Articoli di riviste: "Sarcoptic mange, mange, wombat, disease"

1

F Skerratt, Lee. "Sarcoptes scabiei: an important exotic pathogen of wombats". Microbiology Australia 26, n. 2 (2005): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05079.

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Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic astigmatid mite, which causes scabies in people and sarcoptic mange in mammals. Importantly, it is an emerging disease in wildlife throughout the world. The mite originates from a human ancestor and is thought to have spread to domestic and then free-living animals. Based on the recent emergence of sarcoptic mange in Australian wildlife and Aboriginal communities, it is thought that Sarcoptes scabiei was probably introduced to Australia by the Europeans and their animals. The mitochondrial genetic similarity of mites from Australian wildlife and domestic animals supports this. In Australian wildlife, sarcoptic mange has been reported in the common wombat Vombatus ursinus, southern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons, koala Phascolarctos cinereus, common ringtail possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus and in 2003 in the agile wallaby Macropus agilis. Compared with other native species, sarcoptic mange has by far its greatest impact on wombats, particularly common wombats, and is capable of causing high morbidity and mortality rates.

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Martin, Alynn M., Tamieka A. Fraser, John A. Lesku, Kellie Simpson, Georgia L. Roberts, Jillian Garvey, Adam Polkinghorne, Christopher P. Burridge e Scott Carver. "The cascading pathogenic consequences of Sarcoptes scabiei infection that manifest in host disease". Royal Society Open Science 5, n. 4 (aprile 2018): 180018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.180018.

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Sarcoptic mange, caused by the parasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei , causes a substantive burden of disease to humans, domestic animals and wildlife, globally. There are many effects of S. scabiei infection, culminating in the disease which hosts suffer. However, major knowledge gaps remain on the pathogenic impacts of this infection. Here, we focus on the bare-nosed wombat host ( Vombatus ursinus ) to investigate the effects of mange on: (i) host heat loss and thermoregulation, (ii) field metabolic rates, (iii) foraging and resting behaviour across full circadian cycles, and (iv) fatty acid composition in host adipose, bone marrow, brain and muscle tissues. Our findings indicate that mange-infected V. ursinus lose more heat to the environment from alopecia-affected body regions than healthy individuals. Additionally, mange-infected individuals have higher metabolic rates in the wild. However, these metabolic demands are difficult to meet, because infected individuals spend less time foraging and more time inactive relative to their healthy counterparts, despite being outside of the burrow for longer. Lastly, mange infection results in altered fatty acid composition in adipose tissue, with increased amounts of omega-6 acids, and decreased amounts of omega-3 acids, a consequence of chronic cutaneous inflammation and inhibition of anti-inflammatory responses. These findings highlight the interactions of mange-induced physiological and behavioural changes, and have implications for the treatment and rehabilitation of infected individuals.

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White, Mark. "Disease Facts: Sarcoptic Mange". Livestock 15, n. 4 (luglio 2010): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2010.tb00290.x.

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Wright, Ian. "Disease summary: canine sarcoptic mange". Companion Animal 19, n. 10 (2 ottobre 2014): 536–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2014.19.10.536.

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Craig, Mark. "Disease facts: canine sarcoptic mange (scabies)". Companion Animal 19, n. 7 (2 luglio 2014): 346–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/coan.2014.19.7.346.

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Devenish-Nelson, Eleanor S., Shane A. Richards, Stephen Harris, Carl Soulsbury e Philip A. Stephens. "Demonstrating frequency-dependent transmission of sarcoptic mange in red foxes". Biology Letters 10, n. 10 (ottobre 2014): 20140524. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0524.

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Understanding the relationship between disease transmission and host density is essential for predicting disease spread and control. Using long-term data on sarcoptic mange in a red fox Vulpes vulpes population, we tested long-held assumptions of density- and frequency-dependent direct disease transmission. We also assessed the role of indirect transmission. Contrary to assumptions typical of epidemiological models, mange dynamics are better explained by frequency-dependent disease transmission than by density-dependent transmission in this canid. We found no support for indirect transmission. We present the first estimates of R 0 and age-specific transmission coefficients for mange in foxes. These parameters are important for managing this poorly understood but highly contagious and economically damaging disease.

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Giadinis, Nektarios D., Rania Farmaki, Nikolaos Papaioannou, Elias Papadopoulos, Harilaos Karatzias e Alexander F. Koutinas. "Moxidectin Efficacy in a Goat Herd with Chronic and Generalized Sarcoptic Mange". Veterinary Medicine International 2011 (2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/476348.

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A case of sarcoptic mange affecting almost all the animals of a dairy goat herd is described. This pruritic skin disease led progressively to high mortality and dramatic drop of milk yield. The lesions of the affected goats were typical of a chronic and generalized-diffuse sarcoptic mange. Diagnosis was confirmed by skin scrapings and histopathology in which many mites were demonstrated. All surviving goats were treated with injectable moxidectin solution 1% (CYDECTIN-Fort Dodge) at the dose of 0.2 mg/kg, applied every 15 days for four times, subcutaneously. Although pruritus had decreased soon after the first treatment, a satisfactory healing of cutaneous lesions was witnessed 6 weeks after the beginning of moxidectin trial. Parasitological cure was achieved in all affected animals by the end of the trial. In the four monthly followups, no evidence of sarcoptic mange could be found.

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Ahmed, Marwa A., Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy, Ahmed Gareh, Abdelbaset Eweda Abdelbaset, Fatma A. El-Gohary, Nagwa M. Elhawary, Ahmed K. Dyab, Elzahara Elbaz e Mostafa F. N. Abushahba. "Epidemiological and Histopathological Investigation of Sarcoptic Mange in Camels in Egypt". Animals 10, n. 9 (24 agosto 2020): 1485. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10091485.

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Mange has been considered one of the most common parasitic infestations among camels. It adversely impacts animal productivity and poses a risk to human health. Given the scarcity of available data about mange in camels, the current study focused on the prevalence of camel mange and its associated risk factors in Aswan Governorate, Egypt. Towards this end, a general visual inspection was conducted on camels (N = 210) in different markets and slaughterhouses in Aswan Governorate. Skin scrapings from suspect infected camels were also examined microscopically. Importantly, these findings were further checked and confirmed by histopathology on samples from suspected cases collected post-slaughter in abattoirs. The possible risk-associated factors, which include the camel’s age, sex and sampling season, were recorded and statistically analyzed. Interestingly, the data showed that a total of 100 camels (47.6%) were found exclusively infested by sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, the predominant histopathological changes included burrowing tunnel of mites in the skin, hyperkeratosis and acanthosisconsis of the epidermis, while the dermis showed hemorrhage, mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration around the blood vessels and perifolliculitis. These major histopathological findings are consistent with sarcoptic mange. Furthermore, the statistical analysis of the possible associated risk factors, camel’s age (p = 0.006), gender (p = 0.032) and sampling season (p = 0.004), were all found to be significantly affected and related to the disease. In this regard, camels ≥2 years old were found at higher risk of infection (odds ratio (OR) = 2.75; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.345 to 5.604) versus younger animals (OR = 0.36; 95 CI, 0.1784 to 0.743). Females had higher odds of exposure (OR = 2.02; 95% CI, 1.096 to 3.708) compared to males (OR = 0.50; 95% CI, 0.269 to 0.912). Moreover, the exposure to infection was reported higher in winter (OR = 2.30; 95% CI, 1.297 to 4.098) than in summer (OR = 0.43; 95% CI, 0.244 to 0.771). Collectively, our data provide novel epidemiological and histopathological support for sarcoptic mange being widespread among camels in the studied area. Sarcoptic mange is extremely contagious and zoonotic. Therefore, our baseline investigation indicates an urgent need for additional multicenter-studies to investigate the occurrence of this disease in camels and humans combined with the appropriate control measures of camel importation for combating this disease.

