Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Saline water conversion"

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Saline water conversion"

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Birkett, James. "Kicking off Saline Water Conversion: An Important Early Meeting". IDA Journal of Desalination and Water Reuse 1, n. 1 (gennaio 2009): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ida.2009.1.1.26.

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Dara, Saad, Arman Bonakdarpour, Meghan Ho, Rubenthran Govindarajan e David P. Wilkinson. "Conversion of saline waste-water and gaseous carbon dioxide to (bi)carbonate salts, hydrochloric acid and desalinated water for on-site industrial utilization". Reaction Chemistry & Engineering 4, n. 1 (2019): 141–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8re00259b.

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Elsayad, OsamaA, e Ayman Khater. "Prevalence of unified airway disease in Saline Water Conversion Corporation Society". Pan Arab Journal of Rhinology 11, n. 2 (2021): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/pajr.pajr_34_20.

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Yu, Hai Tian, Fu Li Tian, Hong Yu Wang, Ying Hui Hu e Wan Li Sheng. "An Application of Dunaliella Salina Algae: Biodiesel". Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (giugno 2014): 281–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.281.

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Biodiesel has been receiving increasing attention as a potential sustainable fuel. It is used for diesel engines and is becoming well-known as an environmentally friendly fuel due to its non-toxic and biodegradable characteristics. As biodiesel production, Dunaliella salina algae could be an alternative raw material. Due to their high biomass productivity, rapid lipid accumulation, and ability to survive in saline water, algae has been identified as promising feedstocks for industrial-scale production of biodiesel [1]. The oil content of Dunaliella salina algae may exceed to 35%. Using two-step catalytic conversion, algae oil with high free fatty acid and triglyceride content was converted to biodiesel by esterification and transesterification. The conversion rate reached 98% under the ratio of 10:1 at 65°C for 2h,using catalysis with 2% solid superacid.
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Sang, Honghui, Weihua Guo, Yun Gao, Xiyun Jiao e Xiaobao Pan. "Effects of Alternating Fresh and Saline Water Irrigation on Soil Salinity and Chlorophyll Fluorescence of Summer Maize". Water 12, n. 11 (30 ottobre 2020): 3054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113054.

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Saline groundwater irrigation is an important way to alleviate the shortage of fresh water resources. In order to find a reasonable saline irrigation method for farmland, an irrigation experiment was conducted with fresh water and saline water at the seedling, jointing, heading, and filling stages. The soil salinity, growth, chlorophyll fluorescence, and yield of summer maize were measured. The results showed that alternating fresh and saline water irrigation led to a smaller increase in soil salinity relative to that irrigation with saline water alone. In addition, different sequences of alternating irrigation also significantly affected the accumulation of soil salinity. The maximum quantum yield, effective quantum yield of photochemical energy conversion, photochemical quenching, and non-photochemical quenching varied greatly at the jointing stage and heading stage. Furthermore, the yield of maize that was irrigated with fresh water at the heading stage (8.53 t ha−1) was greater than that at the jointing (7.69 t ha−1) and filling stages (7.45 t ha−1). Therefore, these findings indicate that in areas where fresh water is scarce, priority should be given to the application of fresh water at the heading stages for summer maize irrigation.
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Goyal, Ashish, e Pawan Sharma. "A model on the biological treatment of saline wastewater". International Journal of Biomathematics 10, n. 02 (18 gennaio 2017): 1750021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793524517500218.

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Water scarcity is not a new issue, neither is water pollution. While 70% of the earth’s surface is covered with water, only 3% of it is available as fresh water. Moreover the pollution of water resources has dramatically increased the problem of water scarcity over the last century. Bioremediation presents a cheap and effective solution of this problem. In particular, halophiles have been found to be effective in hypersaline wastewater treatment. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a nonlinear mathematical model to study the removal of a pollutant using halophiles in the hypersaline environment. The analysis of the model is being carried out using stability theory of differential equations. The results indicate that halophiles not only help in removing the organic pollutant, but also help in conversion of saline water into fresh water. The numerical simulations along with sensitivity analysis are performed to support the analytical results.
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Anuwongpinit, Thanavit, Sakditat Sutthinoon, Pinit Tanachaichoksirikun e Boonchana Purahong. "Development of IoT portable device for saline water monitoring in Bang Kachao Area of Thailand". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2559, n. 1 (1 agosto 2023): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2559/1/012005.

