approach signifies the importance of studying critical factors such as technological improvements, policy interventions, economic incentives, and business models in order to draw inferences about energy and economic savings potential of remanufacturing. In addition, we argue that the generalized claims about remanufacturing as the ultimate end-of-life option are not only subject to dynamic global changes, but also restricted by the limitations in the lifecycle environmental methodologies. Lastly, we conclude that the evaluations for product remanufacturing and energy savings are more valuable and justified if conducted on a case-by-case basis.
by Avid Boustani.
S.M.
8
Atkins, Leon. "Algorithms for power savings". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.658863.
Abstract (sommario):
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the real-world performance of existing speed scaling algorithms and show how to improve these algorithms by using knowledge of the data the algorithms are running on. The method for doing this was running simulations of different speed scaling algorithms, using both real-world data and simulated data. In addition, the thesis improves the best known competitive ratio for minimising the maximum temperature of a schedule by an order 6f magnitude over previous results. This shows that different algorithms work better on certain types of data than others, and so the input data should be taken into account when choosing a speed scaling algorithm to run. This also means that the best performing speed scaling algorithm is not always that with the lowest competitive ratio, and to achieve the best performance, other factors should be taken into account when choosing which algorithm to run. In addition, an algorithm for minimising the maximum temperature is given. This algorithm is an order of magnitude improvement on the previous best known algorithm, and provides a novel technique for directly analysing the temperature competitiveness of an algorithm. Overall the thesis provides novel methods of improving the real-world performance of speed scaling. It both gives improved results for temperature scheduling, and also gives a new algorithm that can give improved performance on real-world data by taking the input into account. This is in contrast to previous speed scaling algorithms that only use factors such as the number of jobs to decide at what speed to run.
9
Kuchelmeister, Patrick. "Industrialisation in savings banks : an empirical analysis using the example of German savings banks". Thesis, University of Gloucestershire, 2015. http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/2494/.
Abstract (sommario):
This study examines the notion that the term “Industrialisation” within the banking system is not clearly understood, nor its impact on the whole value added chain. The goal is to establish a clear definition of the term “Industrialisation” in an international context and study the manifestation and impact of Industrialisation across the length of the banking value added chain. Four indicators of Industrialisation (standardisation, automation, specialisation, quality management) were identified through a systematic literature review. The work focuses on one of the ‘three pillars’ of the German banking system: the East German Savings Banks Group. The research uses a homogenous multi method approach utilizing statistical financial information, existing documentary evidence and questionnaires. The data (quantitative and qualitative) was derived from files held by the national association on the 48 savings banks, and from 36 quantitative questionnaires returned by respondent banks. The 36 complete data sets were systematically combined using a comprehensive regression approach. The data was used to test three over-arching hypotheses, each relating to connections between the (generally understood) four stages of the value-added chain, activities related to each stage and indicators of banking success. The research clearly identified that: 1) Industrialisation dominates the savings banks value added chain. 2) Industrialisation augments financial outcomes and ‘perceived success’ in product development, marketing, settlement and transactions. 3) Outsourcing functions are negatively correlated to banking success in these value added stages. 4) Success in risk management was shown to be contingent on settlement and transactions, but no other activities. Automated services, such as self-service terminals and internet banking, are successful in the areas of settlements, transactions, marketing and customer relations. Increasing automation and standardisation can increase the perceived and quantitative measured success within the value added chain. Conclusions & Implications: The developed model extends knowledge in the area of banking and Industrialisation, showing increasing interaction between stages along the value-added chain. The closer the stages, the stronger the effects. The model provides a guide for managerial attention in adding value through Industrialisation techniques in the industry. The management implications of the study are that the savings banks should focus on their core competencies in providing a holistic in-house service in routine transactions, as well as supporting exceptional financing and investment tasks for their clients. To enhance the efficiency of Industrialisation across the value added chain, savings banks should find standards and routines contributing to Industrialisation success in risk management, and seek to comprehensively link the function of risk management to the value added chain stages.
10
Hulsey, Lukas. "Improving retirement savings through anchoring". Diss., Wichita State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10057/5584.
Abstract (sommario):
Some have argued that there is a “retirement savings crisis” (Munnell, Webb, & Golub-Sass, 2007). Accordingly, a number of approaches have been attempted to increase savings in defined contribution plans, the most common type of retirement savings plan. One approach that has shown promise is using behavioral economics principles to influence savings behaviors. Realizing that we are not purely rational consumers who make sound financial decisions based solely on numbers, behavioral economics focuses on the ways that internal and external factors influence human decisions. However, current approaches have been only moderately successful in increasing savings, with that success coming at a great expense to the employer.
There is a need for simple, inexpensive approaches to getting people to save more for retirement. One potential behavioral economics focused approach that has not been attempted is to use the phenomenon of anchoring and adjustment to influence savings decisions. Anchoring refers to the way people make judgments of amount. They anchor on some initial value, an internal or external cue, and then adjust from it.
Three experiments explore how anchoring can be used to influence retirement savings decisions. The first shows that the match threshold of a savings plan influences the amount people contribute to their savings. The second shows that, keeping plan attributes constant, the presentation of a high anchor value induces people to save more. The last explores some potentially fruitful uses of anchoring and adjustment theory that can be exploited when using an electronic enrollment form.Thesis (Ph.D.)--Wichita State University, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Dept. of Psychology
11
LU, CHAO, BO YUAN e MANHENG WANG. "Savings, Investments and Growth Rates". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-23428.
Abstract (sommario):
Aims: In this article, we will apply the multinational view to explore the relationships between saving, investment and economic growth. We will explore the dynamic relationship among these three factors from the empirical perspective. We are going to compare the mutual influence among these three factors and try to figure out the dynamic correlation. And find out the factors that influence economic growth the most in the short run and long run respectively. Method: For the research purpose and the contents, our article applies several methods such as literature research, quantitative research, comprehensive analysis and logical induction and comparison research. We separate two parts to analysis. In the first part we will use the stepwise regression method to prove our five assumptions and through path analysis to calculate path coefficient. In order to guarantee the stability of these data, these indexes apply the average value of 214 countries from 2000 to 2011. In the second part, we will use a Cobb-Douglas production model to figure out the long run economic growth behavior, we will introduce the concept of total factor productivity. And use the data of a sample space of 35 in the interval of 1975 to 2009. Limitations: Firstly, the paper didn’t investigate datum on further step, or has deeper proceeding of default datum, the data quality might occur to important influence to the conclusion, it did need to take cautious attitudes. Secondly, the paper acquires relative simple control variables, where default datum of control variable might induce strong influence on the conclusion, thus a deeper analyses need take many various factors into considerations, in order to analyze net effects of two variables. Thirdly, it clarifies from the degree of fitting, the paper using relative simple model, and does affect quality of the process, to get deeper analyze then needs more precious model for further analyze. Conclusion: This paper provided evidence to show economic growth is positive related to saving and investment and is negative to income level. Saving rate is positive related to income level and positive related to investment level, saving rate has indirect effect on economic growth, and saving rate has indirect effect on economic growth via investment rate. And there is a close relationship between investment and economic growth. Solow residual indicates that we will have to rely on the technology progress to increase efficiency in the long run.
12
Jones, R. "Savings composition and tax reform". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.384760.