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9

Nájera, Fernando, Elena Crespo, Amalia García-Talens, Rebeca Grande-Gómez, Francisco Javier Herrera-Sánchez, Michaela Gentil, Carmen Cortés-García, Elisabeth Müller, Rafael Calero-Bernal e Luis Revuelta. "First Description of Sarcoptic Mange in a Free-Ranging European Wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Spain". Animals 11, n. 9 (25 agosto 2021): 2494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11092494.

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Sarcoptic mange caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei is a worldwide-distributed skin infestation with a wide range of hosts, among them several species within the Felidae family. Sarcoptes scabiei was diagnosed in a dead adult female European wildcat (Felis silvestris silvestris) from Spain, based on histological evaluation of skin biopsies and identification of the arthropod from skin scrapings and molecular methods. This is the first description of Sarcoptes scabiei in a European wildcat. Due to its critical demography in the southernmost population of the Iberian Peninsula, the impacts of infectious diseases, including sarcoptic mange, as a new potential threat should be considered during disease surveillance programs of the species’ populations.

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Teodoro, Tamires G. W., Pâmela A. Lima, Patrícia C. Stehling, Ivam M. Oliveira Junior, Mary S. Varaschin, Flademir Wouters e Angelica T. B. Wouters. "Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in wild canids (Cerdocyon thous)". Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 38, n. 7 (luglio 2018): 1444–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5700.

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ABSTRACT: Crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) are wild canids found in practically all Brazilian states. They usually live and hunt in pairs, but can be found in small groups, which favors the transmission of diseases such as sarcoptic mange. This study aims to describe the epidemiological, parasitological and pathological findings of two fatal cases of sarcoptic mange in C. thous. Two wild canids were necropsied and cytological examination of skin and crust samples and histologic evaluation of various tissue samples were performed. Gross findings included poor body condition and extensive alopecia with thick skin crusts interspersed by intensely reddened alopecic areas. The cytological examination revealed numerous mites with short gnathosoma and rounded idiosoma that were transversally striated and presented triangular spines on the dorsal surface, terminal anus, and short and thick legs, characteristic of Sarcoptes scabiei. Histologic examination of the skin revealed numerous tunnels into and under the stratum corneum of the epidermis containing high amounts of S. scabiei. The mites were associated with marked acanthosis and hyperkeratosis, and mild superficial dermatitis. The findings reveal that sarcoptic mange is an important disease in wild canids.

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Littlewood, J. D. "Equine sarcoptic mange: Re-emergence of a previously notifiable disease?" Equine Veterinary Education 23, n. 1 (10 dicembre 2010): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3292.2010.00169.x.

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Kaltsogianni, Flora, Rania Farmaki e Alexander F. Koutinas. "Norwegian or Crusted Sarcoptic Mange in Two Leishmanial Dogs". Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 53, n. 6 (1 novembre 2017): 326–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5326/jaaha-ms-6445.

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ABSTRACT Norwegian or crusted scabies (N/CS) is a rare skin disease with very few cases reported in the dog or the cat. Two adult, stray dogs were admitted in our clinic with a generalized, multifocal to diffuse and nonpruritic dermatitis that was characterized by severe crusting, scaling, and ulceration. In both instances, leishmaniosis and N/CS were diagnosed by immunofluorescent antibody test serology, lymph node cytology, and skin scrapings in which high numbers of Sarcoptes mites were found. The combination of miticidal and antileishmanial treatment, supported by topical treatment and nutritional support, resulted in the complete resolution of the skin lesions and spectacular improvement of the body condition in both cases. Dog 1 eventually died from end-stage kidney disease attributed to leishmaniosis-associated glomerulonephritis, whereas the also proteinuric dog 2 remains clinically healthy. The manifestation of the rare type of N/CS in these dogs could be attributed to cell-mediated immunosuppression, which was most likely induced by leishmaniosis and malnutrition. The necessity of searching for leishmaniosis in those scabietic cases, especially in the endemic areas of leishmaniosis, is strongly recommended.

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13

Pandya, Nidhi R., Ghanshyam C. Mandali e Keshank M. Dave. "Epidemiology and Haemato-Biochemical Changes in Mange Infested Camels". INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 16, n. 01 (4 settembre 2020): 58–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.16.1.13.

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Mange in camel, also named as sarcopticosis is defined as an extremely contagious skin disease characterized by scab formation, pruritic dermatitis, thickening and corrugation of skin and hair loss. A total of 21 positive cases of mange infestation were selected from those presented at the Veterinary Clinical Complex of the College, in Anand and from surrounding villages. The affected camels were divided into 3 groups, viz., B, C, D each group comprised of 7 camels, while seven healthy camels in group A served as control. The maximum prevalence of sarcoptic mange among infected animals was found in the age group of >6 years (52.38 %), followed by 4-6 years (38.09 %) and in less than 3 years age groups (9.52 %), and also in females than the males (85.71 vs 14.29%). The levels of haematological values, viz., haemoglobin, total erythrocytes count, packed cell volume, neutrophils, basophils, MCV and MCH were found to be significantly (p less than 0.05) decreased, whereas the total leukocytes count, lymphocytes and eosinophils were increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in mange affected camel as compared to healthy ones. The biochemical constituents, viz., total serum protein, alanine aminotransferase and zinc concentrations were found significantly (p less than 0.05) lower. In contrast, serum creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase and copper concentrations were increased significantly (p less than 0.05) in mange affected camels. The changes reflected that the mange infestation causes hepatocellular and renal damage, apart from general stress to the camel.

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Lindström, Erik R., Henrik Andrén, Per Angelstam, Goran Cederlund, Birger Hörnfeldt, Lars Jäderberg, Per-Arne Lemnell, Berit Martinsson, Kent Sköld e John E. Swenson. "Disease Reveals the Predator: Sarcoptic Mange, Red Fox Predation, and Prey Populations". Ecology 75, n. 4 (giugno 1994): 1042–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1939428.

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Oleaga, A., R. Casais, P. González-Quirós, M. Prieto e C. Gortázar. "Sarcoptic mange in red deer from Spain: Improved surveillance or disease emergence?" Veterinary Parasitology 154, n. 1-2 (giugno 2008): 103–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.03.002.

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Oleaga, Álvaro, Rosa Casais, Ana Balseiro, Alberto Espí, Luis Llaneza, Alfonso Hartasánchez e Christian Gortázar. "New techniques for an old disease: Sarcoptic mange in the Iberian wolf". Veterinary Parasitology 181, n. 2-4 (settembre 2011): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.04.036.

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Xu, Jing, Xing Huang, Manli He, Yongjun Ren, Nengxing Shen, Chunyan Li, Ran He et al. "Identification of a novel PYP-1 gene in Sarcoptes scabiei and its potential as a serodiagnostic candidate by indirect-ELISA". Parasitology 145, n. 6 (8 novembre 2017): 752–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182017001780.