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Abstract This research developed a portable water salinity measurement device using internet of things technology to support farmers in Bang Kachao area in Samut Prakan province, Thailand, to select quality water for cultivation and consumption. The system hardware consists of a microcontroller ESP32 with a GPS module and an electrical conductivity sensor with an analog-to-digital conversion module for saline water measurement. This device can connect to an internet system via a Wi-Fi network and MQTT protocol to transmit the data of saline water value and measuring location to the cloud system. In the cloud system, the node-red system software is installed as a data gateway for device interfacing. In addition, a node-red dashboard is used to collect data from a portable device and previously installed water quality monitoring station for visualizing a portable device location and saline water data. This dashboard is a web page that allows people to monitor the water situation in the area that is suitable to use.
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Fellows, Christopher M., Ali A. Al Hamzah e Seungwon Ihm. "Pathways to magnesium supplementation of drinking water: An overview of the saline water conversion corporation experience". Chemical Engineering Journal Advances 16 (novembre 2023): 100574. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceja.2023.100574.

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Peng, Shuquan, Fan Wang e Ling Fan. "Experimental Study on Influence of Vaporous Water on Salt Expansion of Sulfate Saline Soil". Advances in Civil Engineering 2019 (31 luglio 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/6819460.

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The harm of salt expansion of saline soil in arid areas has always been a major problem to be solved urgently. According to the conversion rule between sodium sulfate and sodium sulfate decahydrate, sodium sulfate decahydrate crystals can be precipitated from sodium sulfate solution by cooling. Besides, when the relative humidity (RH) exceeds the critical relative humidity (CRH), sodium sulfate decahydrate can be formed by the combination of sodium sulfate and vaporous water, resulting in the salt volume expansion. However, at present, in the salt expansion mechanism of sulfate saline soil, only the influence of liquid water is considered while vaporous water is not involved. To study the effects of temperature, salinity, and ARH on salt expansion, the salt expansion test of dry sulfate saline soil under the action of vaporous water was conducted, and its composition was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) technology. Experimental results showed that sodium sulfate decahydrate crystals were produced in the sulfate saline soil if the relative humidity (RH) of pore gas exceeded the critical one so that salt expansion occurred. Salt expansion and salt expansion rate of sulfate saline soil increased with the increase of RH and salinity but decreased with the increase of temperature. Therefore, the new salt expansion mechanism of sulfate saline soil under vaporous water is verified. The experimental results further perfected the original salt expansion mechanism of sulfate saline soil under the action of liquid water and guided the study of new treatment methods of sulfate saline soil.
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Heberle, J. R., e C. F. Edwards. "Coal energy conversion with carbon sequestration via combustion in supercritical saline aquifer water". Energy Procedia 1, n. 1 (febbraio 2009): 4055–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2009.02.212.

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Tesi sul tema "Saline water conversion"

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Mkhize, Mfanafuthi Mthandeni. "Multistage solar still desalination system". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2848.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Mechanical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
The present study was centred on the design of a thermal multistage solar still desalination system. The design is a multistage with new configurations such as direct vapour input into each stage using vapour make-up tubes and the integration of a multistage with a basin type solar still. The incorporation of float a valve in the secondary seawater tank to regulate the seawater in the assembly eliminated the need of pumps to the system. The circulation of seawater between the evaporator and the evacuated tube solar collector (ETC) was through the pressure difference and the flow back was controlled through the incorporation of oneway flow valve. The ETC was used as a heat source to supply the thermal energy into the multistage system. The system had no electrical connections and therefore, no forced circulation as no pumps or any electrical components were used. The system consisted of six stages in total, the evaporator supplied the vapour to five of the six stages of the system. The system was tested on the roof of Mechanical Engineering Department and this location was chosen because of less sun’s intensity obstructions. The system was tested for nine (9) days but the distillate collection was not performed for the whole each day. This was due to the controlled access to the roof and the minor repairs that had to occur before the tests were conducted. The duration on which the tests were conducted varied in each day. The data was supposed to be logged from 08h00 am to 18h00 pm but this was not so due to the controlled access to where the tests were conducted. This data logging period was chosen based on the assumptions that the sun’s intensity would be at maximum within this period. The longest period of test was approximately 7 hours and the system managed to produce about 1500 ml and the maximum temperature for the day was 28oC. The system produced a minimum of 225 ml in the space of 3 hours and the temperature of the day was 26oC. The total amount of distillate produced was about 7600 ml and this amount was produced within the period of 49 hours. The 49 hours is equivalent to two days and 1 hour. It is anticipated that the system would have produced more should there be no repairs involved during the tests. The system produced a maximum of 48 ml at night and a minimum of 8ml in some nights. The night tests were not controlled and monitored due to limited access. It was noticed that the system was empty in each morning of the first few days of the tests. This emptiness contributed to the leakage occurred to the evaporator. The leakage of the evaporator was caused by unmonitored heat supplied by the ETC. The evaporator was constructed using unsuitable material and this was another factor which contributed towards the failure of the evaporator.
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Chen, Yuanhong. "Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) desalination of sea water". Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60676.

