Tesi: "Sanitation"

1

Flores, A. E. "Towards sustainable sanitation : evaluating the sustainability of resource-oriented sanitation". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.599089.

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Resource-oriented sanitation systems are designed to recover resources from wastewater while minimizing the demand on other resources, particularly water and energy. This research explores the proposition that such systems offer a more sustainable alternative to conventional waterbourne systems. Its centrepiece is a case study of the world’s largest urban dry sanitation system designed for complete resource recovery, located at the Erdos Eco-Town Project (EETP) in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. In the case study, the sustainability of the EETP’s dry system (DRY system) is compared against that of a conventional waterbourne system (WET system) based on technical, environment, economic, and societal indicators. From a technical perspective, the two systems were found to be generally capable of meeting treatment standards and capacity requirements. However, the less technologically mature DRY system requires further improvements particularly with regards to odour control, toilet design, and faecal material handling. The DRY system offers clear environmental advantages such as reduced water consumption, the recovery of valuable resources from domestic wastewater, reduced eutrophication, and reduced toxicity of agricultural soils; however, these benefits come at the cost of higher energy consumption and greater infrastructure requirements. The DRY system requires greater infrastructure and therefore higher capital costs, has higher operational costs, and does not benefit from economy of scale. As a novel technology, however, it does offer the potential for local business development. The WET system performs better based on the societal indicators largely because it is well-established system. The DRY system suffers from low user acceptability due to the more complex design of the urine diversion dry toilets, odours and the prevailing view of the flush toilet as the “gold standard”. An important concern with the DRY system is the health risk associated with its faecal management system.

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2

Harada, Hidenori. "A proposal of advanced sanitation system and attempts to improve Vietnamese sanitation". 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/137097.

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3

Seymour, Zakiya Ayo-Zahra. "Understanding what sanitation users value - examining preferences and behaviors for sanitation systems". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/52168.

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Over the last two decades, sanitation policy and development has undergone a paradigm shift away from heavily-subsidized, supply-driven approaches towards behavioral-based demand-driven approaches. These current approaches to increase sanitation demand are multi-faceted, requiring multiple stakeholders with varying degrees of interest, knowledge, and capacity. Although efforts exist to increase sanitation access by incorporating engineering design principles with implementation planning approaches, these groups generally work independently without strong connections, thus reducing the potential of their impact. As a result, the design of appropriate sanitation technology is disengaged from the implementation of acceptable technology into communities, disconnecting user preference integration from sanitation technology design and resulting in fewer sanitation technologies being adopted and used. To address these challenges in developing successful interventions, this research examined how user preferences for specific attributes of appropriate sanitation technologies and their respective implementation arrangements influence their adoption and usage. Data for the study included interviews of 1002 sanitation users living in a peri-urban area of South Africa; the surveyed respondents were asked about their existing sanitation technology, their preferences for various sanitation technology design attributes, as well as their perspectives on current and preferred sanitation implementation arrangements. The data revealed that user acceptability of appropriate sanitation technology is influenced by the adoption classification of the users. Through the identification of motives and barriers to sanitation usage that were statistically significant, it exhibited the need to differentiate users who share private sanitation from those use communal sanitation facilities. Results also indicated that user acceptability of appropriate sanitation systems is dependent on the technical design attributes of sanitation. The development of utility functions detailed the significance of seven technical design attributes and determined their respective priorities. An agent-based simulation examined how user preferences for sanitation technology design and implementation influence its adoption and usage. Findings suggest that user acceptability of sanitation technology is dependent on both the technology design and the implementation arrangement being preferred.

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4

Gupta, Romanshi. "Sanitation, Ek Prem Katha: The Impact of Sanitation on Education in Indian Government Schools". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1260.

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The Total Sanitation Campaign is an initiative launched by the Government of India in 1999 to accelerate sanitation coverage throughout the country. This thesis measures the impact of the Total Sanitation Campaign on education in Indian government schools. I assess whether access to toilets, access to water or access to both toilets and water impact the following parameters of education: literacy, current enrollment in school or completed years of education. Data is sourced from the Indian Human Development Survey (IHDS) 2005, sorted for the nineteen major states in India and aggregated at a district level for each state. The analysis employs two separate probit regression models to assess sanitation facilities’ impact on literacy and current enrollment in school, and a robust linear model to assess sanitation facilities’ impact on completed years of education. The models control for age, sex, caste, religion, household location, household size and household income. The results indicate that sanitation facilities positively impact education based on the age, sex and caste of the sample population. These findings present implications for future policymaking in order to improve access to and participation in education.

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5

Norman, Rachel. "Monitoring global water and sanitation". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2013. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8474.

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The process of determining outputs and outcomes plays a key role in the setting of global targets, in defining national sector policy and strategic plans and in ensuring a continuous, safe supply of affordable water. Each of these actions, are integrally linked by aggregated data sets generated through an effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) process. This thesis examines the various components of M&E across three case studies: Global, Kenya and Uganda, including aspects such as whether roles and responsibilities are realistically assigned and whether there is a recurring set of core indicators being monitored and reported. The research has also sought to establish an evidence base of the associated costs and efficacy of use of M&E. Through purposive and snowball sampling, fieldwork was undertaken across the case studies with 85 key stakeholders. Programme, national and global level data sets were collected through structured literature reviews, document and data archive reviews, key informant and semi-structured interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were applied. The results demonstrate that despite having a recurring global goal and associated target, the number and variety of indicators reported against has grown over time and at each level. In turn this is placing a burden on already resource constrained countries. Regardless of the various principles of harmonization and alignment, countries are still required to manage internally and externally driven parallel systems. Whilst the research suggests the costs of M&E are escalating, the full extent of this increase remains unknown as does the extent of efficacy of use of M&E. Despite evidence that country-led M&E processes are at some level achieving their objectives, with the continuing complexities of the sector particularly around the accompanying aid architecture, M&E is not currently ‘fit for purpose’ for use in the WASH sector and is unlikely to be providing value for money.

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6

Questad, Adam (Adam David). "Investigation of I-WASH's community-led total sanitation and alternative decentralized sanitation models in rural Ghana". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74490.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 117-122).
2.5 billion people worldwide do not have access to improved sanitation and Sub-Saharan Africa is not on track to meet the MDG sanitation target. As of 2010, Ghana has achieved 14% national improved sanitation coverage and is not projected to meet the sanitation target by 2015 (WHO, UNICEF, 2012). UNICEF, in partnership with the European Union, developed the I-WASH program to assist in eradicating guinea worm throughout nine endemic districts of rural Ghana between 2007 and 2011. Their proposal included a significant sanitation component that intended the construction of 48,000 latrines over the four-year project duration. However, only 3,100 latrines were constructed after the project completion. UNICEF has since been attempting to validate their projects by switching the goal from latrine construction to Open Defecation Free (ODF) communities created by the use of Community-led Total Sanitation (CLTS). The author observed that only 9% of the villages throughout the I-WASH project area had achieved ODF status as of January 2012; again validating the failure of the I-WASH project to improve sanitation coverage throughout Ghana. By conducting an extensive literature review and interviewing international development experts, local government officials, and members of the community in Ghana, the author investigated the reasons that the I-WASH program was not successful in its sanitation goal. While the field of sanitation is and will continue to be a serious challenge, the author concludes that a link is missing between the community-based subsidy-free approaches (i.e. CLTS) and the low-cost technological solutions that exist. The following represents the main recommendations of the author to assist Pure Home Water, NGOs, and the Government of Ghana to provide improved sanitation coverage throughout Ghana: Increase harmonization between the government, NGOs, communities, and international agencies and donors; Improve the Government of Ghana Environmental Sanitation Strategy and provide strict enforcement of building codes; Increase monitoring of CLTS-triggered communities; Provide low-cost sanitation technology options and/or technical support to CLTS-triggered communities
by Adam Questad.
M.Eng.

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7

Lau, Jonathan (Jonathan Ho Yin). "Designing sanitation projects in rural Ghana". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66840.

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Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-78).
Providing sanitation to rural areas in Ghana remains a huge challenge. Government funding is scarce while many international donor projects are ineffective. This thesis explores the difficulties with rural sanitation projects through the implementation of two pilot projects based on a co-evolutionary design and planning process. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative information provided by an NGO partner field surveys in the Northern Region, Ghana, as well as relevant literature are presented and analyzed. Two pilot Ecological Sanitation (EcoSan) latrine designs were tested on the ground by MIT researchers during January 2011. The pilot EcoSan latrines are cheaper than single-pit Ventilated- Improved-Pit (VIP) latrines built in Northern Region, Ghana. The Bin-Bin design and the Pure Home Water design have a construction cost of GHS 537 (USD $384) and GHS 943 (USD $674) respectively. However, social acceptability of EcoSan technology remains uncertain. In an assessment matrix, which includes five different latrine designs, the Bin-Bin and Sanergy latrine designs receive the highest scores (19 out of 27) for a given set of design and evaluation criteria. Potential areas for cost reductions and design improvements are identified. The following is recommended for organizations working in sanitation in rural Ghana: e Shift away from heavily subsidized, top-down sanitation projects: Investigate the local demand and willingness to pay for latrines and experiment with for-profit models such as the Sanergy/Easy Latrine models. * Investigate low-cost building materials and supply chains that can reduce latrine costs: Pilot and test rammed-earth blocks, mud-bricks and any other suitable, locally-available building materials. Investigate centralized latrine manufacturing processes. * Explore innovative design options: Move away from single-pit VIP latrine designs; Pilot and scale-up other designs, including the Bin-Bin, Sanergy and Easy latrines, in order to assess their social acceptability and costs. e Consolidate the work of organizations involved with sanitation: Create an easily accessible online database that summarizes various sanitation projects conducted by different organizations in Ghana to allow for effective collaboration and idea-sharing.
by Jonathan Lau.
M.Eng.

