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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Salt taxes"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 31 agosto 2024

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1

Dodd, Rebecca, Joseph Alvin Santos, Monique Tan, et al. "Effectiveness and Feasibility of Taxing Salt and Foods High in Sodium: A Systematic Review of the Evidence." Advances in Nutrition 11, no. 6 (2020): 1616–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa067.

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ABSTRACT Diets high in salt are a leading risk for death and disability globally. Taxing unhealthy food is an effective means of influencing what people eat and improving population health. Although there is a growing body of evidence on taxing products high in sugar, and unhealthy foods more broadly, there is limited knowledge or experience of using fiscal measures to reduce salt consumption. We searched peer-reviewed databases [MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews] and gray literature for studies published

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2

LEGRAS, SOPHIE. "Managing correlated stock externalities: water taxes with a pinch of salt." Environment and Development Economics 15, no. 3 (2010): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x10000021.

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ABSTRACTThis paper addresses the design of corrective taxation schemes to manage multiple, interacting stocks. In the setting of irrigation-induced salinity, a collective groundwater stock aliments a set of individual rootzone salt stocks. It is shown that the policy maker does not need to base the tax rule on the individual salt stocks. Indeed, taxes based on the level of input and on the collective stock induce the agents to achieve the socially optimal irrigation path. An even simpler instrument is sufficient if the policy-maker's goal is to reach optimality at the steady state only.

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3

Rogić Lugarić, Tereza. "More, brodovi i – porezi." Zbornik Pravnog fakulteta u Zagrebu 72, no. 1-2 (2022): 591–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.3935/zpfz.72.12.17.

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From the taxation point of view, the maritime sector could almost be described as quirky – there are examples of the earliest forms of taxes and other public contributions as well as almost all types of taxation, unlike in any other sector. Moreover, some of the most unusual and controversial taxes throughout history were levied in and related to the maritime world. In that context, port taxes, salt taxes, specific ship taxes and carbon taxes in the framework of decarbonization are analyzed. Despite the common perception of the maritime sector as a sector enjoying favorable tax treatment, taxe

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4

Wu, Yonghong. "Tax Exporting through Federal Deductibility of State and Local Taxes: A Cross-state Analysis." Public Finance & Management 22, no. 2 (2023): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37808/pfm.22.2.2.

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Federal deductibility of certain state and local taxes (SALT) creates an opportunity for state and local governments to export their deductible taxes. Using the Internal Revenue Service’s Statistics of Income data, this research estimates the extent to which a state can export its tax burden. The research furthermore shows that a state with higher levels of deductible taxes exports more of its tax burden, and relevant state tax structure features and federal tax reforms influence the exportability of state and local taxes. The empirical evidence reveals that tax exporting through federal deduc

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5

Altig, David, Alan Auerbach, Patrick Higgins, et al. "Did the 2017 Tax Reform Discriminate against Blue-State Voters?" National Tax Journal 73, no. 4 (2020): 1087–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17310/ntj.2020.4.08.

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The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (TCJA) significantly changed federal income taxation, including limiting SALT (state and local property, income, and sales taxes) deductibility to $10,000. We estimate the TCJA’s differential effect on red- and blue-state taxpayers and the SALT limitation’s contribution to this differential. We find an average increase in remaining lifetime spending of 1.6 percent in red states versus 1.3 percent in blue states. Among the richest 10 percent of households, red states enjoyed a 2 percent increase compared to 1.2 percent in blue states, with the gap driven almost

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6

Schorling, Elisabeth, Dea Niebuhr, and Anja Kroke. "Cost-effectiveness of salt reduction to prevent hypertension and CVD: a systematic review." Public Health Nutrition 20, no. 11 (2017): 1993–2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017000593.

