Bibliografie tematiche / Salinity control – Western Australia

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Salinity control – Western Australia"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 4 febbraio 2022

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Salinity control – Western Australia"

Mcfarlane, DJ, e RJ George. "Factors affecting dryland salinity in two wheat belt catchments in Western Australia". Soil Research 30, n. 1 (1992): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9920085.

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We investigated why the Wallatin Creek Catchment in the Western Australian wheatbelt had an appreciable area of secondary salinity whereas the adjoining North Baandee Catchment had almost none. The Wallatin Creek Catchment, which is long and narrow, had a shallow regolith over granite bedrock. Although this catchment had less salt stored in the regolith than the wider North Baandee Catchment, the groundwaters came close to the ground surface because the regolith was thin and the valley cross-section narrow. Management practices which increase recharge (e.g. using level banks to control runoff), are likely to result in increased salinity in the short term in the Wallatin Creek Catchment. We also investigated whether retaining areas of remnant vegetation had reduced the amount of secondary salinity in a sub-catchment of the Wallatin Creek Catchment. At comparable positions in the landscape, groundwater levels were up to 7 m lower under the remnant vegetation. The vegetation appears to have delayed, if not prevented, the development of salinity in nearby and downslope areas.

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Gomboso, J., e F. Ghassemi. "Groundwater modelling and optimal salinity control in the North Stirling Land Conservation District, Western Australia". Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 33, n. 5-6 (aprile 1992): 609–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4754(92)90159-e.

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Schofield, NJ, e MA Bari. "Valley reforestation to lower saline groundwater tables - Results from Stene Farm, Western-Australia". Soil Research 29, n. 5 (1991): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910635.

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Dense planting of selected trees in salt-affected valley floors and non-saline adjacent slopes has been evaluated as one strategy for controlling rising saline groundwater under agriculture. Of the 127 ha experimental catchment, 44% had been cleared of native forest in the 1950s. Valley reforestation covering 35% of the cleared area took place in 1979, by which time a groundwater of 5300 mg L-1 TSS had risen to within 0.5 m of the soil surface. The eucalypt reforestation was successful in lowering the groundwater table by 1.5 m by 1989, whilst groundwater levels under nearby pasture had risen by 1.8 m. The groundwater salinity beneath reforestation decreased by 30% over the study period, allaying fears of a detrimental groundwater salinity increase brought about by transpirative concentration. Measures such as replanting failed areas, implementing agricultural recharge control or selecting higher water using tree species would improve the performance of the valley reforestation strategy.

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Ferdowsian, Ruhi, Arjen Ryder, Richard George, Geoff Bee e Rob Smart. "Groundwater level reductions under lucerne depend on the landform and groundwater flow systems (local or intermediate)". Soil Research 40, n. 3 (2002): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr01014.

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By 1994, an estimated 1.8 million hectares of cleared land in Western Australia was affected by secondary dryland salinity to some extent. The area affected is likely to double in the next 20 years. The cause of this salinity is excessive recharge under traditional agriculture, leading to rising groundwater levels. To effectively reduce land and water salinity a deep-rooted perennial is needed to mimic the temporal and spatial distribution of leaf area that existed prior to clearing. Previous studies have shown lucerne lowers groundwater levels in areas with favourable conditions. We present data showing that lucerne lowered groundwater levels in 4 different landforms and under unfavourable conditions. All sites had very saline groundwater, high sodium chloride chemistry and high groundwater levels. This paper shows that the effectiveness of lucerne in salinity control measures depends on the attributes of the groundwater flow system. salinity, salinity management, monitoring, sustainability.

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Byrne, M., e L. Broadhurst. "Genetic diversity and the utilisation of Acacia species complexes in agroforestry in Western Australia". Australian Systematic Botany 16, n. 1 (2003): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb01037.

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Dryland salinity is a major problem in the agricultural areas of Western Australia, having significant detrimental impacts in both agricultural and non-agricultural arenas. Development of new woody perennial tree crops is an option for recharge control in the management of salinity and there is a focus on development of native species that are adapted to low-rainfall areas, with potential for commercial production. Acacia is an important genus for utilisation of woody perennials as there is a large number of species occurring in a wide variety of habitats, and many Acacia species are utilised throughout the world for a range of purposes. In Western Australia, the following three species are of interest for development for commercial utilisation in agroforestry plantings: A.�microbotrya, A. acuminata and A. saligna. All three species show a high degree of morphological variation and are likely to consist of several taxa. Lack of understanding of taxonomic entities and their genetic relationships will hinder the utilisation and development of these species. A combined genetic and taxonomic study has defined the morphological and genetic variation within the A. acuminata complex and identified several taxa. Similar studies will also be expected to define taxa within the A. microbotrya and A. saligna complexes.

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De Silva, Jayath, e Robin Smith. "The role of landscape evolution & hydrostratigraphy in dryland salinity development and control in south-west Western Australia". ASEG Extended Abstracts 2007, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2007): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2007ab032.

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Stolte, W. J., D. J. McFarlane e R. J. George. "Flow systems, tree plantations, and salinisation in a Western Australian catchment". Soil Research 35, n. 5 (1997): 1213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/s96066.