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8

Santos, Andreia Costa. "Demand for Sanitation in Salvador, Brazil". Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2008. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/768488/.

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Many studies have demonstrated that improvements in infrastructure have been effective in reducing inequalities due to poverty. The Brazilian Government has invested a significant amount of resources to improve access to sanitation facilities in the municipalities in Brazil in the last decade. One of these programmes is the Bahia Azul programme of sanitation, which aimed to supply sanitation for all the population in the City of Salvador and the surrounding areas. In this programme, households have to pay the costs of the sewer connected to household excreta disposal to treatment plants. So far, models applied to sanitation studies were either misspecified, presenting serious bias, or did not demonstrate the causal relationship among variables. The objective of this study is to assess the demand for sanitation in Salvador, with focus on determinants of the choice for types of connections. Sanitation was assessed as a function of the objective variables (socioeconomic and demographic, alternative attributes) and non-observed variables, defined in this study as perception and attitude. The Hybrid Choice Model was the theoretical model used in this analysis. A questionnaire was administered to 721 households. The model was estimated using a sequential estimation, associating a latent model (MIMIC) to a mixed logit model. The analysis showed that the inclusion of latent variables in the model increased the magnitude and significance of the estimation of demand. Results indicated that the more educated' and wealthy household tended to choose a system of sanitation. The attributes of usefulness, suitableness, convenience, and healthy, not the latrine and connection themselves, were what the households really cared about. The results of my investigation supported the appropriateness of the Hybrid model for demand evaluation: latent variables incorporated to a discrete choice model improved the explanation of household behaviour, and filled the gap between behavioural theory and discrete choice models applied to sanitation.

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9

Misner, Scottie, e Evelyn Whitmer. "The Latest in Kitchen Sanitation Issues". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146681.

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10

Tshivhase, Ndiafhi Jeremiah. "Social factors that affect the acceptability of the enviro loo sanitation technology: a case of schools in Limpopo Province". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1806.

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Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2016
The purpose of this study was to investigate the social factors that affect the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology in schools. The study adopted the anti-positivism theory. Phenomenology school of thought was used as one of the three schools of thoughts as marked under Anti-positivism. The qualitative research method had its foothold in the fact that social factors, as a human activity, occurs in a particular natural and social environment. Utilising the qualitative research design, the researcher focused on describing and understanding the social factors that influence the acceptability of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology at schools. The study utilised an interview guide to collect data. The advantage of this is that it allowed the researcher to probe and ask for clarification of some answers as given by the respondents The population of this study comprised 35 secondary schools in Limpopo Province that benefited from the implementation of the Enviro Loo sanitation technology system during the 2010/11 financial years. Non-probability sampling was used. The method used to select the schools was convenience sampling as a non-probability sampling technique where subjects are selected because of their convenient accessibility and proximity to the researcher. This is because the researcher was bound by time, money and workforce and because of these limitations, it was almost impossible to randomly sample the entire population. Three sets of focus groups were used as sample, namely; the Provincial Sanitation Task Team (PSTT), School Governing Body (SGB) and Leaner’s Representative Council (LRC). All groups were gender balanced and members participated voluntarily. Nvivo was utilised to analyse data. The audio recordings from the digital voice recorder were transcribed, translated into English, typed into word and thematic analysis was used.

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11

Bohman, Anna. "Framing the water and sanitation challenge : A history of urban water supply and sanitation in Ghana 1909 - 2005". Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of economic history, Umeå university, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-32855.

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12

Grossbier, Stephany. "The effectiveness of training and written sanitation standard operating procedures on overall sanitation in a meat processing plant". Online version, 1998. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/1998/1998grossbiers.pdf.

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13

Pirani, Amirali Karim. "Cultural influences on the choice of rural sanitation technology in Islamic Countries". Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55650.

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14

Jonah, Albert. "Ecological Sanitation (Ecosan) and the Kimberley Experience". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-9706.

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The Hull Street Integrated Housing Project, in Kimberley, is one of the projects supported by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency, Sida, in South Africa. The vision of the

project is to provide low cost housing for the people of Kimberley. As a way of ensuring sustainability, the project adopts the Ecological sanitation (Ecosan) approach where urine and

faeces are separated from the source.

The concept of Ecosan is new to many people around the world. To make the concept workable and acceptable effective implementation strategies are required.

At the Hull Street, after the first of the four phases 144 unit houses have been completed all fitted

with the UDS. Urine from the UDS as well as the greywater from the kitchen and bathroom are connected to infiltrate into the ground. This arrangement is called the “quick-fix”. The faeces from

the houses are sent to the compost yard for composting so that the residents could use the compost in their gardens.

This study which involves interview with some selected workers and residents in Hull Street

focuses on the modus operandi of the Ecosan unit of the Hull Street project with special emphasis on the methods of human excreta disposal and education strategies.

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15

Hugosson, Hanna, e Katja Larnholt. "Water quality and sanitation in rural Moldova". Thesis, Uppsala University, LUVAL, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-121003.

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Because of the impact on human health and sustainable livelihood, the topic of drinking water and sanitation facilities is becoming a seriously discussed issue among international organizations as well as developing agencies in industrialized countries. The importance of water and sanitation management initialized this master thesis.

The aim of the project is to do an assessment of the drinking water quality as well as the sanitation situation in the village Condrita in the Republic of Moldova. This was done by studying the existing water and sanitation facilities, sampling the water, evaluating the reason for the poor water quality and mapping the current situation using ArcGIS. Furthermore, technologies for improving the drinking water and sanitation facilities are suggested.

The work was carried out by doing a literature study on how water sources and sanitation facilities should be constructed in order to ensure people’s health and to meet their needs. Geographic coordinates and water samples were collected from twenty-two public wells and springs. Interviews on the water situation and sanitation facilities were performed. Furthermore, water samples were analysed with respect to nitrate, turbidity, electrical conductivity and coliform bacteria amongst others. Pesticide contamination was also taken into consideration when one of the wells was analysed. Water sources were classified as improved or unimproved according to definitions by WHOSIS. Moreover, the DRASTIC vulnerability model was used to evaluate the groundwater susceptibility to contaminants.

In general, the water quality in the study area was poor and measured values of the analyzed parameters exceeded international or Moldovan standards for nitrate, hardness, electrical conductivity and total coliform bacteria. Four wells were contaminated with E. coli bacteria. Furthermore, turbidity measurements exceeded Moldovan standards in seven out of twenty-two water sources. No pesticide contamination was detected. Sampled water from the densely populated parts of the village as well as unimproved water sources proved to be of poorer quality. Map results showed that a majority of the groundwater within the study area was subject to a moderate or high risk of becoming contaminated. The current sanitation situation is that most families use simple pit latrines, which are placed far away from the dwelling-houses. Digging a new toilet when the existing one is full is a common practice in Condrita. Hand-washing facilities are seldom placed in proximity to the toilets.

Pit latrines are believed to be the most important source of groundwater contamination in the study area. Other sources are agricultural activities and poor practice when abstracting water from the wells. A feasible solution to improve both the drinking water quality and the sanitation situation would be to install ecosan toilets. Improvements of the well’s features that are suggested include construction of an apron slab as well as proper lids for covering the well.

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16

Scott, Philippa. "Unbundling tenure issues for urban sanitation development". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2011. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/8493.

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Urbanisation in sub-Saharan Africa is characterised by a proliferation of informal settlements which all too often embody poverty; low access to basic services and lack secure tenure. The reality of sanitation infrastructure in low and middle income cities is a spectrum of sanitation systems ranging from conventional utility managed systems to basic household facilities. Population growth has outpaced urban planning and provision and, given projected urbanisation trends, a prevalence of non-piped self-build sanitation systems is the most likely scenario for urban sanitation in the developing world, at least for the immediate to mid-term. This presents different governance challenges especially as informal occupations are often on unsuitable land which exacerbates the difficulties in service provision. Sanitation, tenure and development are inextricably linked, not only with respect to these challenges of urbanisation, but also under the strategic objectives of the Millennium Development Goals (MDG). Together sanitation and tenure security are primary indicators of the MDG7, targets ten (access to improved sanitation) and eleven (improving the lives of slum dwellers). The link between sanitation and tenure is the focus of this research. Both tenure and sanitation are fragmented into their component parts to understand exactly how and where they interact. Tenure is defined in terms of formal land tenure; tenure status (to differentiate between landlord and tenant) and tenure security. Sanitation issues are investigated with respect to access, household investment and emptying behaviours. The research framework combines the concept of decision making domains to describe the urban context with a city-wide systems view of sanitation, where both formal and informal institutional arrangements are considered. This research concludes on five main points: firstly, tenure security is a necessary precondition for household investment but, given that urban sanitation development and provision happen largely under the radar of formal city planning and urban management, it is de facto rather than de jure tenure rights that provide the security for household investment in sanitation. The second finding is that few urban sanitation strategies cater for those who are unwilling or unable to invest. This is a fundamental oversight in current urban sanitation strategies of the population segments who cannot invest, thus failing to provide a sanitation strategy for all. This is of growing concern given the type of urbanisation being witnessed in developing countries characterised by increasing concentrations low income populations and tenants. The third finding is that those who are unwilling to invest may be willing to pay (and do) for sanitation services. This places a greater emphasis on downstream and operational sanitation activities (i.e. tenure neutral options). The fourth finding is that there are multiple service providers and majority of urban sanitation transactions take place outside the formal service provision. Giving meaning to these informal transactions is likely to offer insight into improved governance for urban sanitation. The final point is that there is a need to widen the scope of formal sanitation service provision to include tenure neutral sanitation options to reach the needs of tenants and those living with poor tenure security. xiii Practically, this means that by taking a city-wide approach supported by the sanitation cityscape tool which is presented in the thesis one can identify which element(s) of the sanitation system are most appropriate to target given the tenure situation. Without this consideration, urban sanitation interventions are likely to be targeted inappropriately. These conclusions are based upon primary data collected from a household survey (n=363) and a series of key informant interviews collected during 2008 in Greater Dakar, Senegal.

