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1
Yan, Mingyue, Wuwei Chen, Qidong Wang, Linfeng Zhao, Xiutian Liang e Bixin Cai. "Human–Machine Cooperative Control of Intelligent Vehicles for Lane Keeping—Considering Safety of the Intended Functionality". Actuators 10, n. 9 (28 agosto 2021): 210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/act10090210.
Abstract (sommario):
Reasonably foreseeable misuse by persons, as a primary aspect of safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF), has a significant effect on cooperation performance for lane keeping. This paper presents a novel human–machine cooperative control scheme with consideration of SOTIF issues caused by driver error. It is challenging to balance lane keeping performance and driving freedom when driver error occurs. A safety evaluation strategy is proposed for safety supervision, containing assessments of driver error and lane departure risk caused by driver error. A dynamic evaluation model of driver error is designed based on a typical driver model in the loop to deal with the uncertainty and variability of driver behavior. Additionally, an extension model is established for determining the cooperation domain. Then, an authority allocation strategy is proposed to generate a dynamic shared authority and achieve an adequate balance between lane keeping performance and driving freedom. Finally, a model predictive control (MPC)-based controller is designed for calculating optimal steering angle, and a steer-by-wheel (SBW) system is employed as an actuator. Numerical simulation tests are conducted on driver error scenarios based on the CarSim and MATLAB/Simulink software platforms. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
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Madala, Kaushik, Carlos Avalos-Gonzalez e Gokul Krithivasan. "Workflow between ISO 26262 and ISO 21448 Standards for Autonomous Vehicles". Journal of System Safety 57, n. 1 (1 ottobre 2021): 34–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.56094/jss.v57i1.6.
Abstract (sommario):
Assuring safety is important in autonomous vehicles. The safety related to autonomous vehicles can be primarily viewed from two perspectives: the functional safety (FuSa) perspective and the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) perspective. While FuSa ensures the system has an acceptable risk with respect to malfunctions of electrical and electronic components, SOTIF ensures the system has an acceptable risk with respect to functional insufficiencies and performance limitations.
ISO 26262 and ISO 21448 are the state-of-the-art international standards used to ensure compliance with FuSa and SOTIF for autonomous automotive systems, respectively. The ISO 21448 standard mentions the need for alignment of ISO 26262 activities with the ISO 21448 activities and describes the mapping at a very high level. However, given the iterative nature of SOTIF activities in ISO 21448, the workflow between the two standards is not a direct one-toone mapping. Hence, we need a clear understanding how we can align ISO 26262 and ISO 21448 activities, and on how analysis done in one standard can impact the other.
To achieve this, in this paper we propose a detailed workflow between ISO 26262 and ISO 21448 standards. We discuss guidelines on how to find if a change to design due to SOTIF modification can affect FuSa analysis and vice versa. We also discuss the aspects we need to consider for agile development when we want to ensure the system being
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Cao, Lipeng, Yansong He, Yugong Luo e Jian Chen. "Layered SOTIF Analysis and 3σ-Criterion-Based Adaptive EKF for Lidar-Based Multi-Sensor Fusion Localization System on Foggy Days". Remote Sensing 15, n. 12 (10 giugno 2023): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15123047.
Abstract (sommario):
The detection range and accuracy of light detection and ranging (LiDAR) systems are sensitive to variations in fog concentration, leading to the safety of the intended functionality-related (SOTIF-related) problems in the LiDAR-based fusion localization system (LMSFLS). However, due to the uncontrollable weather, it is almost impossible to quantitatively analyze the effects of fog on LMSFLS in a realistic environment. Therefore, in this study, we conduct a layered quantitative SOTIF analysis of the LMSFLS on foggy days using fog simulation. Based on the analysis results, we identify the component-level, system-level, and vehicle-level functional insufficiencies of the LMSFLS, the corresponding quantitative triggering conditions, and the potential SOTIF-related risks. To address the SOTIF-related risks, we propose a functional modification strategy that incorporates visibility recognition and a 3σ-criterion-based variance mismatch degree grading adaptive extended Kalman filter. The visibility of a scenario is recognized to judge whether the measurement information of the LiDAR odometry is disturbed by fog. Moreover, the proposed filter is adopted to fuse the abnormal measurement information of the LiDAR odometry with IMU and GNSS. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can inhibit the divergence of the LMSFLS, improve the SOTIF of self-driving cars on foggy days, and accurately recognize the visibility of the scenarios.
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Zhang, Shijie, Tao Tang e Jintao Liu. "A Hazard Analysis Approach for the SOTIF in Intelligent Railway Driving Assistance Systems Using STPA and Complex Network". Applied Sciences 11, n. 16 (22 agosto 2021): 7714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167714.
Abstract (sommario):
The Intelligent Railway Driving Assistance System (IRDAS) is a novel kind of onboard system that relies on its own situational awareness function to ensure the safety and efficiency of train driving. In such systems, the use of situational awareness brings about a new fault-free safety problem, i.e., the safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF). It is essential to analyze the SOTIF-related hazardous factors for ensuring a safe train operation. In this paper, a hazard analysis approach is proposed to capture and evaluate SOTIF-related hazardous factors of IRDAS. This approach consists of an extended STPA-based hazardous factor identification part and a complex network-based hazardous factor evaluation part. In the first part, an extended control structure of STPA is designed for the modeling of the situational awareness process, followed by a new classification of SOTIF-related causal scenarios to assist the identification of causal scenarios. In the second part, a modeling method for heterogeneous complex networks and some customized topological indexes are proposed to evaluate the hazardous factors identified in the STPA causal analysis. The outcomes of the approach can help develop targeted hazard control strategies. The proposed approach has been applied to a new IRDAS operating in Tsuen Wan Line of Hong Kong MTR. The result shows that the approach is effective for the analysis of hazardous factors and is helpful for the formulation of hazard control strategies.