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AbstractScabies is a parasitic disease caused by the ectoparasite Sarcoptes scabiei, affecting different mammalian species, including rabbits, worldwide. In the present study, we cloned and expressed a novel inorganic pyrophosphatase, Ssc-PYP-1, from S. scabiei var. cuniculi. Immunofluorescence staining showed that native Ssc-PYP-1 was localized in the tegument around the mouthparts and the entire legs, as well as in the cuticle of the mites. Interestingly, obvious staining was also observed on the fecal pellets of mites and in the integument of the mites. Based on its good immunoreactivity, an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using recombinant Ssc-PYP-1 (rSsc-PYP-1) as the capture antigen was developed to diagnose sarcoptic mange in naturally infected rabbits; the assay had a sensitivity of 92·0% and specificity of 93·6%. Finally, using the rSsc-PYP-1-ELISA, the Ssc-PYP-1 antibody from 10 experimentally infected rabbits could be detected from 1 week post-infection. This is the first report of S. scabiei inorganic pyrophosphatase and the protein could serve as a potential serodiagnostic candidate for sarcoptic mange in rabbits.

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Ruykys, Laura, David A. Taggart, William G. Breed e David Schultz. "Sarcoptic mange in southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons): distribution and prevalence in the Murraylands of South Australia". Australian Journal of Zoology 57, n. 2 (2009): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09010.

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This study examined the history, prevalence and distribution of sarcoptic mange in southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) in the Murraylands, South Australia. Results from a survey suggested that there had been a long history of sporadic mange outbreaks, with 43% of 85 respondents indicating that they had seen diseased animals. There was a concentration of positive sightings (59%) in the vicinity of one town, Swan Reach. A total of 67 wombats was also caught on three pastoral properties; 0% (n = 21), 4% (n = 21) and 76% (n = 23) were found to have mange at each respective site. Diseased wombats presented with erythema, parakeratosis and alopecia and had lower median condition, subcutaneous fat and higher bone prominence scores than healthy animals. Severely diseased adult wombats had an average bodyweight that was 9.86 kg lower than those without mange. Infected animals suffered higher mortality, with a rate of ~37% in eight months on one property. It is suggested that mange may have a significant effect on southern hairy-nosed wombats and outbreaks could result in the decline and/or possible extinction of small, isolated populations. Population management initiatives, including suspending culling quotas in infected populations, should thus be considered.

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Kraabøl, Morten, Vegard Gundersen, Kirstin Fangel e Kjetil Olstad. "The taxonomy, life cycle and pathology of Sarcoptes scabiei and Notoedres cati (Acarina, Sarcoptidae): A review in a Fennoscandian wildlife perspective". Fauna norvegica 35 (17 dicembre 2015): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5324/fn.v35i0.1652.

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Mites constitute an old cosmopolitan group, abundant in various terrestrial and aquatic habitats of considerable environmental variations. The majority of mites are free-living, whereas some have evolved parasitic relationships with a variety of animals either as endo- or ectoparasites. The ectoparasitic and skin burrowing <em>Sarcoptes scabiei</em> and <em>Notoedres cati</em>, cause sarcoptic and notoedric mange among a variety of mammalian species, including humans. In a non-adequate host these mites lead to pseudo-scabies which is often self-curable. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of recent knowledge on the taxonomy, life cycles and pathology of these two mites, which are of relevance to Fennoscandian wildlife, by considering knowledge on transmission vectors, host immunology, and some documented outbreaks. These mites affect the health and survival of mammals in four ways; 1) skin tissue damages, 2) loss of body fluids, 3) allergic reactions and 4) secondary bacterial infections. A short-term effect of outbreaks is usually high mortality, and long-term effects vary from extinction to biased population structure to no effect at all. Red foxes are generalist predators that are important end-hosts for mites that develop disease depending on their immunity status, and transmit mites to other hosts. Outbreaks of mange may possibly have ecological consequences on a wider scale. In an endangered species, like the arctic fox or Eurasian lynx, loss of only a few individuals can be critical. It might be wise for management authorities to develop emergency plans to minimize consequences of outbreaks of sarcoptic or notoedric mange in threatened species such as the arctic fox and the lynx.

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DOUKAS, D., Z. LIAKOU e D. TONTIS. "Sarcoptes scabiei dermatitis in adult sheep: an immunohistochemical study of 34 chronic cases with extensive lesions". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 72, n. 1 (9 aprile 2021): 2755. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.26761.

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Ovine sarcoptic mange is a contagious ectoparasitic skin disease, seen in many countries with sheep production. Although several studies concerning dermatopathology have been published, the local cutaneous immune response to Sarcoptes scabiei has not been studied by immunohistochemistry. The present study aims to evaluate immunohistochemically the adaptive cellular immune response in chronic natural cases with extensive gross lesions. Facial and foot skin biopsies of 32 ewes and 2 rams were obtained, and moreover from the scrotal scabietic lesions of the 2 rams. Each biopsy was bisected and processed for paraffin and cryostat sections. Mites were not observed in the vast majority of skin histology sections. Epidermal hyperplasia and chronic inflammation were the main histopathologic features. The dermal inflammatory infiltrate was mixed, dominated by eosinophils and lymphocytes equally. Tissue sections immunostained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies showed among lymphocytes an almost exclusively T-cell population (CD3+), while CD79a + cells were sparse. T-helper cells (CD4+) were predominant versus T-cytotoxic cells (CD8+) in 4:1 to 5:1 ratios. The mixed inflammatory infiltrate combined with the immunohistochemical findings suggest both a type-I and type-IV hypersensitivity reactions during the chronic course of the disease. Moreover, all these chronic cases in adult sheep are recorded into the hypersensitivity form of sarcoptic mange (“classical or ordinary” scabies) and no cases of the hyperkeratotic form of the disease (“Norwegian or crusted” scabies) were found.

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MONTES, JOSE, e JOSÉ CARDONA. "Aplasia cutis in swine". Revista Colombiana de Ciencia Animal - RECIA 6, n. 1 (3 gennaio 2014): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.24188/recia.v6.n1.2014.277.

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The dermatopatologias are present in both pets and animal production. In the case of swine, are the most common skin diseases such as exudative epidermis (EE), sarcoptic mange and swine smallpox. However, there are also skin diseases affecting mainly pigs but are not reported as often. One is aplasia cutis or imperfectepiteliogênese, which is characterized by the absence of epidermis in some regions of the body of the piglet birth. Given that this disease presents as fortuitous cases within a farm, this work presents the occurrence of an event in a commercial farm in Viçosa (Minas Gerais, Brazil).

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Moog, F., J. Brun, P. Bourdeau e M. C. Cadiergues. "Clinical, Parasitological, and Serological Follow-Up of Dogs with Sarcoptic Mange Treated Orally with Lotilaner". Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2021 (25 gennaio 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6639017.