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A lower hillslope in the Western Australian wheatbelt had become waterlogged and saline by 1981, when close-spaced rows of eucalypts were planted in blocks both in and adjacent to the discharge area and piezometers were established on the site. We analysed the trends in the piezometric heads and salinity concentrations over the period of record. We also modelled the hillslope profile using finite element analysis to determine the water flow mechanisms and to see how a change in vegetation in the upland area would affect the waterlogging and salinity. Piezometric levels under the trees decreased for the first 5 years after planting and then stabilised until 1991 when they started gradually decreasing again. The non-treed area between the plantation blocks remained unaffected until about 1991, when the levels there also started to decrease quite significantly, probably because of the trees. The trees therefore appear to have been effective and beneficial in the short to medium term. However, the salinity of the groundwater under the trees has increased significantly in the last 5 years, particularly where the tree density is highest. The continued flow of saline groundwater to the trees is believed to be increasing the salinity. It could not be expected that plantations of this type will maintain health and be able to control the excess water in such an hydrologic setting in the long term. Tree plantations on discharge areas are a short to medium term management strategy, not a solution, and the only way to control salinity in the long term is to plant vegetation species in the recharge areas that use all of the water that falls there. Modelling showed that only a small surplus of water over winter, in the order of 50 mm/year, caused the increased recharge and consequent salinisation. The modelling results also show that the surplus could be managed with an effective vegetation species (e.g. lucerne) with a rooting depth of about 1·5 m that would be able to transpire at least until early to mid summer.

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Vincent, Wilma J. "Nutrient partitioning in the upper Canning River, Western Australia, and implications for the control of cyanobacterial blooms using salinity". Ecological Engineering 16, n. 3 (gennaio 2001): 359–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0925-8574(00)00121-x.

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Chan, Terence U., e David P. Hamilton. "Effect of freshwater flow on the succession and biomass of phytoplankton in a seasonal estuary". Marine and Freshwater Research 52, n. 6 (2001): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf00088.

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Physico-chemical factors affecting phytoplankton succession and dynamics are examined in the upper Swan River estuary, Western Australia. Freshwater discharge affects the residence time available for different phytoplankton taxa to grow. It also influences succession between marine, estuarine and freshwater phytoplankton taxa according to the extent that it hinders intrusion of marine water into the estuary. The three major phytoplankton groups, Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta and Chlorophyta, are strongly separated temporally by season, and spatially along the estuary according to flow and salinity. Bacillariophyta exhibit the widest range of maximum potential growth rates and occur under a wide range of discharges. Dinophyta, dominated by relatively few brackish water species, have the lowest growth rates, and occur only at very low discharges. Chlorophyta, dominated by Chlamydomonas globulosa, are intermediate in their potential growth rates, and are restricted to freshwater conditions. In the Swan River estuary, nutrients appear to be less important than flow and salinity in regulating phytoplankton succession and biomass. It is highly likely that anthropogenic effects on freshwater discharge to Australian estuaries have had a significant impact on composition and biomass of phytoplankton communities. Control of freshwater discharge thus has the potential to control species assemblages, phytoplankton bloom potential, and eutrophication.

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Craig, GF, DT Bell e CA Atkins. "Response to Salt and Waterlogging Stress of Ten Taxa of Acacia Selected From Naturally Saline Areas of Western Australia". Australian Journal of Botany 38, n. 6 (1990): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900619.

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Ten taxa of Acacia were selected from areas of moderate to high soil salinity (electrical conductivities of saturated soil paste extracts (ECe) between 1000 mS m--1 and 4800 mS m-1 at 50-600 mm depth) and sodicity to test the tolerance of young, symbiotic plants to increasing levels of salinity both with and without waterlogging. Nodulated plants, 3 months old, were grown in glasshouse experiments which consisted of four treatments: non-saline drained control (12 weeks); saline drained (12 weeks); non-saline waterlogged (5 weeks); and saline waterlogged (5 weeks). Acacia cyclops, A. brumalis, A. redolens (Ravensthorpe) and A. aff. lineolata had 100% survival after 12 weeks irrigation with saline solution (final ECw = 9500 mS m-1). Generally, the species tested were sensitive to waterlogging with A. patagiata, A. cyclops and A. brumalis being the most sensitive, having 19-44% mortality with no salt in the solution. The combined treatment of salt and waterlogging greatly increased the mortality of plants, with four species having > 70% dead after 5 weeks treatment (ECw = 3900 mS m-1). A. aff. lineolata and A. mutabilis subsp. ,stipulifera were highly tolerant of salt plus waterlogging, with 100% and 96% survival respectively. In salt plus waterlogged treatments, Na+ concentration in phyllodes of all taxa exceeded (0.37-2.13 mmol g-1 dry wt) that taken up by plants in freely drained salt treatments (0.03-0.42 mmol g-1 dry wt). Taxa with the slowest rates of growth tended to accumulate the highest concentrations of Na+ in the uppermost phyllodes. Provenances of A. redolens and A. patagiata collected from sites of high soil salinity (ECe > 2200 mS m-1) had less than half the Na+ concentration in uppermost phyllodes (0.22 mmol -1 dry wt) at the termination of the salt treatment, compared with provenances of the same species collected from moderately saline areas (ECe = 1100 mS m-1). This indicates that Acacia provenances collected from the most saline sites had greater potential to survive high levels of external salinity in the longer term than those from less saline sites.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Salinity control – Western Australia"

Graham, Tennille. "Economics of protecting road infrastructure from dryland salinity in Western Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0207.