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Peng, Liang, Hong Wang e Jun Li. "Uncertainty Evaluation of Object Detection Algorithms for Autonomous Vehicles". Automotive Innovation 4, n. 3 (30 luglio 2021): 241–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s42154-021-00154-0.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractThe safety of the intended functionality (SOTIF) has become one of the hottest topics in the field of autonomous driving. However, no testing and evaluating system for SOTIF performance has been proposed yet. Therefore, this paper proposes a framework based on the advanced You Only Look Once (YOLO) algorithm and the mean Average Precision (mAP) method to evaluate the object detection performance of the camera under SOTIF-related scenarios. First, a dataset is established, which contains road images with extreme weather and adverse lighting conditions. Second, the Monte Carlo dropout (MCD) method is used to analyze the uncertainty of the algorithm and draw the uncertainty region of the predicted bounding box. Then, the confidence of the algorithm is calibrated based on uncertainty results so that the average confidence after calibration can better reflect the real accuracy. The uncertainty results and the calibrated confidence are proposed to be used for online risk identification. Finally, the confusion matrix is extended according to the several possible mistakes that the object detection algorithm may make, and then the mAP is calculated as an index for offline evaluation and comparison. This paper offers suggestions to apply the MCD method to complex object detection algorithms and to find the relationship between the uncertainty and the confidence of the algorithm. The experimental results verified by specific SOTIF scenarios proof the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed uncertainty acquisition approach for object detection algorithm, which provides potential practical implementation chance to address perceptual related SOTIF risk for autonomous vehicles.
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Zeller, Marc. "Safety Assurance of Autonomous Systems using Machine Learning: An Industrial Case Study and Lessons Learnt". INCOSE International Symposium 33, n. 1 (luglio 2023): 320–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/iis2.13024.
Abstract (sommario):
AbstractIn order to assess AI/ML‐based autonomous systems in terms of safety, it is not sufficient to assess the system w.r.t. potential failures that could lead to hazards (e.g., as proposed by standards such as IEC 61508, ARP 4761, etc.). Also, functional weaknesses/insufficiencies of the used algorithms according to Safety Of The Intended Functionality (SOTIF) standard ISO 21448 must be considered. In this paper, we present an approach for the safety assessment of systems incorporating AI/ML models using a Model‐based Systems Engineering (MBSE) and a Model‐based Safety Assurance (MBSA) approach. Therefore, we introduce with Component Fault and Deficiency Trees (CFDTs) an extension of the model‐based Component Fault Tree (CFT) methodology. Thereby, we are able to describe cause‐effect relationships between individual failures and functional insufficiencies as well as system hazards and assess if all risks are mitigated. In this paper, we apply our approach to an industrial case study of a self‐driving toy vehicle (the PANORover) and present our lessons learnt.
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Tomczak, Arkadiusz, Paweł Zalewski e Rafał Gralak. "Simulation Analysis of ECDIS’ Route Exchange Funcionality Impact on Navigation Safety". Annual of Navigation 19, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2012): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10367-012-0021-9.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Modern Integrated Navigation Systems (INS) integrate information obtained from various sensors and functions. Processed data are presented on the computer display generally with the aim to increase navigator’s situation awareness and to reduce his/her workload. The investigations described in the paper were carried out to assess the advantages of the new functionality of the test INS (e-Navigation enhanced Integrated Navigation System ee-INS), developed in the EU financed EfficienSea Project, that looks and works like a standard ECDIS. This new functionality implements ‘Exchange of Intended Route’ service. The experiment was conducted in a full mission ship simulator environment with 20 experienced mariners. The bridge layout without ECDIS ‘Exchange of Intended Route’ functionality, and bridge layout with this functionality implemented, was applied in research and its results enabled to carry out their comparison. The navigators’ workload was measured by NASA-TLX method. Navigators’ situation awareness in respect to other ship’s state and the final passing distance were utilized to evaluate safety of navigation process.
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Liungman, Krister, Kevin Mani, Anders Wanhainen, Linus Bosaeus e Mario Lachat. "Safety and Functionality of a Guidewire Fixator". Innovations: Technology and Techniques in Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery 13, n. 1 (gennaio 2018): 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/imi.0000000000000468.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective A new endovascular tool, the Liungman Guidewire Fixator, has been developed to simplify endovascular treatment in complex aortic aneurysms. The device has been extensively tested in bench models and animal trials. To verify the safety and functionality demonstrated in the porcine model, the device was tested in ten patients undergoing endovascular aortic repair (EVAR) or fenestrated endovascular aortic repair (f-EVAR) treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Methods The Liungman Guidewire Fixator consists of a braided stent-like, cylindrical structure with conical ends and a central channel for a 0.035” guidewire. When in use, it is slid along the guidewire and positioned in the target artery, where the Liungman Guidewire Fixator interacts with the arterial wall by anchoring the guidewire to the wall through a radial force. The Liungman Guidewire Fixator allows for uninterrupted blood flow passed the point of fixation. In this study, the Liungman Guidewire Fixator was tested in ten patients undergoing EVAR or f-EVAR treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysm. The device was deployed and retrieved crossover into the hypogastric artery, and the occurrence of thrombotic occlusion, arterial dissection, and vascular rupture or trauma was studied using angiography, as well as device ability to withstand guidewire tension. Results There were no instances of occlusion, dissection, or vascular trauma detected using angiography. In all cases, deployment and retrieval were successful, and the devices could withstand an applied tension of 3 N. In one instance, retrieval was challenging because of significant tortuosity, which was resolved by a coaxial catheterization. Conclusions Deployment was uneventful in all ten patients. Retrieval according to the intended instruction for use was performed in nine of the patients. In one patient, a coaxial catheterization was necessary. All devices withstood a retention force of 3 N.