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AbstractObjectiveTo analyse and compare the cost-effectiveness of different interventions to reduce salt consumption.DesignA systematic review of published cost-effectiveness analyses (CEA) and cost-utility analyses (CUA) was undertaken in the databases EMBASE, MEDLINE (PubMed), Cochrane and others until July 2016. Study selection was limited to CEA and CUA conducted in member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in English, German or French, without time limit. Outcomes measures were life years gained (LYG), disability-adjusted life years (DALY) and q

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7

Pineda, Elisa, Mathilde Gressier, Danying Li, et al. "Review: Effectiveness and policy implications of health taxes on foods high in fat, salt, and sugar." Food Policy 123 (February 2024): 102599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102599.

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8

Younes, Samer. "The influence of food tax on island places." Nutrition and Food Processing 7, no. 5 (2024): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/205.

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Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the primary cause of premature mortality in Pacific Island Countries and Territories (PICTs), as well as in numerous other jurisdictions worldwide. The Pacific region has declared an NCD crisis and has recommended the implementation of food taxation policies to address the dietary risk factors associated with these diseases. However, the progress in this regard remains uncertain.The review focused on food taxation policies, including excise taxes and tariffs, that were implemented between 2000 and 2020 in 22 PICTs. The key characteristics of these policies w

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9

Abeshu, Gemechu Adimassu. "The Rise of New Forms of Power in Africa: The Emergence of Big Men in the Afar Region of Ethiopia." Modern Africa: Politics, History and Society 7, no. 2 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26806/modafr.v7i2.262.

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This article chronicles the emergence of a new form of power in the Afar Region of Ethiopia. The Afar people are predominantly Muslim pastoralists who live in a territory referred to as the Afar-Triangle (located in Ethiopia, Djibouti and Eritrea). Fieldwork for this study was conducted on Dobi in the Afar Region of Ethiopia, the second largest salt mining site in Ethiopia. In 2004, Dobi fell under the control of an individual by the name of As Mohammed Humed Yayyo. This article focuses on this specific Big Man. Since his emergence, this Big Man became the sole power figure who grants access t

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10

Jaacks, Lindsay M. "Taxes on saturated fat, salt, and sugar improve the healthiness of grocery purchases, but changes are frustratingly small." Lancet Public Health 4, no. 8 (2019): e363-e364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(19)30110-0.

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11

Lüngen, Markus, Anna Marie Passon, and Stephanie Stock. "Incentivizing Patients to Live Healthy Lives." International Journal of Public and Private Healthcare Management and Economics 2, no. 1 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijpphme.2012010101.

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Most people know what comprises a healthy lifestyle, but few actually exercise, follow a healthy diet with low salt, fat, sugar, and avoid smoking and alcohol intake. It could be argued that society should incentivize prevention programs which lead to a healthy lifestyle instead of paying afterwards for the costly treatment of diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and other preventable chronic diseases. The German experience shows that these programs might even work – however, they might work best for already healthy people. It’s still not clear, how prevention programs should be designed to init

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Iswahyudi. "Agricultural Activities and the Madura Salt Industry in the Late 19th Century to the 1930s." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 5, no. 3 (2023): 179–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v5i3.979.

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The colonial government's strong reason for continuing to pay special attention and evaluation to Madura was due to economic factors, namely the potential for large people's salt production and the potential for people's agriculture. The agrarian life for the Madurese has become a general trend, as is widely adopted in the economic system of the Indonesian people. This is evidenced by the fact that since the 17th century, Madura as a conquered area of the Mataram king Sultan Agung had the obligation to submit taxes every year in the form of one real, 10 pikul of rice and several pikul of fruit

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Diomidova, M. I. "Play cards, salt, tobacco: trade restrictions of German Zollverein in 1833." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities 29, no. 3 (2024): 847–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2024-29-3-847-856.