13
Klein, Sean Patrick. "Household savings and portfolio choice". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58182.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2010.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis consists of three essays that examine household savings and portfolio choice behavior. Chapter One analyses the effects of employer matching contributions and tax incentives on participation and contribution behavior in employer-sponsored 401(k) savings plans. Employer sponsored retirement savings plans consist of several different incentives designed to increase employee savings, including matching contributions, tax deductibility, and tax free compounding. There is a substantial literature on the effects of match rates on retirement savings, but little on the effects of preferential tax treatment. This chapter provides estimates of the impact of employer matching and tax deductibility on retirement savings using a uniquely suited dataset from a large United States Corporation. I estimate that the effect of a one percentage point change in the match rate corresponds to a 0.06 percentage point increase in savings plan participation rates, while a similar one percentage point increase in marginal tax rates increases participation by 1.35 percentage points. Changes in the match rate have an insignificant effect on contribution rates (conditional on participation), though a one percentage point change in marginal tax rates tends to increase contribution rates by 0.16 percentage points. The effects of the match rate and marginal tax rate are transformed into changes in the annualized rate of return of the savings plan and this disparity remains.
(cont.) Finally, these estimates are used to calculate the changes in wealth at retirement due to changes in match rates and marginal tax rates under a variety of parameterizations. Chapter Two examines the trading and contribution behavior of employees participating in the 401(k) plan at a large United States corporation. This corporation offers employer matching contributions in company stock, and employees are prohibited from trading the matching contributions for an extended period. The empirical work details evidence of rebalancing behavior that is impacted by vesting restrictions and within-firm variation in match rates. Employees are between 3 and 7 percentage points more likely to rebalance their retirement portfolio once matching contributions have fully vested, and an additional 6 to 11 percentage points more likely if they face a 100% match rate relative to a 50% match rate. Variation in match rates also leads to changes in composition of employee contributions: increases in the match rate lead to decreases in the amount of company stock that the employee purchases with their own funds. Employees are between 13 and 19 percentage points less likely to contribute their own income to the matched asset and, if they still contribute to company stock, the employee's own-money contributions in company stock fall by between 13 and 18 percentage points. Together, these estimates provide evidence that employee contribution and rebalancing behavior is altered by asset-specific matching contributions and by restrictions on the trade of particular assets.
(cont.) Chapter Three uses data from multiple panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation to identify the effect of unemployment insurance benefits on household savings behavior. This chapter extends existing literature on precautionary savings and insurance to allow for the fact that insurance benefits are multi-dimensional, including replacement rates and benefit durations; incorporates additional econometric methods to accommodate the skewness and variation in household savings; allows for heterogeneous savings responses based on the likelihood of the insured risk through a two-step estimation procedure; and by allowing insurance benefits to affect the level and composition of assets by analyzing changes in the composition of the household's portfolio across assets that are likely (or unlikely) to represent precautionary savings. I find suggestive evidence of quantitatively large reductions in precautionary savings behavior in response to variation in both replacement rates and benefit durations, though these results are not statistically distinguishable from zero. The negative effect of benefit increases on savings is magnified for households at greater risk of unemployment, and for the households with below median levels of financial wealth, though again these results are statistically insignificant once standard errors are properly adjusted. These extensions do not provide enough power to detect savings responses to variation in insurance benefits at standard levels of confidence, despite point estimates that represent economically large responses.
by Sean Patrick Klein.
Ph.D.
14
Zhang, Xiaoming 1959. "Trade, savings, and economic growth". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10293.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1997, and Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1997.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-104).
by Xiaoming Zhang.
Ph.D.
15
Köhler, Jonathan Hugh. "Bounded rationality in savings decisions". Thesis, University of York, 1996. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10878/.
16
Gerhardt, Christian Peter. "The privatization of savings banks /". [S.l. : s.n.], 2007. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz274252562inh.pdf.
17
Monteiro, Marcos José Pérez. "Essays in taxation and savings". reponame:Repositório Institucional do FGV, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10438/11356.
Abstract (sommario):
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This dissertation is composed of three articles. Two of them investigate taxation issues and the third is a paper on savings. Although the subject of analysis is different among them, they all share the com- mon feature of applying panel-data econometric techniques on newly assembled datasets. Two of the essays employ GMM estimation on dynamic panel frameworks and the remaining one is an application on panel limited-dependent variable models. A short summary of each paper is provided below. It starts with the two essays on taxation, which share a common contextualizing section on the Brazilian state level value-added tax (ICMS), and finishes with the one on savings. Essay 1 makes an assessment of the importance of enforcement as an instrument to deter tax evasion and increase tax revenue, in the case of a developing country Value-Added Tax (VAT). It uses data from the Brazilian State of São Paulo. To cope with inertia in the revenue series and potential endogeneity, dy- namic panel-data techniques are employed. The level of regional GDP and two proxies for enforcement, namely the quantity and the value of penalties inflicted, were used as covariates. The results indicate a significant impact of the enforcement on tax revenues. The paper indirectly provides evidence on how non-compliance is affected by the penalty for detected evasion. Its conclusions are also relevant for the discussions on Brazilian fiscal federalism, specially in the case of a potential tax reform. Essay 2 examines one of the main tasks of a tax revenue service, which is to periodically choose which taxpayers will be subject to auditing. Improved efficiency in the audit selection mechanism is likely to impact positively the probability of fraud detection, resulting in better allocation of scarce fiscal resources. This paper attempts to design such a mechanism by computing the taxpayers probabilities of non-compliance. This is done by optimally combining on latent-dependent variable formulations several already existing indicators with information of ex-post audit results on a restricted sample of audited companies. With the estimated coefficients, tax non-compliance probabilities are calculated to the entire universe of taxpayers. The method was employed on a panel of firm-level micro-data from the state of São Paulo VAT tax (ICMS), corresponding to the fiscal region of Guarulhos. Essay 3 revisits the stylized fact of low saving rates in Latin American countries over the last decades. To investigate this situation, it employs panel data techniques to identify savings determinants and per- form counterfactual analysis using China, whose savings rate have been booming in the same period. Special attention is given to Brazil, which has fallen far behind its BRIC peers on this matter. The pa- per contributes to the existing literature in several ways. It combines two different and comprehensive datasets to encompass a vast array of savings determinants, including social security and demographic factors. It restates previous findings in the literature, albeit benefiting from the robustness conferred by richer datasets. For some Latin American countries, it reveals that their saving rates would increase if they perform more like China in other areas, but the increment would not be so dramatic.