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17

PIFERI, CECILIA. "Cold plasmas for air purification and sanitation". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2023. https://hdl.handle.net/10281/402359.

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È comunemente accettato che il cambiamento climatico sia dovuto ad un effetto antropico. Gli agenti inquinati sono sicuramente responsabili del peggioramento della qualità della vita umana ed è necessario trovare una soluzione. Una importante classe di inquinati è quella dei Composti Organici Volatili (VOC). Molti di questi composti sono classificati come cancerogeni o possibili cancerogeni per le persone, oltre al fatto che possono causare danni a lungo termine sull'ambiente. Nonostante questi problemi, i VOC sono necessari nelle vernici di pareti o arredi, nei trattamenti dei tessuti e sono largamente utilizzati nei processi industriali, per poi essere rilasciati nell'ambiente come prodotti di scarico. Al momento, però, non è possibile sostituirli con altri composti meno dannosi, pertanto è necessario concentrarsi sulla loro degradazione dopo la diffusione nell'aria. Il modo più facile è tramite i reattori di combustione, ma sono molto ingombranti, richiedono molta energia ed è necessario raggiungere temperature superiori ai 300°C per essere efficaci. I plasmi a pressione atmosferica, in particolare le Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD), possono essere di aiuto nel miglioramento dell'abbattimento dei VOC. Infatti le SDBD richiedono molta meno energia dei tipici reattori di combustione, occupano volumi molto minori (generalmente meno di un metro cubo) e la temperatura globale del gas è dell'ordine della temperatura ambiente. L'inquinamento da agenti chimici non è l'unico problema che dobbiamo affrontare per migliorare la qualità della vita. L'antibiotico resistenza è un problema crescente. I farmaci antibiotici hanno migliorato nettamente le condizioni di salute sin dal momento in cui sono stati scoperti, ma stanno diventando via via sempre meno efficienti a causa dell'uso improprio che è stato fatto negli ultimi decenni. Un modo per contrastare l'uso di antibiotici è quello di ridurre o eliminare le cariche batteriche presenti nell'aria, ad esempio usando filtri antiparticolato nei sistemi di ventilazione. In questo modo però gli agenti biologici sono raccolti nei filtri in modo passivo; vengono accumulati, possono proliferare sul lungo periodo specialmente in presenza di alta umidità (>80%), e venire successivamente ridiffusi. Parte di questa tesi si occupa di studiare una possibile soluzione a questo problema. Si fa uso di una SDBD in modo innovativo per ridurre la concentrazione di batteri nell'aria. Il volume ridotto delle SDBD permette di inserire questo sistema all'interno dei sistemi di ventilazione e di ridurre attivamente la carica microbica al loro interno. L'ultima parte della tesi si concentra sulla modifica di superfici polimeriche attraverso l'uso di un plasma freddo capacitivo a bassa pressione. Negli ultimi decenni si sta sviluppando un crescente interesse nei materiali nanostrutturati. Tramite il plasma è possibile creare una nanostrutturazione sulle superfici polimeriche per diverse applicazioni, come ad esempio superfici antifouling in acqua o antibatteriche in aria.
It is generally accepted that the reduction of life quality is largely due to anthropic effects, mainly due to pollutant agents, and possible solutions need to be addressed. An important class pollutants are the so-called Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). Many of these compounds are classified as carcinogenic, or possibly carcinogenic, for humans and, in addition, they can cause long term environmental damage. Despite these drawbacks, they are suitable for wall and/or furniture painting, for the textile treatments, and are widely used in a variety of industrial processes. Unfortunately, they are released into the environment as waste products. As of today, it is not possible to replace VOCs with other compounds, but one can attempt to modify them just before they get disseminated in the atmosphere. The easiest way to achieve that goal is by using combustion reactors. However, they are bulky, require a lot of energy and need to reach high temperatures up to 300°C, or more, to be effective. Atmospheric pressure cold plasmas, in particular Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD), can largely improve the abatement process of VOCs. Indeed, SDBD require much less energy than typical combustion reactors, they occupy much smaller volumes (less than a cubic meter) and the global gas temperature gets down to the order of room temperature. Chemical pollution is not the only problem affecting our living environment, for instance antimicrobial resistance is also becoming an important issue. The antimicrobial and antibacterial drugs have improved our health conditions since they were discovered, but they are becoming less and less effective as a result of their improper use during the last decades. A way to reduce the use of antibiotic can be obtained by eliminating or hindering microbial diffusion in air, such as using particulate filters in ventilation systems. However, the biological agents collected in the filters are not just passive, but get accumulated on the filter surface, thus proliferating during long periods of high relative humidity (>80\%), causing infections at distant places after dissemination. Part of this thesis is devoted to this problem. An innovative use of the SDBD was developed for the abatement of bacteria in air. Its limited volume permits to place the SDBD in contact with the air circulating system of a building, within which one can proceed to the denaturation of the diffusing bacteria by the reactive species produced in the plasma. Finally, the last part of this thesis is devoted to polymeric surfaces modifications through a capacitive coupled low pressure cold plasma. Surface modifications of materials by plasma treatments and depositions have attracted a great deal of interest in the last decades. We can create a nanostructurization over the polymeric treated surfaces that can have different applications, from antifouling in water to antibacterial in air.

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18

Meeks, Justin Vern. "Willingness-to-Pay for Maintenance and Improvements to Existing Sanitation Infrastructure: Assessing Community-Led Total Sanitation in Mopti, Mali". Scholar Commons, 2012. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4158.

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In recent years, much focus has been put on the sustainability of water and sanitation development projects. Experts in this field have found that many of the projects of the past have failed to achieve sustainability because of a lack of demand for water and sanitation interventions at a grassroots level. For years projects looked to create this demand through various subsidy schemes, with the "software" of behavior change and education taking a backseat to the "hardware" of infrastructure provision. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) is a fairly new way of looking at the issues of increasing basic sanitation coverage, promoting good hygiene practices, and facilitating the change in behaviors that is necessary for a level of basic sanitation coverage to be sustained for any significant length of time. CLTS looks to get people to come to the realization that open defecation is dangerous, and that they have to power to stop this practice. The purpose of this research study was to assess the water, sanitation, and hygiene situation on the ground in villages that through CLTS have achieved open defecation free (ODF) status in the Mopti region of Mali, West Africa. This assessment was done through a willingness-to-pay study, that showed how important sanitation infrastructure was in the daily lives of villagers in this region of Mali. This research study also examines any possible correlations between certain socioeconomic data and willingness-to-pay. A questionnaire was developed and completed with 95 household heads spread across 6 of the 21 ODF villages in the region. The results of this research study show that the behavior change brought about by CLTS was sustained. Every household in the study had at least one latrine (total latrines = 186), or had access to a neighbor's latrine because theirs had recently collapsed. Of these latrines 82.3% were reported as meeting the Malian nation government requirements of basic sanitation. 89.3% of the observed latrines were built by the participant families themselves using predominately materials that could be found in or harvested from the local environment (e.g., mud, rocks, sticks). Fifty-three percent of the latrines were built completely free of cost, and of the 88 latrines that were paid for in part or in whole the average cost was about US $13.00. The majority of the participants (64.2%) in the research study reported making improvements and maintaining their latrines, clearly showing the importance of sanitation infrastructure in the 6 study villages. The average cost of this maintenance was about US $1.50. Alongside of willingness-to-pay data, more qualitative data were collected on the relative importance of sanitation infrastructure in the daily lives of people in ODF villages in Mopti. This study found that on average throughout the 6 study villages, about 13% of discretionary funds are saved for or spent on maintenance and improvements to sanitation infrastructure on a monthly basis. When sanitation infrastructure investments were compared with other infrastructure and livelihood investments, on the average it was ranked 7th out of the possible 10. These data seem to indicate that future investment in sanitation infrastructure was not a high priority for the participants. This could be stem from the fact that many of the participants had not directly experienced the need for continued investments, because their original latrines were still functional. The willingness-to-pay regression analysis produced very few statistically valid results. Only a few of the correlations found between willingness-to-pay data and socioeconomic characteristics of the sample were found to be statistically valid. For example, the correlation coefficient between willingness-to-pay for pit maintenance, including emptying when full or covering the pit with top soil, digging a new one, and reconstruction, and education level of the participants was about 1.2 and was statistically valid with a t-statistic of about 2.2. Indicating that the more educated a participant was, the more they would be willing to pay for pit maintenance. None of the overall regressions explained enough of the variability in willingness-to-pay data to be considered statistically valid. Regressions for two scenarios, constructing a cement slab as an improvement to an existing latrine and sealing/lining the pit on an existing latrine with cement, explained 10.3% and 10.4% of the variability in willingness-to-pay data respectively. However, this did not meet the minimum criteria of 15%. While the willingness-to-pay data would have been useful to study partners that are piloting a Sanitation Marketing program in Mali, the main research objective of assessing the CLTS intervention was still met.

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19

Gao, Shi Wen. "Ecological Sanitation in Urban China : A case study of the Dongsheng project on applying ecological sanitation in multi-storey buildings". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-73933.

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From the analysis of the Dongsheng project which applied ecological sanitation in multi-storey buildings in China, we found that technical deficiencies, managerial problems and incorrect usage of the urine-diverting toilets resulted in the poor performance of the Dongsheng ecological sanitation system. Lack of standards or guidelines, and lack of policies or regulations are significant challenges in implementing the ecological sanitation system. Residents in the Dongsheng eco-town have positive attitudes toward reusing human faeces and urine in agriculture since China has a long tradition of this. However, the residents did not know very well about the value of urine, and the local farmers did not want urine. Women in China are more concerned with sanitation from a health aspect than men. Higher education level is connected to more positive attitudes towards human faeces and urine and their reuse. However, there is no link between income status and the attitudes of users. The supply chain for ecological sanitation systems is weak in urban China and needs to be improved. Apart from the demand side and supply side of ecological sanitation, enabling ecological sanitationto go to scale in an urban context depends on physical, environmental, technical and policy factors.