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Importance. The main objective of the study is to find the special regulations regarding some trade goods. The research is focused on the comprehensive study of restrictions of German Zollverein’s treaty, which had affected the local and foreign trade. The analysis has formed the complex of reasons which led to the special arrangements towards the important goods. The study of particular aspects of customs reforms shows the new perspectives in the research of this topic and fulfills the image of trade connections on German territories in 1820–30s.Materials and Methods. The main document for th

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14

Ide, Nicole, Adefunke Ajenikoko, Lindsay Steele, et al. "Priority Actions to Advance Population Sodium Reduction." Nutrients 12, no. 9 (2020): 2543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092543.

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High sodium intake is estimated to cause approximately 3 million deaths per year worldwide. The estimated average sodium intake of 3.95 g/day far exceeds the recommended intake. Population sodium reduction should be a global priority, while simultaneously ensuring universal salt iodization. This article identifies high priority strategies that address major sources of sodium: added to packaged food, added to food consumed outside the home, and added in the home. To be included, strategies needed to be scalable and sustainable, have large benefit, and applicable to one of four measures of effec

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Schneer, Matthew. "The Markovo Republic: A Peasant Community during Russia’s First Revolution, 1905-1906." Slavic Review 53, no. 1 (1994): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2500327.

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On 31 October 1905, at the height of Russia’s first revolution, the peasant assembly (skhod) of Markovo, a village in the northwestern corner of Moscow province, issued a resolution (prigovor) marking the birth of the “Markovo Republic” and the election of P.A. Burshin, the village elder (starosta), as its first president. This manifesto announced that henceforth the peasants would refuse to obey the established authorities, pay taxes or rents, or provide any conscripts for the draft. Eight months later, when provincial Governor Dzhunkovskii arrived in Markovo on an inspection tour of the rebe

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Temple, Norman J. "A Comparison of Strategies to Improve Population Diets: Government Policy versus Education and Advice." Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism 2020 (June 4, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/5932516.

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Different strategies have been utilized in order to improve the healthiness of the population diet. Many interventions employ education, advice, and encouragement (EAE). Those interventions have been carried out in diverse settings and may achieve modest success; the estimated risk of cardiovascular disease is lowered by about 5–15%. An alternative strategy is action policies carried out by the governments. The removal of trans-fatty acids from food is a model for a successful action policy. Other action policies include requiring a substantial reduction in the amount of salt added to processe

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Colchero, M. Arantxa, Guillermo Paraje, and Barry M. Popkin. "The impacts on food purchases and tax revenues of a tax based on Chile’s nutrient profiling model." PLOS ONE 16, no. 12 (2021): e0260693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260693.

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Background In June 2016, Chile implemented the Law of Food Labelling and Advertising, which included a mandatory front-of-pack warning labels on food and beverages high in added sugar, saturated fat, sodium or energy density, restrictions on child-directed marketing and on the promotion and sales of these products in schools. The regulation does not include taxes although Chile had implemented a tiered tax on SSBs two years before this law was implemented. Therefore, the objective of the study was to simulate the impact of taxing food and beverages based on the cutoff’s points for warning labe

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Шевченко, Андрій. "Економічне становище Буджака татарсько-османської доби (XV–початок XIX ст.)". Studia Orientalne 23, № 3 (2022): 77–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/so2022306.

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The article examines the main stages of the formation of the economic system of Budjak during the of its intensive settlement by Tatars and Ottomans. The main prerequisites for the formation of the economic system in the 15th–early 19th centuries are the arrival of the Tatar tribes in the region and the appearance here of Italian, Moldavian, Bulgarian trading posts, which already in the 15th century created competition for the Ottoman Empire, which led to the capture of Budjak by the Turks, who established their model of the economic system. Populating the region with Nogays and at the same ti

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Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj, Karthika Ganesh, and Manikandanesan Sakthivel. "Fat taxation in India: A critical appraisal of need, public health impact, and challenges in nationwide implementation." Health Promotion Perspectives 10, no. 1 (2020): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15171/hpp.2020.04.