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Smith, Ian F. C. "Special Issue: Conflict management in design". Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 9, n. 4 (settembre 1995): 245–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890060400002791.
Abstract (sommario):
Most design tasks involve the management of conflict. Conflict arises when contradictory requirements are imposed upon characteristics of artifacts, upon the process of their creation and/or upon their intended use. Even individual design requires trade-offs because of competing design criteria, such as functionality, safety, cost, and social acceptance. The ability of designers to avoid or minimize conflict through judicious tradeoffs, careful negotiations and other methods become their most valuable skills.
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Kozłowski, Artur, Jarosław Smyła, Michał Bembenek, Piotr Wojtas e Leszek Kasprzyczak. "The role and importance of risk assessment in machinery design and control systems on the example of a model research line designed for the production of low-emission composite fuel". Journal of Konbin 53, n. 1 (31 marzo 2023): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0016.3234.
Abstract (sommario):
The article discusses the construction and functionality of a modular line for the production of low-emission composite fuel, which was developed as part of a project co-financed by European Funds, the aim of which was to develop an ecological, composite solid fuel intended for low and medium power boilers. The designed and built innovative production line has been tested in terms of safety requirements in accordance with the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC. Based on the harmonized standards, the risk estimation algorithm was selected. The assessment covered, inter alia, mechanical, electrical and thermal hazards, hazards related to noise and processed material, and those related to control systems that perform safety functions. In order to eliminate non-conformities, technical and organizational measures increasing the safety of service were proposed.
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Shafiq, Mehwish, Sumaira Anjum, Christophe Hano, Iram Anjum e Bilal Haider Abbasi. "An Overview of the Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanodevices in the Food Industry". Foods 9, n. 2 (3 febbraio 2020): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020148.
Abstract (sommario):
The efficient progress in nanotechnology has transformed many aspects of food science and the food industry with enhanced investment and market share. Recent advances in nanomaterials and nanodevices such as nanosensors, nano-emulsions, nanopesticides or nanocapsules are intended to bring about innovative applications in the food industry. In this review, the current applications of nanotechnology for packaging, processing, and the enhancement of the nutritional value and shelf life of foods are targeted. In addition, the functionality and applicability of food-related nanotechnologies are also highlighted and critically discussed in order to provide an insight into the development and evaluation of the safety of nanotechnology in the food industry.
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Zhou, Hua, Xiaoyan Li, Xia He, Pingfei Li, Lingyun Xiao e Daowen Zhang. "Research on safety of the intended functionality of automobile AEB perception system in typical dangerous scenarios of two-wheelers". Accident Analysis & Prevention 173 (agosto 2022): 106709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2022.106709.
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Lee, Chae-Eun, Younginha Jung e Yoon-Kyu Song. "8-Channel Biphasic Current Stimulator Optimized for Retinal Prostheses". Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, n. 8 (1 agosto 2021): 4298–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19405.
Abstract (sommario):
Retinal prostheses substitute the functionality of damaged photoreceptors by electrically stimulating retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). RGCs, densely packed in a small region, needs a high spatial resolution of the microelectrode, which in turn raises its impedance. Therefore, the high output impedance circuit and the high compliance output voltage are the key characteristics of the current-source-based stimulator. Also, as the system is intended to implant in the retina, the stimulation parameter should be optimized for efficiency and safety. Here we designed 8-channel neural stimulator customized to the retinal ganglion cell. Designed IC is fabricated in the TSMC 0.18 μm 1P6M RF CMOS process with 3.3 V supply voltage, occupying the 1060 μm×950 μm area.
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Daniel, Catherine, Sabine Poiret, Denise Goudercourt, Veronique Dennin, Gregory Leyer e Bruno Pot. "Selecting Lactic Acid Bacteria for Their Safety and Functionality by Use of a Mouse Colitis Model". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, n. 9 (settembre 2006): 5799–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00109-06.
Abstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Studies showed that specific probiotics might provide therapeutic benefits in inflammatory bowel disease. However, a rigorous screening of new probiotics is needed to study possible adverse interactions with the host, particularly when intended for administration to individuals with certain health risks. In this context, the objective of this study was to investigate the role of three lactobacilli (LAB) on intestinal inflammation and bacterial translocation using variations of the mouse model of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced acute colitis. We first compared the in vitro ability of LAB to survive gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions and their ability to persist in the GIT of mice following daily oral administration. As a control, we included a nonprobiotic Lactobacillus paracasei strain, previously isolated from an endocarditis patient. Feeding high doses of LAB strains to healthy and to TNBS-treated mice did not induce any detrimental effect or abnormal translocation of the bacteria. Oral administration of Lactobacillus salivarius Ls-33 had a significant preventive effect on colitis in mice, while Lactobacillus plantarum Lp-115 and Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM did not. None of the three selected LAB strains translocated to extraintestinal organs of TNBS-treated mice. In contrast, L. paracasei exacerbated colitis under severe inflammatory conditions and translocated to extraintestinal organs. This study showed that evaluations of the safety and functionality of new probiotics are recommended. We conclude that not all lactobacilli have similar effects on intestinal inflammation and that selected probiotics such as L. salivarius Ls-33 may be considered in the prevention or treatment of intestinal inflammation.
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Wang, Bo, Yugong Luo, Zhihua Zhong e Keqiang Li. "Risk reduction for safety of the intended functionality of CACC with complex uncertainties: A cooperative robust non-fragile fault tolerant strategy". Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies 144 (novembre 2022): 103885. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trc.2022.103885.
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Li, James. "Sneak Circuit Analysis: Lessons Learned from Near Miss Event". International Journal of Mathematical, Engineering and Management Sciences 2, n. 1 (1 marzo 2017): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33889/ijmems.2017.2.1-003.
Abstract (sommario):
Sneak Circuit Analysis is intended for critical applications which are essential to mission success and safety. A sneak condition will occur when a designed circuit inhibits a wanted function or results in an unwanted function. Sneak conditions originate from one of the four following scenarios: a sneak path resulting in a flow of electrical current along an unexpected route; a sneak timing that may cause the activation of some desired/designed functionality at an unexpected time; a sneak indication in monitoring functions that may result in an ambiguous or false display of system operating conditions; and lastly, a sneak label which may induce operator error due to inappropriate instruction. This paper introduces a near miss event that occurred in the Sao Paulo monorail which was caused by a sneak time condition. Root cause analysis and design modifications are also discussed in the paper.
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Lee, Kun M., e Sim Kangshik. "Eco-Design Standardization". Korean Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 2, n. 2 (dicembre 2000): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.62765/kjlca.2000.2.2.57.
Abstract (sommario):
Design for Environment (DfE) is a design activity that integrates environmental aspects of a product in its entire life cycle into the product development process. It leads to a product optimized with respect to environmental performance, while satisfying inherent attributes of a product including performance, functionality, cost and safety. Possible DfE approaches in product design and development would include: improved materials and energy efficiency, designed for cleaner production, extended life, reuse and recycling, waste minimization, and minimized hazards to human health and ecosystem. ISO/TC207/WG3 is responsible for the development of a technical report (TR) on DfE. This TR is intended for use by those who are involved in the design and development of products. A special emphasis will be given to the DfE needs of small and medium enterprises in the development of the TR.
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Buczacki, Aleksander, e Piotr Piątek. "Proposal for an Integrated Framework for Electronic Control Unit Design in the Automotive Industry". Energies 14, n. 13 (24 giugno 2021): 3816. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133816.
Abstract (sommario):
The automotive sector is facing challenges in terms of the requirements for guaranteeing the safety and security of cars. In respect of the engineering process, it is challenging to incorporate functional safety, safety of the intended functionality, and cybersecurity requirements into electrical vehicles. All of these aspects impact not only the vehicles or ECUs produced, but also the structures of the organizations by which the products are created. Based on current standards, drafts of future standards, and an analysis of the performance of a real design process for the ECU of an electrical vehicle, we propose an integrated design framework from the perspective of cybersecurity. Therefore, a stronger emphasis is placed on correct estimations of cybersecurity activity processes. As they affect all areas of development, these estimations cannot be isolated considering the ECU’s design process. More cooperation between various stages of the process is required in order to provide complete products at an early stage of design and development. The challenge is the identification of overlapping activities and the combination of design efforts in order to reduce the time and costs of an engineering project. A dedicated process entity will be proposed to an engineering division to manage cybersecurity processes.
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Rasila, Bernard Naledzani. "South African Government Functionality Assessment through the Eyes of Ordinary Citizens". Journal of Education, Society and Behavioural Science 37, n. 1 (3 febbraio 2024): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jesbs/2024/v37i11295.
Abstract (sommario):
While there are promises of improving in areas such as creation of jobs, law enforcement, education and other fields by government representatives, it seems as if the targeted beneficiaries or citizens no longer believe in government interventions. They see the government deteriorating in general service delivery and many believe the government functionality in providing safety and better life to all citizens is compromised and in downward trajectory as this is even widely reported by South African media.
This qualitative study was intended to stipulate different works done by different government departments and agencies and use the beneficiaries accessible for participation to share their views in service delivery as received from specific agencies. In simple terms, this study focusses on understanding how ordinary citizens rate government delivery in general and how this is depicted by the media sources. In majority, the study is based on desk top data with limited observation and some face-to-face interviews. The study revealed that indeed there are levels of dissatisfaction from members of the community, and some believe the functionality of the government of South Africa is questionable. Some even compare the first ten years of the democratic South Africa ending up in 2004 to the rest and argue that things are going to worse situations in South Africa as they feel no longer protected and no longer gearing to the creation of better life. There are citizens who believe South Africa has become kakistocracy state as it seems unable to come with effective plans in many areas of service delivery. On the other hand, this provides media with multiple negative headlines.