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20

Dowling, T. J. ""Sustainable development in water and sanitation" : a case study of the water and sanitation system at the Lynedoch Ecovillage Development". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1041.

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Thesis (M.Phil. (School of Public Management and Planning))--University of Stellenbosch, 2007.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Water and sanitation is one of the key factors in the socio-economic development of a nation and people. Billions of people worldwide do not have access to clean water or basic sanitation leading to many health problems and developmental issues. This article discusses the challenges facing the world, South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town in the provision of water and sanitation. For most people the desire is to have access to their own private portable water supply and their own private flush toilet connected via costly bulk water services to sewage treatment plants far away. The question posed is whether this model is sustainable into the future, given the water demands in many parts of the world affected by droughts and more violent weather cycles as a result of climate change and global warming. These factors will affect water supplies in South Africa and in particular the Western Cape and Cape Town. To answer some of the questions raised the Lynedoch EcoVillage development is discussed in detail in terms of sustainable neighbourhood planning and implementation. Sustainable Development is discussed, also various options in terms of applying ecological sanitation. The on-site water and sanitation system of the Lynedoch EcoVillage is discussed as a case study. The results of influent and effluent tests conducted by the CSIR are analysed to see whether the system is conforming to the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry standards for the use of effluent water in irrigation and re-use of water in toilets. Localised models of water and sanitation provision might thus be a way forward to satisfy the increasing demand for such services made on national and local authorities as urban areas increase in size and population.

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21

Maxwele, Zukani. "The sustainability of rural sanitation facilities in municipalities". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020580.

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Progress has been made in eradicating the backlog in sanitation. This is reflected by the 2011 Census results that reflect a 21 percent increase in the provision of sanitation between the 2001 Census and the 2011 Census. In the rural areas of O.R. Tambo District Municipality, the eradication of sanitation backlogs is done through the provision of VIPs for sanitation. Even with this progress, there are still challenges resulting from the previously constructed sanitation facilities. Some of the challenges relate to the poor quality of these facilities. Community members – via the IDP road shows have voiced their unhappiness with regard to some of the sustainability factors of these structures. Community members feel they were not involved in decisions related to the sanitation projects. It has also been observed that the municipality and its agents do not conduct environmental management studies; and some pits of these structures were not lined, and the health and hygiene training, together with post-construction assessment was not done. In this study, an assessment of the provision of sanitation facilities, in order to identify some of the key factors that are critical to the sustainability of rural sanitation facilities, was done. The research findings should be helpful in assisting local government to improve the provision of sanitation facilities, with the aim of ensuring sustainability, improving community satisfaction, and improving the quality of life for the people living in these villages. For the purpose of the study, a quantitative research approach was used. A research questionnaire was used to collect the data; and it was distributed through email to a sample of respondents that understood sanitation issues. The data were collected from municipal officials, consultants working on sanitation projects, as well as other stakeholders with influence and an interest in sanitation. The results were analysed to establish the findings and to propose recommendations, in order to improve the sustainability of rural sanitation facilities. From the research findings, the recommendations highlighted the need for an improved participatory approach in implementing sanitation projects. To ensure sustainability, the following issues are key: monitoring and supervision; community participation and adherence to design guidelines; a review of the sanitation provision policy; as well as the promotion of health and hygiene.

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22

Knutson, Jason R. (Jason Richard). "Evaluation of innovative decentralized sanitation technologies in Ghana". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90023.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 133-137).
It is estimated that 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation, and 90% of wastewater in developing countries is discharged into the environment without any treatment. However, the construction of sewerage systems and centralized wastewater treatment plants is neither an affordable nor appropriate solution for many areas. Therefore, an emphasis has arisen on decentralized sanitation technologies that treat waste on-site and recover resources that can be used to generate economic gains. Using a case study method and an evaluation matrix, this thesis evaluates the efficacy and scalability of several such innovative sanitation technologies. The decentralized technologies evaluated include the Clean Team Toilet, Microbial Fuel Cell Latrine, Biofil Toilet, Microflush Toilet, and the more traditional pour-flush toilet. Two semi-centralized technologies, the IMWI Fortifer pellets and Ashesi University's small-scale wastewater treatment system with anaerobic digestion, were studied as well. Case studies of these technologies were conducted in January 2014 in Ghana and involved surveys of users and interviews of service providers and their competition where possible. The evaluations were completed using this information and were guided by criteria on sanitation outcomes, business management, and technology categories. We conclude that the Biofil Toilet is the current gold standard for decentralized sanitation, although it is costly. The locally sourced Microflush Toilet is recommended for middle- and low-income families and small aid projects, for it functions similarly to the Biofil Toilet but is approximately one-fifth the cost. For large projects in densely populated areas, the Clean Team Toilet is recommended if a reuse for waste and safe disposal of biocide can be established. Other technologies require further development before they can be recommended for implementation and use.
by Jason R. Knutson.
M. Eng.

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23

Herero, Jan Johannes. "Towards ecological sustainable sanitation : Oshiwana Penduka informal settlement". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21437.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study undertakes a scientific investigation into the social and environmental problems encountered by the Oshiwana Penduka informal settlement as a result of the lack of a proper sanitation system. This informal settlement is located on the periphery of the municipal boundaries of the town of Mariental in Southern Namibia, about 270 kilometres south of the capital, Windhoek. The unique problem faced by the settlement is the absence of sanitation facilities or sewage system as a method of solid waste management. Needless to say, the informal settlement is characterized by overcrowding, poor sanitation, lack of housing, unemployment and poverty. From the literature review, it became clear that inadequate water supply and sanitation posed serious implications to the physical environment and human health. The literature also reveals that these core challenges are propagated by the continual influx of people to urban areas and the re-birth of irregular settlements. In light of the above, the problem statements to be addressed are the following, namely: what is the impact of the absence of a proper and sustainable sanitation system on the inhabitants of the Oshiwana Penduka informal settlement and what can be done by the Mariental Municipality to address the concerns raised? The key research methods applied for this study entails individual semi-structured questionnaires and key informant groups. The answers to the interviewed questions are highlighted in chapter four and the interpretation of the research findings are constituted in the latter chapter. The hypothesis was proven false and the new model of thinking generated is suggesting that the prevailing social and environmental problems are caused by the absence of toilet facilities. It is evident to note from the study results that the negative social impact, which is being attributed by inadequate sanitation in the informal settlement, is severe and lethal to human health. In order to prove the hypothesis, data has been collected at household levels from the informal settlers. Despite the survey results which support the conventional water borne sanitation as the most preferred sanitation system, vacuum system as an ecological sanitation technology is recommended for this informal settlement. This particular sanitation system works on the principle of enhancing water conservation, recycling, reduction of health, and promotes environmental integrity.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie onderneem ŉ wetenskaplike ondersoek na die sosiale en omgewingsprobleme, wat ondervind word deur die Oshiwana Penduka informele nedersetting en die gebrek aan ŉ behoorlike sanitasie stelsel. Hierdie betrokke informele nedersetting is geleë aan die buitewyke van die munisipale grense van die dorp Mariental. Die dorp Mariental is geleë in die suidelike deel van Namibië, ongeveer 270 km suid van die hoofstad Windhoek. Die unieke problem wat hierdie nedersetting ondervind is die afwesigheid van sanitasie fasiliteite of ŉ rioolstelsel wat ŉ soliede metode van goeie rioolbeheer is. Hierdie nedersetting word gekenmerk deur oorbevolking, swak sanitasie, gebrek aan behuising, werkloosheid en armoede. Vanuit die literatuurstudie, het dit aan die lig gekom dat onvoldoende water toevoer en sanitasie ernstige implikasies vir die fisiese omgewing en die menslike gesondheid inhou. Die literatuur het ook aan die lig gebring dat hierdie basiese probleme vererger word deur die aanhoudende invloei van mense na die stedelike gebiede. In die lig van bogenoemde, is die probleemstelling wat aangespreek moet word, soos volg: wat is die gevolge van ŉ gebrek aan ŉ behoorlike en volhoubare sanitasiestelsel vir die inwoners van die informele nedersetting en wat kan die Mariental Munisipaliteit doen om hierdie problem aan te spreek? Die navorsingsmetode wat aangewend word bevat individuele semi- gestruktureerde vraelyste en sleutel fokusgroepe. Die antwoorde op die onderhoudsvraelyste word vervat in hoofstuk vier en die vertolking van die navorsingsbevinding word in die daaropvolgende hoofstuk aangebied. Die hipoteses was verkeerd bewys en die alternatief wat gegenereer is, stel voor dat die bestaande sosiale en omgewingsprobleme veroorsaak word deur die afwesigheid van toilet fasiliteite. Ten spyte van die navorsingsresultate, wat ŉ watersanitasiestelsel as die meeste verkose stelsel ondersteun, word ŉ suigstelsel as ekologiese volhoubare tegnologie vir hierdie informele nedersetting aanbeveel. Hierdie betrokke sanitasiestelsel toon verskeie voordele, onder andere bewaring van water, vermindering van gesondheidsprobleme en die bevordering van omgewingsvolhoubaarheid.

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24

Terreni, Brown Stephanie Elizabeth. "Kampala's shitscape : exploring urbanity and sanitation in Uganda". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/9700.