Esta tese é composta por três artigos. Dois deles investigam assuntos afeitos a tributação e o terceiro é um artigo sobre o tema 'poupança''. Embora os objetos de análise sejam distintos, os três possuem como característica comum a aplicação de técnicas de econometria de dados em painel a bases de dados inéditas. Em dois dos artigos, utiliza-se estimação por GMM em modelos dinâmicos. Por sua vez, o artigo remanescente é uma aplicação de modelos de variável dependente latente. Abaixo, apresenta-se um breve resumo de cada artigo, começando pelos dois artigos de tributação, que dividem uma seção comum sobre o ICMS (o imposto estadual sobre valor adicionado) e terminando com o artigo sobre poupança. O primeiro artigo analisa a importância da fiscalização como instrumento para deter a evasão de tributos e aumentar a receita tributária, no caso de um imposto sobre valor adicionado, no contexto de um país em desenvolvimento. O estudo é realizado com dados do estado de São Paulo. Para tratar questões relativas a endogeneidade e inércia na série de receita tributária, empregam-se técnicas de painel dinâmico. Utiliza-se como variáveis de controle o nível do PIB regional e duas proxies para esforço fiscal: a quantidade e o valor das multas tributárias. Os resultados apontam impacto significativo do esforço fiscal nas receitas tributárias. O artigo evidencia, indiretamente, a forma como a evasão fiscal é afetada pela penalidade aplicada aos casos de sonegação. Suas conclusões também são relevantes no contexto das discussões sobre o federalismo fiscal brasileiro, especialmente no caso de uma reforma tributária potencial. O segundo artigo examina uma das principais tarefas das administrações tributárias: a escolha periódica de contribuintes para auditoria. A melhora na eficiência dos mecanismos de seleção de empresas tem o potencial de impactar positivamente a probabilidade de detecção de fraudes fiscais, provendo melhor alocação dos escassos recursos fiscais. Neste artigo, tentamos desenvolver este mecanismo calculando a probabilidade de sonegação associada a cada contribuinte. Isto é feito, no universo restrito de empresas auditadas, por meio da combinação 'ótima' de diversos indicadores fiscais existentes e de informações dos resultados dos procedimentos de auditoria, em modelos de variável dependente latente. Após calculados os coeficientes, a probabilidade de sonegação é calculada para todo o universo de contribuintes. O método foi empregado em um painel com micro-dados de empresas sujeitas ao recolhimento de ICMS no âmbito da Delegacia Tributária de Guarulhos, no estado de São Paulo. O terceiro artigo analisa as baixas taxas de poupança dos países latino-americanos nas últimas décadas. Utilizando técnicas de dados em painel, identificam-se os determinantes da taxa de poupança. Em seguida, faz-se uma análise contrafactual usando a China, que tem apresentado altas taxas de poupança no mesmo período, como parâmetro. Atenção especial é dispensada ao Brasil, que tem ficado muito atrás dos seus pares no grupo dos BRICs neste quesito. O artigo contribui para a literatura existente em vários sentidos: emprega duas amplas bases de dados para analisar a influência de uma grande variedade de determinantes da taxa de poupança, incluindo variáveis demográficas e de previdência social; confirma resultados previamente encontrados na literatura, com a robustez conferida por bases de dados mais ricas; para alguns países latino-americanos, revela que as suas taxas de poupança tenderiam a aumentar se eles tivessem um comportamento mais semelhante ao da China em outras áreas, mas o incremento não seria tão dramático.
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Banerjee, Haimanti. "Consumption commitments and precautionary savings". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1200.
Abstract (sommario):
In incomplete market models, agents with homothetic preferences over one non-durable consumption good and exposed to idiosyncratic income shocks use precautionary savings as an instrument to smooth consumption across different contingencies. The magnitude and role of precautionary savings is therefore essential in the understanding of savings behavior of agents in such an economy. In this dissertation, I study the effects of consumption commitments on aggregate savings behavior within an otherwise standard incomplete market framework. In the first chapter, I explore the impact of a consumption commitment good like housing in an incomplete market framework (Aiyagari(1994), Huggett(1997)). Conceptually, I concentrate on the argument whether consumption of housing is associated with changes in risk aversion and therefore reflected in precautionary savings behavior of agents. I study an analytical framework that captures key elements in the data like (i) heterogeneity in earnings through fixed effects and uninsurable idiosyncratic shocks, (ii) fraction of income spent on housing, (iii) magnitude of moving costs. In the second chapter, I present a dynamic incomplete market model with a key feature: a commitment good (housing) with positive transaction (moving) costs. I focus on a stationary recursive equilibrium for agents in the benchmark economy. I calibrate the benchmark model to the US economy. I find that the benchmark economy replicates (i) the fraction of income spent on housing services, (ii) the fraction of people moving in each period. In the third chapter, I quantitatively evaluate the magnitude of precautionary savings in the presence of housing consumption in the benchmark economy and compare it to the standard incomplete market model. Results indicate that the presence of housing leads to higher aggregate precautionary savings by nearly 13% when compared to the Aiyagari specification. I find transaction costs to have significant impact on aggregate savings behavior.
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Akhtar, Muhammad Waqar. "Behavioral issues in retirement savings". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0058.
Abstract (sommario):
Cette thèse de doctorat examine les aspects comportementaux de l'épargne-retraite, en se concentrant sur trois chapitres empiriques. La recherche étend la littérature existante en examinant l'impact de la littératie financière sur l'épargne-retraite, en comparant les pays avec différents niveaux de développement financier. De plus, l'étude explore le rôle des traits de personnalité dans la formation du comportement d'épargne, en utilisant une analyse de données à grande échelle. Une contribution unique de cette recherche est la combinaison de données micro et macro pour étudier la relation entre ces facteurs et l'épargne-retraite. L'étude examine comment la protection des investisseurs et l'attitude face au risque d'un individu influencent leur comportement d'épargne. L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'étudier en profondeur le comportement des individus envers leurs objectifs d'épargne pour la vie post-retraite, en mettant en évidence le rôle important joué par la littératie financière et les traits de personnalité dans ce processus.Le premier chapitre de notre thèse examine la relation entre la littératie financière et l'épargne-retraite, en utilisant des données de l'Enquête sur les finances et la consommation des ménages (HFCS). Pour analyser l'impact de la littératie financière sur le comportement d'épargne, l'étude se concentre sur le Luxembourg et la Slovaquie, qui ont différents niveaux de développement financier. Les résultats de notre recherche révèlent que le niveau de littératie financière parmi la population du Luxembourg est plus élevé que celui de la Slovaquie. L'analyse empirique indique que la littératie financière est positivement associée à l'épargne-retraite au Luxembourg, tandis qu'aucune relation significative n'est trouvée entre la littératie financière et l'épargne en Slovaquie. Ces résultats contribuent à une meilleure compréhension du rôle de la littératie financière dans le comportement d'épargne-retraite et ont des implications importantes pour les décideurs politiques.Le deuxième chapitre de notre thèse examine l'impact des cinq grands traits de personnalité sur le comportement d'épargne des individus. Les cinq grands traits de personnalité, notamment l'Ouverture, la Conscience, l'Extraversion, l'Agréabilité et la Névrose, sont largement reconnus par les psychologues comme des dimensions fondamentales qui façonnent le comportement humain. L'étude utilise des données de la base de données SHARE et couvre un échantillon de 27 pays européens. Les résultats suggèrent que les traits de personnalité influencent significativement le comportement d'épargne, et en particulier, les traits d'Ouverture et d'Agréabilité ont un impact positif sur le comportement d'épargne. Les résultats de ce chapitre fournissent des informations importantes sur le rôle des traits de personnalité dans l'épargne-retraite et ont des implications pratiques pour les planificateurs financiers et les conseillers.Le troisième et dernier chapitre de la thèse examine la relation entre la protection des investisseurs, l'attitude d'investissement et le comportement d'épargne. L'étude examine si la protection des investisseurs peut jouer un rôle important dans le comportement d'épargne-retraite des ménages et si elle peut aider les individus à adopter une attitude de risque plus favorable envers l'épargne-retraite. L'analyse se concentre sur l'impact de la protection des investisseurs et de l'attitude face au risque sur le comportement d'épargne et l'interaction entre les deux facteurs. L'étude utilise des données de la Banque mondiale pour la protection des investisseurs et de la base de données SHARE pour les données des ménages. Les résultats indiquent une relation significative entre la force de la protection des investisseurs, l'attitude face au risque d'un individu et le comportement d'épargne-retraiteThis PhD thesis investigates the behavioral aspects of retirement savings, with a focus on three empirical chapters. The research extends the existing literature by examining the impact of financial literacy on retirement savings, comparing countries with different levels of financial development. Additionally, the study explores the role of personality traits in shaping savings behavior, using large-scale data analysis. A unique contribution of this research is the combination of micro and macro data to investigate the relationship between these factors and retirement savings. The study examines how investor protection and an individual's risk attitude influence their savings behavior. The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate thoroughly individuals' behavior towards their savings goals for post-retirement life, highlighting the important role played by financial literacy and personality traits in this process.The first chapter of our thesis examines the relationship between financial literacy and retirement savings, using data from the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). To analyze the impact of financial literacy on savings behavior, the study focuses on Luxembourg and Slovakia, which have different levels of financial development. The findings of our research reveal that the level of financial literacy among the population of Luxembourg is higher as compared to that of Slovakia. The empirical analysis indicates that financial literacy is positively associated with retirement savings in Luxembourg, while no significant relationship is found between financial literacy and savings in Slovakia. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the role of financial literacy in retirement savings behavior.The second chapter of our thesis investigates the impact of the big five personality traits on individuals' savings behavior. The big five personality traits, including Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism, are widely recognized by psychologists as fundamental dimensions that shape human behavior. The study utilizes data from the SHARE database and covers a sample of 27 European countries. The results suggest that personality traits significantly influence savings behavior, and in particular, the traits of Openness and Agreeableness have a positive impact on savings behavior. The findings of this chapter provide important insights into the role of personality traits in retirement savings and have practical implications for financial planners and advisors.The third and final chapter of the thesis examines the relationship between Investor Protection, Investment Attitude, and Savings Behavior. The study investigates whether investor protection can play an important role in retirement savings behavior among households and whether it can help individuals adopt a more favorable risk attitude towards retirement savings. The analysis focuses on the impact of investor protection and risk attitude on savings behavior and the interaction between the two factors. The study utilizes data from the World Bank for investor protection and from the SHARE database for household data. The results indicate a significant relationship between the strength of investor protection, an individual's risk attitude, and retirement savings behavior.Our thesis focuses on retirement savings, a critical area of research due to its impact on financial security. We examine the impact of financial literacy, personality traits, and investor protection on savings behavior. Our findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and financial practitioners. These factors are essential considerations in understanding retirement savings behavior. Policymakers can use our findings to design effective retirement savings policies and programs
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Engan, Kenneth Paul. "A comparison of commissioning savings determination methodologies and the persistence of commissioning savings in three buildings". [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1556.
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Fredriksson, Cajsa. "Determinants of household savings : An international cross-country analysis to detect the determinants of household savings". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Handelshögskolan (from 2013), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-79936.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of this paper is to look into the determinants of household savings in an international cross-section. The focus is on the effects from social security, old-age dependency, participation rate and change in unemployment, among other variables as an addition to the disequilibrium saving hypotheses, which is the base theory for the savings function. The fixed-effect least square dummy variable method is used on panel data of 14 OECD countries over the time-span 2000 to 2018. The determinants that has a significant effect on household saving in the empirical result is unanticipated income; a positive sign supports the permanent-income hypothesis and the disequilibrium saving hypothesis. This means that individuals tend to save the transitory income. The next significant variable is the lagged savings rate, which indicates inactivity in the savings behavior. The change in the unemployment rate is also significant and the positive sign supports the uncertainty hypothesis, indicating that individuals tend to save for precautionary reasons. The last significant variable was social security and it had a negative effect on household savings; which is supported by the life-cycle hypothesis, and can indicate a wealth substitution effect or general confidence in the social security system.
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Black, Kevin. "Savings and Emulation: Could the U.S. Savings Paradox Be Explained by an Arms Race to Consume?" Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1237581054.
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Hulse, Colin D. "Effects of Deregulation on Retirement Savings". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/536.
Abstract (sommario):
The implementation of deregulation in the financial industry has shown both positive and negative effects on the average investor’s ability to save for retirement. The increase in financial investment products and supplements to saving has provided the average investor with many more opportunities to manage his/her wealth in order to save for retirement. This paper will examine the evolution of basic savings accounts offered by commercial banks in the early 1900s to the broadening of investment opportunities in the 1990s. The paper discusses the effects of three deregulatory acts on the average investor’s ability to accumulate wealth for retirement. These acts include: The Depository Institutions Deregulatory Monetary Control Act of 1980, Garn-St. Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982, and the repeal of Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 through the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999. Each of these deregulatory measures played a significant role in the changing of investment and savings behavior of the average investor and the definition of retirement in general.
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Pistaferri, Luigi. "Consumption, income dynamics and precautionary savings". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402082.
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Sripakdeevong, Parit. "Predicting minimum savings in Thai villages". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/101519.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2015.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (page 19).
Amador Werning Angeletos (2006) characterize the conditions under which optimal saving/ consumption decision are determined by a minimum savings policy. I test this model empirically against data from the Townsend Thai Monthly Survey. Each household's income distribution, measure of risk aversion. and hyperbolic discount rate are estimated and then inputted into the model. In the overall sample., the minimum saving value as predicted by the model does register a statistically signficant relationship with the actual amount saved by the household. This is expected. since minimum saving policy is not optimal for all households. Limiting the sample to the appopriate subgroup produces a strong positive correlation.
by Parit Sripakdeevong.
S.M.
26
Hofmann, Anett. "Commitment savings products : theory and evidence". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/977/.
Abstract (sommario):
Recent literature promotes commitment products as a new remedy for overcoming self-control problems and savings constraints. This thesis argues that the effects of commitment may be very heterogeneous, and highlights the mechanisms under which commitment may reduce welfare, rather than increase it. It also examines a new type of commitment contract: A formal commitment savings account with fixed regular instalments, introduced in a developing-country context. Chapter 1 proposes that the popularity of costly or inflexible savings mechanisms as well as of high-interest consumption loans may represent a demand for commitment to fixed instalments. Using a newly collected dataset from Bangladesh, it shows that the introduction of a regular-instalment commitment savings product was associated with a large increase in average savings contributions. The theoretical framework in Chapter 2 highlights the potential heterogeneity behind such positive average effects: Commitment improves welfare when agents have full knowledge of their preferences, including biases and inconsistencies. If agents are imperfectly informed about their preferences, they may choose ill-suited commitment contracts. I formally show that commitment contracts can reduce welfare if the commitment is not strong enough to discipline the agent, resulting in costly default. I further show that such insufficient commitment contracts are likely to be selected by time-inconsistent agents with ‘partially sophisticated’ preferences: Agents who are neither completely unaware nor fully aware of their time-inconsistency, but anywhere in between those two extremes. Chapter 3 describes a randomised experiment in the Philippines: I designed and introduced a regular-instalment commitment savings product, intended to improve on pure withdrawal-restriction products by mimicking the fixed-instalment nature of loan repayment contracts. Individuals from a general low-income pop ulation were randomly offered to take up the product, and were asked to choose the stakes of the contract (in the form of a default penalty) themselves. The result is that a majority appears to choose a harmful contract: While the intent-to-treat effect on bank savings for individuals assigned to the treatment group is four times that of a withdrawal-restriction product (offered as a control treatment), 55 percent of clients default on their savings contract. The explanation most strongly supported by the data is that the chosen stakes were too low (the commitment was too weak) to overcome clients’ self-control problems. Moreover, both take-up and default are negatively predicted by measures of sophisticated hyperbolic discounting, suggesting that those who are fully aware of their bias realise the commitment is too weak for them, and avoid the product. The study suggests that research on new commitment products should carefully consider the risk of adverse welfare effects, particularly for naïve and partially sophisticated hyperbolic discounters.