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Suryono, Tulis Jojok, Sigit Santoso, Restu Maerani e Pandhu Ardita Dharma Pratama. "The Development Process of Human Machine Interface of Plant Protection System of a Small Modular Reactor". JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 25, n. 3 (21 novembre 2023): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.55981/tdm.2023.6934.
Abstract (sommario):
The Plant Protection System (PPS), which consists of Reactor Protection Systems (RPS) and Engineered Safety Actuated Systems (ESFAS), is one of the most important safety systems in nuclear reactors, including Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). The RPS generates a signal to trip the reactor if the measured reactor parameters exceed the trip setpoint, and then the ESFAS is actuated to mitigate the consequences of the accident by minimizing fuel damage and radioactivity release into the environment. Therefore, a comprehensive Human-Machine Interface (HMI) is essential for monitoring and controlling the PPS to ensure its reliability and enhance the operators' situational awareness. This study discusses the development process of the HMI for the digital PPS of an SMR. In this study, various standards, guidance, and design criteria for PPS and HMI are incorporated and applied to ensure that the proposed design meets the required level of reliability. In the first stage, the proposed design is intended for assessing the functionality and reliability of the PPS. Moreover, in the future, it will play an essential role in the design phase of the HMI for the PPS of an SMR in Indonesia.
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Putter, Roman, Andre Neubohn, Andre Leschke e Roland Lachmayer. "Predictive Vehicle Safety—Validation Strategy of a Perception-Based Crash Severity Prediction Function". Applied Sciences 13, n. 11 (1 giugno 2023): 6750. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13116750.
Abstract (sommario):
Traffic accident avoidance and mitigation are the main targets of accident research and vehicle safety development worldwide. Despite improving advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and active safety systems, it will not be possible to avoid all vehicle accidents in the near future. Innovative Pre-Crash systems (PCS) should contribute to the accident mitigation of unavoidable accidents. However, there are no standardized testing methods for Pre-Crash systems. In particular, irreversible Pre-Crash systems lead to great challenges in the verification and validation (V&V) process. The reliable and precise real-time crash severity prediction (CSP) is, however, the basic prerequisite for irreversible PCS activation. This study proposes a novel validation and safety assessment strategy for a perception-based crash severity prediction function. In doing so, the intended functionality, safety and validation requirements of PCS are worked out in the context of ISO 26262 and ISO/PAS 21448 standards. In order to reduce the testing effort, a real-data-driven scenario-based testing approach is applied. Therefore, the authors present a novel unsupervised machine learning methodology for the creation of concrete and logical test scenario catalogs based on K-Means++ and k-NN algorithms. The developed methodology is used on the GIDAS database to extract 35 representative clusters of car to car collision scenarios, which are utilized for virtual testing. The limitations of the presented method are disclosed afterwards to help future research to set the right focus.
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Warkentin, Tom, Nikolai Kolba e Elad Tako. "Low Phytate Peas (Pisum sativum L.) Improve Iron Status, Gut Microbiome, and Brush Border Membrane Functionality In Vivo (Gallus gallus)". Nutrients 12, n. 9 (24 agosto 2020): 2563. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12092563.
Abstract (sommario):
The inclusion of pulses in traditional wheat-based food products is increasing as the food industry and consumers are recognizing the nutritional benefits due to the high protein, antioxidant activity, and good source of dietary fiber of pulses. Iron deficiency is a significant global health challenge, affecting approximately 30% of the world’s population. Dietary iron deficiency is the foremost cause of anemia, a condition that harms cognitive development and increases maternal and infant mortality. This study intended to demonstrate the potential efficacy of low-phytate biofortified pea varieties on dietary iron (Fe) bioavailability, as well as on intestinal microbiome, energetic status, and brush border membrane (BBM) functionality in vivo (Gallus gallus). We hypothesized that the low-phytate biofortified peas would significantly improve Fe bioavailability, BBM functionality, and the prevalence of beneficial bacterial populations. A six-week efficacy feeding (n = 12) was conducted to compare four low-phytate biofortified pea diets with control pea diet (CDC Bronco), as well as a no-pea diet. During the feeding trial, hemoglobin (Hb), body-Hb Fe, feed intake, and body weight were monitored. Upon the completion of the study, hepatic Fe and ferritin, pectoral glycogen, duodenal gene expression, and cecum bacterial population analyses were conducted. The results indicated that certain low-phytate pea varieties provided greater Fe bioavailability and moderately improved Fe status, while they also had significant effects on gut microbiota and duodenal brush border membrane functionality. Our findings provide further evidence that the low-phytate pea varieties appear to improve Fe physiological status and gut microbiota in vivo, and they highlight the likelihood that this strategy can further improve the efficacy and safety of the crop biofortification and mineral bioavailability approach.
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Paula, Greg. "The Mechanics of Anatomy". Mechanical Engineering 120, n. 05 (1 maggio 1998): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1998-may-6.
Abstract (sommario):
Mechanical engineers are helping to make the most complex machine of all-the human bodywork better and last longer, with projects ranging from safer skis to a new artificial heart. Researchers are gaining insights into designing a new breed of machines by using pneumatic artificial muscles to simulate the movements of a human arm. Current research is centered around alpine snow skiing, which produces complex loading at the knee. This load can be represented by three force and three moment components. Safety requires the bindings to release before loading reaches a level where it could injure the knee. The cornerstone of the artificial-heart project is the development of a novel magnetically levitated turbo-blood pump, which is intended to serve as a remedy for people with what would otherwise be terminal heart disease. Named the StreamLiner, its design evolution is being governed by numerical optimization algorithms, thus automating the design process for maximum functionality and biocompatibility.