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In this thesis, I explore the collective excrement apparatus of Kampala, or the “shitscape”. I consider the diverse ways that the city’s inhabitants utilise different materials to manage their daily defecation, from flush toilets and latrines to plastic bags, septic tanks, and wastewater channels. In doing so, I unravel the historical and contemporary construction of toileting as a critical component of the modern city in the global south, and the everyday role of excrement in the inclusion and exclusion of Kampala’s inhabitants. The shitscape therefore invites a discussion of how the city’s sanitation infrastructures are thought about and implemented in a way that both reflects and reinforces the socio-economic disparities of its residents. The thesis begins with an historical analysis of how the city was shaped by colonialism and how this affects the contemporary shitscape in terms of ideas about urbanity, modernity, and hygiene, and then analyses how the material and symbolic groundwork of the colonial period is extended into the planning and living of today’s city. Tracing the city’s main wastewater channel through affluent areas and informal settlements of central Kampala, I use ethnographic and qualitative methods to understand the everyday toileting materialities and performances, and its role in the ways in which the city is read, perceived, and lived by its inhabitants. The study’s primary theoretical contribution is to contribute to Lefebvre’s theories about the production of urban space by bringing it into conversation with postcolonial and feminist literatures that knit together bodily function and material infrastructure. This everyday look at the how the city’s shitscape operates ultimately offers ways to challenge prevailing notions of urbanity, and prompts thinking about alternative possibilities for how city life is conceptualised.

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25

Fernandez-Haddad, Marilu, e Maia Ingram. "Factors that Influence the Effectiveness of Sanitation Programs". Frontiers, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621248.

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UA Open Access Publishing Fund
Local governments in both Mexico and the U.S. spend considerable money on public services, which do not always bring the expected results. For instance, a large part of the public budget is destined to solve social and health problems, such as public sanitation. Government has attacked the problem by providing public sanitation infrastructure (such as garbage and recycling receptacles) and by using social ad campaigns. However, these efforts do not always affect the habits of residents and bring the desired changes in city sanitation. This article presents a case study that used a participatory method to address an innovative city sanitation effort: The Clean City Program in Puebla, Mexico. This program adopted social marketing techniques, a discipline born in the 70s when the principles and practices developed to sell products and services started to be applied to sell ideas, attitudes, or behaviors. Social marketing programs have been adopted by governments to change attitudes and behavior in areas such as public services. The article first describes the context and strategies of the program, which included the use of the promotora model to engage community members. The researchers then make use of qualitative data gathered throughout program planning and implementation to evaluate the impact of the social marketing programs and its effectiveness. The article analyzes social, educational, economic, demographic, and cultural factors that influence the effectiveness of sanitation programs and presents recommendations for strategies to engage community members in community sanitation programs.

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26

Dietrich, Alyssa. "Management, Sanitation, and Accuracy of Automated Calf Feeders". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54595.

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The objective was to summarize management practices, identify factors associated with bacterial counts, and describe the variation in total solids concentrations of milk or milk replacer in automated feeders. Six dairy calf operations in Virginia and 4 in Minnesota employing 1 to 2 sophisticated automated calf feeders were visited biweekly for 26 to 28 wk. An initial management survey was conducted for each farm. Observations on facilities, calf weights and heights, blood samples to estimate serum total proteins, treatment records, digital feeding behavior records, and milk or milk replacer (MMR) samples were collected at each visit. Additional milk replacer (MR) samples were collected for 4 wk pre- and post-circuit cleaning. Samples of MMR were plated on Aerobic Plate Count (APC) and Coliform Count (CCP) Petrifilms. Total solids concentration was estimated for MR samples by refractometry. Feeding plans varied widely between farms. Estimates of calf growth were near industry standards, but the proportion of calves receiving treatment was elevated. Least squares mean APC and CCP were 5.26 and 3.01 log10 cfu/ml for Virginia and 3.80 and 0.61 log10 cfu/ml for Minnesota. Circuit cleaning (CC) caused 13 and 16% log reduction in APC and CCP. However, more frequent CC/wk increased bacteria. Mixer/heat exchanger cleanings decreased bacteria during biweekly farm visits. Chlorine bleach reduced bacteria. Use of silicone feeder hoses increased bacteria. A quadratic effect of MMR liters delivered/d was observed; liters delivered > 147 L decreased APC. Automated feeders delivered 12.26% of MR samples > 2% over and 25.71% > 2% under target solids concentration.
Master of Science

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27

Harris, Christine. "Sanitation in Indonesia : key factors in project effectiveness". Thesis, Harris, Christine (1999) Sanitation in Indonesia : key factors in project effectiveness. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/38393/.

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Since the International Drinking Water Supply and Sanitation Decade (1981-1990) sanitation provision in Indonesia has been unable to maintain pace with population growth. Many sanitation projects have been undertaken during this period and in the years following, these projects have shown varying success. The aim of this research was to identify key factors in determining the effectiveness of sanitation projects in Indonesia. It is hoped that the findings can then be used to point to areas that can be improved in sanitation projects in order to make them more effective and thus improve the sanitation sector as a whole. To conduct this research, nine sanitation projects underway or already completed in Indonesia were selected and studied. Three distinct methods were employed to gather information these were observation, interviews and documentary research. Information from sources other than the nine case studies was also collected employing the same three methods. The nine case studies included a range of sanitation project alternatives. BioMAX, Ecomax & Jasa Tirta are intermediate/community scale, technology transfer projects funded by foreign government aid organisations. Mergosono & Tlogomas are community scale projects, which were constructed and funded by local communities. Wirogunan and Jodipan are also community scale projects which required external funding for their construction. Pendowohrujo provides an example of a large-scale sewerage system while Bia Hula is an example at the other end of the scale of on-site treatment for individual households, with the system largely funded and built by recipients. Sustainability, ease of replication and effluent quality were the measurements used to determine the effectiveness of a sanitation project. It was found that the most effective sanitation projects tended to be low cost options with a high level of community participation, which were instigated at a local level, using locally developed technologies. There was some discrepancy in these results in that more expensive projects using technology transfer tended to produce a better quality effluent than the lower cost locally developed technologies. However as the level of effluent quality in the more expensive projects was often felt to be unsustainable and the ease of replication of these projects was low (due to their high cost), the low cost projects, using locally developed technologies were felt to be more effective overall.

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28

Kaminsky, Jessica. "Social sustainability of sanitation infrastructure in developing communities". Thesis, University of Colorado at Boulder, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3607325.

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In this dissertation I build theory of the social sustainability of onsite household sanitation infrastructure by leveraging organizational theory, using data collected from rural households in Guatemala and Bangladesh. The overarching research question asks what causes high failure rates in onsite household sanitation systems? This work is important because of the large number of people served by onsite technology types and also because of high observed rates of infrastructure abandonment. Since sanitation technologies are vitally important to public and environmental health, universal coverage is an urgent goal. Unfortunately, it is far from being met. As a first step towards addressing this problem, I use a literature review and expert panel to identify factors important to the sustainability of sanitation infrastructure. This work (Chapter 2) identified the importance of social factors and also showed that interactions between various factors explained the contention regarding the importance of ten factors. As such, the rest of my research focused on the topic of social sustainability, with the methodological goal of retaining attention to complexity. To build theory of social sustainability I use constructs of legitimacy and status from organizational theory. While organizational theory has never before been applied to infrastructure systems, it deals with groups of people using technology to achieve shared goals, and this is precisely what we see with infrastructure. I analyze household level interview data from Bangladesh using crisp set Qualitative Comparative Analysis to describe sanitation abandonment as a form of organizational decoupling (Chapter 3) by contrasting households with socially sustainable or socially unsustainable infrastructure. This research shows that neither a lack of demand nor economic barriers caused sanitation abandonment in the communities selected for this research. Instead the causal mechanism is decoupling, which is founded on perceptions of efficiency (whether or not desired infrastructure services are actually achieved) and competing rational myths (beliefs regarding how and why things ought to be done). This analysis leads us to suggest that, due to the impact on social sustainability, odor management should be required in the updated definition of improved sanitation as we revise and replace the Millennium Development Goals. This research also empirically identifies pathways that Guatemalan households took to achieve socially sustainable sanitation infrastructure (Chapter 4). The most practically useful of these shows that the combination of consequential legitimacy (a moral understanding of outcomes) and comprehensibility legitimacy (a cognitive model connecting outcomes to processes) leads to a socially sustainable outcome in a full 50% of the household cases studied for this work. Taken together, these findings explain and will allow us to better design sanitation infrastructure, technical knowledge mobilization, and educational outreach to support socially sustainable infrastructure.

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Nunes, Lambiasi Layla. "Sustainable life, not sustainable development - “Other” epistemologies in sanitation policy in Rural Brazil : The case of Brazil’s National Program for Rural Sanitation". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för tema, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-170214.

