Articoli di riviste: "Sale of Alcohol"

1

Neufeld, Maria, Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Stephan G. Walch e Jürgen Rehm. "The internet trade of counterfeit spirits in Russia – an emerging problem undermining alcohol, public health and youth protection policies?" F1000Research 6 (20 aprile 2017): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11418.1.

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Counterfeit alcohol belongs to the category of unrecorded alcohol not reflected in official statistics. The internet trade of alcoholic beverages has been prohibited by the Russian Federation since 2007, but various sellers still offer counterfeit spirits (i.e., forged brand spirits) over the internet to Russian consumers, mostly in a non-deceptive fashion at prices up to 15 times lower than in regular sale. The public health issues arising from this unregulated trade include potential harm to underage drinkers, hazards due to toxic ingredients such as methanol, but most importantly alcohol harms due to potentially increased drinking volumes due to low prices and high availability on the internet. The internet sale also undermines existing alcohol policies such as restrictions of sale locations, sale times and minimum pricing. The need to enforce measures against counterfeiting of spirits, but specifically their internet trade should be implemented as key elements of alcohol policies to reduce unrecorded alcohol consumption, which is currently about 33 % of total consumption in Russia.

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Neufeld, Maria, Dirk W. Lachenmeier, Stephan G. Walch e Jürgen Rehm. "The internet trade of counterfeit spirits in Russia – an emerging problem undermining alcohol, public health and youth protection policies?" F1000Research 6 (27 giugno 2017): 520. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11418.2.

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Abstract (sommario):

Counterfeit alcohol belongs to the category of unrecorded alcohol not reflected in official statistics. The internet trade of alcoholic beverages has been prohibited by the Russian Federation since 2007, but various sellers still offer counterfeit spirits (i.e., forged brand spirits) over the internet to Russian consumers, mostly in a non-deceptive fashion at prices up to 15 times lower than in regular sale. The public health issues arising from this unregulated trade include potential harm to underage drinkers, hazards due to toxic ingredients such as methanol, but most importantly alcohol harms due to potentially increased drinking volumes due to low prices and high availability on the internet. The internet sale also undermines existing alcohol policies such as restrictions of sale locations, sale times and minimum pricing. The need to enforce measures against counterfeiting of spirits, but specifically their internet trade should be implemented as key elements of alcohol policies to reduce unrecorded alcohol consumption, which is currently about 33 % of total consumption in Russia.

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3

Savelyev, Nikita V., e Alla N. Stolyarova. "THE ROLE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGIES IN THE DISTANCE TRADING OF ALCOHOL PRODUCTS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 10/3, n. 139 (2023): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2023.10.03.017.

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Over the past decade in the Russian Federation, the issue of remote sale of alcoholic products has remained one of the most controversial in the development of online trading. Considering that in 2023 Russia remains the only country in Europe where the remote sale of alcohol is prohibited, modern technologies open up many opportunities for establishing this sales channel. At the same time, an increase in demand for the online sale of alcohol is observed both from sellers and buyers. The role that modern technologies play in this process is described in this article.

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4

Bang, Rani. "India: Action against sale of alcohol". Lancet 340, n. 8821 (settembre 1992): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92250-j.

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5

Han, Daikwon, e Dennis M. Gorman. "Exploring Spatial Associations between On-Sale Alcohol Availability, Neighborhood Population Characteristics, and Violent Crime in a Geographically Isolated City". Journal of Addiction 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/356152.

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Objectives. Despite the increasing evidence of the associations between alcohol availability and violence, there are still inconsistent findings on the effects of on- and off-sale alcohol outlets on violent crime. The aim of this study was to examine spatial associations between on-sale alcohol availability, neighborhood characteristics, and violent crime in a geographically isolated city in Texas.Methods. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) and global regression models were employed to analyze the nature of the spatial relationship between violent crime, neighborhood sociocultural characteristics, and on-sale alcohol environment.Results. We found strong effects of neighborhood characteristics combined with on-sale alcohol availability on violence outcomes. Several neighborhood variables combined with alcohol availability explained about 63% of the variability in violence. An additional 7% was explained by the GWR model, while spatially nonstationary associations between violence and some predictor variables were observed.Conclusions. This study provided more credible evidence of the influence of on-sale alcohol outlets on violence in a unique setting. These findings have important policy implications in addressing the question of public health consequences of alcohol-related violence in local contexts.

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Fullington, Michael G., William L. Price e Randy L. Roebuck. "Are Alcohol Related Social Problems More Likely to Occur in Wet Counties?" American Review of Politics 6 (1 gennaio 1986): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15763/issn.2374-7781.1985.6.0.102-107.

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During every general election for the past twenty years residents of at least one county in Arkansas have been asked whether they support the legal sale of intoxicating beverages. The study described below is designed to determine whether the 32 counties in Arkansas that presently allow the sale of alcoholic beverages have suffered from an increase in alcohol related social problems. The legalization of liquor sales is a policy issue with significant social, political and emotional implications. Arkansas’ community leaders and county residents have little evidence upon which to base objective and informed decisions about the legal sale of alcohol in their counties. Our goal is to help fill the void in documented data that currently exists and to assist policy makers in making more informed decisions about this important issue.

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7

Razvodovsky, Y. E. "Beverage-Specific Alcohol Sale and Cardiovascular Mortality in Russia". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2010 (2010): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/253853.

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Objective. Recent research evidence suggests that the consumption of different types of alcoholic beverage may have a differential effect on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality rates. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between the consumption of different beverage types and CVD mortality rates in Russia across the later-Soviet and post-Soviet periods.Method. Age-standardized male and female CVD mortality data for the period 1970–2005 and data on beverage-specific alcohol sales were obtained Russian State Statistical Committee (Rosstat). Time-series analytical modeling techniques (ARIMA) were used to examine the relation between the sales of different alcoholic beverages and CVD mortality rates.Results. Vodka consumption as measured by sales was significantly associated with both male and female CVD mortality rates: a 1 liter increase in vodka sales would result in a 5.3% increase in the male CVD mortality rate and a 3.7% increase in the female rate. The consumption of beer and wine were not associated with CVD mortality rates.Conclusions. The findings from this study suggest that public health efforts should focus on both reducing overall consumption and changing beverage preference away from distilled spirits in order to reduce cardiovascular mortality rates in Russia.

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8

Razvodovsky, Y. E. "Beverage-Specific Alcohol Sale and Suicide in Russia". Crisis 30, n. 4 (luglio 2009): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910.30.4.186.

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Background: The high suicide rate in Russia and its profound fluctuation over the past decades have attracted considerable interest. There is growing evidence that beverage preference and binge-drinking patterns, i.e., excessive consumption of strong spirits, results in a quicker and deeper level of intoxication, which increases the propensity for the alcohol-related suicide. In line with this evidence, we assumed that higher levels of vodka consumption, in conjunction with binge-drinking patterns, would result in a close, aggregate-level association between vodka sales and suicide in Russia. Aims and Methods: To test this hypothesis, trends in beverage-specific alcohol sales per capita and suicide rates from 1970 to 2005 in Russia were analyzed employing ARIMA time-series analysis. Results: The results of the time-series analysis suggested that a 1 liter increase in overall alcohol sales would result in a 4% increase in the male suicide rate and a 2.8% increase in the female suicide rate; a 1 liter increase in vodka sales would increase the suicide rate by 9.3% for men and by 6% for women. Conclusions: This study replicates previous findings from other settings, which suggest that suicide rates tend to be more responsive to changes in distilled spirits consumption per capita than to the total level of alcohol consumption. Assuming that drinking spirits is usually associated with intoxication episodes, these findings provide additional evidence that the drinking pattern is an important determinant in the relationship between alcohol and suicide. The outcomes of this study also provide support for the hypothesis that suicide and alcohol are closely connected in cultures where an intoxication-oriented drinking pattern prevails and adds to the growing body of evidence that alcohol plays a crucial role in the fluctuation in suicide mortality rates in Russia during recent decades.

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9

Anderson, Peter. "Policy Implications of the WHO Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of Alcohol". SUCHT 57, n. 2 (aprile 2011): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0939-5911.a000099.