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[Truncated abstract] The salinisation of agricultural land, urban infrastructure and natural habitat is a serious and increasing problem in southern Australia. Government funding has been allocated to the problem to attempt to reduce substantial costs associated with degradation of agricultural and non-agricultural assets. Nevertheless, Government funding has been small relative to the size of the problem and therefore expenditure needs to be carefully targeted to interventions that will achieve the greatest net benefits. For intervention to be justified, the level of salinity resulting from private landholder decisions must exceed the level that is optimal from the point of view of society as a whole, and the costs of government intervention must be less than the benefits gained by society. This study aims to identify situations when government intervention is justified to manage dryland salinity that threatens to affect road infrastructure (a public asset). A key gap in the environmental economics literature is research that considers dryland salinity as a pollution that has off-site impacts on public assets. This research developed two hydrological/economic models to achieve this objective. The first was a simple economic model representing external costs from dryland salinity. This model was used to identify those variables that have the biggest impact on the net-benefits possible from government intervention. The second model was a combined hydro/economic model that represents the external costs from dryland salinity on road infrastructure. The hydrological component of the model applied the method of metamodelling to simplify a complex, simulation model to equations that could be easily included in the economic model. The key variables that have the biggest impact on net-benefits of dryland salinity mitigation were the value of the off-site asset and the time lag before the onset of dryland salinity in the absence of intervention. ... In the case study of dryland salinity management in the Date Creek subcatchment of Western Australia, the economics of vegetation-based and engineering strategies were investigated for road infrastructure. In general, the engineering strategies were more economically beneficial than vegetation-based strategies. In the case-study catchment, the cost of dryland salinity affecting roads was low relative to the cost to agricultural land. Nevertheless, some additional change in land management to reduce impacts on roads (beyond the changes justified by agricultural land alone) was found to be optimal in some cases. Reinforcing the results from the simple model, a key factor influencing the economics of dryland salinity management was the urgency of the problem. If costs from dryland salinity were not expected to occur until 30 years or more, the optimal response in the short-term was to do nothing. Overall, the study highlights the need for governments to undertake comprehensive and case-specific analysis before committing resources to the management of dryland salinity affecting roads. There were many scenarios in the modelling analysis where the benefits of interventions would not be sufficient to justify action.

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Doole, Graeme John. "Value of perennial pasture phases in dryland agricultural systems of the eastern-central wheat belt of Western Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0213.

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Over the past thirty years, price relativities and technological development have motivated an increase in the area of land allocated to cropping, as opposed to pasture production, throughout the central wheat belt of Western Australia. Nevertheless, reducing the proportion of pasture in these rotations has challenged the future productivity of farming systems in this area. First, the frequent application of selective herbicides for weed control in extended cropping rotations has promoted the development of herbicide resistance in a number of major agricultural weeds. Second, the primary use of annual plants has promoted the development of soil salinisation by allowing a significant proportion of rainfall to recharge saline water tables. The inclusion of perennial pasture phases between extended periods of cropping may mitigate or delay these constraints to production through (a) allowing the use of costeffective forms of non-selective weed control, and (b) through creating a buffer of dry soil that absorbs leakage occurring beneath subsequent crops. This study consequently explores the value of including perennial pasture phases in dryland agricultural systems in the eastern-central wheat belt of Western Australia, accounting for benefits related to herbicide resistance and water table management. A novel computational algorithm for the solution of multiple-phase optimal control problems is developed and used to conduct a conceptual analysis of the value of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) pasture for managing annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaudin), the primary weed in wheat belt cropping systems. The competitiveness and fecundity of annual ryegrass provide strong economic incentives to maintain a low weed population, irrespective of herbicide-resistance status. Consequently, the ineffectiveness of selective herbicides primarily reduces the profitability of cropping by motivating the adoption of more costly non-selective forms of weed control. The inclusion of lucerne in land-use rotations is only optimal in the presence of severe herbicide resistance given (a) the low efficiency of alternative weed-management practices available during the pasture phase, relative to selective-herbicide application; (b) the significant cost of establishing this perennial pasture; and (c) the high relative profitability of cereal production in the absence of resistance. The value of lucerne, relative to annual pastures, for weed management is explored in greater detail through the use of compressed annealing to optimise a sophisticated simulation model. The profitability of candidate rotations is also manipulated to account for the long-term production losses accruing to the recharge of saline groundwaters that occurs beneath them. Sequences incorporating lucerne are only more profitable than those that include annual pasture at the standard set of parameter values if (a) annual ryegrass is resistant to all selective herbicides, (b) the water table is so shallow (approximately less than 3.5 m deep) that frequent rotation with perennials is required to avert soil salinisation, or (c) sheep production is highly profitable. The value of perennial pasture is sufficient under these circumstances to overcome its high establishment cost. Consistent with intuition, these benefits are reinforced by lower discount rates and higher rates of leakage occurring beneath annual-based systems. Formulation of an effective communication strategy to report these results to producers is justified given the complexity involved in determining the true magnitude of these intertemporal benefits through alternative means, such as field trials.

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Bell, Lindsay William. "Prospects of Dorycnium species to increase water use in agricultural systems of southern Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Plant Biology, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0033.

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[Truncated abstract] Dryland salinity is a major environmental challenge facing agriculture in Australia. One option to manage dryland salinity is the use of perennial forages that increase water use of agricultural systems. However, the current array of perennial forages is limited. Forage species that satisfy the range of climatic and edaphic environments, and production systems, in southern Australia are needed (Chapter 1). In particular, low rainfall regions lack options other than lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) (Chapter 1). The Dorycnium genus (canary clovers) contains perennial species that might be useful forage plants for southern Australia. Dorycnium are sub-shrubs and their plant form differs from current perennial forages (Chapter 1). The aim of this project was to investigate some of the agronomic traits of several species of the genus Dorycnium to explore where they might be used in Australia and how they might be integrated into agricultural systems for management of dryland salinity. First, two desktop investigations assessed the potential adaptation and role of Dorycnium species in southern Australia: a review of the current literature on the agronomic characteristics of Dorycnium (Chapter 2) and an eco-geographical analysis to explore the ecology of Dorycnium species (Chapter 3). The agronomy of Dorycnium has been previously researched mainly in New Zealand, and although this provides some indications on where and how Dorycnium might be best used in Australia, this still requires testing in Australia. In particular, the aluminium tolerance of Dorycnium species indicates that they may be more suitable for acid soils than lucerne. Little ecological data was obtained for germplasm and herbarium collection sites of Dorycnium species. Climate comparisons between the native distribution of Dorycnium species in the Mediterranean basin and Australia, using spatial aridity data and CLIMEX climate match modelling, revealed that D. hirsutum and D. rectum might be suitably adapted to the temperate pasture regions of southern Australia. Suitable germplasm of D. pentaphyllum may also exist, but subsequent investigations in this project focussed on D. hirsutum and D. rectum.