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National Nutritional Monitoring Bureau survey (2017) has found that more than half of the adults in India were overweight and obese. To halt this rising epidemic, development of various policy measures has been suggested in National action plan for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. One such measure is the introduction of fat tax which is a surcharge or tax placed on food and beverages containing high amounts of fat. Government of India has made various direct budgetary initiatives for boosting the sectors related to the production of items rich in fat, sugars and salt without

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Beebeejaun, Ambareen. "A Critical Analysis of Fiscal Measures on Unhealthy Foods in Mauritius." African Journal of Legal Studies 12, no. 2 (2019): 163–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17087384-12340048.

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Abstract The level of obesity across the globe is on the rise and this is evidenced by the recent World Health Organisation’s (WHO) estimate of an increase in the worldwide prevalence of obesity which has nearly tripled between 1975 and 2018. Mauritius has a high rate of obesity which is evidenced by the Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) report of 2016 indicating that around 54.2% of the participants are obese. One amongst the main causes of obesity is a high level of sugar consumption. In this regard, a number of policies are being undertaken by the Mauritius government one amongst which is the

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Schneider, Stephen H. "Geoengineering: could we or should we make it work?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 366, no. 1882 (2008): 3843–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2008.0145.

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Schemes to modify large-scale environment systems or control climate have been proposed for over 50 years to (i) increase temperatures in high latitudes, (ii) increase precipitation, (iii) decrease sea ice, (iv) create irrigation opportunities, or (v) offset potential global warming by injecting iron in the oceans or sea-salt aerosol in the marine boundary layer or spreading dust in the stratosphere to reflect away an amount of solar energy equivalent to the amount of heat trapped by increased greenhouse gases from human activities. These and other proposed geoengineering schemes are briefly r

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Al-Jawaldeh, Ayoub, Asmus Hammerich, Radhouene Doggui, Kaia Engesveen, Krista Lang, and Karen McColl. "Implementation of WHO Recommended Policies and Interventions on Healthy Diet in the Countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: From Policy to Action." Nutrients 12, no. 12 (2020): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12123700.

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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are responsible for almost two-thirds of the deaths in the 22 countries and territories of the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region and unhealthy diets are a major contributor. Prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased among adults, adolescents and older children in recent decades. Among countries with the highest prevalence there are signs that the increase is slowing down or even that prevalence is declining. There has been no increase in the prevalence rate in younger children, although the absolute number of children under five years affected by overwe

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Makarova, Natalya Vladimirovna. "The role of tax policy in encouraging a healthy lifestyle of the population." Налоги и налогообложение, no. 3 (March 2021): 73–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-065x.2021.3.35421.

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The relevance of this research is defined by the ongoing worldwide negative trends related to the spread of infectious diseases, which require the development and adoption of complex preventive measures, including tax policy. The subject of this research of the use of tax instruments within the framework of the policy of encouraging a healthy lifestyle of the population. The author explores the methods of indirect taxation of &ldquo;harmful&rdquo; food products, summarizes foreign and historical experience in implementation of disincentive tax measures: imposition of tax on high sugar

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Holden, Constance. "Dulbecco Takes Salk Job." Science 248, no. 4954 (1990): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.248.4954.447.a.

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Weber, Karl T. "Heart-hitting tales of salt and destruction." Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 136, no. 1 (2000): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mlc.2000.107301.

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Clark, David E. "Environmental Stability of Materials—Issues and Opportunities." MRS Bulletin 18, no. 9 (1993): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400037994.

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Professor David Kingery, author of the classic text, Introduction to Ceramics, said it well: “Corrosion, like death and taxes in our existence, is inevitable for all materials.” Metals, ceramics, and polymers all undergo change when exposed to the environment. Metals can exhibit electrochemical corrosion, while ceramics and plastics experience primarily chemical corrosion. Although “corrosion” often is used to describe the environmental stability (or instability) of metals, a host of other definitions have been used to characterize the changes that occur in ceramics and polymers.Definitions ca

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Varigin, Alexander. "Features of development of the zoobenthos in Shagany and Burnas Lagoons (Northern Black Sea)." Biolohichni systemy 11, no. 1 (2019): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31861/biosystems2019.01.046.