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Aims: To describe the supporting evidence and policy implications of the 10 target areas of the WHO strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol. Methods: Based on published systematic reviews of the literature and publications of the World Health Organization, the supporting evidence and policy implications of the 10 target areas are described. Findings: There is evidence to support action in each of the 10 target areas: leadership, awareness and commitment; health services’ response; community action; drink-driving policies; availability of alcohol; marketing of alcoholic beverages; pricing policies; reducing the negative consequences of intoxication; reducing the public health impact of illegal and informal alcohol; and monitoring and surveillance. Conclusions: The following policy measures have the strongest evidence: increasing alcohol taxes; government monopolies for the retail sale of alcohol; restricting the density of outlets and the days and hours of sale; increasing the minimum age of purchase; lowering the legal BAC levels for driving; introducing random breath-testing for driving; implementing widespread brief advice for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption; and ensuring treatment for alcohol use disorders. There is reasonable evidence to support the introduction of a minimum price per gram of alcohol; restricting the volume of commercial communications; and enforcing the restrictions of sales to intoxicated and under-age people.

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Biniasz-Celka, Danuta. "Gminny Program Profilaktyki i Rozwiązywania Problemów Alkoholowych jako podstawowa forma realizacji zadań własnych gminy z zakresu profilaktyki i rozwiązywania problemów alkoholowych". Studia Prawa Publicznego, n. 1(29) (15 marzo 2020): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/spp.2020.1.29.4.

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The system of preventing and resolving alcohol-related problems used in Poland gives municipalities (gminas), as territorial units, the fundamental role in it. The municipality council is obliged to establish a number of programmes on the basis of the act on municipality self-government, as well as the regulations of other acts, including the Act of 26th October 1982 on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism (A.U.S.C.A.) of the Municipality Programme for Preventing and Resolving Alcohol-related Problems (LCPP&RAP). The programme takes into account the areas of action listed in Article 41 section 1 of the A.U.S.C.A. and the indications included in the recommendations developed by the National Agency for Resolving Alcohol-related Problems. It should be emphasized that the implementation of tasks in the field of preventing and resolving alcohol-related problems under the programme is part of the strategy for resolving social problems, and takes into account the operational objectives set out in the National Health Programme. The regulations of the A.U.S.C.A. also provide the municipality witha significant role in implementing actions to tackle alcohol addiction. The actions are taken on three levels by: (1) appointing a local community committee for resolving problems (Article 41 section 3), (2) determining within resolutions the maximum number of permits for the sale of alcoholic beverages and the rules of locating places of sale and serving alcoholic beverages (Article 12 sections 1–3), (3) issuing permits for the sale of alcohol (Article 18 section 1) and monitoring the legitimacy of using these permits (Article 18 section 8). In addition, the LCPP&RAP provides solutions regarding forms, methods and projects undertaken by the municipality. It is important to note that the municipality self-government, as a result of decentralization of the state, has received extensive competence to conduct its own policy on alcohol-related problems, which is why its role is crucial.

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Kościelny, Paweł. "Możliwość sprzedaży alkoholu przez Internet". Zeszyty Prawnicze Biura Analiz Sejmowych 3, n. 71 (2021): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.31268/zpbas.2021.59.

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The Act on Upbringing in Sobriety and Counteracting Alcoholism does not include provisions concerning strictly the retail sale of alcohol via Internet. The author considers that, based on provisions concerning stationary shops (required permits, the closed list of types of shops allowed to sell alcohol), the interpretation prohibiting the sale of alcohol online should be considered appropriate. A similar view can be found in the rulings of the Supreme Administrative Court.

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12

Joseph, Zacharia, e Joby Thomas. "Responsible Beverage Service Practices: Comparison between India and Australia". Atna - Journal of Tourism Studies 13, n. 2 (1 luglio 2018): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.12727/ajts.20.3.

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Sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages have been rising globally. This is making the alcohol industry worth over $1344 billion today. This rise in alcohol consumption has not been without its gray shades in the form of alcohol abuse, alcohol-related crimes, accidents and deaths. This paper studies and compares the Responsible Beverage Service practices between India and Australia to understand its scope and impact. The study draws upon review and analysis of research and data from literature and alcohol policies of the two countries. The study reveals the similarities and differences in the approach towards Responsible Beverage Service between these two countries and suggests methods to strengthen this practice in India.

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13

Isaac-Lam, Meden F. "Determination of Alcohol Content in Alcoholic Beverages Using 45 MHz Benchtop NMR Spectrometer". International Journal of Spectroscopy 2016 (17 agosto 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2526946.

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Alcohol or ethanol is considered the most widely used recreational drug worldwide, and its production, consumption, and sale are strictly regulated by laws. Alcohol content of alcoholic beverages (wine, beers, and spirits) is about 3–50% v/v. Analytical methods to determine the alcohol content must be reliable, precise, and accurate. In this study, the amount of ethanol in several alcoholic beverages was determined using a 45 MHz low-field benchtop NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) spectrometer. Internal standard and standard addition analytical methods were utilized to quantify ethanol. For both methods, acetic acid or acetonitrile was used as internal standard to quantify alcohol content by using the peak area corresponding to the methyl peaks of ethanol, acetic acid, or acetonitrile. Results showed that internal standard method gave values of percent alcohol that are in close agreement with the indicated label as confirmed by running the samples in a 400 MHz high-field NMR spectrometer using acetic acid as internal standard. This study demonstrates the utility of a benchtop NMR spectrometer that can provide an alternative technique to analyze percent alcohol in alcoholic products.

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Gundlach, Gregory T., e Paul N. Bloom. "Slotting Allowances and the Retail Sale of Alcohol Beverages". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 17, n. 2 (settembre 1998): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569801700203.

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Considerable controversy and debate surrounds the practice of slotting allowances, or fees, paid by manufacturers for obtaining the patronage of retailers. To date, regulators have yet to agree on public policy toward these practices; at least one federal antitrust agency suggests that slotting fees may be competitive, another has conducted investigations into these practices, and still another suggests banning them altogether. In this article, the authors examine the recent decision by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms (BATF) to prohibit slotting allowances in the retail sale of alcohol beverages. Focusing on the regulatory environment, industry structure, marketing practices, and consumer consumption behavior in the alcohol beverage industry, the authors analyze the BATF's decision and attempt to reconcile disparate public policy treatment of these practices. Implications for understanding slotting allowances and recommendations for further public policy development and research then are explored.

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Sydorovych, Oleksandr. "Sale of Alcoholic Products in the Ukrainian Village in the Second Half of the 1940s – 1980s (on the Materials of the Ukoopspilka)". Ethnic History of European Nations, n. 65 (2021): 104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.65.12.

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Various economic, social and cultural aspects of the sale, production and consumption of alcoholic beverages remain little studied today in Ukrainian modern historiography. On the other hand, foreign historiography, in particular English-speaking, has advanced much further in this area. The article makes an attempt, on the basis of previously unpublished archival sources, to reveal the features and study the socio-economic aspects of the sale of alcoholic beverages in the Ukrainian village through the retail trade network of consumer cooperatives of the Ukrainian SSR (Ukoopspilka) in the second half of the 1940s – 1980s. Analyzed the annual reports of the Ukoopspilka and determined the specific weight of vodka and alcoholic beverages in the structure of retail turnover in certain years of the study period. Disparity was revealed in the distribution of alcoholic beverages funds between the trading systems of the city and the village. The article highlights the influence of the «anti-alcohol laws» of 1958 and 1972 on the trade and production activities of consumer cooperation in Ukraine. As a result of the study, it was found that alcohol during the entire study period constituted a significant part of the trade and public catering turnover in rural areas. The discriminatory system of distribution of commodity funds sent the vast majority of high-quality alcohol (grape wines, liqueurs, aged cognacs, etc.) to the state trade system, that is, to cities and industrial centers, but mainly vodka and low-quality fruit and berry wines came to the countryside. The availability of alcohol, as well as some customs and the lack of a variety of leisure activities in the countryside led to an increase in the alcoholization of the population.

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Sivolap, Yury P. "COVID-19 pandemic and alcohol: a problem beyond addiction and psychiatry". Clinical review for general practice 1, n. 2 (11 novembre 2020): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47407/kr2020.1.2.00012.