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Canine sarcoptic mange is a highly pruritic and contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. This case series describes the clinical, parasitological, and serological follow-up of a cohort of eight adult Saint Bernard dogs with confirmed sarcoptic mange, treated orally with lotilaner. Dogs were evaluated initially and after 14 days and 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12 months for skin lesions, pruritus severity, presence of parasites, and Sarcoptes-IgG levels. A serological indoor allergy panel (IgE) was obtained for seven dogs at day 0 and repeated 12 months later in five dogs to assess potential cross-reactivity between S. scabiei and environmental allergens. Lotilaner was administered to each dog according to the manufacturer’s instructions and was repeated after one and two months without any concurrent therapeutic measure or modification of the husbandry conditions. Pruritus ceased after two weeks. The cutaneous score was reduced by 47%, and skin scrapings were negative for all but three animals. All skin scrapings were negative after one month. Lesions were absent after two months. Serological levels decreased gradually, but more slowly than the skin lesions, and two dogs out of six remained positive in the absence of skin lesions or symptoms. All dogs initially tested positive for dust mites and/or storage mites. The IgE titres remained unchanged 12 months later in the five tested dogs. This case report demonstrates the efficacy of lotilaner on scabies in a cohort of infested dogs under natural conditions and the potential antigenic cross-reaction of S. scabiei with house dust and storage mites.

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Almberg, Emily S., Paul C. Cross, Andrew P. Dobson, Douglas W. Smith e Peter J. Hudson. "Parasite invasion following host reintroduction: a case study of Yellowstone's wolves". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 367, n. 1604 (19 ottobre 2012): 2840–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2011.0369.

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Wildlife reintroductions select or treat individuals for good health with the expectation that these individuals will fare better than infected animals. However, these individuals, new to their environment, may also be particularly susceptible to circulating infections and this may result in high morbidity and mortality, potentially jeopardizing the goals of recovery. Here, using the reintroduction of the grey wolf ( Canis lupus ) into Yellowstone National Park as a case study, we address the question of how parasites invade a reintroduced population and consider the impact of these invasions on population performance. We find that several viral parasites rapidly invaded the population inside the park, likely via spillover from resident canid species, and we contrast these with the slower invasion of sarcoptic mange, caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei . The spatio-temporal patterns of mange invasion were largely consistent with patterns of host connectivity and density, and we demonstrate that the area of highest resource quality, supporting the greatest density of wolves, is also the region that appears most susceptible to repeated disease invasion and parasite-induced declines. The success of wolf reintroduction appears not to have been jeopardized by infectious disease, but now shows signs of regulation or limitation modulated by parasites.

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Nimmervoll, Helena, Stefan Hoby, Nadia Robert, Elena Lommano, Monika Welle e Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis. "PATHOLOGY OF SARCOPTIC MANGE IN RED FOXES (VULPES VULPES): MACROSCOPIC AND HISTOLOGIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THREE DISEASE STAGES". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 49, n. 1 (gennaio 2013): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2010-11-316.

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Old, Julie M., Candice J. A. Skelton e Hayley J. Stannard. "The use of Cydectin® by wildlife carers to treat sarcoptic mange in free-ranging bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Parasitology Research 120, n. 3 (13 gennaio 2021): 1077–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00436-020-07012-8.

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Nayel, Nayel Mohamed, e Mukhtar Taha Abu-Samra. "Sarcoptic mange in the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius). A clinico-pathological and epizootiological study of the disease and its treatment". Journal of Arid Environments 10, n. 3 (maggio 1986): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)31240-0.

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De Danielli, C., e M. Sarasa. "Population estimates, density–dependence and the risk of disease outbreaks in the Alpine ibex Capra ibex". Animal Biodiversity and Conservation 38, n. 1 (marzo 2015): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2015.38.0101.

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Wildlife monitoring and the identification of factors associated with disease outbreaks are major goals in wildlife conservation. We reviewed demographic and epidemiological data for the Alpine ibex Capra ibex from 1975–2013 to characterize the species’ abundance and distribution dynamics on a large scale. We also explored methodological bias in monitoring and analyzed the factors potentially associated with the risk of disease outbreaks. Our results revealed that the overall abundance and distribution of Alpine ibex appeared to be increasing at both national and international scales, in agreement with the IUCN’s ‘Least Concern’ conservation status on the international scale and on the national scale for Italy, Switzerland and France. Our comparative analysis of common monitoring methods highlights the fact that abundance values from counts are underestimated and suggests that the Alpine ibex is more abundant than is usually reported. The appearance and persistence of disease outbreaks (e.g. sarcoptic mange, keratoconjunctivitis or brucellosis) are related to local ibex density and abundance. The observed correlation between the demographic growth of ibex populations and disease outbreaks suggests that the risk of epizooties may be increasing or might already be high in several populations of Capra ibex.

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Fraser, Tamieka A., Roz Holme, Alynn Martin, Pam Whiteley, Merridy Montarello, Cam Raw, Scott Carver e Adam Polkinghorne. "Expanded Molecular Typing of Sarcoptes scabiei Provides Further Evidence of Disease Spillover Events in the Epidemiology of Sarcoptic Mange in Australian Marsupials". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 55, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2019): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2018-04-101.

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MATSUYAMA, Ryota, Makoto ASANO e Masatsugu SUZUKI. "The Necessity of Disease Ecology for the Interpretation of Data on Sarcoptic Mange in Raccoon Dogs （Nyctereutes procyonoides）in Gifu Prefecture". Japanese Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 21, n. 3 (30 aprile 2016): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5686/jjzwm.21.59.

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Brandell, Ellen E., Andrew P. Dobson, Peter J. Hudson, Paul C. Cross e Douglas W. Smith. "A metapopulation model of social group dynamics and disease applied to Yellowstone wolves". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n. 10 (1 marzo 2021): e2020023118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2020023118.

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The population structure of social species has important consequences for both their demography and transmission of their pathogens. We develop a metapopulation model that tracks two key components of a species’ social system: average group size and number of groups within a population. While the model is general, we parameterize it to mimic the dynamics of the Yellowstone wolf population and two associated pathogens: sarcoptic mange and canine distemper. In the initial absence of disease, we show that group size is mainly determined by the birth and death rates and the rates at which groups fission to form new groups. The total number of groups is determined by rates of fission and fusion, as well as environmental resources and rates of intergroup aggression. Incorporating pathogens into the models reduces the size of the host population, predominantly by reducing the number of social groups. Average group size responds in more subtle ways: infected groups decrease in size, but uninfected groups may increase when disease reduces the number of groups and thereby reduces intraspecific aggression. Our modeling approach allows for easy calculation of prevalence at multiple scales (within group, across groups, and population level), illustrating that aggregate population-level prevalence can be misleading for group-living species. The model structure is general, can be applied to other social species, and allows for a dynamic assessment of how pathogens can affect social structure and vice versa.

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MATTSSON, J. G., E. L. LJUNGGREN e K. BERGSTRÖM. "Paramyosin from the parasitic miteSarcoptes scabiei: cDNA cloning and heterologous expression". Parasitology 122, n. 5 (maggio 2001): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182001007648.

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The burrowing miteSarcoptes scabieiis the causative agent of the highly contagious disease sarcoptic mange or scabies. So far, there is noin vitropropagation system forS. scabieiavailable, and mites used for various purposes must be isolated from infected hosts. Lack of parasite-derived material has limited the possibilities to study several aspects of scabies, including pathogenesis and immunity. It has also hampered the development of high performance serological assays. We have now constructed anS. scabieicDNA expression library with mRNA purified from mites isolated from red foxes. Immunoscreening of the library enabled us to clone a full-length cDNA coding for a 102.5 kDa protein. Sequence similarity searches identified the protein as a paramyosin. RecombinantS. scabieiparamyosin expressed inEscherichia coliwas recognized by sera from dogs and swine infected withS. scabiei. We also designed a small paramyosin construct of about 17 kDa that included the N-terminal part, an evolutionary variable part of the helical core, and the C-terminal part of the molecule. The miniaturized protein was efficiently expressed inE. coliand was recognized by sera from immunized rabbits. These data demonstrate that the cDNA library can assist in the isolation of importantS. scabieiantigens and that recombinant proteins can be useful for the study of scabies.