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Despite decades of global efforts to provide the whole of the world’s population with appropriated water and sanitation, these remain one of the biggest challenges of our time, with the gap being even greater in rural areas. Commonly dominated by technological and managerialist solutions, the field of water and sanitation have been subject, since its origins, to rationalities grounded in western knowledge. As a result, approaches to the topic tends to disregard deeper relationships between the social world and its historical, political, economic and cultural realizations. While many discuss water and sanitation in terms of supply, others indicate how current shortcomings are more related to power structures. Universal paradigms in water and sanitation constitutes epistemological hegemony. The present thesis explores, based on a decolonial and Latin-American political ecology framework, how dominant rationalities contribute for a great share of people around the globe to remain without access to water and sanitation. Taking as a case study Brazil’s National Program for Rural Sanitation (PNSR – in Portuguese), the thesis investigates its formulation process to understand how its constitution and final product represent alternative epistemologies, also presenting its relationships with the pursuit of sustainability. Four elements of the PNSR’s formulation are especially highlighted: the engagement with social movements; the openness to a dialogue of knowledges; the participative and qualitative methods; and, the shared approaches to sustainability. Discussions draw upon the importance of questioning dominant epistemologies; recognizing the linkages between health, sanitation, conflict and resistance in rural Brazil; and, constructing sustainability as a space for the encounter of different rationalities.
Mesmo que esforços globais para fornecer água e saneamento adequados a toda a população mundial somem décadas de investimento, estes continuam sendo um dos maiores desafios de nosso tempo, com a lacuna sendo ainda maior nas áreas rurais. Comumente dominado por soluções tecnológicas e gerenciais, o campo da água e do saneamento esteve sujeito, desde as suas origens, a racionalidades alicerçadas em saberes ocidentais. Como resultado, a abordagem do tema tende a desconsiderar relações mais profundas entre o mundo social e suas realizações históricas, políticas, econômicas e culturais. Enquanto muitos discutem água e saneamento em termos de abastecimento, outros indicam como as deficiências atuais estão mais relacionadas a estruturas de poder. Paradigmas universais em água e saneamento constituem uma hegemonia epistemológica. A presente tese explora, a partir de um arcabouço de ecologia política decolonial e latino-americana, como racionalidades dominantes contribuem para que grande parte da população mundial permaneça sem acesso à água e ao saneamento. Tomando como estudo de caso o Programa Nacional de Saneamento Rural do Brasil (PNSR), a tese investiga seu processo de formulação para compreender como sua constituição e produto final representam epistemologias alternativas, apresentando também suas relações com a busca pela sustentabilidade. Quatro elementos da formulação do PNSR são especialmente destacados: o engajamento com os movimentos sociais; a abertura ao diálogo de saberes; os métodos participativos e qualitativos; e, as abordagens compartilhadas para a sustentabilidade. As discussões baseiam-se na importância em se questionar epistemologias dominantes; reconhecendo as ligações entre saúde, saneamento, conflito e resistência no Brasil rural; e, construindo a sustentabilidade como um espaço de encontro de diferentes racionalidades.

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Marata, Mawethu Nicolas. "Evaluation of rural sanitation in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1005966.

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This research paper is a qualitative evaluation of rural resident’s views in Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality regarding the municipalities (BCM) performance in sanitation in rural areas. The study was conducted using interviews and some participant observation as a strategy for data collection. The data collected was analyzed using the basic needs theoretical framework. The study found that sanitation is the least talked about subject because of the stigma attached to it. The study found that Buffalo City Municipality initiatives in sanitation have little impact or has not yet transformed the lives of rural people. It has been found that the municipality is responding slowly in sanitation, and this situation impacts negatively on the lives of rural people as they are exposed to health hazards and diseases. The study questions the sustainability of toilets built in rural areas as many toilets have no roofs and door. It has been found that sanitation is still a challenge in the Buffalo City Municipality as some people still relieve themselves in the bushes. Some people even defecate into plastic bags and then throw the bags as far as they can. The study found that the environment is deeply affected by the lack of sanitation as both air and water are contaminated by waste disposal caused by poor sanitation. The general feeling of the residents of Buffalo City Municipality with regard to sanitation service delivery is that they were not happy at all. The residents are not happy with the state of sanitation services rendered by the municipality. The study calls upon the municipality to speedily address rural sanitation to avoid service delivery protest. The research calls upon organizations and companies to get sanitation issues as part of their function. The research made a number of recommendations in an effort to help municipalities accelerate the delivery of sanitation in rural areas. It is hoped that the recommendations would help the Buffalo City Municipality in ensuring that communities are equipped and empowered to meaningfully participate in making policies, regarding their development. The recommendations will contribute towards encouraging community participation in the decision making within their municipalities. It is the aim of the study for other municipalities to use Buffalo City Municipality example as a benchmark for best practices. In conclusion, the rural areas of Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality need more serious commitment from the municipality regarding sanitation and other basic services.

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Johnson, David Andrew. "The improvement of ventilated improved pit latrine sanitation systems". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10242.

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Burkina Faso is a country in the Sahel of West Africa struggling, like many developing nations, with the problem of providing adequate sanitation to its poorest regions. Inadequate sanitation is responsible for many health problems and results in much lost potential, thus exacerbating the country's economic and social problems. In response to this need, sanitation workers developed the ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine in the mid 1980's. Since its design, thousands of VIP latrines have been installed throughout Africa. However, reports of poor operation resulting in a return of the odour and fly problems of older latrines have been received. This project investigated the ventilation of the VIP latrine and attempted to find a way to improve the ventilation rate. Three accessories, a venturi, a slotted fitting and a diverging fitting placed at the outlet of the ventpipe, were considered as possible methods of achieving this end. The fittings were analyzed theoretically and tested in the laboratory and in the field. The results of the tests showed that the divergent fitting was no more effective in inducing up-flow than the open pipe. Given that the slotted fitting is significantly more expensive than the venturi and that the wind in Burkina Faso is such that the slotted fitting would be effective for only a small portion of the year, it was concluded that the most appropriate accessory is the venturi. The field portion of this project was conducted in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso with the aid of Centre regional pour l'eau potable et l'assainissement a faible cout (CREPA). (Abstract shortened by UMI.)

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32

Monteza, Palacios Carlos, Sayán Fiorella Monge e Aliaga Jenny Aliaga. "Can Companies Providing Public Sanitation Services Commercialize Treated Wastewater?" Derecho & Sociedad, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/119075.

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The authors of this article conducted an analysis of the companies providing publicsanitation services. In particular, they focus on determining if these are legally entitled to market the treated waste water generated as a result of the provision of public services in charge. Additionally, in order to provide a complete analysis of the issue, the authors speak about the powers of the National Water Authority and his power to permit reuse of treated wastewater.
Los autores del presente artículo realizan un análisis sobre las empresas prestadoras de servicios públicos de saneamiento. En particular, se enfocan en determinar si es que estas se encuentran facultadas legalmente para comercializar el agua residual tratada que generan como consecuencia de la prestación de los servicios públicos a su cargo. Adicionalmente, a fin de brindar un análisis completo del tema, se toman en cuenta las facultades de la Autoridad Nacional del Agua para conceder autorizaciones de reúso del agua residual tratada.

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33

Benjamin, Bret. "Documenting development : stories of sanitation, population, and information technologies /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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34

Ekuful, Joyce. "An examination of the implementation of an ecological sanitation project as an instrument of the Environmental Sanitation Policy of Ghana: the case of Kumasi Metropolis". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2010. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1091_1360850692.

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The generation of large volumes of solid and liquid wastes in urban and periurban areas of Ghana is a big problem for the people and government of Ghana. It contributes to the outbreak of many diseases in the country such as malaria, diarrhoea and typhoid fever. In managing the situation, a new concept called ecological sanitation (ecosan), which focuses on reuse of waste, has been introduced in the country. The objectives of the thesis were to criticise the environmental sanitation policy
by analysing its content in relation to policy implementation arrangements, to discuss programmes and projects identified under the policy, to critically examine the implementation of an ecosan project as a way of achieving the goal and objectives by outlining its implementation processes, prospects and challenges, and to make appropriate recommendations. The analysis and discussion of the thesis were based on both primary and secondary data. The primary data, on one hand, were collected on the prospects and challenges that exist in the implementation of ecosan projects from Kumasi metropolis. The secondary data, on the other hand, were from
books, journals and websites. From the research analysis, it emerged that the policy allows the implementation of many sanitation projects including ecosan. Secondly, stakeholders see ecosanto be a good approach to reduce waste generation in the country. However, the main challenges that exist in promoting the concept are inadequate financial support, unavailability of implementation guidelines and lack of knowledge about concept details. It is therefore argued that financial support, implementation guidelines and awareness-creation activities should be available in the implementation of ecosan in the metropolis. Government, private organisations, companies and individuals should each contribute their quota in the support and processes.

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Tsang, Hing-kwan. "A review of indices for building hygiene and community cleanliness in Hong Kong /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34737480.

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36

Molopa, Mamatsheu Bernard. "An evaluation of the development of rural sanitation at Eisleben Village in Limpopo Province, South Africa". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1376.

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Thesis (M.Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2008
Rural sanitation researchers, particularly in the Limpopo Province, have not offered theories in relation to the patterns of the development of rural sanitation. Several researchers have concerned themselves with the need for the solution of water supply but not sanitation services. The present study seeks to enhance the understanding of the dynamics of the patterns of the development of rural sanitation in the Capricorn District Municipality, in particular at the Eisleben Village. This research paper applied an evaluative methodology to assess the impact of VIP sanitation technology at Eisleben Village at Ramokgopa under Capricorn District Municipality in Limpopo Province in comparison to dry sanitation. Supportive cases studies on sanitation delivery in South Africa have also been cited to where both technologies have been applied to assess their impact to the health and dignity of the communities, the environmental impacts. Examples of such case studies included examples of the Mosvold Hospital Sanitation Programme, the Northern Cape Household Sanitation Programme, the eThekwini Water and Sanitation Programme and the Dry sanitation in an urban environment at Weiler’s Farm in Johannesburg. The following five major findings emerged from the study: 1. Sanitation development should be community driven in terms of information, knowledge and decision making. 2. There is need for the vision of health, hygiene and education strategy for water and sanitation. Efficient and effective hygiene education is urgently needed. 3. There is resounding evidence from previous sanitation projects done in various places in South Africa that dry or waterless sanitation has been found to be an adequate sanitation technology that best suits urban, peri-urban and rural areas. 4. There is need to replace VIP with a better technology such as dry sanitation as a matter of urgency to avoid unhygienic and unhealthy conditions due to inadequate VIP sanitation technology. 5. Sanitation solution and technology should comply with the Department of Water Affairs and Forestry (DWAF) policies of adequate sustainable water and adequate sustainable sanitation solution, Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and the German Helmhotz Association HFG’s “concept of integrated sustainable development”. In the main, the study suggests possible strategies and mechanisms to overcome the challenges that are identified in the research, with the idea in mind of contributing in improving sanitation, not only in the Eisleben Village, but rather to all rural communities in the Limpopo Province, South Africa.