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Kasongo, Atoko. "Essays on savings in South Africa". University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7616.
Abstract (sommario):
Philosophiae Doctor - PhDSavings is essential for boosting economic growth. Low savings in a country will have negative consequences for both investment and economic growth. South Africa has continued to expe rience declining saving rates and in recent years, accompanied by declining economic growth. The study evaluated savings in South Africa by decomposing it into household saving, cor porate saving and public saving. The focus was to investigate the determinants of household savings, corporate and public savings. In addition to examining the determinants of savings, the research has also analysed the saving-investment relationship for South Africa. The study used a Bayesian vector auto regressive model to investigate the determinants of household sav ing from 1980Q1 to 2017Q4. The results of the investigation on household saving showed that GDP, inflation rate, and financial deepening determine household saving in South Africa. The Bayesian VAR was also used to identify the determinant of budget deficit between 1980Q1 to 2017Q and found Real GDP, inflation rate, total government debt, investment by general government and the inflation rate to be determinants. The Blundel-Bond Generalized Method of Moment (GMM) was used to investigate the determinants of corporate saving in form of cash holding for 80 non-financial firms listed on the JSE between 2007 and 2017. The results showed leverage, cash flow, debt maturity and previous amounts of cash holding to have significant effect on cash holding in SA. Lastly, the study examined the saving-investment nexus for South Africa using yearly data from 1980 to 2016. Using the Autoregressive Distributed lag (ARDL) and the Error Correction Model, (ECM), the study found a cointegrating relationship between domestic saving and domestic investment. It further found a positive relationship between domestic saving and domestic investment in both the short and long run. Causality analysis showed a unidirectional causality from domestic saving to domestic investment.
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Fadlon, Yizhak. "Essays on Retirement, Savings and Health". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:17467332.
Abstract (sommario):
As life expectancy rises and the workforce around the developed world ages, questions about retirement, savings, and health are becoming increasingly important. Are households saving enough for retirement? What is the role of employer contributions to savings accounts in determining overall savings? To what extent are households insured against health shocks and are they financially prepared to face them? How should the answers to these questions guide us in designing optimal social insurance policies?
This dissertation addresses these important questions on the economics of aging. In the three chapters of this dissertation, I apply theory in analyzing the behavior of households, firms, and the social planner, and quasi-experimental research designs that use newly available administrative data on labor market behavior and health outcomes.
The first chapter, jointly written with Torben Heien Nielsen, studies how households respond to severe health shocks and the insurance role of spousal labor supply. In the empirical part of the paper, we provide new evidence on individuals' labor supply responses to spousal health and mortality shocks. Analyzing administrative data on over 500,000 Danish households in which a spouse dies, we find that survivors immediately increase their labor supply and that this effect is entirely driven by those who experience significant income losses due to the shock. Notably, widows – who experience large income losses when their husbands die – increase their labor force participation by more than 11%, while widowers – who are significantly more financially stable – decrease their labor supply. In contrast, studying over 70,000 households in which a spouse experiences a severe health shock but survives – for whom income losses are well-insured in our setting – we find no economically significant spousal labor supply responses, suggesting adequate insurance coverage for morbidity (vs. mortality) shocks. In the theoretical part of the paper, we develop a method for welfare analysis of social insurance using only spousal labor supply responses. In particular, we show that the labor supply responses of spouses fully identify the welfare gains from insuring households against health and mortality shocks. Our findings imply large welfare gains from transfers to survivors and identify efficient ways for targeting government transfers.
The second chapter of this dissertation is jointly written with Jessica Laird and Torben Heien Nielsen. In this chapter we empirically study how firms, which play an increasingly significant role in retirement savings, set their contributions to employees’ savings accounts, and analyze whether employer contributions reflect employees’ savings preferences. Using a reform that decreased the subsidy for contributions to capital retirement savings accounts for Danish workers in the top income tax bracket, we find strong evidence that firms set contributions to employer-provided savings accounts in accordance with their employees' savings preferences. Specifically, we find that the reform shifted employers' contributions from capital accounts to the more subsidized annuity accounts. Furthermore, these responses were proportional to the share of employees directly affected by the reform. We also find that employers with more passive savers among the affected workers had stronger reactions, suggesting that firm responses substitute for individual responses.
In the third chapter, jointly written with David Laibson, we theoretically study savings in the presence of non-optimizing agents and the effect of a benevolent planner on overall retirement savings. As equilibrium behavior is jointly determined by the actions of households and social planners, we highlight the distinction between planner optimization and household optimization. We show that planner optimization is a substitute for household optimization and that this is true even when there are information asymmetries, so that households know more about their preferences than planners. Our analysis illustrates a potential misattribution in economic analysis. Is optimal behavior caused by optimizing households, or is optimal behavior caused by planners who paternalistically manipulate households that would not optimize on their own? We show that widely studied optimality conditions that are implied by household optimization also arise in an economy with a rational planner who uses default savings and Social Security to influence the choices of non-optimizing households. Therefore, many classical optimization conditions do not resolve the question of household optimization. Pseudo-rationality arises when rational planners elicit (seemingly) optimal behavior from non-optimizing households.Economics
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Pyles, andrew Joseph. "Network Traffic Aware Smartphone Energy Savings". W&M ScholarWorks, 2013. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623617.
Abstract (sommario):
In today's world of ubiquitous Smartphone use, extending the battery life has become an important issue. A significant contributor to battery drain is wireless networking. Common usage patterns expect Smartphones to maintain a constant Internet connection which exacerbates the problem.;Our research entitled A Network Traffic Approach to Smartphone Energy Savings focuses on extending Smartphone battery life by investigating how network traffic impacts power management of wireless devices. We explore 1) Real-time VoIP application energy savings by exploiting silence periods in conversation. WiFi is opportunistically placed into low power mode during Silence periods. 2.) The priority of Smartphone Application network traffic is used to modifiy WiFi radio power management using machine learning assisted prioritization. High priority network traffic is optimized for performance, consuming more energy while low priority network traffic is optimized for energy conservation. 3.) A hybrid multiple PHY, MAC layer approach to saving energy is also utilized. The Bluetooth assisted WiFi approach saves energy by combining high power, high throughput WiFi with low power, lower throughput Bluetooth. The switch between Bluetooth and WiFi is done opportunistically based upon the current data rate and health of the Bluetooth connection.;Our results show that application specific methods for wireless energy savings are very effective. We have demonstrated energy savings exceeding 50% in generic cases. With real-time VoIP applications we have shown upwards of 40% energy savings while maintaining good call quality. The hybrid multiple PHY approach saves more than 25% energy over existing solutions while attaining the capability of quickly adapting to changes in network traffic.