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The distillation of sea water is of importance for the future demands for potable water and other uses in the world. A novel technique, based on electrohydrodynamic (EHD) principles, was used in this realm to desalinate artificial sea water of 3.3% (w/V) concentration. A single point corona electrode was operated at a potential of 5.3 kV (maximum output current 0.3 mA), and was installed one cm over the surface of sea water. The flux of air ions was about 3.0 $ times$ 10$ sp{12}$ cm$ sp{-2}$ s$ sp{-1}$ which produced an average electric wind of 1.72 m s$ sp{-1}$ at the sea water surface. Space charge from a corona electrode generated forces in the media to enhance the evaporation rate by about a factor of three compared with a control freely evaporating sea water. Water vapour was condensed and the condensate's purity was evaluated by chemical and physical analyses. Electrical conductivity and pH of the EHD distillate were found to be 14 $ mu$S cm$ sp{-1}$ and 5.5, respectively. In the absence of Joule heating, the energy required for EHD-distillation was comparable to the latent heat of vaporization of 2.3 $ times$ 10$ sp3$ kJ kg$ sp{-1}$ for water. The steady-state temperature of EHD solution was below that of the corresponding unventilated freely evaporating sea water. Electric wind caused by the ionic drag is considered to be the principal driving force for the enhancement.
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Lourens, Christo Le Roux. "Seawater distillation through solar evaporation". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1272.

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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2007
An investigation was performed into a new desalination plant operating on the principles of distillation through the utilisation of solar energy only. The need for such a system is due to the high energy requirements of current large scale desalination systems and that, in the future, more and more desalinated water will be required to sustain life in certain areas. A conceptual design of such a plant was completed and it proved its feasibility by providing an in depth explanation of the principles that govern its operation. A computer model, in the form of a MathCAD program, was developed to simulating this process flow. The accuracy of the program was investigated with the help of a pilot plant. It is shown that such a full scale plant would produce, in the region of Saldanha Bay, a town on the Western Coast of South Africa, 5000m3 ofpotable water a day with a solar absorption/evaporation area of 1,87knlrequiring only 1,75kWh per cubic meter of water produced. Its electrical energy requirements can be provided using solar panels allowing the plant to remain independent of external electrical supplies. This electrical energy requirement is less than 33% of the least energy intensive alternative method, reverse osmosis. Since the production rate is dependent on the absorption/evaporation area the plant can be scaled to fit the specific production rate required.
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Gude, Veera Gnaneswar. "Desalination using low grade heat sources". access full-text online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium, 2007. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?3296129.

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Yüceer, Ahmet. "Pressure drops along the bores of hollow fibre membranes their measurement, prediction and effect on fibre bundle performance /". Connect to e-thesis, 1985. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/976/.

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Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Glasgow, 1985.
BLL : D80152. Ph.D. thesis submitted to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Glasgow, 1985. Includes bibliographical references. Print version also available.
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Al, Abdulgader Hasan. "A novel hybrid ion exchange/nanofiltration process for water desalination". Thesis, Swansea University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678263.

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Alwaer, Ayad Almakhzum Mohamed. "A prototype desalination system using solar energy and heat pipe technology". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2455.

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Thesis (DTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
The water desalination process needs large quantities of energy, either directly from fossil fuel or electricity from the national grid. However, these sources of energy significantly contribute to problems such as global warming in addition to creating a drain on the economy, due to their high cost. This dissertation is a description of the research undertaken with the aim of producing a water desalination prototype; a novel approach that was designed using state-of-the-art solar water heating equipment, incorporating the technologies of evacuated tubes and heat pipes. During the execution of the project, various modifications to the original commercially-available solar water heating system were attempted, each aimed at increasing the production of pure water. Finally, the system proved capable of producing a reasonable amount of pure water after twelve lengthy indoor experiments conducted in a laboratory in the department of Mechanical Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville Campus, Cape Town, South Africa. Each experiment lasted five days on the basis of seven hours of exposure to an average amount of simulated solar radiation, followed by seventeen hours daily of inactivity and partial cooling down of the system.
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Nyamhingura, Amon. "Characterization and chemical speciation modelling of saline effluents at Sasol Synthetic Fuels Complex-Secunda and Tukuta power station". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7974_1297940655.