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Lewis, Marjorie Fay. "The significance of episodic recharge in the Wheatbelt of Western Australia /". Connect to thesis, 2000. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000682.

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Bari, Mohammed A. "A distributed conceptual model for stream salinity generation processes : a systematic data-based approach". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2006. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2006.0058.

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[Truncated abstract] During the last fifty years mathematical models of catchment hydrology have been widely developed and used for hydrologic forecasting, design and water resources management. Most of these models need large numbers of parameters to represent the flow generation process. The model parameters are estimated through calibration techniques and often lead to ‘unrealistic’ values due to structural error in the model formulations. This thesis presents a new strategy for developing catchment hydrology models for representing streamflow and salinity generation processes. The strategy seeks to ‘learn from data’ in order to specify a conceptual framework that is appropriate for the particular space and time scale under consideration. Initially, the conceptual framework is developed by considering large space and time scales. The space and time scales are then progressively reduced and conceptual model complexity systematically increased until ultimately, an adequate simulation of daily streamflow and salinity is achieved. This strategy leads to identification of a few key physically meaningful parameters, most of which can be estimated a priori and with minimal or no calibration. Initially, the annual streamflow data from ten experimental catchments (control and cleared for agriculture) were analysed. The streamflow increased in two phases: (i) immediately after clearing due to reduced evapotranspiration, and (ii) through an increase in stream zone saturated area. The annual evapotranspiration losses from native vegetation and pasture, the ‘excess’ water (resulting from reduced transpiration after land use change), runoff and deep storage were estimated by a simple water balance model. The model parameters are obtained a priori without calibration. The annual model was then elaborated by analysing the monthly rainfall-runoff, groundwater and soil moisture data from four experimental catchments. Ernies (control, fully forested) and Lemon (53% cleared) catchments are located in zone with a mean annual rainfall of 725 mm. Salmon (control, fully forested) and Wights (100% cleared) are located in zone with mean annual rainfall of 1125 mm. Groundwater levels rose and the stream zone saturated area increased significantly after clearing. From analysis of this data it was evident that at a monthly time step the conceptual model framework needed to include a systematic gain/loss to storage component in order to adequately describe the observed lags between peak monthly rainfall and runoff.

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Cleland, Jonelle. "Western Australia's salinity investment framework : a study of priority setting in policy and practice". University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0120.

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In March 2002 the Western Australian Minister for Environment and Heritage adopted a policy framework to guide investment decisions on salinity management. Promoted as Western Australia's Salinity Investment Framework (or the SIF), it offered a set of principles for prioritising investment decisions that were generally grounded in economic theory. This represented a significant landmark in terms of the government's appreciation of the scale of salinity problem and its acknowledgement that a full turnaround in the situation was beyond the reach of both volunteers and the public purse. The evolution of the SIF policy, including an initial trial in the Avon Basin, provided an opportunity to evaluate pre-policy processes; observe policy on the run; and test stakeholder reactions to the investment principles embodied in the the SIF, as well as their reaction to its implied outcomes. The intention of the study was to highlight any barriers standing in the way of effectively implementing a policy to prioritise investments in salinity management and identify any novel approaches developed in an attempt to overcome them. The evaluation was multifaceted to incorporate retrospective and prospective modes of inquiry. The retrospective investigation involved the construction of a series of policy narratives using evidence from notes and minutes taken at SIF meetings, as well as other formal and informal documents. It systematically captured the influence of key people, events and decisions on the SIF up until June 2008. This evaluation highlighted the impact of (1) policy entrepreneurs; (2) time lags; (3) vertical silos, and (4) priority setting hierarchies. The prospective investigation involved the execution of a community survey featuring attitudinal questions, paired comparisons and a choice modelling experiment. The survey involved 269 personal interviews with rural landholders, townspeople and landcare officers across the Avon Catchment. It captured perceptions towards past funding strategies and proposals for future allocations and explored the nature of priority setting decisions in relation to trade-offs between: (1) the mix of assets protected; (2) the degree of risk; (3) the level of community involvement in the decision, and (4) the distribution of benefits. This evaluation highlighted the importance of (1) incentives and disincentives for change; (2) awareness of priority setting concepts; (3) the capacity of regional bodies; and (4) elements perceived to be crucial in priority setting.

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Horsnell, Tara Kathleen. "Quantifying thresholds for native vegetation to salinity and waterlogging for the design of direct conservation approaches". University of Western Australia. School of Environmental Systems Engineering, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0082.