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The increase in alcohol use during the COVID-19 pandemic is one of the major global health problems. Alcohol abuse is caused by many causes, including the stress associated with the pandemic. The problem of alcohol abuse is getting worse by the difficult access of patients to medical care, and lockdown, including a restrained sale of alcohol, can lead to numerous cases of severe alcohol withdrawal, alcohol psychosis and suicide. Excessive alcohol consumption reduces the immune system, increases susceptibility to infection, including SARS-CoV-2, and contributes to the severe course of COVID-19, increasing the likelihood of complications and death. It is assumed that alcohol abuse during the pandemic will have long-term adverse consequences in the form of significant deterioration of public health, an increase in the number of patients with alcohol dependence and alcoholic liver disease, and an excessive burden on global health. Experts justify the need to apply special programs to help people with alcohol use disorders during the pandemic and develop a set of preventive measures to prevent the adverse long-term consequences of excessive alcohol use.

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17

Jan Nelken. "Ideas on counteracting alcohol and drug addiction in Poland between the two world wars". Archives of Criminology, n. XIV (8 aprile 1987): 201–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7420/ak1987f.

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The birth of the independent Poland in 1918 activated a social movement against alcoholism and drug addiction. In 1919, the Polish Society for Fighting Alcoholism ,,Trzeźwość'' ("Sobriety'') was established which operated nationwide and which in the period between the two wars became the main factor of fighting alcoholism. In the light of the Statute of "Trzeźwość" and resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses, as well as the postulates of psychiatrists, the ideas of how to fight alcoholism included three spheres: a. anti-alcoholic legislation and its practical enforcement; b. anti-alcoholic propaganda and education; c. treatment of alcoholics. In 1919, a draft was submitted to the Diet that proposed a total prohibition of production and sale of alcoholic beverages. It was referred to a Diet commission which subsequently changed its contents. Then. The Diet passed an Act of 23 April 1920 on restrictions in sale of alcoholic beverages. The Act, based on a concept of partial prohibition. Introduced considerable restrictions in sale of beverages containing over 2.5 per cent of pure alcohol, and a total prohibition of sale of beverages with over 45 per cent alcohol. Moreover, the sale of alcohol was prohibited to workers on paydays and holidays, as well as at markets, fairs, church fairs, pilgrimages, on trains and at railway stations. According to the Act, each rural or urban commune could introduce on its territory a total prohibition of sale of alcoholic beverages by voting. The Act limited the number of places where alcohol could be sold or served to one per 2,500 of the population all over the country. A licence issued by administrative authorities was required to sell or serve alcohol. The statutory instrument to this Act created commissions for fighting alcoholism of the 1st and 2nd instances which were to supervise the compliance to the Act of 1920 and to impose penalties provided for the infringement of its provisions. The commissions consisted of representatives of the State administration and social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. Moreover, the Act of 2l January 1922 introduced a penalty of fine or arrest for being drunk in public. A person who brought another person to the state of intoxication was also liable to these penalties. The complete execution of the anti-alcoholic Act met with obstacles: for instance, alcohol was secretly served on the days of prohibition (e.g. during fairs). The Act of 31 July 1924 established the Polish Spirit Monopoly (P.M.S.). The production of spirit and pure vodka thus became a State monopoly' Production and sale of the P.M.S. beverages increased gradually as it constituted an important source of the State revenue. For this reason. a new anti-alcoholic Act of 21 March 1931 was passed which greatly reduced the restrictions in the sale of alcohol as compared with former regulations. A further reduction in these restrictions resulted from Acts of 1932 and 1934. The P.M.S. Board of Directors argued that a growth in production was necessary to suppress illegal distilling of alcohol the products of which were imperfectly rectified and threatened the health of the population. Instead according to the conception of "Trzeźwość’’ and other social organizations engaged in fighting alcoholism. illegal distilling of alcohol should be detected and suppresed by the police while it was in the interest of the health and morals of the population to curtail greatly the sale of alcohol and for this reason it was necessary to reintroduce the anti-alcoholic Act of 1920 However, in consideration of the State's fiscal interests. the Act was not reintroduced and the other Acts that extended the production and sale of the P.M.S. products were only replaced after World War II. According to the ideas of ,,Trzeźwość'' and other organizations fighting alcoholism, anti-alcoholic propaganda and education should be made by professionals and have a wide range, since it is impossible to fight alcoholism without informing the population of the harmful effects of alcohol. Guidelines for this activity were worked out at the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses of which there were seven in the period between the wars. Besides, in 1937 the 21st International Anti-Alcoholic Congress took place in Warsaw during which the Polish draft of an international anti-alcoholic convention was Supported. The draft provided a considerable limitation of alcohol sale, a regulation of penal liability for offences and transgressions committed in the state of intoxication, and lectures on alcohology in schools. The states signatories to the convention would be called upon to pass acts consistent with the content of the convention. The work on this draft was stopped by the outbreak of the war. The resolutions of the Polish anti-alcoholic congresses demanded lectures on alcohology in all types of schools, at teachers courses and at specialist courses for employees of various departments, the Ministry in of Communication particular. The range of alcohology taught at schools should be conformed to the type of school and the general knowledge or students. The postulate of teaching alcohology in schools was partly realized and courses were organized for railway employees by the Abstainer Railwaymen League. At the State School of Hygiene in Warsaw a several days course in alcohology was organized every year in which 200--300 persons participated, mainly teachers, physicians and clergymen of various denominations. Besides, ,,Trzeźwość'' organized travelling exhibitions that made tours of towns to show the harmful effects of alcoholism. The Abstainer Railwaymen League organized, an exhibition in a railway carriage which was visited by many thousands of persons at railway stations in different parts of the country. A lecturer on alcohology was employed to have talks during the exhibition. In early February every year a nationwide Sobriety Propagation Week was organized. Various publications were also brought out which demonstrated the harmful effects of alcohol and the ways of fighting alcoholism, both scientific and those for general use. Treatment of alcoholics was postulated; it was carried out in closed hospital wards or in out-patient clinics. The former was more effective; however it was less frequently applied as compared with the out-patient treatment since there were no provisions which would legalize compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts and it was easier to obtain the patient's consent to treatment in a clinic than in a hospital. Compulsory treatment was only possible if the court applied medical security measures in cases of offences connected with abuse of alcohol or drugs. (Art. 82 of the Penal code of 1932). The mental hygiene, movement, initiated in Poland in the early thirties, resulted in a growth in the number of clinics engaged in prevention and treatment, that is in a development of treatment of alcoholics in specialized anti-alcoholic clinics. The necessity of taking the children of alcoholics under educational and medical indicated. An important part is this field fell to social nurses attached to the clinics whose task was among other things to bring the alcoholics children to the clinic and see to their medical treatment if necessary. The organization of special schools for mentally deficient and morally neglected children, whose parents were frequently alcoholics, was also initiated. Psychiatrists demanded an elaboration and introduction of an act on compulsory treatment of alcoholics and drug addicts, organization of special wards for notorious alcoholics in mental hospitals, prolongation of treatment from 6 to 12 months (which was considered particularly necessary in the case of chronic alcoholism), a joint alcoholism and psychiatric treatment if required, in the case of alcohol psychosis in particular, and check-up of the cured alcoholics and drug addicts. In Poland drug addiction has never reached the proportions of alcoholism. Its most frequent forms were morphinism and cocainism. Its fighting was facilitated by the passing of an Act of June 23, 1923 which prohibited production, processing, export. import. storage of and any trade in all drugs. For infringement of the Act, penalties of fine and up to 5 years deprivation of liberty were provided. However, there was no act to legalize compulsory treatment of drug addicts. They could only be treated in closed hospital wards since in the case of drug addiction, out-patient treatment was considered to be ineffective. In 1931, the Polish Committee for Drugs and Prevention of Drug Addiction was set up as, an advisory body attached to the Minister of Health and Social Welfare, which consisted mainly of physicians and chemists. In order to fight drug addiction effectively, increased detection of export and sale of drugs was postulated as well as supervision of prescriptions and of obtaining drugs on prescription at chemist's. Chemists were compelled to keep a special book of in- and out-goings of drugs which could only be sold on prescription for therapeutical purposes. Attenton was drawn to the necessity of an instruction, to be passed by the Minister of Internal Affairs, according to which the production of doctors seals and forms would only be possible on presentation of the identity card, since drug addicts used to order seals and forms bearing names of famous practitioners. Medical check-up of released prisoners who had been cured of drug addiction when serving their sentences was also postulated. In consequence of the spread of ether drinking in the Upper Silesia in 1936, a wide-range operation was carried out which consisted in a vigorous fight against smuggling and sale of ether (which was mainly smuggled from Germany) and in informing the population as to the harmful effects of ether drinking.