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37

Holmström, Linn. "Water and sanitation, a fundamental human right? : A study of the United Nations legal framework towards the fundamental Human Right to water and sanitation". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Ekonomihögskolan, ELNU, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-21453.

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The Earth consists of approximately 70 percentage of water, but only 1 percent is at present suitable to drink with no sanitation. Water is vital for human life and should be accessible to all human beings, stated even through its legal definition. Reviewed in this paper is that globalization has over the years brought both stunning benefits and openings for many individuals in regards to water and sanitation. However, these opportunities are yet not available for all, since currently approximately 2.5 billion of the world’s population lack access to sanitation, and for about 1 billion individual’s access to safe drinking water is absent. Harmed health leading to death is a crucial consequence of this enormous lack. International coherence and acknowledgement for this challenging situation is at present part of the global agenda, and through this, water and sanitation have been recognized as a fundamental human right by the United Nations (UN) and implemented in its legal framework. However, its definition can be questioned. The United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) declare that water shall be available and accessible for all human beings. Within several of the UNs adopted documents, water shall additionally be sufficient, affordable, safe and acceptable, and contain a certain standard of quality. Nevertheless, obstacles occur regarding these requirements through its interpretation. The question arises if the right within its classification can guarantee the fundamental right to water and sanitation to be incorporated, compatible and functional in human rights law. Besides this, the role of sustainable development and, regional and national legislations in the implementation process is additionally addressed to acknowledge how the right is ensured and protected.

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au, S. Dallas@murdoch edu, e Stewart Dallas. "Reedbeds for the treatment of greywater as an application of ecological sanitation in rural Costa Rica, Central America". Murdoch University, 2005. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060505.100927.

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The widespread practice in Latin America of separating greywater from blackwater at the domestic level lends itself to the application of Ecological Sanitation, or Ecosan. In this research simple, low-cost subsurface flow wetlands, or reedbeds, were investigated not only for their potential in treating the greywater component but also to evaluate their acceptance as an appropriate Ecosan technology in rural Central America. The hypothesis for this thesis is that Ecological Sanitation, namely via reedbeds for the treatment of greywater can improve sanitation in rural Central America. The first aim of this research determined that untreated greywater was having a significant negative impact on the water quality of the local streams of Monteverde in Costa Rica (the site of this research) and that the associated public health risks will continue to increase in line with population growth. Local residents expressed strong dissatisfaction with the current situation and were supportive of any means to improve it. The second aim of this research was to determine if reedbeds designed according to the principles of Ecosan could provide a healthier, affordable and more sustainable sanitation alternative suitable for rural areas. As a result five case study reedbed systems were designed and installed. All these reedbeds made use of locally available materials and incorporated low-maintenance design features, and research with a local plant species determined a robust macrophyte suitable for use in these systems. The ability of low-cost reedbed systems to successfully treat greywater was demonstrated. The Costa Rican guidelines for wastewater reuse were found to be overly restrictive in regards to fecal coliform limits (<1,000cfu/100mL) and may inhibit the wider uptake of reedbed systems if enforced. Despite this the uptake of the reedbed technology was strong and more than ten systems were installed in Costa Rica as a result of this research. An innovative environmental services contract, the first of its kind in Costa Rica, was developed to ensure on going funding for operation and maintenance of a four-household reedbed system. The third aim was to specifically investigate the use of waste plastic (PET) bottle segments as an alternative media in reedbeds to conventional crushed rock, or gravel. Twelve mini-reedbeds, or cells, incorporating PET media and plants as the two variables, were monitored through wet and dry seasons. This experiment demonstrated that reedbeds incorporating PET segments were able to achieve comparable removal of fecal coliform and BOD when compared to conventional media reedbeds, and at a significantly reduced cost. The local plant species Coix lacryma-jobi enhanced the performance of all reedbeds, most notably in the PET-based reedbeds, which was attributed to the considerably greater root biomass achieved in these systems as compared to conventional media systems. This research has demonstrated that reedbeds incorporating simple, low-maintenance design features are able to provide an affordable and appropriate technology for the treatment of greywater in rural Latin America.

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39

Taing, Lina. "Implementing sanitation for informal settlements: conflicting rationalities in South Africa". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16712.

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Includes bibliographical references
From 1994 to 2008, South Africa's national government disseminated numerous policies, laws, regulations and strategies to support its objective of providing basic sanitation access to the urban poor by 2014. The state has yet to attain this objective - ostensibly due to poor municipal execution of national policy. This thesis challenges this assessment, as it overlooks how non-municipal actors have shaped implementation and ignores possible weaknesses in policy. After assessing the delivery of sanitation services in Cape Town informal settlements, I found that disputes among municipal implementers, policy beneficiaries and social advocates about broadly framed policy, as well as policy gaps in servicing informal settlements, contributed to the City's failure to achieve national objectives. The local actors'differences and policy gaps necessitated the re-formulation of sanitation policy and programmes in Cape Town according to conflicting rationalities that accommodated the'lived' and 'practical' realities of servicing informal settlements. In light of these circumstances, this thesis argues that there is a disproportionate focus on turning national policy into practise - for this viewpoint misses how policy oftentimes is re-formulated according to local actors' perspectives and experiences. Understanding the complex interplay between policy rationales and implementation realities can contribute to more constructive means of effectively providing sanitation services for South African informal settlements.

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40

Chen, Wei-Chun. "EFFECTIVENESS OF POSTHARVEST SANITATION TREATMENTS ON MICROBIAL LOAD OF BLUEBERRIES". MSSTATE, 2008. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-10172008-084244/.

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The purpose of this study was to determine the quality and microbial load of blueberries at different maturity stages, to develop the effective microbial recovery method and to compare sanitation postharvest treatments on microbial counts of blueberries. The soluble solids and the sugar to acid ratio increased, while pH and TA decreased with maturity. Ripe berries had lower yeast and mold counts (YMC) at other maturity stages, but there were no differences on aerobic plate counts (APC). The medium pH was lower for stomaching and blending than hand massaged samples. This leads to higher recovery of microorganisms by massaging. Sodium hypochlorite at 400 ppm was effective in reducing APC but not YMC. Acidified sodium chloride was very effective, lowering APC and YMC below detectable level. All sanitation treatment did not influence sensory attributes of blueberries.

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41

Nowack, Martin. "Possibilities of scenario planning for sanitation organizations facing demographic change". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-98554.

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Der Abwassersektor in Deutschland sieht sich mit zunehmend turbulentem Umfeld konfrontiert. Auf Grund der langen Nutzungsdauer ihrer Infrastruktur und ihrer Kapitalintensität ist die Abwasserwirtschaft durch hohe Fixkosten und durch ihre Anfälligkeit gegenüber Pfadabhängigkeiten charakterisiert. Dies zeigt sich besonders im Zusammenhang mit den Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels in den letzten Jahren, in Folge dessen abnehmende Bevölkerungszahlen zu einem Verlust von Gebührenzahlern geführt haben. Zusätzlich wurde dieser Effekt durch einen beträchtlichen Rückgang der Wassernachfrage pro Kopf verstärkt. Die herkömmlichen Planungsansätze in der Siedlungsentwässerung basieren hauptsächlich auf Prognosen und Trendfortschreibungen und berücksichtigen somit nur unzureichend sich ändernde Rahmenbedingungen. Aus diesem Grund untersucht diese Dissertation inwiefern die geringe Anpassungsfähigkeit, die im Zusammenhang mit dem demografischen Wandel offensichtlich wurde, durch eine Stärkung der strategischen Planungskompetenzen, und speziell durch die Anwendung der Szenarioplanung, erhöht werden kann. Hierfür werden sowohl die prediktiven als auch die explorative Möglichkeiten der Szenarioplanung bewertet. Im ersten prediktiven Ansatz liegt der Fokus auf den spezifischen Auswirkungen des demografischen Wandels auf die Abwassergebühren. Der zweite explorative Ansatz basiert auf einer Kombination der Delphi-Technik mit der Szenarioplanung, in der die bedeutendsten zukünftigen Herausforderungen identifiziert und in vier Szenarien zusammengefasst werden
The sanitation sector in Germany is challenged by an increasingly turbulent environment. Due to the long use-life of the infrastructure and its capital intensity, the sector is characterized by low rates of return, high fixed-costs and vulnerability to path dependency. This became particularly obvious in the last years within the context of demographic change, when a decreasing population led to the loss of fee payers, and was intensified by a considerable decline in the water demand per capita, which caused increasing wastewater fees. The traditional planning instruments in the sanitation sector rely mainly on forecasts and forward projections, while disregarding key dynamics of the surrounding political-legal, economic, societal, technological and environmental framework conditions. Therefore, this dissertation assesses if the low adaptive capacity of the sanitation sector, which became obvious with demographic change, can be enhanced by strengthening the long range planning competencies by means of scenario planning. The dissertation evaluates the possibilities of scenario planning as alternative planning instrument and explores the predictive as well as the explorative possibilities in two separate research streams. The predictive research stream analyzes the specific impacts of demographic change on wastewater fees. The focus lies on a short time horizon and one specific trend. The latter explorative research stream is addressed by a Delphi-based scenario study, in which the most relevant future challenges of the sanitation sector are identified and summarized in four scenarios

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42

Martin, Norline A. "Attracting private investment to the Caribbean water and sanitation sector". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2007. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/18412.