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Persson, Sanna, e Jerry Pettersson. "The connection between household savings ratio and human development index : Which factors affect the household savings ratio?" Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för ekonomistyrning och logistik (ELO), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-87939.
Abstract (sommario):
This thesis investigates which factors affecting savings behavior by using a fixed effect regression model. To see what affects the household savings rate the following independent variables is considered: Natural logarithm of trend per capita income, natural logarithm of deviation from trend per capita income, growth of disposable income, real interest rate, inflation, wealth in relation to household disposable income, foreign savings in relation to disposable income, dependency ratio and human development index. To see whether changes of human development within a county impacts the household´s savings ratio this variables was included in a separate regression. To avoid possible biasedness from ordinary least square, a panel data technique called fixed effect regression model is used. The investigated time period is between year 1999 and 2016 and to make a restriction, variables from 25 developed countries were studied. The involved economic theories in this work are Keynesianism, permanent income hypothesis and the savings theory behind Maslow´s behavioral pyramid. The result made by using this study is that growth in income and foreign savings in relation to disposable income is insignificant and can´t be used in explaining the differences between household´s savings. Human development index within a country has a negative effect on the savings ratio but a conclusion regarding whether changes in HDI´s does affect savings can´t be made and more research within that field is needed.
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Dahlgren, Amanda, e Isabella Holmberg. "To formulate and implement a sustainability strategy in a savings bank : A case study of four savings banks". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81339.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose – The purpose of this study was twofold. First, we wanted to increase knowledge about what is important to address within an organization, when formulating and implementing a corporate sustainability strategy. Second, we wanted to explore how the level of achievement of corporate sustainability influences the ability of an organization to integrate sustainability within its own organization. Method – We used an abductive approach within this study. In total, we conducted 20 interviews which we analysed through a thematic analysis. We also conducted two surveys. Findings - We have found six crucial aspects that will affect the formulation and implementation of a corporate sustainability strategy; conceptual confusion, motivation, action, cooperation, guidelines, and communication. We have also found that all dimensions of sustainability need to be understood and incorporated into the organization, in order for a corporate sustainability strategy to have impact. Theoretical and practical contributions - We have contributed to previous literature by connecting the five stages of achieving corporate sustainability with obstacles and solutions within the phases of strategy formulation and implementation. Further, we have provided a framework that can be useful to organizations when trying to achieve corporate sustainability. Limitation of the study - We have only analysed four out of almost 60 savings banks in Sweden, and the ones part of this study is also part of a sustainability project. It is therefore of essence that another more expansive study is performed that integrates more savings banks.
32
Klonner, Stefan. "Essays on rotating savings and credit associations". [S.l. : s.n.], 2001. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=96379244X.
33
Nunes, Bernardo F. "Three essays on retirement and savings behaviour". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/24516.
Abstract (sommario):
This dissertation presents three essays on retirement and savings behaviour. It relies on secondary data from British national surveys to empirically address how workers prepare and adapt to the economic circumstances of later life. Chapter 1 analyses the effectiveness of providing workers with the opportunity to join workplace pension schemes to stimulate pension savings. It estimates the potential opt-in rate among employees who haven’t been offered a pension plan by an employer, had they been offered the opportunity to join a scheme. Governmental policies enforcing pension plan provision at every workplace could generate a major impact on aggregate participation rates. This potential success does not seem to be conditional on the existence of mechanisms imposed by law concerning the way workers are enrolled. Chapter 2 examines the effect of workplace pension schemes provision and participation on other individual financial savings, such as personal pension plans and financial assets. It exploits the variability in workplace pension scheme provision and membership induced by the employer’s payroll size as an identification strategy. No evidence is found that providing employees with access to workplace pension schemes would make them less likely to save through non-pension financial instruments. These results support the enforcement of the universal provision of workplace pension schemes as a national policy to improve financial preparation for retirement. Chapter 3 builds on the literature of the economic role of home production of goods and services at retirement. The literature usually restricts the explanation of retirees’ heterogeneous attitudes towards home production to gender differences or social norms related to couples’ division of labour. The present study provides novel evidence that non-cognitive skills in the form of personality traits explain the heterogeneous reallocation of time and consumption that occurs during a transition from the labour market to retirement.
34
Henderson, Robert L. Higer Matthew W. "Potential logistics cost savings from engine commonality". Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Dec%5FHenderson%5FMBA.pdf.
Abstract (sommario):
"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007."Advisor(s): Ferrer, Geraldo ; Laverson, Alan. "December 2007." "MBA professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 10, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-118). Also available in print.
35
Culhane, William. "Statistical measures as predictors of compression savings". Connect to resource, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1811/32015.
36
Sinning, Mathias. "The savings behavior of immigrants in Germany". [Essen] [Rheinisch-Westfälisches Inst. für Wirtschaftsforschung], 2008. http://www.rwi-essen.de/sinning.
37
Jones, Timothy M. "Compiler-directed energy savings in superscalar processors". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/864.
Abstract (sommario):
Superscalar processors contain large, complex structures to hold data and instructions as they wait to be executed. However, many of these structures consume large amounts of energy, making them hotspots requiring sophisticated cooling systems. With the trend towards larger, more complex processors, this will become more of a problem, having important implications for future technology. This thesis uses compiler-based optimisation schemes to target the issue queue and register file. These are two of the most energy consuming structures in the processor. The algorithms and hardware techniques developed in this work dynamically adapt the processor's resources to the changing program phases, turning off parts of each structure when they are unused to save dynamic and static energy. To optimise the issue queue, the compiler analysis tracks data dependences through each program procedure. It identifies the critical path through each program region and informs the hardware of the minimum number of queue entries required to prevent it slowing down. This reduces the occupancy of the queue and increases the opportunities to save energy. With just a 1.3% performance loss, 26% dynamic and 32% static energy savings are achieved. Registers can be idle for many cycles after they are last read, before they are released and put back on the free-list to be reused by another instruction. Alternatively, they can be turned off for energy savings. Early register releasing can be used to perform this operation sooner than usual, but hardware schemes must wait for the instruction redefining the relevant logical register to enter the pipeline. This thesis presents an exploration of compiler-directed early register releasing. The compiler can exactly identify the last use of each register and pass the information to the hardware, based on simple data-flow and liveness analysis. The best scheme achieves 15% dynamic and 19% static energy savings. Finally, the issue queue limiting and early register releasing schemes are combined for energy savings in both processor structures. Four different configurations are evaluated bringing 25% to 31% dynamic and 19% to 34% static issue queue energy savings and reductions of 18% to 25% dynamic and 20% to 21% static energy in the register file.
38
Henderson, Robert L., e Matthew W. Higer. "Potential logistics cost savings from engine commonality". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10205.