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Han, Daikwon, e Dennis M. Gorman. "Socio-spatial patterning of off-sale and on-sale alcohol outlets in a Texas city". Drug and Alcohol Review 33, n. 2 (9 dicembre 2013): 152–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/dar.12096.

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Bartlett, Oliver. "Minimum Unit Pricing for Alcohol May Not be a Proportionate Public Health Intervention". European Journal of Risk Regulation 7, n. 1 (marzo 2016): 218–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1867299x00005535.

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Abstract (sommario):

Setting a minimum unit price for the sale of alcoholic beverages has been on the agenda of the Scottish government for many years. As far back as 1999 the then newly formed Scottish Government decided to review data on the use of alcohol that revealed trends in Scottish alcohol consumption such as the fact that in the two decades following 1994 alcohol sales went from being split equally between the on-trade and off-trade to the off-trade comprising around 70 per cent of sales. Further studies reveal that the affordability of alcohol throughout the whole United Kingdom increased steadily between 1987 and 2007, with duty increases frequently short of inflation, and with supermarkets continuing to use alcohol as a loss leader. The result has been an increase in the affordability of wines and beers by 129% and 153% respectively.

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Iarzutkina, Anastasiia. "A “Stressful Business”: Alcohol Trading in Chukotka Villages". Antropologicheskij forum 18, n. 54 (2022): 191–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2022-18-54-191-224.

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The article describes the organization of alcohol trade in remote and hard-to-reach Chukchi villages, and the social relations that arise around the sale of alcohol. The analysis is based on field research conducted by the author from 2003 to 2021 in ten settlements of the Chukotka Autonomous District. The differences between the trade process, the premises where the transaction takes place, and the temporal modes of the operation of village stores and illegal “outlets” for the sale of liquor are examined. The author analyzes how rural community practices of adopting alcohol sale time limits in the countryside have affected the daily rhythms of people who drink alcohol. The establishment of a temporal framework is conceptualized as a strategy for the community to gain power over alcohol consumers through body discipline. It is concluded that one of the important reasons for the existence of the illegal alcohol business in the village is the round-the-clock operation of the “point”. It allows the buyer to not postpone their need for alcohol, but to satisfy it at any time. Illegal sellers violate not only the temporal framework for selling liquor adopted at the village meeting, they also violate the social restrictions that the community imposed on the right to buy alcohol. At the same time, the local government and the villagers who do not consume alcohol need the resources and social connections of the illegal vendor. This contradictory situation puts them in the position of a marginalized person.

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Dyadyun, K. V. "The Establishment of Criminal Responsibility for Retail Sale of Alcoholic Products to Minors: An Analysis of the Feasibility". Lex Russica 73, n. 10 (23 ottobre 2020): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2020.167.10.150-158.

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The paper analyzes the objective and subjective features of article 151.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The problems of interpretation and application of this norm are investigated, taking into account the goals and objectives underlying its creation. Special legislation regulating the sphere under study is considered. The studied imperfections of regulation of the subject of the crime (the relationship between the concepts of alcoholic and alcohol-containing products), problems of distinguishing acts from related compounds (article 151 of the Criminal Code), the complexity of the classification. The analysis of crime-forming features is presented: "repeatability", "retail", and "sale". Imperfections of the legislative and law enforcement approach in this aspect are revealed. In particular, the key features and correlation of the concepts of wholesale and retail trade are analyzed; the problems of assessing what was done with remote methods of selling alcohol; the content aspects of the categories "duplicity and repetition" in the context under study. The question of the expediency of replacing the term "sale" with "illegal sale" in the disposition of article 151.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is studied. The regulation of features of the subject of the studied elements is considered, and existing problems are identified. The question of the expediency of norms with administrative prejudice in the criminal law was raised. Some problematic aspects of sentencing for retail sale of alcoholic products to minors are identified; and issues of establishing the subjective side of the elements. The paper analyzes the opinions of various authors regarding the possibility of improving the norm of article 151.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, taking into account the study of statistical data and materials of judicial practice. The author indicates the need for an integrated approach in the fight against alcohol abuse among young people. The conclusion is presented regarding the validity of the existence of the studied norm in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the current version.

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Хайретдинова, Ольга Айбулатовна. "FORMATION OF THE STATE WINE REGALITY (MONOPOLY) IN THE 16TH - 18TH CENTURIES". Вестник Адыгейского государственного университета, серия «Регионоведение», n. 4(289) (23 maggio 2022): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53598/2410-3691-2021-4-289-42-47.

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Статья является частью исследования, посвященного изучению правового статуса и норм государственного регулирования питейного промысла в России. В статье приведен анализ формирования государственной регалии на пития с XVI в. и до начала реформ Екатерины II в XVIII в. Целью ретроспективного анализа является выявление изменений в государственно-правовом регулировании питейного промысла и определение эффективности мероприятий, осуществляемых российским государством. Начиная с правления Ивана IV торговля алкоголем рассматривалась государством как источник пополнения казны. Но на разных этапах истории России винная монополия сталкивалась с различными проблемами: тайным корчемством, вольным обращением с казенными доходами, распространением пьянства и беспорядков из-за чрезмерной активности откупщиков в попытках собрать прибыль на питейный налог, конкуренцией между целовальниками и откупщиками за сбыт алкоголя, конкуренцией дворянства и купечества за право производства хмельных напитков, проблемами со сбором доходов от продажи питей в казну и др. Перечисленный перечень проблем стал причиной того, что Екатерина II решила радикально изменить порядок регулирования винокурения, а также винной торговли. This paper is part of a research devoted to the study of the law status and rules of state regulation of the drinking industry in Russia. The author analyzes the formation of the state alcohol monopoly from the 16th century until the beginning of the reforms of Catherine II in the 18th century. The purpose of the retrospective analysis is to characterize changes in the state-legal regulation of drinking trade and to analyze the effectiveness of measures carried out by the Russian state. Since the reign of Ivan IV, the alcohol trade was considered by the state as a source of replenishment of the treasury. But at different stages of Russian history, the alcohol monopoly faced various problems. Among them are the secret sale of alcoholic beverages, unfair treatment of state revenues, the spread of drunkenness and riots due to excessive activity of tax farmers in attempts to collect profits for the drinking tax, competition between "loyal people" and tax farmers for the sale of alcohol, competition of the nobility and merchants for the right to produce alcoholic beverages, problems with collecting income from the sale of alcohol drinks to the treasury, etc. The enumerated list of problems was the reason that Catherine II decided to radically change the procedure for regulating distilling industry, as well as wine trade.

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ХРУСТАЛЕВА С.Р., ХРУСТАЛЕВА С. Р. "RUSSIA'S ANTI-ALCOHOL POLICY IN THE LAST DECADE". Экономика и предпринимательство, n. 4(165) (25 giugno 2024): 382–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2024.165.4.074.

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В данной научной статье рассматривается антиалкогольная политика России за последнее десятилетие. Исследуются изменения в законодательстве, меры государственного контроля за производством и продажей алкогольной продукции, а также эффективность принимаемых мер по снижению потребления алкоголя в стране. Анализируются статистические данные и результаты исследований, связанные с влиянием антиалкогольной политики на здоровье населения, социальные аспекты и экономические показатели. This scientific article explores the anti-alcohol policy of Russia over the last decade. It examines changes in legislation, measures of state control over the production and sale of alcoholic beverages, and the effectiveness of taken actions in reducing alcohol consumption in the country. Statistical data and research results related to the impact of anti-alcohol policy on public health, social aspects, and economic indicators are analyzed.

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Ponyrko, Mykola. "Activities of Excise Supervision During the Introduction of State Sales of Alcoholic Beverages on the Left Bank of Ukraine at the End ХІХ – of the Early ХХ Century". Journal of V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University. Series: History, n. 61 (27 giugno 2022): 132–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2220-7929-2022-61-06.