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Bochkov, A. V. "On the nature of risk in the safety management of structurally complex systems". Dependability 19, n. 4 (17 dicembre 2019): 53–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.21683/1729-2646-2019-19-4-53-64.
Abstract (sommario):
Aim. In the general case, a risk-oriented approach encompasses probabilistic methods of emergency processes and events simulation as well as deterministic methods. The use of probabilistic and deterministic estimations has been the focus of research aiming to improve safety and operational procedures. However, the experience of using probabilistic analysis only (essentially, one-criterium tool) has shown that this approach does not encompass all the required aspects of safety. The aim of the paper is to introduce (update) the definitions of the very concepts of “analysis” and “synthesis” as regards the risks for the purpose of research of safety of structurally complex systems (SCS) and design of systems for monitoring hazards and threats to their stable development thereof.Method. The paper examines – from the point of view of systems science – the method of analysis and synthesis of risks as a development tool of advanced systems for monitoring SCS safety threats. The paper compares the primary current concepts of risk management in SCS and has shown that they should be developed and improved. A type of risk functionality is proposed that allows defining a safety solution by the value of mathematical expectation of losses, with appropriate corrections taken into account.Result. The concept of “risks synthesis” is introduced as a scientific tool integrated with analysis that takes into consideration the existing connections between the elements of considered SCS in terms of a whole system in its entirety. Principles are formulated for the collection of comprehensive sets of data required for decision-making.Conclusion. The proposed approach paves the way for the development of the method of risks synthesis and suggests the development of advanced expert systems to support decision-making regarding the safety of SCS as multifunctional and multilevel systems intended for both recording and analysis of each individual case (event), and prediction of trends and preparation of prevention measures as necessary.
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Storozhuk, S. S., e N. V. Dubinina. "THE STUDY OF THE PECULIARITIES OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF ODESSA HILLS. ODESSA FUNICULARS". Bulletin of Odessa State Academy of Civil Engineering and Architecture, n. 82 (4 marzo 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2415-377x-2021-82-9-18.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. The off-street transport system of a mountainous relief is learnt in the article. The basic kinds of underground and ground transport, intended for the transportation of people and auxiliary cargoes in the conditions of a complex locality relief or the presence of water obstacles were identified: conveyor, lifting, rail, mono-rail, self-propelled. The advantages of the use of suspended and mono-rail cableways were found: functionality, profitability, manufacturability, comfort and safety. The peculiarities of the Northern-Western Black Sea shore – precipitous banks of the Odessa Bay – the hills that are a recreational zone and the most popular places for the rest of local inhabitants and quests of the Black Sea shore were studied. Despite the fact that the Odessa hills don’t have a complex and a steep locality relief, on the hills the transport system, in the conditions of a complex relief, consisting of the cableways, funiculars, an escalator, a tunnel, bridges and lifts that became the Odessa’s sightseeing was created that makes the Odessa coast more attractive for the development of the regional and the international tourism.
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Yevstratenko, Ihor, Vitaliy Riasnyi, Serhii Chukharev e Myroslava Kucheruk. "THE CURRENT STATUS OF THE MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT OF THE MINING RESCUE (EMERGENCY AND RESCUE) SERVICE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN IMPROVING THE LABOR SAFETY OF MINERS". Naukovyi visnyk Donetskoho natsionalnoho tekhnichnoho universytetu, n. 1-2 (2022): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2415-7902-2022-1(8)-2(9)-45-55.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose. To obtain reasonable characteristics of mobile means of mine-rescue equipment used in emergencies in underground mining to deliver it to the scene and evacuate injured personnel, which comprehensively increases efficiency and safety of work of both rescuers and miners. Methodology. Analysis of literary sources, technical documentation and the practice of using mining rescue equipment in the conditions of underground mining. Results. The analysis of the physical (energy) losses of rescuers during reconnaissance, emergency rescue operations, liquidation of the consequences of accidents, and the conducted research have allowed us to determine the technical characteristics of mobile means for delivering mine rescue equipment to the accident site and evacuating the victims of the accident through horizontal and vertical mine workings. The performed works have made it possible significantly increase the level of emergency protection of mining enterprises and occupational safety of miners, facilitate the work of personnel and, ultimately, the improve efficiency and reliability of the entire mining rescue service. Scientific novelty. The article proves that only a comprehensive approach to the development of mobile mining rescue equipment can provide an effective technological solution in the development of such equipment. Practical significance. Special vehicles developed for mining rescue units are suitable for operation in underground mining conditions. New technical solutions make it possible to transport rescue equipment in horizontal and vertical mines, which saves time and the health of mine rescuers. Developed and tested emergency and rescue technical means intended for mechanization during emergency and rescue operations in vertical shafts of mines, as well as during the performance by mine rescuers of technological works related to the inspection of the condition, for example, of ventilation shafts of mines that are not equipped with mechanized lifts. The reception commission confirmed the functionality of the developed equipment, its compliance with its intended purpose, and recommended the developed equipment for mass implementation both at enterprises and in units of the paramilitary mining and rescue service.