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The study shows conclusively that brine composition and concentration is highly variable at these South African power utilities and processes such as RO, contact with ash and CO2 ingress can have an impact upon the overall brine quality. Aq.QA was found to be a more accurate tool for classifying waters according to dominant ions than Stiff diagrams but Stiff diagrams still have the superior advantage of being a mapping tool to easily identify samples of similar composition as well as quickly identify what has been added or what has been removed from a water stream. Chemical speciation could identify effluent streams where CO2 dissolution had taken place.

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Lambrechts, Rhynhardt. "A performance and energy evaluation of a fertiliser-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) system". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2747.

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Thesis (Master of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2018.
Globally, water is considered an essential resource as it sustains human, animal and plant life. Water is not only essential for all forms of life but imperative for economic growth. The world’s population is increasing at a disquieting rate, which will result in an increased demand for fresh water and food security. The agricultural industry is the main consumer of global freshwater and utilises fertilisers in order to meet food demands. The demand for water in South Africa (SA) has increased considerably due to the rapid expansion of the agricultural industry, and of the municipal and industrial sectors. Agricultural developments in SA are affected greatly as the country is facing a current drought crisis as a result of low rainfall and large water demands. With an abundance of saline water globally, desalinisation will be a major contributor to solving the global freshwater crisis. With limited fresh water resources accompanied by the agricultural industry as a major consumer, alternative measures are required to desalinate water specifically for agricultural use. Forward osmosis (FO) is a membrane technology that gained interest over the past decade because it has several advantages over pressure-driven membrane processes such as reverse osmosis (RO). FO technology is based on the natural osmotic process which is driven by a concentration gradient between two solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane. Naturally, water will permeate through the membrane from a solution of low solute concentration or low osmotic pressure (OP) known as a feed solution (FS) to a solution of a higher concentration or higher OP also known as a draw solution (DS). Whilst various research studies have contributed to several advances in FO, several process limitations such as reverse solute flux (RSF), concentration polarisation (CP) and membrane fouling remain problematic, hindering FO for large-scale applications. Further investigation is therefore warranted and crucial in order to understand how to mitigate these limitations to develop/improve future processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate a fertiliser-drawn forward osmosis (FDFO) system by investigating the effects of membrane orientation, system flow rate, DS concentration, and membrane fouling on an FDFO systems performance and energy consumption. The FS used was synthetic brackish water with a sodium chloride (NaCl) content of 5 g/L whereas a potassium chloride (KCl) synthetic fertiliser was used as a DS. The membrane utilised was a cellulose triacetate (CTA) membrane and was tested in forward osmosis mode (FO mode) and pressure retarded osmosis mode (PRO mode) whilst the system flow rate was adjusted between 100, 200 and 400 mL/min. Additionally, the DS concentration was altered from 0.5, 1 and 2 M KCl, respectively. Experiments were performed using a bench scale FO setup which comprised of an i) FO membrane cell, ii) a double head variable peristaltic pump for transporting FS and DS’s respectively, iii) a digital scale to measure the mass of the DS, iv) a magnetic stirrer to agitate the FS, v) two reservoirs for the FS and DS, respectively, vi) a digital multiparameter meter to determine FS electrical conductivity (EC) and vii) a digital electrical multimeter to measure system energy consumption. Each experiment comprised of seven steps i) pre-FDFO membrane control, ii) membrane cleaning, iii) FDFO experiment, iv) post-FDFO membrane control, v) membrane cleaning, vi) membrane damage dye identification and vii) membrane cleaning. Pre- and post-FDFO membrane control experiments operated for 5 h whilst each membrane cleaning procedure operated for 30 min. The FDFO experiment operated for 24 h whilst the membrane damage dye identification operated until a minimum of 10 mL water was recovered. The process parameter which largely contributed to a beneficial system performance and specific energy consumption (SEC) was the increase in DS concentration. Water fluxes increased approximately threefold from a DS concentration increase from 0.5 to 1 M, followed by an additional 30 to 50 % rise in water flux at a DS concentration increase 1 to 2 M. SEC decreased by 58 and 53 % for FO and PRO modes, respectively, with a DS concentration increase from 0.5 to 1 M. An additional 35 and 37 % SEC reduction for FO and PRO modes was obtained for a DS concentration increase from 1 to 2 M. Altering the membrane from FO to PRO did not contribute to a beneficial system performance nor did it improve SEC. However, at a DS concentration of 0,5 M, the PRO mode obtained a 5.3 % greater water recovery compared to the FO mode. Conversely, at a DS concentration of 1 and 2 M, the FO mode achieved 5.4 and 7.0 % greater water recoveries compared to the PRO mode. The increase in flow rate also did not increase system performance significantly, however, a fluctuation in system SEC was observed. Throughout the study, no membrane fouling was observed, however, possible minute traces of membrane fouling could be observed from the membrane surface electron microscope (SEM) images. Additionally, minor changes in post- FDFO membrane control water recovery results were noticed which support the possible occurrence of membrane fouling during the FDFO experiment.
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Delgado, Guillermo Guadalupe. "Treatment of RO concentrate using VSEP technology". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.