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Walton, Shelley F., e Bart J. Currie. "Problems in Diagnosing Scabies, a Global Disease in Human and Animal Populations". Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20, n. 2 (aprile 2007): 268–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.00042-06.

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SUMMARY Scabies is a worldwide disease and a major public health problem in many developing countries, related primarily to poverty and overcrowding. In remote Aboriginal communities in northern Australia, prevalences of up to 50% among children have been described, despite the availability of effective chemotherapy. Sarcoptic mange is also an important veterinary disease engendering significant morbidity and mortality in wild, domestic, and farmed animals. Scabies is caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei burrowing into the host epidermis. Clinical symptoms include intensely itchy lesions that often are a precursor to secondary bacterial pyoderma, septicemia, and, in humans, poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Although diagnosed scabies cases can be successfully treated, the rash of the primary infestation takes 4 to 6 weeks to develop, and thus, transmission to others often occurs prior to therapy. In humans, the symptoms of scabies infestations can mimic other dermatological skin diseases, and traditional tests to diagnose scabies are less than 50% accurate. To aid early identification of disease and thus treatment, a simple, cheap, sensitive, and specific test for routine diagnosis of active scabies is essential. Recent developments leading to the expression and purification of S. scabiei recombinant antigens have identified a number of molecules with diagnostic potential, and current studies include the investigation and assessment of the accuracy of these recombinant proteins in identifying antibodies in individuals with active scabies and in differentiating those with past exposure. Early identification of disease will enable selective treatment of those affected, reduce transmission and the requirement for mass treatment, limit the potential for escalating mite resistance, and provide another means of controlling scabies in populations in areas of endemicity.

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Pérez, Jesús M., Emmanuel Serrano, Ramón C. Soriguer, Francisco J. González, Mathieu Sarasa, José E. Granados, Francisco J. Cano-Manuel, Rafaela Cuenca e Paulino Fandos. "DISTINGUISHING DISEASE EFFECTS FROM ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS IN A MOUNTAIN UNGULATE: SEASONAL VARIATION IN BODY WEIGHT, HEMATOLOGY, AND SERUM CHEMISTRY AMONG IBERIAN IBEX (CAPRA PYRENAICA) AFFECTED BY SARCOPTIC MANGE". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 51, n. 1 (gennaio 2015): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/2014-01-008.

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Lastuti, Nunuk Dyah Retno, Fedik Abdul Rantam, Poedji Hastutiek e Dony Chrismanto. "Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) Play Role in Adaptive Immunity in Rabbits Immunized by Sarcoptes scabiei Proteins". KnE Life Sciences 3, n. 6 (3 dicembre 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v3i6.1100.

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Sarcoptic mange is one of the most economically important diseases in goats in Indonesia, and increasing number of cases of treatment failure is being reported because of drug resistance. Nowadays, it is considered as an emerging/re-emerging parasitic disease that threatens human and animal health globally. Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) is a receptor which plays role in innate immunity due to microbial infection. TLR-5 is a receptor that can recognize ligand produced by bacterial component, and TLR-7 is involved in the recognition of ligand that similar to ssRNA virus. This research aims are to detect Sarcoptes scabiei antigenic protein which can induce cellular immune response in rabbit as adaptive immunity with TLR-5 and TLR-7 as marker.This research was performed in several stages: isolation and identification S. scabiei from scabies infected goats; extraction of soluble protein S.scabiei mite, the rabbit immunization by inoculating protein antigen S. scabiei with dosage of 500µg, repeated five times as booster in two weeks, the examination of TLR-5 and TLR-7 expression using direct immunofluorescence technique. The result of cellular immune response is shown by TLR-5 and TLR-7 expression in rabbit T limphocytes which appear yellow to green fluorescence color using fluorescence microscope. The amount of fluoresnce T lymphocytes showed a significant difference (p<0.05) between control and various boosters, and significantly increased in 3rd booster or 42 days post immunization. The conclusion showed protein from S. scabiei mites taken from goat contains ligands, acting as receptors which involve in pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) that can induce adaptive immunity and recognized by TLR-5 and TLR-7. It shows that TLR is not only involved in innate immunity but also in adaptive immunity, and can be used as alternative adjuvant development. Keywords: Sarcoptes scabiei, TLR- 5, TLR-7, goats, rabbits.

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Sapko, S. A. "Therapeutic efficacy of Akarostop for dogs and cats against acariform mite". Theoretical and Applied Veterinary Medicine 8, n. 3 (2020): 198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32819/2020.83028.

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This article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of the preparation, namely Akarostop, with the active substance amitraz and the excipient dimethyl sulfoxide. The research was conducted with the involvement of pets kept in the private sector and housing (dogs and cats). All research results were controlled by observation of the clinical condition of animals and microscopy of scrapings from the affected areas of the skin and ears. The presence of live mites was determined by lightly warming up the slide. The effectiveness of the drug against sarcoptic mange was established in the treatment of 13 dogs, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. Clinical signs of the disease began to resolve in 5–9 days after the first application of the drug, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, and crusting. The efficiency after two treatments was 40%. On the 21st day before applying the drug, single inactive ticks were found in 5 out of 13 animals in their skin scrapes. The efficacy of the drug against Notoedres in cats was determined, which were treated once a day with a 3 days interval. After 8 days of the treatment in cats' skin scrapings, dead mites and single live ones were found, and on the 13th day crusts dried out, fell away, skin became pale pink and dry. The recovery of animals was observed gradually: on the 13th day it amounted to 33%, on the 17th day – 55%, and residually on the 21st day. Thus, the 100% therapeutic efficacy of the drug Acarostop has been established for the five-time treatment of cats against Notoedres. The efficacy of the preparation for otodectosis of dogs and cats was determined by applying 2–3 drops of the drug into the cleaned ear. Clinical signs of the disease 3–4 days after the first application of the drug began to disappear, which was manifested by the disappearance of hyperemia, a decrease in exudation, falling off crusts, and the absence of itching. On days 5 to 9 from the beginning of treatment all animals recovered, which was confirmed by clinical and laboratory tests. After the tests, the animals continued to be observed and no relapses were found within 4 weeks. In the future, we plan to conduct research on an acaricidal preparation with an improved composition and effect, namely, antipruritic, anti-inflammatory and regenerating effect.

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Wilkinson, Vicky, Kotaro Tokano, David Nichols, Alynn Martin, Roz Holme, David Phalen, Kate Mounsey et al. "Fluralaner as a novel treatment for sarcoptic mange in the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus): safety, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and practicable use". Parasites & Vectors 14, n. 1 (6 gennaio 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04500-9.