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The purpose of work is to analyze the activities of the excise departments of the Ministry of Finance of the Romanov Empire during the introduction of state sales of alcoholic beverages on the Left Bank of Ukraine in the late ХІХ – early ХХ centuries. On the basic of source materials of the end ХІХ – of the beginning of ХХ centuries, and archival documents of the State Archives of Sumy, Chernihiv and Kharkiv regions the activity of excise departments during the introduction of state sale of alcoholic beverages on the Left Bank of Ukraine at the end ХІХ – of the beginning of the ХХ centuries is characterized. It is analyzed that changes in the central office of the Ministry of Finance, which was engaged in indirect tax collection, also affected the activities of excise departments in the Ukrainian provinces of the Left Bank of Ukraine. Excise departments in the region have acquired greater regulatory powers regarding the taxation of taxable persons, increased the staff of excise agencies and increased cash expenditures on business operations of the departments, they formed new structures of officials subordinate to the Ministry of Finance. The poorly accounted reasons for the introduction of the state wine monopoly are highlighted, among which it is worth noting the chronicprotracted crisis of overproduction of the wine industry, which was not a side effect of the monopoly, but preceded it. It is noted that the profitability of state sales of alcohol is high and it has grown. On the other hand, the introduction of state sales of alcoholic beverages carried the risk of increasing dependence on drinking income of a significant part of the revenue side of the budget. It is also noted that the increase in profits from the circulation of alcoholic beverages was mainly due to increased taxation of production indicators of taxable entities, along with variations in purchase and distribution prices for raw alcohol and rectified alcohol, rather than an increase in alcohol consumption by the population. The introduction of state sale of alcohol had one of the least significant consequences, compared to the excise system of taxation of alcoholic beverages, the overpayment of the population, when drinking alcoholic beverages. When implementing the state wine monopoly of the territory of Chernihiv, Poltava and Kharkiv provinces, the excise supervisory authorities, taking into account the predominance of small-scale agricultural distilling in the deployment, were forced to guarantee the plants a minimum supply, given the size of the province`s factories. Due to the restriction of the alcohol trade on the Left Bank of Ukraine, the illegal sale of alcoholic beverages spread, which, despite the police measures of excise supervisors, could not be stopped. With the introduction of the wine monopoly, the consumption of spirits among the population decreased, as the reform changed the conditions of production and sales, but did not and could not affect the reasons for the consumption of spirits, as the reasons are derived from a number of social and cultural factors, these reasons do not depend on the trade in alcohol. Therefore, the impact of dry legislation on the Left Bank of Ukraine in the 1914–1917 years needs to be disclosed.

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25

Lester, David. "Alcohol Law Changes and Homicide in Iceland". Psychological Reports 91, n. 3 (dicembre 2002): 742. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.3.742.

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26

Ющук, Д. Д., К. Л. Егоров, Е. А. Лукашенок e О. А. Кузнецова. "Alkomarketing: how to sell alcohol in Russia". Экономика и предпринимательство, n. 6(131) (9 agosto 2021): 882–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2021.131.6.170.

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Abstract (sommario):

В статье рассмотрен вопрос возможности реализации рекламной поддержки крепкого алкоголя территории Российской Федерации, который так нуждается в продвижении, как и остальные группы товаров. Рынок алкогольных напитков существует, и их производство, и реализация легализованы государством. В работе рассмотрены ограничения продажи, а также существующие способы продвижения торговых марок. The article discusses the issue of the possibility of implementing advertising support for strongalcohol in the territory of the Russian Federation, which so much needs promotion, like other groups of goods. The market for alcoholic beverages exists, and their production and sale are legalized by the state. The articlediscusses the limitations of sale, as well as the existing methods of promoting brands.

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Dalsaev, M., e R. Dalsaeva. "The impact of alcohol sale restriction on alcoholism and drug addiction in the Chechen republic". European Psychiatry 26, S2 (marzo 2011): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71731-x.

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The restriction on alcohol sale in the Chechen republic was introduced in 2009.During that period a stable trend of alcoholism growth was registered, which in the same time was outrunning a growth of drug addiction in the Chechen republic.Analysis on drug addiction and alcoholism for the period from 2008 through 2010 brought light to reducing of alcoholism in comparing to 2008 for 91%. This is against the background of drug addiction growth for 28%.The reducing number of intoxicated vehicle drivers was also noted during that period.The total number of crimes violating drug law has changed slightly, but the proportion of patients admitted for inpatient drug treatment increased.Relying on analysis made during our research a conclusion on effectiveness of alcohol sale restriction on alcoholism and danger of complete ban of alcohol sale was made. It not only can’t solve the problem but may negatively affect the growth of drug addiction in society.

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28

Alavaikko, Mika. "Liberalisation of Finnish Alcohol Legislation in the Reform of 1994". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 15, n. 3 (giugno 1998): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259801500304.

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The article looks at the preparation of the new Alcohol Act as well as the parliamentary proceedings. The attention is focused on the internal dynamics of the process and on the way it was subordinate to other political considerations. Even though the preparation of the legislation was begun in 1991 to alleviate growing internal pressure in the country, it became a part of the government's tug-of-war even before parliamentary proceedings. The preparation of the new Act and the parliamentary proceedings also became intermingled with Finland's EU membership negotiations and the pressures arising from the EEA agreement, effective from the beginning of 1994. The focal point is whether or not the decisions made can be traced back to the interests of commerce and industry. It is argued that the Parliament, and particularly the Social Affairs and Health Committee, assumed an active role in the process, and that the decisions cannot fully be traced back to the interests of commerce and industry. In the Parliament, the new legislation became remarkably more liberal than the government's proposal would have entailed. In this respect, the central issues were the sanctioning of retail sale of viticulturists' products and table beer, partial removal of restrictions to alcohol advertising and equating all alcoholic beverages, with an alcoholic strength by volume of less than 4.7 per cent, with beer in retail. With the decision made in the Parliament, the Alcohol Act begins to take on ideological qualities. In particular, the interests of commerce and industry alone simply cannot explain the sanctioning of retail sale of viticulturists' products or table beer. The decision on alcohol advertising also involves ideological considerations. In the light of all the above, the alcohol legislation has taken a huge step towards liberalisation. The interests of commerce and industry also strengthened their position in the field.

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Valli, Raine. "Changes in Young People's Alcohol Consumption with Improved Availability of Medium Strength Beer. The Case of Pietarsaari". Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 15, n. 3 (giugno 1998): 168–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/145507259801500301.

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After a lengthy battle, Pietarsaari finally sanctioned the retail sale of medium strength beer in 1993. Since then, medium strength beer has been available not only at the State retail shops selling wines and spirits but also at various grocery shops in the area. This article explores changes in the alcohol consumption of 13–17 year-olds within one year of the liberalisation. A control group from the city of Porvoo was included in the study in order to discern the changes actually resulting from the sanctioning of retail sale from changes that were caused by more general social change. The Pietarsaari sample included all the young people attending schools: some 1,300 pupils both at the beginning of the study and in the final survey. As feared by those who had opposed the liberalisation, age limits were observed less strictly: more and more minors were able to purchase alcohol from the grocery shops. The year also saw a notable rise (from 30 % to 44 %) in the consumption of medium strength beer. The overall alcohol consumption in Finland did not increase, however; the change was purely structural in nature. Medium strength beer became the alcoholic beverage of choice for both girls and boys, even though girls had previously shown a preference for wines.

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Stewart, Liz, e Sally Casswell. "Community Control and Liquor Licensing: A Public Health Issue in New Zealand". Journal of Drug Issues 22, n. 3 (luglio 1992): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200319.

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Abstract (sommario):

Community interest in controlling the sale and supply of alcohol and reducing alcohol-related problems has seen a number of responses in New Zealand and elsewhere. These have included the growth of popular temperance movements last century, sometimes accompanied by votes for national or local prohibition. In some regions in New Zealand the local population instituted community-owned licensing trusts to operate licensed premises upon restoring alcohol sales to their districts. Government reviews of licensing law have responded to public dissatisfaction with drinking conditions. A recent substantial review of the sale of liquor in the late 1980s revived public interest in the control of alcohol. Submissions from a public health perspective concentrated on restricting access. The final legislation, however, saw a liberalising of availability and deregulation of the licensing system. Nevertheless, emphasis is given to the control of alcohol-related problems, highlighted in the object of the act. The response of licensing and enforcement agencies to that objective will have important implications for the control of problems in the community.