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Libri sul tema "Saline water conversion"

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Noam, Lior, a cura di. Measurements and control in water desalination. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986.

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American Water Works Association. Water Desalting Committee, a cura di. Water desalting planning guide for water utilities. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley & Sons, 2004.

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Eisenhauer, Roy J. Laverkin Springs, Utah on-site pretreatment and desalting processes evaluations. Denver, Colo: Applied Sciences Branch, Division of Research and Laboratory Services, Engineering and Research Center, 1985.

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Raucher, Robert S. Guidelines for implementing seawater and brackish water desalination facilities. Denver, CO: Water Research Foundation, 2010.

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Gallucci, M. Massa. Studio tecnico-informativo sugli impianti di dissalazione anche alimentati solarmente. Roma: Comitato nazionale per la ricerca e per lo sviluppo dell'energia nucleare e delle energie alternative, 1987.

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Hans-Günter, Heitmann, a cura di. Saline water processing: Desalination and treatment of seawater, brackish water, and industrial waste water. Weinheim, Federal Republic of Germany: VCH, 1990.

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United States. Congress. House. Committee on Agriculture. Authorizing the construction by the Secretary of Agriculture of a salinity laboratory at Riverside, CA: Report (to accompany H.R. 5215) (including the Congressional Budget Office cost estimate). [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1986], 1986.

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Yonan, Dina. The environmental impact of Carlsbad seawater desalination plant San Diego. [San Diego, California]: National University, 2013.

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Miriam, Balaban, e International Desalination Association, a cura di. Desalination and water reuse: 1994 desalination directory. 6a ed. [Chieta] Italy: Balaban Desalination Publishers, 1994.

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Woto, Teedzani. The experience with small-scale desalinators for remote area dwellers of the Kalahari Botswana. Kanye, Botswana: Rural Industries Promotions, 1987.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Saline water conversion"

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Almutairi, Raid, Zaid Albeladi e Ali Elrashidi. "Assessment of Health and Safety Hazards Affecting Workers at Saline Water Conversion Corporation Lathe Workshop". In Digitalisation: Opportunities and Challenges for Business, 824–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26956-1_77.

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Yudelman, M. "Water and Food in Developing Countries in the Next Century". In Feeding a World Population of More Than Eight Billion People. Oxford University Press, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195113129.003.0010.

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The world’s supply of water is fixed. It is estimated that 97% of the world’s water exists in the oceans, 2.2% exists as ice and snow, mostly in the polar regions, and only about 0.7% of the total supply is the freshwater that sustains mankind, including the global agricultural system. This quantity of freshwater — around 40,500 km3 — which is the difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration, is continuously replenished by nature’s hydrological cycle. Most climatologists and hydrologists agree that there is no natural process short of climate change, especially global warming, that can increase the world’s rainfall and so the supply of freshwater. The greater the warming, the larger the expected increase in precipitation. One “simple level of analysis” suggests that global warming of 30° C could well lead to a 10% increase in evaporation and an average increase in precipitation of 10%. The biggest increases would be at high latitudes, smaller increases would occur close to the equator (Gleick, 1992). The weight of evidence suggests that this is unlikely to happen within the next several decades (Rosenzweig, 1994). It is an open question, though, as to what might happen in the second half of the next century. There are some manmade processes that can increase the supply of fresh water. One of the most important of these is the conversion of saline water from the ocean into fresh water by removing salt through desalinization or by filtration. Thus far, however, the processes that have been developed are highly energy intensive and costly; the plants presently in operation are mostly in the oil-rich, water-poor nations of the Persian Gulf. It is estimated that there are more than 11,000 desalting plants operating worldwide, but together they produce less than 0.2% of the world’s total fresh water (Postel, 1991). The costs of desalting sea water range currently from about $0.80 to $1.60 m-3, and costs of treating brackish water are about $0.30 m -3, well above the costs of fresh water used for irrigation (Wolf, 1996).
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Bunker, Bruce C., e William H. Casey. "Oxide Films in Metal Corrosion: Oxide Defect Chemistry". In The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199384259.003.0019.