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The qualitative composition and features of the quantitative development of zoobenthos of the salt Shagany and Burnas lagoons in the summer season of 2018 were determined. For comparison, the zoobenthos of the freshwater Maly Sasyk lagoon, connected by a channel to the Shagany lagoon, was studied. These reservoirs belong to the Tuzlovskaya group of lagoons, located in the Northern Black Sea region in the middle part of the Danube-Dniester interfluve. The depth in the sampling areas was 0,3–0,5m. It was noted that the water temperature in these reservoirs during the study period was about 30°C.

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Chee, Paula P. "In Vitro Culture of Zygotic Embryos of Taxus Species." HortScience 29, no. 6 (1994): 695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.6.695.

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An embryo culture method overcomes the lengthy dormancy requirement of Taxus L. spp. (yew) seeds. When zygotic embryos excised from mature T. brevifolia L. seeds were cultured in darkness for 4 weeks on one of three basal salt media (B5, Litvay, and Murashige and Skoog), radicle emergence and seedling development was highest on B5 basal salt medium. After 1 to 2 weeks on B5 basal salt medium, seedling development of T. brevifolia, T. cuspidata L., T. baccata L., and T. baccata stricta L. ranged from 2% to 36%. BA at 2.25 μm had no effect on radicle emergence; 22.5 μm prevented it. Embryos exci

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Bustos-Guajardo, R., and Cristian F. Moukarzel. "Wealth distribution under Yard–Sale exchange with proportional taxes." International Journal of Modern Physics C 27, no. 08 (2016): 1650094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183116500947.

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Recent analysis of a Yard–Sale (YS) exchange model supplemented with redistributive proportional taxation suggested an asymptotic behavior [Formula: see text] for the wealth distribution, with a parameter-dependent exponent [Formula: see text]. Revisiting this problem, it is here shown analytically, and confirmed by extensive numerical simulation, that the asymptotic behavior of [Formula: see text] is not power-law but rather a Gaussian. When taxation is weak, we furthermore show that a restricted-range power-law behavior appears for wealths around the mean value. The corresponding power-law e

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Limurti, Dewi Fortuna. "Justice in the Income Tax Collection on Sale-Purchase." Fiat Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 16, no. 1 (2022): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25041/fiatjustisia.v16no1.2271.

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Income tax for land and buildings purchase in Indonesia is regulated in Law Number 36 of 2008 regarding Income tax. This law stipulates that one of the tax object’s profits comes from land and building sale-purchase. The research would emphasise that income tax comes from other profits instead of transactions or gross prices. This research uses a normative juridical method. “Profits” has an important note in Income Tax’s calculation in the land and building sale-purchase process. Income taxes are collected by calculating the transfer value’s gross amount rather than profits. This calculation v

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Flexner, Nadia, Mary L'Abbé, Barbara Legowski, and Ruben Grajeda Toledo. "Mapping Dietary Sodium Reduction Policies and Initiatives in the Region of the Americas." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (2020): 1714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa064_004.

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Abstract Objectives To map existing country policies addressing population dietary sodium reduction in the Americas; to identify policy gaps in the region following what is outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) “Best Buys” most cost-effective recommendations for the prevention and control of diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs); and to discuss priorities for future work in the Region. Methods This study used mixed methods to analyze data from 34 countries. Data were collected through a structured review, of mostly national official sources, to identify current policies in pla

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Qi, Y. L., and J. Adler. "Salt taxis in Escherichia coli bacteria and its lack in mutants." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 86, no. 21 (1989): 8358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.86.21.8358.