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A field-based project was undertaken to develop and test a mechanism which would allow for the correlation of the health of vegetation surrounding playa lakes in south-west Australia with the natural variation in salinity and waterlogging that occurs spatially and temporally in natural systems. The study was designed to determine threshold ranges of vegetation communities using moderately extensive data over short temporal periods which will guide the design of potential engineering solutions that manipulate hydrological regimes to ultimately conserve and protect native vegetation. A pair of playa lake ecosystems, surrounded by primary production land, was modelled with hydro-geological data collected from March 2006 to March 2007. The data was used to determine the hydroperiods of vegetation communities fringing playa lakes and provide insight into the areas and species that are most affected by extreme rainfall events which are hypothesised to have a significant, rapid deleterious effect on the ecosystems. The methodology was multi-faceted and included; a detailed topographical survey; vegetation surveys; hydrological and hydro-geological monitoring over a 12 month period. 4 The hydro-geological data and vegetation data was linked with the topographical survey at a high resolution for spatial analysis in a Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the degree of waterlogging experienced by vegetation communities over the monitoring period. The study has found that the spatial and temporal variability of hydroperiods has been reduced by rising groundwater levels, a result of extensive clearing of native vegetation. Consequently populations are becoming extinct locally resulting in a shift in community composition. Extreme summer rainfall events also have a significant impact on the health of vegetation communities by increasing the duration of waterlogging over an annual cycle and in some areas expanding the littoral zone. Vegetation is most degraded at lower positions in the landscape where communities are becoming less diverse and dominated by salt tolerant halophytic species as a result of altered hydrological regimes. Some species appear to be able to tolerate groundwater depths of less than 2.0 m from the surface, however there are thresholds related to the duration at which groundwater is maintained at this depth. Potential engineering solutions include groundwater pumping and diverting water through drains to maintain sustainable hydroperiods for vegetation in areas with conservation value. The effectiveness and efficiency of the engineering solutions can be maximised by quantifying thresholds for vegetation that include sustainable durations of waterlogging. The study has quantified tolerance ranges to salinity and waterlogging with data collected over 12 months but species may be experiencing a transition period where they have 5 sustained irreversible damage that will result in their eventual mortality. With long-term monitoring, the methodology developed and tested in the study can be used to quantify the long-term tolerance ranges that are important for the application of conservation approaches that include engineering solutions.

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Speldewinde, Peter Christiaan. "Ecosystem health : the relationship between dryland salinity and human health". University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0127.

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Australia is experiencing widespread ecosystem degradation, including dryland salinity, erosion and vegetation loss. Approximately 1 million hectares (5.5%) of the south-west agricultural zone of Western Australia is affected by dryland salinity and is predicted to rise to 5.4 million hectares by 2050. Such degradation is associated with many environmental outcomes that may impact on human health, including a decrease in primary productivity, an increase in the number of invasive species, a decrease in the number of large trees, overall decrease in biodiversity, and an increase in dust production. The resulting degradation affects not only farm production but also farm values. This study examines the effects of such severe and widespread environmental degradation on the physical and mental health of residents. Western Australia has an extensive medical record database which links individual health records for all hospital admissions, cancer cases, births and deaths. For the 15 diseases examined in this project, the study area of the south west of Western Australia (excluding the capital city of Perth) contained 1,570,985 morbidity records and 27,627 mortality records for the 15 diseases examined in a population of approximately 460,000. Environmental data were obtained from the Western Australian Department of Agriculture?s soil and landscape mapping database. A spatial Bayesian framework was used to examine associations between these disease and environmental variables. The Bayesian model detected the confounding variables of socio-economic status and proportion of the population identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander. With the inclusion of these confounders in the model, associations were found between environmental degradation (including dryland salinity) and several diseases with known environmentally-mediated triggers, including asthma, ischaemic heart disease, suicide and depression. However, once records of individuals who had been diagnosed with coexistent depression were removed from the analysis, the effect of dryland salinity was no longer statistically detectable for asthma, ischaemic heart disease or suicide, although the effects of socio-economic status and size of the Aboriginal population remained. The spatial component of this study showed an association between land degradation and human health. These results indicated that such processes are driving the degree of psychological ill-health in these populations, although it remains uncertain whether this 4 is secondary to overall coexisting rural poverty or some other environmental mechanism. To further investigate this complex issue an instrument designed to measure mental health problems in rural communities was developed. Components of the survey included possible triggers for mental health, including environmental factors. The interview was administered in a pilot study through a telephone survey of a small number of farmers in South-Western Australia. Using logistic regression a significant association between the mental health of male farmers and dryland salinity was detected. However, the sample size of the survey was too small to detect any statistically significant associations between dryland salinity and the mental health of women. The results of this study indicate that dryland salinity, as with other examples of ecosystem degradation, is associated with an increased burden of human disease.

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Callow, John Nikolaus. "River response to land clearing and landscape salinisation in southwestern Australia". University of Western Australia. School of Earth and Geographical Sciences, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0085.

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[Truncated abstract] Land clearing is known to increase runoff, and in many dryland landscapes is also associated with rising saline watertables, causing increased stream salinity and degrading riparian vegetation. The limited understanding of how river morphology responds to these changes and the potential for vegetation-based strategies to offer river management options under these conditions, has prompted this research. In southwestern Australia the severity of salinity and recent nature of land clearing provides an appropriate setting to investigate river response. A data-based, multidisciplinary methodology was applied to determine how land clearing and landscape salinisation has altered landscape sensitivity through changes in erosive potential, system connectivity and material threshold mechanisms, and how these affect patterns of river response. The study investigated the responses of morphologically similar reaches across fifty two study sites in the Kent River and Dalyup River catchments, in the south coastal rivers region of Western Australia. Land clearing was found to have significantly altered the hydrologic regime and erosive potential in both frequency and magnitude, with flow becoming more perennial, and increased annual discharge, flood peaks and bankfull flow frequency. While sediment transport rates have also increased since land clearing, they remain low on a global scale. Human response to a reduced rainfall regime and related water security pressures has caused large hillslope areas to be decoupled from the main channels by bank and farm dam construction, and have reduced downstream transmission of change. ... By contrast, steeper-sloped mid-catchment areas with minimal vegetation degradation caused by salinity are associated with higher erosive potential. A more erosive response is observed in these reaches where floodplains have been cleared for agricultural purposes. A conceptual model of vegetation growth across the salinity gradient observed in the study catchments was developed, and applied to selected river styles to assess the potential that vegetation-based strategies offer for river management. This work identifies the unsuitability of river restoration strategies, but the potential for river restoration or remediation in a saline landscape. Hydraulic modelling demonstrated that river rehabilitation strategies such as improving the vegetation condition of the riparian buffer using native or commercial species on areas elevated above saline flow can stabilise reaches. For river styles in wide and flat valleys, there is limited potential for vegetation-based river rehabilitation under the current salinity gradient. Field observation and modelling suggest that river remediation may offer geomorphic management options in salt-affected reaches through channelisation to lower watertables, and further research on this is warranted. This work found a consistent response for river styles across the two study catchments. Based on the understanding of river response and the potential for vegetation-based river management for each style, this research offers a regional-scale tool for river management in a saline landscape.