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Most metals used by our society corrode, from the mild tarnish on silver to the green patina that coats our copper statues and electrical wiring to the red rust on our cars and iron bridges (Fig. 12.1, Plate 17). Metal corrosion often involves the conversion of metals into either oxides or their soluble hydrolysis products. The metals we use in our structures, as well as in electronic and magnetic devices, are destroyed as a result of this conversion. It has been estimated that the annual cost of metallic corrosion to the U.S. economy is hundreds of billions of dollars (5% of the gross national product). Therefore, enormous efforts have been made to understand why metals corrode, and what can be done to inhibit corrosion processes. Stainless steel is just one example of humankind’s attempts to limit corrosion processes. Other examples include the use of inert paints on ships to prevent saline corrosion, coating iron with zinc to galvanize it, and exploiting electrochemical strategies, such as using sacrificial anodes that corrode instead of iron, as a means of protecting more important materials’ components. The number of comprehensive texts and reviews regarding metal corrosion scales with its economic impact, with more than 1000 articles being published on the topic per year. Those of you interested in more comprehensive discussions regarding how specific metals corrode in specific environments such as seawater and acid rain should see other works. Our focus in this chapter is to highlight how metal corrosion is mediated by the presence of oxides, with an emphasis on reactions that occur in water. This overview highlights the basic properties of oxide films that give rise to a wide range of complicated metal corrosion phenomena. The discussion draws on many concepts highlighted in other chapters of this book: surface chemistry (Chapter 6), electrochemistry (Chapter 11), and oxide dissolution (Chapter 16). Metal corrosion often involves electrochemical reactions in which the metal is oxidized by either water or O2.
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Atti di convegni sul tema "Saline water conversion"

1

Mobley, Paul D., Rebecca Z. Pass e Chris F. Edwards. "Exergy Analysis of Coal Energy Conversion With Carbon Sequestration Via Combustion in Supercritical Saline Aquifer Water". In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54458.

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Decarbonization of electricity production is a vital component in meeting stringent emissions targets aimed at curbing the effects of global climate change. Most projected pathways toward meeting those targets include a large contribution from carbon capture and storage. Many capture technologies impose a large energy penalty to separate and compress carbon dioxide (CO2). Also, injected neat CO2 in a deep saline aquifer is buoyant compared to the aquifer brine and requires an impermeable seal to prevent it from escaping the aquifer. An alternative technology was recently proposed by Heberle and Edwards [1] that burns coal in supercritical water pumped from a saline aquifer. The entire effluent stream is sequestered, capturing all carbon and non-mineral coal combustion products in the process. This stream is denser than the aquifer brine and therefore offers a higher level of storage security, and can utilize aquifers without suitable structural trapping. This technology also increases energy security in the U.S., allowing for the use of its coal resources while avoiding atmospheric pollution. In this paper, a complete architecture employing supercritical water oxidation is proposed, including a liquid-oxygen-pumped air separation unit and regenerator system that heats and desalinates the incoming brine. A thermodynamic model calculates the overall thermal efficiency of the plant, including all separation and storage energy penalties. In addition, an exergy analysis gives insights into the least efficient parts of the proposed system. The details and assumptions of the model are discussed. Insights from the model and these analyses elucidate how the proposed system may be operated as a zero-emission electricity source and the technical challenges that must be addressed for deployment.
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2

Emdadi, Arash, Yunus Emami, Mansour Zenouzi, Amir Lak, Behzad Panahirad, Aydin Lotfi, Farshad Lak e Gregory J. Kowalski. "Potential of Electricity Generation by the Salinity Gradient Energy Conversion Technologies in the System of Urmia Lake-Gadar Chay River". In ASME 2014 8th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2014 12th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2014-6310.