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Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange causes significant animal welfare and occasional conservation concerns for bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) throughout their range. To date, in situ chemotherapeutic interventions have involved macrocytic lactones, but their short duration of action and need for frequent re-administration has limited treatment success. Fluralaner (Bravecto®; MSD Animal Health), a novel isoxazoline class ectoparasiticide, has several advantageous properties that may overcome such limitations. Methods Fluralaner was administered topically at 25 mg/kg (n = 5) and 85 mg/kg (n = 2) to healthy captive bare-nosed wombats. Safety was assessed over 12 weeks by clinical observation and monitoring of haematological and biochemical parameters. Fluralaner plasma pharmacokinetics were quantified using ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Efficacy was evaluated through clinical assessment of response to treatment, including mange and body condition scoring, for 15 weeks after topical administration of 25 mg/kg fluralaner to sarcoptic mange-affected wild bare-nosed wombats (n = 3). Duration of action was determined through analysis of pharmacokinetic parameters and visual inspection of study subjects for ticks during the monitoring period. Methods for diluting fluralaner to enable ‘pour-on’ application were compared, and an economic and treatment effort analysis of fluralaner relative to moxidectin was undertaken. Results No deleterious health impacts were detected following fluralaner administration. Fluralaner was absorbed and remained quantifiable in plasma throughout the monitoring period. For the 25 mg/kg and 85 mg/kg treatment groups, the respective means for maximum recorded plasma concentrations (Cmax) were 6.2 and 16.4 ng/ml; for maximum recorded times to Cmax, 3.0 and 37.5 days; and for plasma elimination half-lives, 40.1 and 166.5 days. Clinical resolution of sarcoptic mange was observed in all study animals within 3–4 weeks of treatment, and all wombats remained tick-free for 15 weeks. A suitable product for diluting fluralaner into a ‘pour-on’ was found. Treatment costs were competitive, and predicted treatment effort was substantially lower relative to moxidectin. Conclusions Fluralaner appears to be a safe and efficacious treatment for sarcoptic mange in the bare-nosed wombat, with a single dose lasting over 1–3 months. It has economic and treatment-effort-related advantages over moxidectin, the most commonly used alternative. We recommend a dose of 25 mg/kg fluralaner and, based on the conservative assumption that at least 50% of a dose makes dermal contact, Bravecto Spot-On for Large Dogs as the most appropriate formulation for adult bare-nosed wombats.

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Beard, Danielle, Hayley J. Stannard e Julie M. Old. "Morphological identification of ticks and molecular detection of tick-borne pathogens from bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus)". Parasites & Vectors 14, n. 1 (19 gennaio 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04565-6.

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Abstract Background Ticks are obligate haematophagous ectoparasites of vertebrate hosts and transmit the widest range of pathogenic organisms of any arthropod vector. Seven tick species are known to feed on bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus), in addition to the highly prevalent Sarcoptes scabiei mite which causes fatal sarcoptic mange in most bare-nosed wombat populations. Little is known about the pathogens carried by most wombat ticks or how they may impact wombats and wombat handlers. Methods Wombat ticks were sourced from wildlife hospitals and sanctuaries across Australia and identified to species level using taxonomic keys. Genomic DNA was extracted from a subsample, and following the amplification of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene V3–V4 hypervariable region, next-generation sequencing (NGS) on the Illumina MiSeq platform was used to assess the microbial composition. Results A total of 447 tick specimens were collected from 47 bare-nosed wombats between January 2019 and January 2020. Five species of ticks were identified comprising wombat tick Bothriocroton auruginans (n = 420), wallaby tick Haemaphysalis bancrofti (n = 8), bush tick Haemaphysalis longicornis (n = 3), common marsupial tick Ixodes tasmani (n = 12), and Australian paralysis tick Ixodes holocyclus (n = 4). Tick infestations ranged from one to 73 ticks per wombat. The wombat tick was the most prevalent tick species comprising 94% of the total number of samples and was present on 97.9% (46/47) of wombat hosts. NGS results revealed the 16S rRNA gene diversity profile was predominantly Proteobacteria (55.1%) followed by Firmicutes (21.9%) and Actinobacteria (18.4%). A species of Coxiella sharing closest sequence identity to Coxiella burnetii (99.07%), was detected in 72% of B. auruginans and a Rickettsiella endosymbiont dominated the bacterial profile for I. tasmani. Conclusions A new host record for H. longicornis is the bare-nosed wombat. One adult male and two engorged adult female specimens were found on an adult male wombat from Coolagolite in New South Wales, and more specimens should be collected to confirm this host record. The most prevalent tick found on bare-nosed wombats was B. auruginans, confirming previous records. Analysis of alpha-diversity showed high variability across both sample locations and instars, similar to previous studies. The detection of various Proteobacteria in this study highlights the high bacterial diversity in native Australian ticks.

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Wilkinson, Vicky, Kotaro Takano, David Nichols, Alynn Martin, Roz Holme, David Phalen, Kate Mounsey et al. "Correction to: Fluralaner as a novel treatment for sarcoptic mange in the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus): safety, pharmacokinetics, efficacy and practicable use". Parasites & Vectors 14, n. 1 (5 marzo 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04658-w.

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Pisano, Simone Roberto Rolando, Fridolin Zimmermann, Luca Rossi, Simon Capt, Ezgi Akdesir, Roland Bürki, Florin Kunz, Francesco Carlo Origgi e Marie-Pierre Ryser-Degiorgis. "Spatiotemporal spread of sarcoptic mange in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in Switzerland over more than 60 years: lessons learnt from comparative analysis of multiple surveillance tools". Parasites & Vectors 12, n. 1 (5 novembre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3762-7.

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Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a contagious skin disease of wild and domestic mammals caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Reports of sarcoptic mange in wildlife increased worldwide in the second half of the 20th century, especially since the 1990s. The aim of this study was to provide new insights into the epidemiology of mange by (i) documenting the emergence of sarcoptic mange in the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in the last decades in Switzerland; and (ii) describing its spatiotemporal spread combining data obtained through different surveillance methods. Methods Retrospective analysis of archived material together with prospective data collection delivered a large dataset from the 19th century to 2018. Methods included: (i) a review of historical literature; (ii) screening of necropsy reports from general health surveillance (1958–2018); (iii) screening of data on mange (1968–1992) collected during the sylvatic rabies eradication campaign; (iv) a questionnaire survey (<1980–2017) and (v) evaluation of camera-trap bycatch data (2005–2018). Results Sarcoptic mange in red foxes was reported as early as 1835 in Switzerland. The first case diagnosed in the framework of the general health surveillance was in 1959. Prior to 1980, sarcoptic mange occurred in non-adjacent surveillance districts scattered all over the country. During the period of the rabies epidemic (1970s-early 1990s), the percentage of foxes tested for rabies with sarcoptic mange significantly decreased in subregions with rabies, whereas it remained high in the few rabies-free subregions. Sarcoptic mange re-emerged in the mid-1990s and continuously spread during the 2000–2010s, to finally extend to the whole country in 2017. The yearly prevalence of mange in foxes estimated by camera-trapping ranged from 0.1–12%. Conclusions Sarcoptic mange has likely been endemic in Switzerland as well as in other European countries at least since the mid-19th century. The rabies epidemics seem to have influenced the pattern of spread of mange in several locations, revealing an interesting example of disease interaction in free-ranging wildlife populations. The combination of multiple surveillance tools to study the long-term dynamics of sarcoptic mange in red foxes in Switzerland proved to be a successful strategy, which underlined the usefulness of questionnaire surveys.