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Carver, Scott Stevenson. "Dryland salinity, mosquitoes, mammals and the ecology of Ross River virus". University of Western Australia. School of Animal Biology, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0100.

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[Truncated abstract] In an era of emerging and resurging infectious diseases, understanding the ecological processes that influence pathogen activity and the influences of anthropogenic change to those are critical. Ross River virus (RRV, Togoviridae: Alphavirus) is a mosquito-borne zoonosis occurring in Australia with a significant human disease burden. In the southwest of Western Australia (WA) RRV is principally vectored by Aedes camptorhynchus Thomson (Diptera: Culicidae), which is halophilic. The inland southwest, the Wheatbelt region, of WA is substantially affected by an anthropogenic salinisation of agricultural land called dryland salinity, which threatens to influence transmission of this arbovirus. This study assessed the ecological impacts of dryland salinity on mosquitoes, mammalian hosts and their interactions to influence the potential for RRV transmission. Many aquatic insect taxa colonise ephemeral water bodies directly as adults or by oviposition. Using a manipulative experiment and sampling from ephemeral water bodies in the Wheatbelt, I demonstrated that salinity of water bodies can modify colonisation behaviour and the distribution of some organisms across the landscape. Halosensitive fauna selected less saline mesocosms for oviposition and colonisation. In particular, Culex australicus Dobrotworksy and Drummond and Anopheles annulipes Giles (Diptera: Culicidae), potential competitors with Ae. camptorhynchus, avoided ovipostion in saline mesocosms and water bodies in the field. This finding suggests salinity influences behaviour and may reduce interspecific interactions between these taxa and Ae. camptorhynchus at higher salinities. Using extensive field surveys of ephemeral water bodies in the Wheatbelt I found mosquitoes frequently colonised ephemeral water bodies, responded positively to rainfall, and populated smaller water bodies more densely than larger water bodies. The habitat characteristics of ephemeral water bodies changed in association with salinity. Consequently there were both direct and indirect associations between salinity and colonising mosquitoes. Ultimately the structure of mosquito assemblages changed with increasing salinity, favouring an increased regional distribution and abundance of Ae. camptorhynchus. The direct implication of this result is secondary salinisation has enhanced the vectorial potential for RRV transmission in the WA Wheatbelt. ... This thesis contributes to an emerging body of research aimed at delineating important ecological processes which determine transmission of infections disease. Collectively the findings in this study suggest dryland salinity enhances the potential for RRV activity in the Wheatbelt. Currently, human RRV notifications in the Wheatbelt do not reflect the salinity-RRV transmission potential in that area, but appear to be associated with dispersal of RRV from the enzootic coastal zone of southwest WA. I speculate dryland salinity is a determinant of potential for RRV transmission, but not activity. Dryland salinity is predicted to undergo a two to four fold expansion by 2050, which will increase the regional potential for RRV activity. Preservation and restoration of freshwater ecosystems may ameliorate the potential for transmission of RRV and, possibly, human disease incidence.

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Libri sul tema "Salinity control – Western Australia"

Supply, Western Australia Steering Committee for Research on LandUse and Water. Stream salinity and its reclamation in south-west Western Australia. Leederville, WA: Water Authority of Western Australia, Water Resources Directorate, 1989.

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Western Australia. Parliament. Legislative Council. Select Committee on Salinity. Report on salinity in Western Australia: First report. [Western Australia: s.n., 1988.

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Western Australia. Parliament. Legislative Council. Select Committee on Salinity. Report on salinity in Western Australia: Final report and recommenations. [W.A.]: Parliament of Western Australia, Legislative Council, 1988.

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Mayer, Xanthe. Stream salinity status and trends in south-west Western Australia. East Perth, W.A: Natural Resource Management and Salinity Division, Dept. of Environment, 2005.

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Liehne, Peter. An atlas of the mosquitoes of Western Australia. [Perth]: Health Dept. of Western Australia, 1991.

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Taylor, Neil. The ownership and control of energy in Western Australia. Murdoch, W.A: Murdoch University, 1985.

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Madin, R. W. Recommendations for the control of declared plants in Western Australia. 3^a ed. [W.A.]: Agriculture Protection Board of WA, 1989.

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General, Western Australia Office of the Auditor. Surrender arms?: Firearm management in Western Australia. West Perth, W.A: Auditor-Generals Dept., 2000.

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Western Australia. Royal Commission into Whether There Has Been Any Corrupt or Criminal Conduct by Western Australian Police Officers. Western Australia Police Service: Corruption prevention strategies. Perth]: Royal Commission into Whether There Has Been Any Corrupt or Criminal Conduct by Western Australian Police Officers, 2003.