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Chen, Yuhao, Shihui Ruan, Kevin Plant e Shimeng Du. "Identification of Known Use-Related Problems in Artificial Intelligence Medical Imaging Devices". Proceedings of the International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 12, n. 1 (marzo 2023): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2327857923121020.
Abstract (sommario):
As Artificial Intelligence (AI) advances, it is included into more and more medical device systems to carry out these systems’ intended functions. Given AI’s ability to learn from real-world use and its capability to continuously improve performance, manufacturers of medical devices are utilizing AI to innovate their products to better assist health care providers. However, like application of other types of medical devices, the application of AI in medical care might pose different types of potential risks to the patients, the users themselves, and to the use environment. For manufactures to successfully ensure the safety of AI medical devices, it is crucial to identify known problems by investigating use-related, user interface, and user interaction in-cidents that have occurred in comparable medical devices. The objective of this study is to identify potential use-related problems of DeepView® Wound Imaging System that assesses the healing potential of thermal burn wounds by analyzing multispectral images with an ML algorithm. We use a variety of sources of information on reports and recalls of medical devices that are associated with deaths, serious injuries and mal-functions. After examining relevant reports and recalls, 19 use-related problems were identified. An in-depth analysis was then conducted, considering each identified use-related problem and determining how it relates to the specific features and functionality of DeepView® Wound Imaging System as well as identifying patterns and commonalities among them. The information gained from this analysis can be beneficial in enhancing the safety of AI medical devices by providing a deeper understanding of the reasons for failure, to avoid similar issues in the future, and ultimately to improve patient safety and public health.
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Poe, Christopher M., e John M. Mason. "Analyzing Influence of Geometric Design on Operating Speeds Along Low-Speed Urban Streets: Mixed-Model Approach". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1737, n. 1 (gennaio 2000): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1737-03.
Abstract (sommario):
Studies have documented the significant effect of horizontal curvature on operating speed on two-lane rural highways. The geometric design of these facilities emphasizes the forgiving roadside to accommodate the higher vehicular speeds. High-speed geometric design is predicated on selecting design values for geometric elements that promote speed consistency and safety. The low-speed environment has different objectives in trying to provide access and accommodate multiple roadway users, such as bicyclists and pedestrians. The goal is to maintain lower speeds and thus to achieve the functionality of the roadway and improve overall safety. Too often, the speeds on these facilities exceed the intended target speed of the roadway. A study conducted by the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute supported several research efforts in the low-speed environment. Presented is a more sophisticated analysis of low-speed urban street data using mixed models. A mixed-model statistical approach with repeated measures is used to analyze the influence of geometric elements on operating speed. The power of a mixed-model approach is that it accounts for the random effect in the database (such as the data collection sites themselves) while modeling the fixed geometric effects. Because data were collected at several points along each roadway, the analysis also applies a repeated-measures approach that addresses the geometric elements effect on the same subjects traversing a roadway. The advantages and disadvantages of applying a more sophisticated statistical approach are presented.
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Jachowicz, Marcin. "Helmets for sport and recreation – construction and standards’ requirements". Occupational Safety – Science and Practice 563, n. 8 (14 agosto 2018): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.2223.
Abstract (sommario):
While practicing sports and participating in recreational activities, humans are exposed to a number of hazards, among which head injuries are one of the most dangerous. We are unable to completely eliminate them, e.g., when cycling, skateboarding, skiing or snowboarding. For this reason, all sorts of protective headgear selected according to the prevailing threats are applicable to protect the head. The design of such equipment is continuously changing and evolving. New materials and technical solutions that aim to increase the user’s safety and comfort are introduced. To achieve that goal, it becomes necessary to reduce the weight and increase the functionality of protective helmets. Such goals can be met only by creating more specialized structures designed not only for the intended physical activity but also for the specific conditions in which it is practiced. This paper contains material that presents the basic protective helmets and the materials used for their construction, as well as a review of the design of helmets for sports and recreational activities protecting the head against impact against stationary objects. General information concerning the regulatory requirements and the methods of testing of this type of equipment has also been presented.
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Manchaiah, Vinaya, George Vlaescu, Srinivas Varadaraj, Elizabeth Parks Aronson, Marc A. Fagelson, Maria F. Munoz, Gerhard Andersson e Eldré W. Beukes. "Features, Functionality, and Acceptability of Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Tinnitus in the United States". American Journal of Audiology 29, n. 3 (3 settembre 2020): 476–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_aja-20-00002.
Abstract (sommario):
Objective Although tinnitus is one of the most commonly reported symptoms in the general population, patients with bothersome tinnitus are challenged by issues related to accessibility of care and intervention options that lack strong evidence to support their use. Therefore, creative ways of delivering evidence-based interventions are necessary. Internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) demonstrates potential as a means of delivering this support but is not currently available in the United States. This article discusses the adaptation of an ICBT intervention, originally used in Sweden, Germany, and the United Kingdom, for delivery in the United States. The aim of this study was to (a) modify the web platform's features to suit a U.S. population, (b) adapt its functionality to comply with regulatory aspects, and (c) evaluate the credibility and acceptability of the ICBT intervention from the perspective of health care professionals and patients with bothersome tinnitus. Materials/Method Initially, the iTerapi ePlatform developed in Sweden was adopted for use in the United States. Functional adaptations followed to ensure that the platform's functional and security features complied with both institutional and governmental regulations and that it was suitable for a U.S. population. Following these adaptations, credibility and acceptance of the materials were evaluated by both health care professionals ( n = 11) and patients with bothersome tinnitus ( n = 8). Results Software safety and compliance regulatory assessments were met. Health care professionals and patients reported favorable acceptance and satisfaction ratings regarding the content, suitability, presentation, usability, and exercises provided in the ICBT platform. Modifications to the features and functionality of the platform were made according to user feedback. Conclusions Ensuring that the ePlatform employed the appropriate features and functionalities for the intended population was essential to developing the Internet-based interventions. The favorable user evaluations indicated that the intervention materials were appropriate for the tinnitus population in the United States.