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Tiffin, Hannah S., Robert Cockerill, Justin D. Brown e Erika T. Machtinger. "A Tissue Digestion Protocol for Measuring Sarcoptes scabiei (Astigmata: Sarcoptidae) Density in Skin Biopsies". Journal of Insect Science 20, n. 6 (1 novembre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jisesa/ieaa105.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Sarcoptic mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei that affects a diversity of mammals, including humans, worldwide. In North America, the most commonly affected wildlife includes wild canids, such as coyotes and red foxes, and more recently American black bears in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast United States. Currently, surveillance for sarcoptic mange in wildlife is syndromic, relying on detection of clinical signs and lesions, such as alopecia and crusting of skin. When possible, skin scrapes are used to identify the causative mite. While skin scrapes are a valuable diagnostic tool to identify mites, this approach has significant limitations when used for quantification of mite burden. To further investigate mite burden in cases of sarcoptic mange, 6-mm punch biopsies were collected from affected skin of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes Linnaeus [Carnivora: Canidae]), a species historically affected by sarcoptic mange, frequently with high mite burdens and severe skin disease, and validated on skin tissue from mange-affected American black bears (Ursus americanus Pallas [Carnivora: Ursidae]) and coyotes (Canis latrans Say [Carnivora: Canidae]). Biopsies were digested by incubating the tissue in potassium hydroxide (KOH) at 55°C. The greatest tissue clearance and lowest mite degradation resulted after 12 h of tissue digestion. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe a methodology for host tissue digestion and mite quantification in cases of sarcoptic mange. This method will provide a valuable surveillance and research tool to better understand sarcoptic mange in wild and domestic animals, with applications to a diversity of other ectoparasitic diseases.

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Bandi, Kiran Madhusudhan. "Sarcoptic Mange: A Zoonotic Ectoparasitic Skin Disease". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2012/4839.2694.

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Shakya, Mukesh, Mamta Singh, A. K. Jayraw e Vijesh Kumar Saini. "Clinical Management of Sarcoptic Mange in Rabbits". INDIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY SCIENCES AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 14, n. 1 (20 giugno 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.21887/ijvsbt.v14i1.13004.

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Abstract (sommario):

Dermatological problems are one of the most common clinical entities in domestic pets and fur bearing animals (Deshmukh et al., 2010). Amongst them, sarcoptic mange is one of the most common and major constraint in commercial rabbit production in India (Darzi et al., 2007). Sarcoptic mange is the most obstinate, resistant and contagious disease with zoonotic importance (Kumar et al., 2002). It is mainly characterized by pruritis, alopecia and in prolonged illness; the animal becomes emaciated and mayeven die due to cachexia (Roy et al., 2001). Being a contagious parasitic skin disease, mites are generally spread by direct contact between infected and healthy rabbits (Panigrahi and Gupta, 2013). Sarcoptic mange, if left untreated may cause significant morbidity and economic loss in the livestock. Moreover, high costs are associated with acaricides used in infested livestock (Rehbein et al., 2003 and Walton et al., 2004). The avermectin compounds can be used to treat rabbits which are naturally infected with scabies (Kachhawa et al., 2013 and Eraslan et al., 2010). The present communication reports the successful management of sarcoptic mange in rabbits.

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VUJANIĆ́, Dejan, Oliver STEVANOVIĆ́, Miljan DOBRIJEVIĆ́, Igor TRBOJEVIĆ́, Željko SLADOJEVIĆ́, Dejan LAUŠEVIĆ́ e Drago NEDIĆ́. "SEVERE FORM OF GENERALIZED SARCOPTIC MANGE WITH SECONDARY PIOTRAUMATIC FOLLICULITIS IN DOGS: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND EPIZOOTIOLOGICAL APPROACH". ВЕТЕРИНАРСКИ ЖУРНАЛ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ 20, n. 1-2 (16 giugno 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.7251/vetjen2001152s.

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This paper describes a case of generalized sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei) in a stray dog found in the Kotor Varoš Municipality. Clinical and dermatological examinations revealed the suspicion of Sarcoptic mange in the dog, which was confirmed by the finding of eggs and adult forms of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis. As a secondary complication of mange, the presence of staphylococcal pyotraumatic folliculitis was determined. Hematological examination revealed anemia and leukocytosis. In basic therapy, 0.4 mg/kg of ivermectin was administered parenterally, with cephalexin administered orally at a dose of 40 mg/kg every 12 hours. The therapy lasted 30 days. Control examinations did not reveal parasitic elements in the scraped surface layer of the skin. In the discussion of this paper, the epizootiological characteristics of the disease and the list of dog`s skin diseases, that should be distinguished from sarcoptic mange in everyday practice, are presented.

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DeCandia, Alexandra L., Kennedy N. Leverett e Bridgett M. vonHoldt. "Of microbes and mange: consistent changes in the skin microbiome of three canid species infected with Sarcoptes scabiei mites". Parasites & Vectors 12, n. 1 (16 ottobre 2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-019-3724-0.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the ectoparasitic mite Sarcoptes scabiei. Although it afflicts over 100 mammal species worldwide, sarcoptic mange remains a disease obscured by variability at the individual, population and species levels. Amid this variability, it is critical to identify consistent drivers of morbidity, particularly at the skin barrier. Methods Using culture-independent next generation sequencing, we characterized the skin microbiome of three species of North American canids: coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). We compared alpha and beta diversity between mange-infected and uninfected canids using the Kruskal–Wallis test and multivariate analysis of variance with permutation. We used analysis of composition of microbes and gneiss balances to perform differential abundance testing between infection groups. Results We found remarkably consistent signatures of microbial dysbiosis associated with mange infection. Across genera, mange-infected canids exhibited reduced microbial diversity, altered community composition and increased abundance of opportunistic pathogens. The primary bacteria comprising secondary infections were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, previously associated with canid ear and skin infections, and Corynebacterium spp., previously found among the gut flora of S. scabiei mites and hematophagous arthropods. Conclusions This evidence suggests that sarcoptic mange infection consistently alters the canid skin microbiome and facilitates secondary bacterial infection, as seen in humans and other mammals infected with S. scabiei mites. These results provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of mange at the skin barrier of North American canids and can inspire novel treatment strategies. By adopting a “One Health” framework that considers mites, microbes and the potential for interspecies transmission, we can better elucidate the patterns and processes underlying this ubiquitous and enigmatic disease.

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Espinosa, J., J. M. Pérez, A. Baéz–Bravo, P. Fandos, F. J. Cano–Manuel, R. C. Soriguer, J. R. López–Olvera e J. E. Granados. "Recommendations for the management of sarcoptic mange in free–ranging Iberian ibex populations". Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 14 febbraio 2020, 137–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.32800/abc.2020.43.0137.

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In recent decades, sarcoptic mange has become the main driver of demographic changes in Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica) populations in the Iberian Peninsula. Given this species’ economic and ecological importance, priority must be given to management measures aimed at limiting the effects of this disease. However, despite the wealth of research on sarcoptic mange in ibex, no common patterns of action are yet available to manage this disease under field conditions. The lack of national and international protocols aimed at controlling sarcoptic mange has favoured the spontaneous emergence of various disease management initiatives in Spain. However, very little information is available concerning this trend and what there is tends to be available only as ‘grey literature’ or is consigned to the memory of local observers. Traditional strategies designed to combat this disease include the administration of medicated feed and the non–selective culling of mangy ibex. Here, we propose a management approach that takes into account aspects relating to the ecology and conservation of ibex populations, as well as public–health–related factors. Our recommendations are based on knowledge of the disease and host–parasite interaction, and aim to promote long–term advances in its control. Moreover, we discuss the efficacy of the measures traditionally used in mange management. The overall aim is to encourage debate between wildlife managers and motivate the development of alternative management strategies.