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Abstract (sommario):
Energy production from salinity gradients is one of the developing renewable energy sources, and has significant potential for satisfying electrical demands. Urmia Lake is the second hyper-saline lake in the world and there is a significant salinity gradient between the lake’s water and the waters of those rivers that flow into the lake. A methodology for determining the feasibility for electrical production using Salinity Gradient Power (SGP) is developed for two different types of systems using this location as an example. Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) and Pressure Retarded Osmosis (PRO), The Gadar Chay River is one of thirteen rivers that run into Urmia Lake; it supports about 10% of the lake’s water. In this study, important parameters such as river discharge and the salinity content of river and lake’s waters for several years were investigated. The theoretical and technical potential of salinity gradient energy was also determined. These calculations indicate that 206.08 MW of electrical power could be produced at this location when the river flow is approximately 29.82 m3/s and they illustrates the potential for salinity gradient energy extraction between Urmia Lake and The Gadar Chay River.
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3

Emdadi, Arash, Mansour Zenouzi e Gregory J. Kowalski. "Determining the Potential of Salinity Gradient Energy Source Using an Exergy Analysis". In ASME 2016 10th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2016 Power Conference and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2016-59532.

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Mixing of fresh (river) water and salty water (seawater or saline brine) in a control fashion would produces an electrical energy known as salinity gradient energy (SGE). Two main conversion technologies of SGE are membrane-based processes; pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED). In PRO, semipermeable membranes placed between the two streams of solutions allow the transport of water from low-pressure diluted solution to high-pressure concentrated solution. RED requires two alternating semipermeable membranes that allow the diffusion of the ions but not the flow of H2O. Lifetime and power density of the semipermeable membrane are two main factors affecting on deployment of PRO and RED. Semipermeable membranes with lifetime greater than 10 years and power density higher than 5 W/m2 would lead to faster development of this conversion technology. An exergy analysis of an SGE system of sea-river can be applied to calculate the maximum potential power for electricity generation. Seawater is taken as reference environment (global dead state) for calculating the exergy of water since the seawater is the final reservoir. Once the fresh water is mixed with water of the sea or lake it becomes unuseful for human, agricultural or industrial uses loses all its exergy. Aqueous sodium chloride solution model is used in this study to calculate the thermodynamic properties of seawater. This model does not consider seawater as an ideal model and provides accurate thermodynamics properties of sodium chloride solution. As a case study, exergy calculation of Iran’s Urmia Lake-GadarChay River system. The chemical exergy analysis considers sodium chloride (NaCl) as main salt in the water of Lake Urmia. The sodium chloride concentration is more than 200 g/L in recent years. Based on the exergy results the potential power of this system is 329 MW. This results indicates a high potential for constructing power plant for salinity gradient energy conversion.
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4

Thyagarajan, Ashok, Vijay Dhir e Debjyoti Banerjee. "Experimental Investigation of Solar-Thermal Desalination Platform Leveraging Dynamic Flash Evaporation and Swirl Flow Separator". In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-96099.

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Abstract Commercial thermal desalination plants usually leverage static flash evaporation and vapor separation processes that occur separately in large chambers. Depending on the level of purity — the product can be used for potable water (for human consumption), for agriculture or ranching, or as input for industrial processes (such as in injection wells in oil and gas production operations). Currently, static methods such as Multi Stage Flash (MSF) or Multi Effect Distillation (MED) are widely used (in addition to Reverse Osmosis) for desalination. These static methods occupy large land area (large footprint). This in turn drives up the capital and production costs of the resulting purified water obtained in these techniques. Desalination processes that leverage evaporation and vapor separation in the same chamber (dynamically) have smaller form factors which confers lower cost of desalination. Thus, the motivation of our study is to develop a novel apparatus to simultaneously generate vapor by flash evaporation and separate the produced vapor in the same apparatus. The novel apparatus is geared for desalination of sea water, remediation of produced water from process-industries and other sources of saline water (such as brackish water) that are deemed unfit for human consumption. The end goal of the project is to develop a solar-thermal desalination platform by leveraging hot saline water as input from solar ponds. In this experimental study, the thermal-hydraulic performance of a prototype (lab-scale) dynamic vapor generation and swirl flow phase separation apparatus is explored for determining the efficacy of this novel concept. Heated water from a constant temperature supply tank (that is comparable to a solar pond in real life) is passed through injection passages into the flow-separation apparatus. As the water flows through the injection passages, vapor bubbles are generated inside the flow passages due to local superheating of the liquid caused by frictional pressure drop. Conversion of liquid into vapor continues as the liquid-vapor mixture flows through the injector ports and eventually the mixture enters a larger separation tube tangentially. Due to the tangential injection of the two-phase mixture, a centrifugal force acts to separate the water and vapor inside the separation tube. The liquid is pushed to the periphery (i.e., the walls) of the separation tube while the vapor forms a stable core at the center. A vapor retrieval tube is then positioned at the center of the vapor core to extract vapor which is then condensed inside the condenser. The formation of the vapor core is demonstrated for different operating conditions (supply liquid flow rates) and maximum superheat (temperature difference between supply tank and condenser) ranging between 45–52°C. Based on this study, the optimal operating conditions for maximizing the thermal conversion upstream of the test section are presented.
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5