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Giesbrecht, Norman, Ashley Wettlaufer, Samantha Cukier, Gillian Geddie, André-Henrique Gonçalves e Emilene Reisdorfer. "Do alcohol pricing and availability policies have differential effects on sub-populations? A commentary". International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research 5, n. 3 (28 luglio 2016): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.227.

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Giesbrecht, N., Wettlaufer, A., Cukier, S., Geddie, G., Gonçalves, A., & Reisdorfer, E. (2016). Do alcohol pricing and availability policies have differential effects on sub-populations? A commentary. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 5(3), 89-99. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v5i3.227Aims: Numerous policies have been shown to reduce the harm from alcohol; however, not all sub-populations respond similarly to policy interventions. This paper explores the specific effects of alcohol pricing policies and controls regarding physical availability on different types of harms from alcohol as well as on different sectors of the population, including impacts by gender, age, and drinking patterns.Design, Setting, Participants, and Measures: We focus on two dimensions. The first is alcohol pricing and taxation; the second is alcohol availability, comprising type of alcohol control system, outlet density, and hours/days of sale. We focused on peer-reviewed research and reviews published from 2005–2015, using several databases: PsycINFO, MEDLINE/PubMed, and Cochrane.Findings: Precautionary alcohol prices have substantial harm reduction potential, particularly among youth and high-risk drinkers. Restrictions on outlet densities and hours/days of sale impact the drinking patterns of underage youth, reduce high-risk drinking, and reduce alcohol-related harm. A reduction in prices or an increase in alcohol availability are associated with increase in high-risk drinking or alcohol-related harm.Conclusions: Future work should examine these policy measures in light of socioeconomic status and cultural factors, as well as impacts of policy interventions on evidence of harm to others from alcohol.

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Герасимов, Тимофій, e Іван Романюк. "The course of the anti-alcohol campaign in Kyiv during the First World War (1914-1917)". Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsyiubynskyi State Pedagogical University Series History, n. 25 (16 novembre 2017): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2017-25-81-86.

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Abstract (sommario):

The article examines the impact of the tsarist government's anti-alcohol campaign on the everyday life of Kyiv residents in 1914-1917. The author highlights some positive effects of the fight against drunkenness in the first months of the war, related to a decrease in crime and the number of suicides. The phenomena that testified to the opposite effect of the ban on the sale of alcohol, namely, an increase in the volume of secret production and sale of vodka, the preparation and consumption of surrogate drinks dangerous to health, and abuses in the pharmacy sector, are considered.

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Manning, Louise, e Aleksandra Kowalska. "Illicit Alcohol: Public Health Risk of Methanol Poisoning and Policy Mitigation Strategies". Foods 10, n. 7 (13 luglio 2021): 1625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071625.

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Illicit (unrecorded) alcohol is a critical global public health issue because it is produced without regulatory and market oversight with increased risk of safety, quality and adulteration issues. Undertaking iterative research to draw together academic, contemporary and historic evidence, this paper reviews one specific toxicological issue, methanol, in order to identify the policy mitigation strategies of interest. A typology of illicit alcohol products, including legal products, illegal products and surrogate products, is created. A policy landscape matrix is produced that synthesizes the drivers of illicit alcohol production, distribution, sale and consumption, policy measures and activity related signals in order to inform policy development. The matrix illustrates the interaction between capabilities, motivations and opportunities and factors such as access, culture, community norms and behavior, economic drivers and knowledge and information and gives insight into mitigation strategies against illicit alcohol sale and consumption, which may prove of value for policymakers in various parts of the world.

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Schmidt, Ariadne, Roos Van Oosten e Astrid Theerens. "To Be Led Astray?" TSEG - The Low Countries Journal of Social and Economic History 19, n. 3 (13 dicembre 2022): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52024/tseg.12890.

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The Dutch Drankwet (hereinafter: Liquor Act) of 1881, the result of decades of temperance activism, was met with much criticism — little had come of the national legislation’s aim to reduce the consumption of alcohol. Even so, did this also mean that little changed in the sale of alcohol? This article examines how the Liquor Act was implemented locally in Leiden and what impact this had on the sale of alcohol there. To this end, both city council minutes and patent registers are analyzed. Patent registers served as compulsory patent taxes and as licenses for liquor stores and drinking establishments. They provide valuable insight into the variation within the sector for alcohol sales in Leiden throughout the nineteenth century. Our examination shows that, contrary to the criticism of the law, the Liquor Act had both short- and long-term effects on Leiden’s pubscape. It led to a limited decrease in the number of public houses and primarily affected the smallest public houses, often owned by women.

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Kyei-Gyamfi, Sylvester, Nii Wellington e Frank Kyei-Arthur. "Prevalence, Reasons, Predictors, Perceived Effects, and Regulation of Alcohol Use among Children in Ghana". Journal of Addiction 2023 (18 luglio 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/9032348.

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Abstract (sommario):

Early initiation of alcohol consumption increases the risk of alcohol dependence and adverse health outcomes. Consequently, nations have enacted laws to make alcohol unlawful to be purchased by, sold to, or used in public by children. This study examined the lifetime prevalence of alcohol use among children and their reasons for consuming alcohol. In addition, the study investigated predictors of alcohol consumption and the effects of alcohol use on children. Finally, it examined the effectiveness of measures in place for regulating the sale and use of alcohol by children in the country. A total of 5024 children between the ages of 8 and 17 were sampled across the ten regions of Ghana using a cross-sectional convergent parallel mixed method. Children were interviewed with a semi-structured questionnaire, while focus group discussions were held with children, parents, and key informants. Lifetime prevalence of alcohol consumption was measured by “have you ever taken alcohol?”. The study revealed that lifetime alcohol consumption was less prevalent (6.6%) among children. Sex, age, and region of residence were significant predictors of lifetime alcohol use among children. More than half of the children who reported ever taking alcohol were first introduced to drinking by friends, and more than six in ten children claimed having been intoxicated after drinking alcohol. The findings further revealed that efforts to control the sale and consumption of alcohol by children have proven difficult despite the existence of laws, policies, and national regulatory structures. While regulations on alcohol sales and consumption have been difficult to implement in rural areas, they have been successful in urban areas because institutions there ensure rigorous adherence to the regulations. The study encourages national organizations with responsibility for child protection and development to step up their regulation, investigation, and information-sharing efforts to discourage and limit children from purchasing and consuming alcohol.

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Butler, Graham. "Sweden and the Free Movement of Alcoholic Goods in the EU Internal Market". European Public Law 29, Issue 1 (1 febbraio 2023): 75–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/euro2023005.

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Sweden is an EU Member State that has had a history of strict regulation relating to the sale and purchase of alcoholic goods. Most notably, it has long had in place a state monopoly which has possessed the exclusive right to engage in the retail sale of certain alcoholic goods within the state. This article analyses the contemporary legal issues arising in regard to Sweden and national measures relating to private imports, retail sale, exclusive rights, and state monopolies. It emphasizes a number of developments. First, the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) has changed its course when assessing the lawfulness of national measures relating to state monopolies. Second, the CJEU has ruled that the private import of alcoholic goods into Sweden from other EU Member States is lawful, permissible, and compatible with EU law. Third, the article argues that changes to national law that allow for domestically produced alcoholic goods to be sold outside the state monopoly, farm sales (gårdsförsäljning), would be discriminatory, and incompatible with EU law. Furthermore, and as a result, Systembolaget could no longer be a monopoly. The articles concludes by offering views on the future of alcohol regulation in Sweden, in light of the applicable considerations deriving from EU law.

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Sherk, Adam. "The alcohol deficit: Canadian government revenue and societal costs from alcohol". Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada 40, n. 5/6 (giugno 2020): 156–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.40.5/6.02.

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Abstract (sommario):

This summary article compares government revenue from the sale and distribution of alcohol to the societal costs caused by alcohol use for the year 2014. Statistics Canada data reported government revenue of $10.9 billion; however, this was offset by net societal costs of $14.6 billion, as reported by Canada's national substance use surveillance system, the Canadian Substance Use Costs and Harms project. The societal costs include health care, economic loss of production, criminal justice and other direct costs. Though revenue from alcohol sales has been described as a benefit to public coffers, accounting that includes costs incurred shows that all provinces and territories in Canada are running an alcohol deficit, totalling $3.7 billion nationally.