Abstract (sommario):
MBA Professional ReportApproved for public release; distribution is unlimited
The purpose of this MBA Project is to determine potential logistics cost savings the USAF and DoD could have realized through the life of the F-16 fighter aircraft had they required engine commonality from the two engine manufacturers during the Alternate Fighter Engine (AFE) competition. Additionally, the authors seek to establish analysis framework to determine potential cost savings from commonality for other complex, high-cost systems (end items or subcomponents). The model assumes inventory consolidation is necessary to realize any savings from commonality. The Ardalan Heuristic Method is employed to determine siting for consolidation points using existing United States Air Force operational locations. This MBA Project determined the potential cost savings for engine commonality in the F-16 to be approximately $31.8M (2006 dollars).
39
Bae, Kyung Tae. "Family Characteristic and Savings Behavior in Malawi". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1062.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper examines effects of individual characteristics, household characteristics and impact of having a child in a household on usage of formal savings services in Malawi. The result of the paper suggests that individuals with certain characteristics do increase their chance of having at least one formal savings account and total amount in the saving account. Typically, males and household head have positive correlation. In addition, having a stable income occupation increases individuals’ usage of formal savings services. Lastly, there is negative effect on formal savings account if an individual has a child under 3 in the household. Data used in this paper is collected through field experiment in over 320 villages in Malawi.
40
Yi, Yunni. "Evaluation of medical savings accounts in China". Thesis, University of York, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.431253.
41
Amanti, Steven Thomas. "Potential energy savings on the MIT campus". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/36294.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2006.Includes bibliographical references (p. 46).
The MIT community and the City of Cambridge embarked on initiatives to reduce energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas emissions in accordance with the Kyoto Protocol which calls for a 20 % reduction in 1990 levels of GHG emissions by 2010. This thesis seeks to expand our understanding of how the MIT campus consumes energy and with that knowledge recommend methods of reducing energy consumption by eliminating irresponsible energy use. Based on the GHG emission map created by Tiffany Groode in her 2004 thesis A Methodology for Assessing MIT's Energy Use and Greenhouse Gas Emissions, the second largest energy consuming building per square foot, Building 18, was selected and analyzed in detail. This thesis proves the high hood density, lack of an exhaust heat recovery system, and irresponsible fume hood use necessitate Building 18's wasteful consumption of energy. Research revealed that, on average, 67 hoods were left open at night, and 88 were open during daytime use. Of those open hoods, only 5 were in use during the night, and 48 were in use during the day. If the unused hoods were closed the consumption of electricity, steam, and chilled water could be decreased by approximately 17% and save the Institute $350,000 a year in utility costs.
by Steven Thomas Amanti.
S.B.
42
Caballero, Ricardo J. "The stochastic behavior of consumption and savings". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/99793.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 1988.Includes bibliographical references.
Financial support provided by the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile.
by Ricard Jorge Caballero.
Ph.D.
43
Rognlie, Matthew (Matthew James). "Essays on savings, investment, and monetary policy". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104493.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
This thesis consists of three chapters on savings, investment, and monetary policy. The first chapter studies optimal monetary policy in an environment where negative nominal interest rates are possible, as demonstrated by recent central bank actions worldwide. I identify the central tradeoff: negative rates help stabilize aggregate demand, but at the cost of an inefficient subsidy to paper currency. Near 0%, the first side of this tradeoff dominates, and negative rates are generically optimal whenever output averages below its efficient level. In a benchmark scenario, negative rates are sufficient to undo most welfare losses relative to the first best. Credible commitment by the central bank is essential to implementing optimal policy, which backloads the most negative rates. The option to set negative nominal rates lowers the optimal long-run inflation target, and abolishing paper currency is only optimal when currency demand is highly elastic. The second chapter documents and interprets new facts about the functional distribution of income. It shows that the net capital share of income initially fell in the postwar era, before rising from the 1970s onward, with the entire net increase coming from the housing sector. Accounts of the capital share that emphasize capital accumulation are not consistent with the data: they require empirically improbable elasticities of substitution, and they presume a correlation between the capital-income ratio and capital share that is not visible in the data. A more limited narrative that stresses scarcity and the increased cost of housing better fits the data, as I clarify using a new multisector model of factor shares. The third chapter, joint with Adrien Auclert, studies the possibility that feedbacks between sovereign bond spreads and governments' desire to default may lead to multiple equilibria in sovereign debt markets. We show that such multiplicity does not exist in the infinite-horizon model of Eaton and Gersovitz (1981), a widely adopted benchmark for quantitative analyses of these markets. Our proof may be important to understand Euro government bond markets, and calls for renewed attention on the theoretical conditions that are needed for sovereign debt models to generate multiple equilibria.
by Matthew Rognlie.
Ph. D.
44
Oliver, Eric M. (Eric Michael). "Heat pipe dehumidification for supermarket energy savings". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69327.
Abstract (sommario):
Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1994.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 178-179).
This thesis examines the possibility of using a heat pipe installed in the air conditioning unit of a supermarket to increase the level of dehumidification of the inside air. This dehumidification is expected to reduce the energy consumption of the refrigeration system due to an improved efficiency of the heat transfer at the display case. This increase in efficiency will be due to reduced frost buildup on the refrigeration coils. Chapter two includes a physical and psychometric analysis of the heat pipe, proving that for any system where direct evaporation dehumidification is used, at any given time when dehumidification is being performed, the addition of a heat pipe will increase the amount of moisture being removed by the cooling coil. For this thesis, a heat pipe was installed in a supermarket in Worcester, Massachusetts. Over a period of the summer from the beginning of June to the end of October, various air temperatures and relative humidities, refrigeration line temperatures, pressures, and mass flows, and compressor power consumption were monitored for fifteen minute periods. The monitoring period included two months before the installation and three months after the installation to determine changes in the air system and refrigeration system due to the presence of the heat pipe. Chapters two through five describe the equipment, site and strategy used in the analysis. Chapter six describes the results of the monitoring, and Chapters seven and eight give the results of the air system and refrigeration system models. The systems were modelled using monitored data and engineering equations to predict humidity levels and power consumption based on ambient conditions. The analysis was unique in that a heat pipe application had never been previously studied in a Northeast location, since the mild summers made dehumidification less of an issue than in Southern states. This study was also considerably more in depth than previous studies (summarized in Chapter 2), for which savings estimates do not account for large potential errors. This study concluded that potential savings estimates (0-8% reduction in supply air humidity, -1 % reduction in refrigeration power) were within statistical error (9% for specific humidity, 4% for refrigeration power), and therefore inconclusive. Further studies with superior equipment and modelling strategies are needed to substantiate heat pipe dehumidification.
by Eric M. Oliver.
M.S.
45
Dal, Borgo Mariela. "Essays in household savings and portfolio choice". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/72943/.