Walles, Wilhelm, e Luis Mulford. "Solar energy via salino voltaics from brine and water regenerated via solar stills". In Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.1994-4026.

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6

Ajeesh, M. V., R. Panneer Selvam, R. Sundarvadivelu, G. Dhinesh, R. Saravanan, S. V. S. Phani Kumar e M. V. Ramana Murthy. "Hydrodynamic Analysis of an Inverted Catenary Coldwater Pipeline of a LTTD Plant". In ASME 2015 34th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2015-41521.

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Abstract (sommario):
Drinking water is a precious commodity with growing demand, motivating the researchers to explore innovative and cost effective measures to augment the available resources. Low Temperature Thermal Desalination (LTTD) is one among the ideas that utilizes the ocean thermal gradient for the production of freshwater. The cold water from deep sea is drawn and transported to the coast or to a floating platform to aid the conversion of surface seawater to fresh water. The behavior of this cold water pipeline in open waters is to be studied through analytical, numerical and experimental studies before actual field implementation. This paper presents the preliminary analysis of a flexible cold water pipe made up of High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) catering for an island based desalination plant. The water is drawn at a depth of 400 m and transferred to the shore. The site with coral reef demands an inverted catenary profiled pipeline to minimize damages and is connected to sump at the shallow end and a clump weight at the deep end. Preliminary hydrodynamic analysis of the cold water pipeline is carried out using OrcaFlex software under regular waves. Obtaining the effect of flexible pipeline under regular waves besides carrying out vortex induce vibration analysis and modal analysis forms the scope of this study. Variation of VonMises stresses, and effective tension at salient points (top end, middle and bottom end) are included.
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7

Seevam, Patricia, Julia Race, Martin Downie, Julian Barnett e Russell Cooper. "Capturing Carbon Dioxide: The Feasibility of Re-Using Existing Pipeline Infrastructure to Transport Anthropogenic CO2". In 2010 8th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2010-31564.

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Abstract (sommario):
Climate change has been attributed to green house gases, with carbon dioxide (CO2) being the main contributor. Sixty to seventy percent of carbon dioxide emissions originate from fossil fuel power plants. Power companies in the UK, along with oil and gas field operators, are proposing to capture this anthropogenic CO2 and either store it in depleted reservoirs or saline aquifers (carbon capture and storage, CCS), or use it for ‘Enhanced Oil Recovery’ (EOR) in depleting oil and gas fields. This would involve extensive onshore and offshore pipeline systems. The decline of oil and gas production of reservoirs beyond economic feasibility will require the decommissioning onshore and offshore facilities post-production. This creates a possible opportunity for using existing pipeline infrastructure. Conversions of pipelines from natural gas service to CO2 service for EOR have been done in the United States. However, the differing sources of CO2 and the differing requirements for EOR and CCS play a significant part in allowing the re-use of existing infrastructure. The effect of compositions, the phase of transportation, the original pipeline specifications, and also the pipeline route require major studies prior to allowing re-use. This paper will first review the requirements for specifying the purity of the CO2 for CCS and to highlight the implications that the presence of impurities and the current water specifications for pipelines has on the phase diagram and the associated physical properties of the CO2 stream. A ‘best’ and ‘worst’ case impurity specification will be identified. Then an analysis on the impact and subsequent validation, of equations of state based on available experimental data on the phase modelling of anthropogenic CO2 is presented. A case study involving an existing 300km gas pipeline in the National Transmission System (NTS) in the UK is then modelled, to demonstrate the feasibility of using this pipeline to transport anthropogenic CO2. The various issues involved for the selected ‘best’ and ‘worst’ case specification are also covered. This is then followed by an investigation of the options for transport in the ‘gas’ phase and ‘supercritical’ phases, and also identifying the limitations on re-using pipeline infrastructure for CCS.
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