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Kosmovskaya, А. А. "TAXES IN THE KAMA REGION IN THE 1730S–1770S: RECONSTRUCTING THE AMOUNT OF TAXES COLLECTED." Вестник Пермского университета. История, no. 3 (62) (2023): 28–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2219-3111-2023-3-28-44.

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The salaries of the tavern, customs and office fees in the Kama region in the 1730s–1770s were studied. An analysis of salaries in the Perm province makes it possible to identify the importance of individual fees in the overall structure of income, assess the tax burden on the population, and study other economic aspects of the functioning of provincial and voivodeship offices of the Kama region as the main agents of the central government at the local level. Based on the materials from the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts, data on the receipt of main fees was restored, and conclusions we

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Key, Kimberly G. "Taxes and Asset Prices: The Case of Thoroughbreds." Journal of the American Taxation Association 30, no. 1 (2008): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2008.30.1.29.

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ABSTRACT: This study examines the thoroughbred auction market in order to assess the effect of taxes on asset prices. Yearlings purchased from 2002 to 2004 are eligible for bonus depreciation, and the price of the yearlings is predicted to be bid up during this period. The research design employs pricing models that have been published in economics and agri-business academic journals. These models control for such factors as yearling lineage, gender, and month foaled. Thoroughbreds are sold annually, and much of the data set is constructed using auction market sale catalog information. Consist

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Goodhue, Rachael E., Jeffrey T. LaFrance, and Leo K. Simon. "Wine Taxes, Production, Aging and Quality." Journal of Wine Economics 4, no. 1 (2009): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1931436100000663.

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AbstractWe consider the impact of taxes on the quantity and quality produced by a competitive firm of goods, such as wine, for which market value accrues with age. Our analysis found the following: an increase in the volumetric retail tax collected at sale increases quality, so that the basic Alchian-Allen effect holds. However, an increase in the volumetric storage tax collected each period decreases quality, as does an increase in the ad valorem storage tax. The effect of an increase in the ad valorem retail tax on quality is indeterminate. Increases in any of the four taxes reduce the quant

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Karpov, Sergey P. "The Genoese consuls of Tana (Azak) according to the tax registers from the State Archives of Genoa: the chronology of consulates (1449–1475)." Golden Horde Review 12, no. 1 (2024): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22378/2313-6197.2024-12-1.39-47.

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Purpose of the study: The Genoese trading station – Tana, which existed on the territory of the Golden Horde and then the Crimean Khanate, was closely connected with the center of Genoese Gazaria – Caffa and served as an important transshipment point in Genoa’s relations with the East, as well as a place for the acquisition of the most important goods – valuable varieties of fish, caviar, salt, spices brought here, furs, leathers, etc., and was also the most important market for the slave trade. However, it has been studied much less in comparison with a similar Venetian settlement in the same

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Mr. Arun Gautam, Dr. Gaurav Lodha, Dr. Rohit Bansal, and Dr.) M.L. Vadera. "How fast GST is moving the Indian FMCG sector: Empirical Study." GIS Business 15, no. 1 (2020): 339–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/gis.v15i1.18656.

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GST is one of the most critical tax reforms in India which has been long awaiting decision. It is a comprehensive tax system that will subsume all indirect taxes of State and Central Governments and whole economy into seamless nation in national market. GST will be a game changing reform for Indian economy by developing a common Indian market and reducing the combined effect of tax on the cost of goods and services. GST is a consumption based tax imposed on sale, manufacturing and consumption on goods & services at national level. Several taxes such as central excise duty, service tax, cen

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Dvorko, Genrih F., Engelsine A. Ponomareva, Mykola E. Ponomarev, and Mikhailo V. Stambirsky. "Nature of Salt Effects and Mechanism of Covalent Bond Heterolysis." Progress in Reaction Kinetics and Mechanism 32, no. 2 (2007): 73–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/146867807x227471.