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Agapova, T. N., e S. Yu Mustafina. "Alcohol safety of state and system of indicators of monitoring". Voprosy regionalnoj ekonomiki 32, n. 3 (20 settembre 2017): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21499/2078-4023-2017-32-3-10-17.

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Abstract (sommario):

The selection of alcohol safety as a separate element of economic security, is due to the influence of the production and sale of alcohol on the state budget, and the impact of alcohol consumption on health and life expectancy. Effective policies, aimed at optimization of the activities of the alcohol industry contributes to the protection of national interests and implementation of state priorities. The adoption of reasonable measures to maintain the effective operation of monitoring the alcohol industry will allow for continuous process control on the alcohol market in conjunction with the dynamics of socio-economic characteristics of the society.

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Pukhova, E. P., B. E. Gornyi e O. Yu Kutumova. "Attitude of residents of Krasnoyarsk Territory to the restriction on alcohol sales". Siberian Medical Review, n. 5 (2020): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.20333/2500136-2020-5-102-108.

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Abstract (sommario):

The aim of the research. In connection with the adoption of new measures to limit alcohol consumption, from May to June 2020, specialists of health monitoring department of Krasnoyarsk Regional Center for Public Health and Medical Prevention conducted an online survey to study the attitude of both residents of the region and representatives of executive authorities to measures taken by the state to reduce the level of drunkenness in Russia. Material and methods. The article is based on the results of online survey. The survey involved 641 respondents over 18 years old, while 166 were representatives of local government. Results. It turned out that, in general, the population does not have negative attitude towards government restrictions on alcohol sale. However, some peculiarities of respondents’ attitude to government measures for the restriction of alcohol sales were revealed. It related to respondents’ gender and age, the fact of alcohol consumption and the status of the respondents’ influence on society. Conclusion. The study revealed the attitude peculiarities of region residents and representatives of regions territory administrations to restriction of alcohol sale taken by the state authorities. The study also included comparison of respondents’ opinions on restrictive measures depending on gender and age and the fact of alcohol consumption

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40

Gil, A. U., e R. A. Khalfin. "Development of the policy of control over unrecorded alcohol in Russia in the period after 1991". Public Health 1, n. 3 (3 novembre 2021): 42–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21045/2782-1676-2021-1-3-42-52.

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Abstract (sommario):

Relevance. Unrecorded alcohol in Russia includes a variety of sources of cheap, often highly concentrated, ethanol, the use of which is associated with an increased risk of morbidity and death. Since 1991, various changes in the policy of control of unrecorded alcohol in Russia have been made, which became the subject of the analysis of this work.Methods. The paper provides a narrative review and analysis of the regulation of unrecorded alcohol in Russia in the period from 1991 to 2021. The sources of information on legislative regulation were the ConsultantPlus and Garant electronic legal reference systems, published key scientific papers and reports of international organizations on the topic of alcohol regulation, and our own analysis of alcohol policy.Results. During the study period, there was a large-scale restructuring of the regulation of the sphere of alcohol, including unrecorded alcohol, in Russia in the conditions of a new market economy. After the abolition of the Soviet alcohol monopoly and the regulatory pause of the first half of the 1990s, since 1995, the new legislative framework has been developed aimed at strengthening state control over the production and distribution of alcohol. In subsequent years, increased control over unrecorded alcohol by improving federal law No. 171-FZ, tougher sanctions for acts in the field of illegal production and distribution of alcohol through the improvement of the Code of Administrative Offenses and the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, the introduction of minimum prices for alcoholic beverages, have been made. An electronic system for monitoring the volumes of produced and sold alcoholic beverages was introduced, the Federal Service for the Regulation of the Alcohol Market was established, and bans were introduced on the sale of alcohol-containing products with a low unit cost of ethanol.Conclusions. Overall, the policy on the control of unrecorded alcohol in Russia in the period after 1991 from the standpoint of public health can be characterized as positive and in line with international standards. However, it is necessary to strengthen control over the implementation of the already existing alcohol control policy measures, as well as to develop and implement new measures aimed at controlling unrecorded medicinal/pharmaceutical alcohol, medicinal alcohol-containing products, illegal alcoholic beverages and non-beverage products used as alcohol surrogates.

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41

Kalyuzhnaya, Ol’ga V. "Projects Against Peasant Drunkenness in the Russian Empire in the Early 20th Century". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, n. 4 (15 ottobre 2022): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v197.

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Abstract (sommario):

This article examines the projects aimed to combat peasant drunkenness that were discussed by the local committees of the Special Meeting on the Needs of the Agricultural Industry in Russia in 1902–1903. The attitude of the committee members to drunkenness as a social, economic and medical problem is shown. Committee members identified the following factors as provoking peasant drunkenness: monopoly on alcohol (which prompted an increase in illegal trade), large number of holidays, as well as traditions of drinking alcoholic beverages in connection with socially significant events. Further, key negative phenomena of peasant life caused by drunkenness highlighted by the participants of the local committees are analysed here: economic and moral decline, increased crime rate, and growing number of diseases (primarily mental). In addition, the main projects against drunkenness that were discussed by the district and provincial committees are considered. The projects proposed can be roughly grouped as follows: measures for substituting vodka for milder alcoholic beverages (in particular, beer); measures for restricting the use and sale of vodka (a ban on sale during holidays and socially significant events, as well as a complete ban on production and sale); tougher penalties on drunkards; educational measures. The final decisions adopted by the committees were, however, less stringent and mainly focused on reducing the consumption of alcoholic beverages in the street and limiting the places and hours of sale of vodka, as well as on spiritual and moral education of peasants by teachers and clerics.

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42

Kuzmenko, Olena, e Dmytro Vietrov. "Peculiarities of management of enterprises in the sphere of production and sale of alcoholic beverages in Ukraine under conditions of uncertainty". Strategy of Economic Development of Ukraine, n. 54 (23 giugno 2024): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33111/sedu.2024.54.068.080.

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Abstract (sommario):

The subject of this study is a set of practical aspects of business management in the market of alcoholic beverages in Ukraine. The object of the study is the process of implementing entrepreneurial activity under conditions of uncertainty. The purpose is to summarise the algorithm of enterprise management in the sphere of alcohol business under conditions of uncertainty and to develop recommendations for improving its efficiency. By interviewing experts, using the methods of observation, synthesis and generalisation, the paper proposes to use certain management tools to improve the efficiency of activities under conditions of uncertainty. The alcohol market has always been, on the one hand, a certain indicator of socio-economic changes, and on the other hand, a testing ground for innovative management tools, as the high marginality of this product and relatively low entry barriers required dynamic changes from within. However, in times of crisis, uncertainty, and even more so in times of war, the requirements for the quality of management increase significantly. That is why it is advisable to analyse the theoretical aspects and practical features of the implementation of management innovations that have been applied at Ukrainian enterprises engaged in the production and sale of alcohol.

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43

Dull, R. Thomas, e David J. Giacopassi. "An Assessment of the Effects of Alcohol Ordinances on Selected Behaviors and Conditions". Journal of Drug Issues 16, n. 4 (ottobre 1986): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204268601600403.

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This study explores the relationship of the availability of alcohol to various deleterious behaviors and conditions to determine whether laws restricting legal access to alcohol result in a lower incidence of these phenomena. Two alcohol availability measures (city-county ordinance governing the sale of alcohol and number of alcohol outlets per 100,000 population) and five socio-demographic variables were used as independent variables to determine their relationship to the dependent variables of homicide rate, suicide rate, motor vehicle fatality rate, and liver mortality rate. The findings indicate that alcohol availability measures are almost uniformly negatively correlated with the dependent variables. The “forbidden fruit” concept was advanced to explain the findings and questions were raised concerning the effectiveness of utilizing alcohol regulatory measures to reduce alcohol-related problems.

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44

Berndt, A. A. "Socio-psychological determinants of the retail sale of alcohol to minors". Penitentiary Science 14, n. 2 (2020): 228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.46741/2686-9764-2020-14-2-228-232.

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45

Dolakova, M. I. "The Alcohol Reform as Described in «Ekonomicheskii Zhurnal» during the Second Half of the 19th Century". Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 166, n. 2 (9 luglio 2024): 126–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2024.2.126-137.