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Schofield, N. J. The impact of agricultural development on the salinity of surface water resources of south-west Western Australia. Leederville, WA: Water Authority of Western Australia, 1988.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Salinity control – Western Australia"

Schofield, N. J. "Tree planting for dryland salinity control in Australia". In The Role of Trees in Sustainable Agriculture, 1–23. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1832-3_1.

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Osborne, J. M., J. E. D. Fox e S. Mercer. "Germination response under elevated salinities of six semi-arid bluebush species (Western Australia)". In Towards the rational use of high salinity tolerant plants, 323–38. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1858-3_35.

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Bari, Mohammed A. "Streamflow and Salinity Response to Agricultural Clearing at the Warren River Basin, Western Australia". In Subsurface Hydrological Responses to Land Cover and Land Use Changes, 121–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6141-5_9.

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Pannell, David J. "Explaining Non-Adoption of Practices to Prevent Dryland Salinity in Western Australia: Implications for Policy". In Land Degradation, 335–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2033-5_21.

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Jewbali, A., e R. Dimitrakopoulos. "Stochastic Mine Planning—Example and Value from Integrating Long- and Short-Term Mine Planning Through Simulated Grade Control, Sunrise Dam, Western Australia". In Advances in Applied Strategic Mine Planning, 173–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69320-0_13.

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YAMADA, K., T. KOJIMA, Y. EGASHIRA, Y. ABE, M. SAITO e N. TAKAHASHI. "Possibility of CO2 Fixation on Arid Land in Western Australia". In Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies - 6th International Conference, 1477–82. Elsevier, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008044276-1/50234-8.

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Yamada, K., T. Kojima, Y. Abe, A. Williams e J. Law. "Species biomass and carbon sequestration in an arid environment near Leonora, Western Australia". In Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies 4, 703–7. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-008043018-8/50111-9.

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Carr, C., P. Lappalainen e M. P. Sandy. "Developments in ground control at Outokumpu’s Forrestania Nickel Mines, Western Australia". In Rock Support and Reinforcement Practice in Mining, 277–83. Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203740460-25.

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Fletcher, Terry, e Keith Morris. "Captive breeding and predator control: a successful strategy for conservation in Western Australia". In Reproductive Science and Integrated Conservation, 232–48. Cambridge University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511615016.019.

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Ward, W. Bruce. "Tectonic Control on Backstepping Sequences Revealed by Mapping of Frasnian Backstepped Platforms, Devonian Reef Complexes, Napier Range, Canning Basin, Western Australia". In Advances in Carbonate Sequence StratigraphyApplication to Reservoirs, Outcrops and Models. SEPM Society for Sedimentary Geology, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2110/pec.99.11.0047.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Salinity control – Western Australia"

Kobayashi, Chiaki, Ian C. Lau, Buddy Wheaton, Lindsay Bourke, Satomi Kakuta e Tetsushi Tachikawa. "Mapping of soil salinity using an airborne hyperspectral sensor in Western Australia". In IGARSS 2015 - 2015 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss.2015.7326366.

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Do, Peerapong, Hamid Nikraz e Supat Chummuneerat. "Soil Stabilisation for Road Pavements Towards Western Australia Experience". In International Conference on Ground Improvement & Ground Control. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-07-3560-9_05-0525.

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Zhang, Qianqian, Zheng-Shu Zhou, Peter Caccetta, John Simons e Li Li. "Sentinel-1 Imagery Incorporating Machine Learning for Dryland Salinity Monitoring: A Case Study in Esperance, Western Australia". In IGARSS 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/igarss39084.2020.9323426.

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Sakthivel, Sivabalan, e Mazen Kanj. "Carbon Dots Stabilized Foam for Enhanced Oil Recovery". In SPE Western Regional Meeting. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/200770-ms.

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Abstract Foams are the divergent fluids that are employed in the upstream oil and gas industry to reduce fluid channeling and fingering in the high permeability region. Foams are usually generated in the high permeability reservoirs (e.g. glass beads) by the alternative injection of surfactant and gas. Conventional foaming systems exhibit stability issues at the high temperature and high salinity reservoir conditions. In this investigation, we study the stability and efficiency (in terms of both enhanced inflow performance and added oil recovery) of foams formed using surfactant solution with and without carbon Nanodots (CND). The study involved using different brine salinities, CND concentrations, temperature and pressure conditions, and types of surfactants. A multifaceted interrelationship of the various influencing mechanisms is demonstrated. Foams are examined using foam analyzer, HP/HT coreflood and microfluidic setup. In trace amounts (5-10 ppm), CND contributed to 60-70% improvement in foam stability in high salinity brine. The improvement is attributed by the reduction of the drainage rate of the lamellae and a delay of the bubble rupturing point. Both microfluidic and core-flood experiments showed noticeable improvement in mobility control with the addition of the CND. This is contributed to an improved foamability, morphology, strength, and stability of the foam.

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Lawrie, Ken, Kok Tan, Jon Clarke, Timothy Munday, Andrew Fitzpatrick, Larysa Halas e Heike Apps. "Use of the Skytem Airborne Electromagnetics (AEM) System and Item Fast Approximate Inversion Software to Provide Robust and Rapid Data for Groundwater and Salinity Management, Ord River Irrigation Area, Western Australia". In Symposium on the Application of Geophysics to Engineering and Environmental Problems 2011. Environment and Engineering Geophysical Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4133/1.3614058.

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Casey, M. D., e C. D. F. Lawlor. "Development and Testing of a Novel Subsea Production System and Control Buoy for the East Spar Field Development, Offshore Western Australia". In SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/36966-ms.

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Campbell, P. F., C. D. F. Lawlor e A. E. Inglis. "The East Spar Development - Novel Subsea Production System Allow Optimum, Low Cost Development of this Remote Field Australia and Control Buoy Offshore Western". In Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/8178-ms.