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Data on the influence of neutral salts on the rates of unimolecular heterolyses of organic substrates, obtained mainly by the verdazyl method, are summarized here. It is assumed that heterolysis takes place with consecutive formation of four ion pairs: contact (CIP), cavity-separated (CSIP), one solvent moleculeseparated (SIP) and solvent-separated (SSIP). [Formula: see text] In the limiting step, the CIP interacts with a solvent cavity and the CSIP is formed, which converts quickly into the SIP and subsequently to the SSIP, which also quickly gives the reaction products. In the transition sta

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Hyeyurn Chung. "“Retelling Tales”: The Legacy of Dislocation in Larissa Lai’s Salt Fish Girl." Feminist Studies in English Literature 17, no. 2 (2009): 41–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.15796/fsel.2009.17.2.002.

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Samsiyah, Nurus, Anita Dewi Moelyaningrum, and Prehatin Trirahayu Ningrum. "Garam Indonesia Berkualitas: Studi Kandungan Logam Berat Timbal (Pb) Pada Garam [The Quality of Indonesia Salt: Study of Heavy Metal Lead (Pb) Levels in the Salt]." Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan 11, no. 1 (2019): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jipk.v11i1.11058.

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Abstract (sommario):

AbstrakKualitas garam sangat ditentukan oleh perlakuan dan penanganan yang diberikan pada saat pra produksi, proses produksi maupun pasca produksi. Kontaminan Pb dalam garam dapat bersumber dari lingkungan perairan laut sebagai bahan baku, tanah sebagai media / tempat produksi garam dan lingkungan udara dimana proses produksi garam berlangsung di lahan terbuka. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kadar logam berat timbal (Pb) dalam garam di Kabupaten Pamekasan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah jenis deskriptif. Teknik pengumpulan data penelitian melalui observasi dan wawancara. Hasil ob

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Abrahams, Estelle, and Suzette Bosman. "Wealth Taxes on Individuals: An International Comparative Study." Ilomata International Journal of Tax and Accounting 4, no. 2 (2023): 341–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijtc.v4i2.738.

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Citizens contribute to the economy by creating wealth for themselves and in the way they use their assets. How assets, especially capital assets, are employed attracts tax and this influences how assets are used. In South Africa, tax policy is one of the drivers in the decisions that individuals make regarding the use or disposal of their assets. Wealth taxes are levied to address income disparities and mostly affect capital assets when they change ownership. This study compares developed and developing countries’ tax policies that impact capital assets when they are transferred or disposed of

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ZARUBA, O., and A. OKOROKOV. "RESEARCH OF TRANSPORT SUPPLY OF METALLURGICAL INDUSTRY BY RAILWAY TECHNOLOGICAL ROUTES." Transport systems and transportation technologies, no. 26 (December 19, 2023): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15802/tstt2023/293343.

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Purpose. In the conditions of a full-scale war, ensuring the stable functioning of the national economy is one of the strategic tasks. The functioning of the industrial complex, the availability of jobs and the payment of taxes to the state budget are, among other things, part of ensuring the country's defense capability. One of the main branches of Ukraine's economy is the metallurgical industry, so it needs the implementation of measures to ensure reliable and stable work even in conditions of military aggression, constant risks of air strikes and infrastructure damage. In accordance with th

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Bettinger, Pete, Harry L. Haney, and William C. Siegel. "The Impact of Federal and State Income Taxes on Timber Income in the South Following the 1986 Tax Reform Act." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 13, no. 4 (1989): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/13.4.196.

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Abstract The 1988 federal and state income tax liabilities for hypothetical forest landowners in two federal income tax brackets, each with and without timber sale revenue, were calculated for the 14 southern states. At the medium income level, the state portion of total income tax liability(without timber sale revenue) ranges from 9% in Louisiana to 20% in North Carolina. With timber sale revenue, it ranges from 7% in Louisiana to 17% in North Carolina. At the high income level, the state portion of total income taxes (without timber sale revenue) ranged from 7% in Louisianato 16% in North Ca

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la Cour, L., and A. Milhøj. "The sale of alcohol in Denmark – recent developments and dependencies on prices/taxes." Applied Economics 41, no. 9 (2009): 1089–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036840601019174.