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Abstract (sommario):

This article provides an overview of the alcohol reform in the Russian Empire during the second half of the 19th century based on the key publications in «Ekonomicheskii Zhurnal» (‘Economic Journal’). Crop distillation on preferential terms is considered in detail. The statistics resulting from the changes in the drinking business over the studied period are analyzed. The assessment of the reform’s success and effectiveness in fiscal and budgetary matters by A.P. Subbotin is discussed. The contradictory basis of the wine monopoly is shown: while reducing the rates of «public drunkenness», it also retained the revenue from alcohol sales to the state budget. The alcohol policies pursued by Western European countries and the USA in the 19th century are outlined. The findings reveal that the alcohol reform in the Russian Empire was influenced by these foreign models. A.P. Subbotin’s position that the government sought to maximize the fiscal potential of alcohol production and trade is justified. The legislative framework of the state policy on the sale of alcoholic beverages is summarized. It is concluded that A.P. Subbotin was the first to highlight the necessity of taking into account the regional diversity of the Russian Empire when developing and implementing alcohol-related policies.

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46

Iadrennikova, Elena, e Natalya Savchenko. "ANALYSIS AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE EXCISE POLICY OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH RESPECT TO ALCOHOL PRODUCTS". Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Economics and Management" 18, n. 1 (2024): 148–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/em240114.

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The article analyses the measures of the state anti-alcohol policy of modern Russia in the field of taxation and assessment of their impact on the receipt of excise taxes in the budget of the Russian Federation and the level of consumption of alcoholic beverages by the adult population of the country. Particular attention is paid to the study of the excise policy of the Russian Federation in relation to alcoholic beverages. Excise taxation is one of the effective instruments of state regulation of the production and consumption of alcoholic beverages. The purpose of the study is, based on the analysis, to develop recommendations for changing excise tax rates on various types of alcoholic products to enhance the fiscal potential of excise taxes and regulate alcohol consumption by the country's population. The study was carried out using methods of systematic comparative analysis of domestic and foreign literature and statistical data, as well as generalization and synthesis. It highlights the structure and dynamics of excise tax revenues to the budget of the Russian Federation by type of alcoholic beverages. It also considers restrictive measures relating to the production, sale and consumption of alcoholic beverages in Russia, as well as options for tax support for domestic producers of low-alcohol drinks. A study of the dynamics of the volume and structure of consumption of alcoholic beverages by the population showed the high effectiveness of government regulatory measures, including excise taxation instruments. However, despite the identified reduction, the level of alcohol consumption by the population of the Russian Federation remains high, which raises the need to improve excise policy in the field of taxation of alcoholic products. The increase in excise tax rates on strong alcohol and a change in the method of levying excise tax on beer proposed by the authors will ensure annual additional excise tax revenues to the budget, will lead to a reduction in the consumption of alcoholic beverages and a shift in consumer preferences towards low-alcohol drinks that cause less harm to human health.

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47

Shevchenko, I. A. "ALCOHOLIC POLICY OF THE SOVIET STATE IN THE 1920S IN THE PEASANTS' ASSESSMENTS". History: facts and symbols, n. 2 (8 giugno 2022): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24888/2410-4205-2022-31-2-29-37.

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Abstract (sommario):

The relevance of the study is due to the complex dynamics of alcohol consumption in Russia in recent decades, the traditionally high attention of society and the authorities to the issues of sobriety and drunkenness of the population of the country. The article is devoted to the analysis of how the policy of the Soviet government in the sphere of production and distribution of alcoholic beverages was refracted in the consciousness of the largest social group of the 1920s - the peasantry. The study provides assessments by the villagers of the peculiarities of state policy in this direction – the fight against moonshine, the establishment of a state monopoly on the sale of alcohol. Methodologically, the study is based on comparative historical and hermeneutic approaches. Among the sources involved are letters from peasants to authorities at various levels and the editorial offices of periodicals ("Peasant Newspaper"), as well as characteristics of the situation in the village from the Soviet state security agencies. The materials are quite subjective. Taken together, the documents make it possible to identify some general trends in the moods of rural inhabitants. For the most part, the peasants were skeptical of both the efforts of the authorities to combat domestic distilling and the establishment of a state wine monopoly. So, the authors of the reviews saw in the new course of drinking policy only the pursuit of fiscal interests by the administration. The article also concludes that there is no direct influence of public opinion on the vector of state alcohol policy, the specific features of which were determined by representatives of the Soviet government in accordance with plans for the implementation of the "Big Leap" in the 1930s, which required stable replenishment of the country's budget with monetary funds, including through the sale of state-owned alcoholic beverages to the population.

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48

Scribner, Richard, e Deborah Cohen. "The Effect of Enforcement on Merchant Compliance with the Minimum Legal Drinking Age Law". Journal of Drug Issues 31, n. 4 (ottobre 2001): 857–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204260103100403.

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The aim of this paper is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention to deter underage alcohol sales by targeting alcohol retailers instead of underage youth. A quasi-experiment using a repeated-intervention design was conducted for a random sample (n=143) of off-sale alcohol outlets from across New Orleans. Compliance checks of off-sale outlets were conducted at baseline, two months after the intervention, and eight months after the intervention. At baseline, only 11.2% (16/143) of outlets were compliant. Following the intervention, compliance increased to 39.9% (p<.001). The increase in compliance was greatest among outlets receiving citations for non compliance (23/45, 51.1%; p<.001); however, a significant increase in compliance (34/98, 34.7%; p<.001) was also observed among outlets that did not receive a citation but were only exposed to the media coverage of the issuing of citations. A small residual effect of the intervention persisted at eight months post intervention among the outlets receiving citations for non-compliance. The study demonstrates that a deterrence strategy composed of compliance checks and the threat of compliance checks was effective in increasing alcohol retailer compliance with the minimum legal drinking age law. Given the limited effectiveness of general deterrence strategies in targeting other illegal alcohol use behaviors, these findings suggest general deterrence strategies are less effective when the behavior targeted is influenced by physiologic and social externalities, as is the case for underage alcohol consumers, rather than by costs and benefits, as is the case for alcohol retailers.

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49

Billings, Stephen B. "Local Option, Alcohol and Crime". B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy 14, n. 3 (1 luglio 2014): 791–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bejeap-2013-0040.

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Abstract With the end of National Prohibition in 1933, 30 states gave counties and municipalities the local option to continue alcohol restrictions. Currently, 10% of U.S. counties still maintain a ban on some or all alcohol. Since the Prohibition movement advanced on the association between alcohol use and criminal behavior, this research examines the impact of county-level alcohol restrictions on multiple types of crime across five U.S. states. Standard panel models show a positive relationship between local option policy changes to allow alcohol and crime. The novelty of this research involves comparing the impact of alcohol restrictions across crimes classified by the degree to which an offense is often committed under the influence of alcohol. Results highlight impacts across a number of crime categories with crimes commonly committed under the influence of alcohol as well as crimes involving drug use and even crimes associated with obtaining alcohol all increasing when counties allow the sale and consumption of alcohol.

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50

Spanagel, Rainer. "Alcoholism: A Systems Approach From Molecular Physiology to Addictive Behavior". Physiological Reviews 89, n. 2 (aprile 2009): 649–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00013.2008.

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Alcohol consumption is an integral part of daily life in many societies. The benefits associated with the production, sale, and use of alcoholic beverages come at an enormous cost to these societies. The World Health Organization ranks alcohol as one of the primary causes of the global burden of disease in industrialized countries. Alcohol-related diseases, especially alcoholism, are the result of cumulative responses to alcohol exposure, the genetic make-up of an individual, and the environmental perturbations over time. This complex gene × environment interaction, which has to be seen in a life-span perspective, leads to a large heterogeneity among alcohol-dependent patients, in terms of both the symptom dimensions and the severity of this disorder. Therefore, a reductionistic approach is not very practical if a better understanding of the pathological processes leading to an addictive behavior is to be achieved. Instead, a systems-oriented perspective in which the interactions and dynamics of all endogenous and environmental factors involved are centrally integrated, will lead to further progress in alcohol research. This review adheres to a systems biology perspective such that the interaction of alcohol with primary and secondary targets within the brain is described in relation to the behavioral consequences. As a result of the interaction of alcohol with these targets, alterations in gene expression and synaptic plasticity take place that lead to long-lasting alteration in neuronal network activity. As a subsequent consequence, alcohol-seeking responses ensue that can finally lead via complex environmental interactions to an addictive behavior.

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