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The investment needs of the water and sanitation sector and the financing constraints facing many developing countries were important catalysts for the promotion of private investment during the 1990s. Towards the end of the decade however, the flow of private capital began to decline primarily due to the poor performance of some investments and difficulties encountered during these transactions. Regardless, private investment is still considered an important financial resource for the sector which has resulted in considerable attention in addressing governance, economic and socio-political factors which can discourage investment. The aim of the research is to develop a strategic framework for attracting private investment to the Caribbean water and sanitation sector. Using a multiple-case study approach, the research examines the phenomenon of private investment in the water and sanitation sectors in Jamaica, Barbados and Trinidad and Tobago by assessing the environment for private investment and determining the specific drivers and deterrents to this type of investment. The implications of small size in the Caribbean context for institutional requirements to support private investment in the sector are also examined. Primary data for the research are obtained from public officials involved in the management, operation and regulation of the sector, local and international private service providers and local financial institutions through interviews and survey questionnaires. Documents are used to contextualise, corroborate and augment the research. The research found that in addition to traditional strategic and financial criteria in terms of provisions of the operating environment and investment performance, behaviour-related factors such as interest in job security, recognition and comfort were also important to the investment decision in the sector. Investors' perceptions of the utility were also found to be a statistically significant determinant of investment. Besides emphasising the importance of creating a conducive environment for investment, the research highlighted a need to simultaneously focus on generating specific investment opportunities to build investor confidence. The most important consequence of small size to negatively impact on creating conducive conditions for investment was the effect of limited professional capacity on institutional arrangements in the sector. Accordingly, sharing professional expertise to address capacity constraints emerged as the most feasible opportunity for regional cooperation to improve the environment for private investment in the sector.

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43

Mendoza, Flores Santos Ernesto. "The provision of drinking water and sanitation as essential services". IUS ET VERITAS, 2017. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123045.

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The author starts by revising the concept of public service, highlighting the idea of publicatio as an important element. With this taken into consideration, he points out that it is not possible to understand the concept of public service without the presence of ownership by the State. In this context, the concept of essential service arises as a technique that harmonizes social demands and the traditional conception of public service. All in all, these concepts are materialized to affirm that the nature of the service of drinking water and sanitation is of essential service, developing and applying its principles to the concrete case.
El autor parte por una revisión del concepto objetivo de servicio público, destacando como un elemento importante de este la idea de publicatio. A partir de ello, señala que no es posible entender el concepto de servicio público sin la presencia de la titularidad por parte del Estado. En este contexto, surge el concepto de servicio esencial como una técnica que armoniza las exigencias sociales y la concepción tradicional de servicio público. Finalmente, aterriza dichos conceptos para afirmar que la naturaleza del servicio de provisión de agua potable y saneamiento es de servicio esencial, desarrollando y aplicando sus principios al caso concreto.

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Pius, A., e E. V. Shkarupa. "Environmental sanitation policy and solid waste management in Sunyani municipality". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31698.

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Solid Waste management is one of the least recognized public policy issues in Ghana. Quite apart from the obvious physical unattractiveness of the business, waste management often competes with more pressing economic and social issues such as fiscal and trade matters, unemployment and poverty, education and health. Even within the domain of environmental sustainability, the management of waste has had to play second fiddle to more apparently manifest challenges such as land and coastal degradation, biodiversity loss, and climate change. Waste management, however, remains a major challenge for any society, since all natural processes generate waste. The particular economic, social and environmental circumstances of the Sunyani municipality make this issue especially critical for medium to long-term sustainable development. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31698

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45

Suriptono. "Small scale community based sanitation technology: An Indonesian case study". Thesis, Suriptono, (1999) Small scale community based sanitation technology: An Indonesian case study. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1999. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/52407/.

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The sewerage situation in large Asian cities is deteriorating. There are only rudimentary septic tanks in most areas which are polluting waterways and threatening public health. Piped sewerage is generally only in areas developed by former European colonial administrations or in wealthy cities like Singapore and Tokyo. There appears to be little prospect for installing traditional Western centralised sewerage as the cost is too great and it would be highly disruptive to the dense cities of Asia. It is not, therefore, a social and political priority despite the interest of major international funding agencies. This thesis examines the potential for developing a different approach based on the social realities of life in Asian cities, particularly at the community level. In a riverbank squatter settlement in Malang Indonesia called Embong Brantas, a demonstration project was established using small-scale community based sanitation technology. Space was found to install two Australian technologies (BioMAX and Ecomax) in areas adjacent to the riverbank; community ablution blocks were built above the treatment systems. This meant that no sewerage pipes were required and the treated water could be reused locally. The thesis concentrates on the social aspects of these new technologies as such smallscale systems can only work if the local community is able to incorporate their operation, maintenance and security into their lives. Thus the community spirit or Indonesian ‘Gotong Royong’ was required to be tapped. Surveys of key stakeholders indicate how this appears to have occurred in Embong Brantas. The thesis outlines the motivations and social processes involved before and after installation of the sanitation systems. Conclusions are made on how the demonstration project can be further indigenised and extended to the whole region using the same approach of tapping community resources.

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46

Njingana, Sikhanyisele. "Role of water as a resource in hygiene and sanitation". University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6810.

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Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS)
Water supply and sanitation remain a huge problem in townships and rural areas of South Africa, in effect affecting the water supply, hygiene and health of marginalized communities. Following democracy in 1994, South Africa’s new government embarked on a program of eradicating backlogs in water supply and sanitation that had become endemic under apartheid in townships and rural areas. In addition, South Africa’s constitution categorically states that every citizen has a right to a minimum of basic water supply and sanitation. Internationally, access to basic water supply and sanitation are fundamental human rights. Thus the South African government aims is to ensure that all South Africans have access to basic water and sanitation services. This study investigated the quantity and quality of water and how these effect sanitation and hygiene of communities using Walmer Township in the Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality as a case study. The study used a multi-pronged methodological approach including structured interviews with a sample of households, key informant interviews, focus group discussions, observations and secondary information. Although the Walmer Community felt that they had access to sufficient quantity of water for their daily use and that the quality of the water was fine, the reality was that most households use less than the daily minimum amount of water per person as required in the constitution because of the distance where they have to fetch the water, which is too far to collect more water than they absolutely need. There is need for municipality to provide more stand pipes in order to reduce the distance that most households have to walk to fetch water. 80% of Walmer residents still use the bucket system, which is the issue that the community is more aggrieved about. One of the reasons the bucket system persists is the unplanned development of the Township and the type of dwellings (mostly shacks) that people still use. Also, the Township has grown and mushroomed organically as a result of the constant influx of people looking for better economic opportunities from rural areas or other urban areas. This makes it very difficult for the municipality to plan for and provide services and infrastructure as the Municipality is always playing catch-up. Worse still, the average number of people that use each bucket toilet (over 80) makes it extremely difficult to maintain the toilets clean and in functional and usable state at all times. Another problem is that the buckets, in particular those managed by the municipality, are not collected as scheduled resulting in spill-over of the toilets. Most of all, there are currently no clear arrangements around management and maintenance of the bucket toilets. Therefore the impact that the bucket system has on the residents’ health and hygiene, and the general Township environment is dire. The uncontrolled and continuing influx of people into Walmer Township has led to very high population density, with the average number of people per household up to ten. Most people of working age in these households are unemployed, which means that most households in the Township depend on social grants for survival. The high unemployment rate and dependency on social grants by most households in Walmer Township means that the community cannot afford to pay for services and therefore depend on amenities provided by the Municipality. The majority of the population of Walmer Township depends on basic services provided by the Municipality. These are provided as public amenities available to all Walmer residents, which makes them largely ‘open access’. This has resulted in poor management and poor maintenance of these amenities. The unhygienic state of most of the bucket toilets and the poor state of water stand taps is as a result of this current management arrangement. It would improve management of these public amenities if a system of locating stand taps and bucket toilets to specific households that could limit access and use to these defined groups of households was introduced. These households would then be responsible for maintaining and managing use of the specific and allocated amenities. The current management arrangements for these public amenities point to the fact that there is currently lack of participatory planning and management between the Municipality and the community. The Municipality takes top-down decisions resulting in disjuncture between the Municipality and the Community in terms of real community needs, provision of these needs, and how they should be serviced and managed.

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Vuong, Ngoc Thuy. "Household food insecurity and sanitation in the Mekong delta, Vietnam". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2020. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/203190/1/Ngoc%20Thuy_Vuong_Thesis.pdf.

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This study investigated household food insecurity, associated factors, and potential outcomes including livelihood assets, diet quality, water and sanitation, and health in the northern and southern provinces of the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The study surveyed 552 households and the results found that over one-third of households were food insecure in the last month with direct effects on physical and mental health. Diet diversity was significantly impacted with food insecure households consuming less nutritious diets. Multi-sectorial approaches that align policies of socio-economic development, food, water, sanitation, and health to address food insecurity and potential nutrition and health outcomes are warranted.

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Amutenya, Tekla. "The institutional challenges facing city of Windhoek in the Provision of water and sanitation services: a case study of The Havana informal settlement". University of the Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7975.

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Masters in Public Administration - MPA
This study examined the institutional challenges facing the City of Windhoek in the provision of water supply and sanitation in the Havana Informal Settlement. Like most cities in developing countries, Namibia is faced with the triple challenge of poverty, unemployment and inequality, even though Namibia after its liberation developed several policies to ensure that equitable service delivery is provided to all its citizens. Approximately 60% of the city’s population resides in informal settlements, with inadequate and poor service delivery such as sanitation and water supply. External factors such as climate change amongst others have a huge impact in a water-scarce country such as Namibia on attaining the sustainability of water resources.

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Ілляшенко, Тетяна Олексіївна, Татьяна Алексеевна Ильяшенко, Tetiana Oleksiivna Illiashenko e О. Бондар. "Проведення санації підприємств". Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18612.

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Кірсанова, Тетяна Олександрівна, Татьяна Александровна Кирсанова, Tetiana Oleksandrivna Kirsanova e І. В. Глівенко. "Особливості санації, банкрутства та ліквідації комерційних банків". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19514.

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