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Alviani, Vina, Analisa Analisa, Yusri Yusri, and Nadya Novianty. "THE EFFECT OF TAX KNOWLEDGE ON WILLINGNESS TO PAY TAXES WITH AWARENESS OF PAYING TAXES AS A MODERATING VARIABLE." Klabat Accounting Review 4, no. 2 (2023): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.60090/kar.v4i2.1001.101-116.

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Abstract (sommario):

Taxes play an important role in contribututing to state revenue, more than 80% of state revenue currently comes from taxes. This research aims to see the effect of tax knowledge on the willingness to pay taxes with awareness of paying taxes as a moderating variable. This type of research is quantitative research with a questionnaire as an instrument for collecting data. The population in this study are individual taxpayers of PPh Article 21 who live in the city of Banjarmasin. The sampling technique used was random sampling with the Slovin formula so that a sample of 100 was obtained. The data

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Lazare, Silit, Hagai Yasuor, Uri Yermiyahu, et al. "It takes two: Reciprocal scion-rootstock relationships enable salt tolerance in 'Hass' avocado." Plant Science 312 (November 2021): 111048. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111048.

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Palacci, Jérémie, Cécile Cottin-Bizonne, Christophe Ybert, and Lydéric Bocquet. "Osmotic traps for colloids and macromolecules based on logarithmic sensing in salt taxis." Soft Matter 8, no. 4 (2012): 980–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1sm06395b.

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Volovyk, Anna. "Culture-specific Items from Ukrainian and Russian Fairy Tales: A Daunting Challenge for Translators." Studies about Languages, no. 39 (November 27, 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.1.39.27577.

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Abstract (sommario):

Translation studies of children’s literature deserve meticulous attention today not only in the wake of active global publishing activity of books for children but due to the culture-specific information the latter may contain. Fairy tales are usually the first narratives children are introduced to and often these stories with a long-reproduction history reveal some features of national culture that form a child’s worldview. From this perspective, the research is set out to identify culture-specific items in fairy tales that originated from oral tradition and to determine what translation proc

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Bettinger, Pete, H. L. Haney, and W. C. Siegel. "The Impact of Federal and State Income Taxes on Timber Income in the West Following the 1986 Tax Reform Act." Western Journal of Applied Forestry 6, no. 1 (1991): 15–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/wjaf/6.1.15.

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Abstract (sommario):

Abstract Nineteen eighty-eight federal and state income tax liabilities for a hypothetical nonindustrial private forest landowner case were calculated for 13 western states. The state portion of the total income tax liability for the passive case (without timber sale revenue) ranged from 15% in Arizona, California, and Colorado to 25% in Hawaii for the medium income level. It ranged from 12% in Arizona and Colorado to 20% in Hawaii for the high income level. The state portion for the active case (with timber sale revenue) ranged from 12% in Arizona and Colorado to 21% in Hawaii, and from 10% i

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Atwood, T. J. "Implicit Taxes: Evidence from Taxable, AMT, and Tax-Exempt State and Local Government Bond Yields." Journal of the American Taxation Association 25, no. 1 (2003): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jata.2003.25.1.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

Pretax yields of state and local government (SALG) bonds are examined for evidence of implicit taxes. The sample includes fully taxable bonds, alternative minimum tax (AMT) bonds (tax-exempt but a tax preference for alternative minimum tax purposes), and tax-exempt bonds (tax-exempt and not a tax preference for AMT purposes). The average risk-adjusted pretax yield on AMT bonds is higher than that of tax-exempt bonds and lower than that of taxable bonds. Implicit taxes are estimated at 25.23 to 29.68 percent for AMT bonds and 33.87 to 35.27 percent for tax-exempt bonds. Results indicate that as

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