Abstract (sommario):
The first part of this thesis presents a decomposition of household savings. One of the explanations for the wealth gap is that households with the same income level and demographic characteristics present differences in saving rates. This issue has been studied for African American versus Whites, but has not been directly addressed for Hispanics. Using pre-retirement data from the Health and Retirement Study, I compute saving rates as the ratio of wealth change to income over the years 1992-1998 and 1998-2004. In a regression framework I find that Mexican Americans, but not other Hispanics, have lower saving rates than Whites, even after controlling for income and socio-demographic factors. The inclusion of Social Security (S.S.) and pension wealth widens the gap further, which reflects the lack of pensions’ coverage among Mexican Americans. In contrast, the difference between African Americans and Whites is only significant when retirement assets are not added to total wealth, consistent with the equalizing effect of S.S. Then I conduct a regression decomposition for the mean gap in saving rates and find that: i) the component of the Mexican American-White differential not explained by observable characteristics becomes significant when S.S. and pensions are included; ii) with or without retirement assets the unexplained racial gap disappears; and iii) income and education are the main predictors of the savings gaps. The second and third parts investigate the effect of bankruptcy protection on households’ portfolio choice. The debtor protection provided by the U.S. personal bankruptcy law reduces exposure to uninsurable risks: it allows defaulters to discharge unsecured debt and to protect a certain amount of home equity. A reduction in background risk - for example, resulting from labor or entrepreneurial income - can affect the demand for risky financial assets. Thus, the bankruptcy protection can affect ex ante households’ willingness to tilt the financial portfolio towards those assets. On the one hand the implicit consumption insurance may lead to higher risk-taking by increasing the consumption floor if there is a negative wealth shock ("risk-taking channel"). On the other hand, more generous bankruptcy provisions will lead to a reduction in the demand for stock via: i) a higher probability of bankruptcy, since stocks are lost in bankruptcy because they are not protected ("protection channel"); or ii) worse credit market conditions -less access to credit at a higher price-, since higher bankruptcy protection implies a reduction of the collateral ("credit market channel"). In the context of a portfolio choice model, in the second chapter I illustrate how the bankruptcy protection can affect risk-taking through the "risk-taking channel" and the "protection channel". In the third part, I examine empirically the relationship between bankruptcy protection and stock market participation by exploiting the variation in that protection across states and over time. I find that doubling the amount of home equity that can be protected reduces stock ownership by 2 p.p. at intermediate protection levels ($22,000 to $90,000). This decline is restricted to high-asset and high-income households, which are more likely to participate in the stock market. Since poor rather than rich households are affected by worse credit market conditions when bankruptcy becomes more generous, the "credit market channel" is not a plausible mechanism. I do not find any effect of higher protection on the share of stocks in liquid assets, which suggests that the bankruptcy protection does not affect households’ risk appetite. My findings are consistent with unprotected rather than risky assets becoming less attractive as the level of protection increases, as predicted by the "protection channel".
46
Hirschbeck, Lisa. "Encouraging individual retirement savings in South Africa". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1017535.
Abstract (sommario):
Many South Africans may not have adequate retirement savings when they retire and this has the effect of a low income replacement ratio on retirement that may lead to a decrease in the standard of living of the retiree and in extreme cases the retiree becoming dependent on their family and the government. Owing to this trend of no or inadequate retirement savings, South Africa embarked on a retirement reform journey in 2004. The goal of this research is to determine whether the retirement reform mechanisms outlined by National Treasury would encourage individual retirement savings that should assist South Africans to achieve stability of income in their retirement. This research analysed the current retirement savings options and vehicles available for South Africans, the current tax incentives and disincentives and reviewed the proposed changes to tax incentives and disincentives during the accumulation phase of retirement savings and explained how these proposed tax incentives are harmonised for the accumulation phase of retirement. The research explained how National Treasury aims to limit pre-retirement withdrawals and how it intends to encourage the annuitisation of post-retirement benefits. The penultimate chapter of this research measured the effect (by making certain assumptions) of the changes proposed by National Treasury on the income replacement ratio of the retiree. Throughout the research comparisons were made between The OECD Roadmap for the good design of defined contribution pension plans and National Treasury’s proposals. This research did not directly address the effect of increased life expectancies on retirement savings or increases in youth unemployment and the effect that this may have on retirement savings. The effect of financial charges levied on retirement savings on the income replacement ratio of a retiree was also not explored. Furthermore, not all pension funds are regulated by the Pension Funds Act and how these pension funds can be brought within the purview of the Pension Funds Act was not investigated. Automatic enrolment of retirement savings for all employees in South Africa in retirement vehicles is a further research area that could be addressed.
47
Namoloh, Julius Nyerere. "Savings, investment and economic growth in Namibia". Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28404.
Abstract (sommario):
This study examined the interaction between saving, investment and economic growth in Namibia. The relationship between these variables is central to Namibia’s guiding macroeconomic framework. However, empirical evidence has shown that the relationship between saving, investment and economic growth depends on the country context. This makes it important to understand the policy implications of the interaction between these variables in Namibia. The specific objectives of the study were to investigate the causal relationship between saving and investment and the impact of the saving-investment relationship on economic growth in Namibia. The diagnostic testing using the Johansen cointegration test revealed a long-run relationship between the study variables with one cointegrating equation. The long run analysis was followed by Granger causality tests to understand short-run causal relationships between the variables. Impulse response functions and variance decompositions were also estimated to examine the interaction between the variables. The results from the Vector Error Correction Model showed that there was a positive long-run relationship between economic growth and investment, & savings and investment in Namibia. The Granger causality test revealed a causal relationship between saving and investment, consistent with the long-run analysis. The study implications are that a pro-saving policy can achieve increased investment. However, the long run relationship between investment and economic growth implies that investment should be made on a longer term for it to impact on economic growth. It is therefore recommended that Namibia implements policies to encourage long term investments. This can be achieved through waiving duty on capital goods and offering tax incentives to investors in strategic sectors of the economy.
48
Conner-Strunk, Jessica M. "OPTIMIZED PLATOON PATHFINDING FOR MAXIMIZED FUEL SAVINGS". OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2667.
Abstract (sommario):
Fuel efficiency is an ever present problem in today's modern world. The United States in particular is in need of a solution to lowering greenhouse gas emissions caused by transit and freight across its spread out cities. In fact in the United States the average commute time of an individual is 26 minutes, meaning that round trip people are driving about an hour every day, to and from work. But that gas consumption is pittiling compared to that of the freight industry. Heavy Duty Vehicles (HDVs) commonly known as semi trucks, account for three quarters of US freight emissions and 7.5% of total US greenhouse gas emissions [2]. But this can be cut down considerably with the implementation of platooning. Platooning is when multiple vehicles follow in close distance to reduce aerodynamic drag, causing significant fuel savings. In this paper, we will go over an algorithm to help vehicles join with already formed platoons on the road, increasing their fuel efficiency and therefore saving cost to the driver in addition to lessening the negative effect on the planet. This will be done using a modified A* algorithm. The base weight of zero will be the amount of gas the vehicle would consume taking the shortest path that google maps recommends, alone, with no platooning. Paths may end up with negative weights due to the fuel savings caused by joining existing platoons during the vehicles’ travel. The algorithm will have access to a map of the roadways and the GPS data of nearby platoons. It will then perform a cost-benefit analysis to determine if the fuel savings from joining a platoon will outweigh the cost of going outside of its original path in order to join the other vehicles.
49
Henderson, Robert L. "Potential logistics cost savings from engine commonality /". Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; National Technical Information Service [distributor], 2007. http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/.
Abstract (sommario):
MBA professional report (Master of Business Administration)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007."December 2007." Advisor(s): Ferrer, Geraldo ; Laverson, Alan. Performed by Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA. "Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007."--P. iii. Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-118). Also available online from the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS), Dudley Knox Library site and the DTIC Online site.
50
Essig, Lothar. "Savings Behavior of Private Households in Germany". [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz117934933inh.htm.