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Chiummo, Rafael, Ivo Petersen, Claudia Plehn, Eva Zschiesche, Rainer Roepke e Emmanuel Thomas. "Efficacy of orally and topically administered fluralaner (Bravecto®) for treatment of client-owned dogs with sarcoptic mange under field conditions". Parasites & Vectors 13, n. 1 (17 ottobre 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04395-6.

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Abstract Background Successful canine sarcoptic mange treatment requires immediate efficacy to eliminate active mites, and sustained activity to prevent re-infestation from in-contact animals and fomites. With extended acaricidal activity, fluralaner has been shown to be effective for treating this disease. To confirm this potential under field conditions, two fluralaner formulations were administered to mite-infested, client-owned dogs. Methods Households qualified for inclusion if they had at least one dog positive for Sarcoptes scabiei mites, confirmed by skin scraping, and at least one dog with clinical signs evocative of sarcoptic mange. Households were allocated to groups of dogs to receive a single treatment with either oral (Bravecto® chewable tablets, MSD Animal Health) or topical (Bravecto® Spot-on, MSD Animal Health), fluralaner at a dose of ≥ 25 mg/kg (range 25–56 mg/kg) on Day 0, or two treatments with oral sarolaner (Simparica® tablets, Zoetis) (Days 0 and 28) at ≥ 2 mg/kg (2–4 mg/kg). All dogs in each household were treated with the same product. On the enrolment day and subsequently on Days 28, 56 and 84, deep skin scrapings were taken from at least five different body areas judged to be most likely to have active mite infestation. At each visit, the dog’s mange-associated skin lesions were recorded, and pruritus level was assessed. Results There were 98 participating households and 135 dogs enrolled across Albania, France, Italy and Portugal. On Day 28, more than 90% of dogs in each group were negative for mites. On Days 56 and 84, all study dogs were free of mites and most dermatological signs of sarcoptic mange had resolved. There were no treatment-related adverse events in any group. Conclusions A single treatment of client-owned, sarcoptic mange-affected dogs with either fluralaner chewable tablets or fluralaner spot-on formulation proved a safe and effective treatment of infestations with S. scabiei var. canis, maintained through 84 days (12 weeks) after treatment.

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Valldeperes, Marta, Barbara Moroni, Luca Rossi, Jorge Ramón López-Olvera, Roser Velarde, Anna Rita Molinar Min, Gregorio Mentaberre et al. "First report of interspecific transmission of sarcoptic mange from Iberian ibex to wild boar". Parasites & Vectors 14, n. 1 (19 settembre 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13071-021-04979-w.

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Abstract Background Sarcoptic mange is a globally distributed parasitic disease caused by the burrowing mite Sarcoptes scabiei. This mite has a certain degree of host specificity, although interspecific transmission can occur among phylogenetically related species or through prey–predator mediated exposure. In 2018, a wild boar (Sus scrofa) with lesions compatible with sarcoptic mange was hunted in Ports de Tortosa i Beseit Natural Park (PTB, north-eastern Spain), where an active epizootic outbreak of sarcoptic mange is affecting Iberian ibexes (Capra pyrenaica) since 2014. Methods A complete necropsy, skin scrapings and skin digestions with hydroxide potassium were performed to confirm the diagnosis. Routine histopathological analysis, toluidine blue staining and immunohistochemistry were used to characterize the lesions and the inflammatory infiltrate. Finally, 10 specific S. scabiei microsatellites were molecularly genotyped through polymerase chain reactions in mites obtained from the affected wild boar. For phylogenetic comparison, mites obtained from sympatric Iberian ibexes and allopatric wild boars and Iberian ibexes from southern Spain were analysed. Results Sarcoptes scabiei was visually and molecularly identified in the infested wild boar from PTB, causing skin lesions with dermal inflammatory infiltrate rich in T and B cells, which indicate an adaptive immune response. Three S. scabiei genetic clusters were identified: one included mites from southern Iberian ibexes, another included mites from southern wild boars, and a third one distinctively grouped the wild boar from PTB with the sympatric ibexes. Conclusions To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first reported case of sarcoptic mange in wild boar in Spain and the first documented case of S. scabiei cross-transmission from a wild ruminant host to a wild boar. The wild boar presented an ordinary scabies type reaction, which is typical of the self-limiting infestations reported in other cases of interspecific transmission. Graphical abstract

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"Notoedric Mange in a Domestic Cat: Application of Ivermectin and Supportive Therapy". International Journal of Veterinary Science 10, n. 4 (15 settembre 2021): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.47278/journal.ijvs/2021.059.

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Feline scabies is a disease that is caused by Notoedres cati, a sarcoptic mite that injures the skin tissue. The present clinical case relates a notoedric scabies in a domestic cat, clinical observations, diagnostic test, and treatment. A 4-year-old male neutered domestic short haired cat was brought at a veterinary clinic. Alopecia, erythema, scales, crusts and hyperkeratosis were observed on the head, and pinnae and malodorous from lesions were observed in dermatological examination. Deep skin scrapings were collected. Microscopic examination revealed adult live mites presence. Based on the morphology, the mites isolated were identified as Notoedres cati. Ivermectin oral capsules (300µg/kg), repeat dose at 14 days. Bath with chlorhexidine and Benzoyl peroxide every 5 days for two months were applied. Moreover, multivitamin complexes were supplied daily, orally. An immunostimulant 1mL/10kg. IM, again applied two days. A clinical improvement in the cat was observed after administered this treatment. The present study reports notoedric mange in a domestic short haired cat in Colombia. The application of ivermectin with supportive therapy was useful in the treatment of notoedric scabies in this cat. The application of products other than ivermectin showed positive clinical observations in the recovery of this patient with feline scabies.

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Akuta, Teruo, Daisuke Minegishi, Nobuhide Kido, Keitaro Imaizumi, Shinji Nakaoka, Shin-Ichiro Tachibana, Kenji Hikosaka et al. "Development of a rapid scabies immunodiagnostic assay based on transcriptomic analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei var. nyctereutis". Scientific Reports 11, n. 1 (19 marzo 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-85290-7.

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AbstractScabies is a highly contagious skin disease caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei that affects many mammals. However, the sensitivity of traditional tests for scabies diagnosis in humans is less than 50%. To simplify the diagnosis of scabies, methods that are simple, sensitive, specific, and cost-effective are required. We developed an immunodiagnostic test based on S. scabiei var. nyctereutis RNA-seq data collected from Japanese raccoon dogs with sarcoptic mange. Three candidate antigens—a highly expressed hypothetical protein “QR98_0091190,” another mite allergen known as “SMIPP-Cc,” and an abundant “vitellogenin-like protein”—were evaluated by western-blot analysis. A lateral flow immunoassay, using specific antibodies against the vitellogenin-like protein, successfully detected scabies in the skin flakes of S. scabiei-infected raccoon dogs. This assay can potentially diagnose scabies more accurately in wildlife, as well as in humans.

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