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Luo, Chengcai, Hongwei An, Liang Cheng e David White. "Calibration of UWA’s O-Tube Flume Facility". In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83274.

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The O-tube facility, designed and established at the University of Western Australia, is an innovative closed loop flume in which a random storm sequence can be reproduced via control of a large pump system. The O-tube facility is capable of simulating hydrodynamic conditions near the seabed and the interaction with seabed sediment and any infrastructure that is resting on it. The purpose of carrying out the O-tube calibration described in this paper is to obtain the relationship between the motor rotation movement and the flow velocity generated in the O-tube, such that any required storm history within the performance envelope of the O-tube can be reproduced. A range of flow velocities and the corresponding pump speeds were measured under steady current, oscillatory flow and combined flow conditions. It was found that the relationship between the pump speed and the flow velocity varies with the oscillatory flow period. Based on the pump characteristic curves and O-tube system curves, the correlation between the motor speed and the flow velocity was derived by applying hydraulic theory and the principle of energy conservation. The derived correlation is validated by reproducing a wide range of target storm series, including a (1:5.8) scaled 100-year return period storm from the North West Shelf of Western Australia in 40 m water depth.

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Sergiienko, Nataliia Y., Mehdi Neshat, Leandro S. P. da Silva, Brad Alexander e Markus Wagner. "Design Optimisation of a Multi-Mode Wave Energy Converter". In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-19266.

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Abstract A wave energy converter (WEC) similar to the CETO system developed by Carnegie Clean Energy is considered for design optimisation. This WEC is able to absorb power from heave, surge and pitch motion modes, making the optimisation problem nontrivial. The WEC dynamics is simulated using the spectral-domain model taking into account hydrodynamic forces, viscous drag, and power take-off forces. The design parameters for optimisation include the buoy radius, buoy height, tether inclination angles, and control variables (damping and stiffness). The WEC design is optimised for the wave climate at Albany test site in Western Australia considering unidirectional irregular waves. Two objective functions are considered: (i) maximisation of the annual average power output, and (ii) minimisation of the levelised cost of energy (LCoE) for a given sea site. The LCoE calculation is approximated as a ratio of the produced energy to the significant mass of the system that includes the mass of the buoy and anchor system. Six different heuristic optimisation methods are applied in order to evaluate and compare the performance of the best known evolutionary algorithms, a swarm intelligence technique and a numerical optimisation approach. The results demonstrate that if we are interested in maximising energy production without taking into account the cost of manufacturing such a system, the buoy should be built as large as possible (20 m radius and 30 m height). However, if we want the system that produces cheap energy, then the radius of the buoy should be approximately 11–14 m while the height should be as low as possible. These results coincide with the overall design that Carnegie Clean Energy has selected for its CETO 6 multi-moored unit. However, it should be noted that this study is not informed by them, so this can be seen as an independent validation of the design choices.

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Thiel, Michael, Haifeng Wang, Dzevat Omeragic, Jean-Michel Denichou e Barry Goodin. "SIDE FAULT MAPPING ENABLED BY 2D TRANSVERSE INVERSION ON NEW DEEP DIRECTIONAL RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENTS". In 2021 SPWLA 62nd Annual Logging Symposium Online. Society of Petrophysicists and Well Log Analysts, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30632/spwla-2021-0019.

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Faulting is one type of structural trap for hydrocarbon reservoirs. With more and more fields moving toward the brownfield or mature operations stage of life, the opportunity to target bypassed or attic oil in the vicinity of bounding fault(s) is becoming more and more attractive to operators. However, without an effective logging-while-drilling (LWD) tool to locate and map a fault parallel to the well trajectory, it has been challenging and potentially high risk to optimally place a well to drain oil reserves near the fault. Operators often plan these horizontal wells at a significant distance away from the mapped fault position to avoid impacts to the well construction and production of the well. Often, the interpreted fault position, based on seismic data, can have significant lateral uncertainty, and uncertainties attached to standard well survey measurements make it challenging to place the well near the fault. This often results in the wells being placed much farther from the fault than expected, which is not optimal for maximizing recovery. In other cases, due to uncertainty in the location of the fault, the wells would accidentally penetrate the side faults and cause drilling and other issues. Conventional remote boundary detection LWD tools do not assist with locating the fault position, as they only detect formation boundaries above or below the trajectory and not to the side. In this paper, the authors propose a novel approach for mapping features like a fault parallel to the well trajectory, which was previously impossible to map accurately. This new approach utilizes a new class of deep directional resistivity measurements acquired by a reservoir mapping-while-drilling tool. The deep directional resistivity measurements are input to a newly devised inversion algorithm, resulting in high-resolution reservoir mapping on the transverse plane, which is perpendicular to the well path. These new measurements have a strong sensitivity to resistivity in contrast to the sides of the wellbore, making them suitable for side fault detection. The new inversion in the transverse plane is not limited to detecting a side fault; it can also map any feature on the transverse plane to the well path, which further broadens the application of this technology. Using the deep directional resistivity data acquired from a horizontal ultra-ERD well recently drilled in the Wandoo Field offshore Western Australia, the authors tested this approach against the well results and existing control wells. Excellent mapping of the main side fault up to 30 m to the side of the well was achieved with the new approach. Furthermore, the inversion reveals other interesting features like lateral formation thickness variations and the casing of a nearby well. In addition, the methodology of utilizing this new approach for guiding geosteering parallel to side fault in real time is elaborated, and the future applications are discussed.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Salinity control – Western Australia"

Trend analysis of selected water-quality data associated with salinity-control projects in the Grand Valley, in the lower Gunnison River basin, and at Meeker Dome, western Colorado. US Geological Survey, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/wri954274.

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