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Lonergan, Elisabeth Huff, e Carl Frame. "92 Implications of Processing and Handling on the Functionality of Animal Derived Products for Pet Foods". Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (6 novembre 2023): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.144.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The pet food industry has been closely tied to the livestock, meat, and rendering industries by using materials left over from human food production. Rendered animal fats are an excellent source of dietary fat and provide enhanced palatability when used to enrobe dry pet food. Mechanically deboned meat, viscera, and rendered protein meals are often utilized as a primary source of highly digestible, well-balanced proteins and vitamins and minerals. Although these products can be easily transported and stored, they are susceptible to oxidative and microbial degradation. Antioxidants and antimicrobials aid in preserving the quality of these ingredients but are only part of the solution. How these ingredients are produced, stored, and handled can impact quality. It is important to remember that this raw material stream starts with livestock management practices. Specifically, changes in nutritional practices in the livestock industry can impact the characteristics of the products used for both human and pet foods, especially when considering poultry and pork products. Demands by consumers in the meat industry have resulted in the popularity of vegetarian diets. For example, decreased amounts of rendered animal protein meals in diets fed to chickens and turkeys have shifted towards more unsaturated fats, ultimately decreasing oxidative stability. Handling animal products throughout their supply chain can also affect product quality and potential usability. After harvest, raw material is often transported and processed by two or more different facilities before arriving at the pet food manufacturer. At the meat and rendering facilities, food safety hurdles along with processing aids can limit biogenic amine or free fatty acid formation. Once oxidation and microbial degradation occur, they cannot be reversed. Therefore, addressing food safety or oxidation control upstream in the supply chain is critical. Since each facility is unique in how co-products are processed and handled, understanding how different antioxidant blends and how and where these are applied all impact final product quality; this carries through to the quality and shelf life of the pet food diet these ingredients are intended for. With most pet foods targeting 18 months to 2 years of shelf life, starting with high-quality ingredients is key to achieving these goals. The human food, rendering, and pet food industries remain closely tied together. Trends within the meat and rendering industry result in the potential for these ingredients to be more susceptible to quality and functionality changes. The pet food industry must continue to monitor and evaluate changes in livestock production practices and product handling. Proactive management of these ingredients throughout the supply chain can ensure that these ingredients remain high-quality, cost-effective ingredients for pet food.
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Zavorotnyy, A. G. "Threshold square model of the dependence of radiation effects on radiation dose". Technology of technosphere safety 89 (2020): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2020.3.89.65-74.
Abstract (sommario):
Introduction. Operation of radiation hazardous facilities is a reality of the modern world, and the future of the world economy is impossible without the development of nuclear and radiation technologies. At the same time, the widespread use of atomic energy puts forward an important and responsible task of ensuring the safety of the population and the environment in conditions of an increased risk of exposure to ionizing radiation and radioactive substances. In accordance with clause 3.2.1 of the "Radiation Safety Standards NRB-99/2009", the planned increased exposure of persons involved in emergency rescue operations related to the elimination of the consequences of radiation accidents is allowed for men, as a rule, over 30 years old only with their voluntary written consent, after informing about possible radiation doses and health risks. Increased exposure refers to exposure in excess of the basic dose limits under controlled (normal) operating conditions of radiation sources. Goals and objectives. The aim of the study is to increase the functionality of emergency services and fire and rescue subdivisions to perform tasks as intended in the elimination of radiation accidents. The tasks include the construction and substantiation of a model that allows converting the risks of deterministic effects into stochastic effects risks. Methods. When calculating the probability of output of stochastic and deterministic effects depending on the radiation dose and developing a threshold quadratic model, the least squares method and the probabilistic-statistical method were used. Results and discussion. The article shows that a linear non-threshold model of the interaction of radiation with matter greatly overestimates the risk of a stochastic effect emerging at doses of radiation. For example, this overestimation is 8,13 at a dose of D = 0,2 Sv/year. In this regard, a threshold quadratic model has been developed and proposed to be replaced by a threshold quadratic model, which makes it possible to increase the planned irradiation of personnel of emergency services and fire and rescue units during the elimination of radiation accidents in an effective dose from 0,2 Sv to 0,57 Sv, moreover, the probability of emergence of stochastic effects P2 = 0,0084 remains the same for both models. Conclusions. An increase in the maximum permissible dose of radiation for personnel of emergency services and fire and rescue units from 0,2 Sv/year to 0,5 Sv/year will make it possible to increase the functionality of the emergency services and fire and rescue units to perform tasks as intended by 2,5 times when elimination of radiation accidents. For example, the scope of rescue operations may be increased from 100 %, performed at a dose of D = 0,2 Sv/year, to 250 %, performed at a dose of D = 0,5 Sv/year. Key words: emergency services, fire and rescue units, radiation accidents, irradiation, linear no-threshold model, threshold quadratic model.
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Цариченко, Сергей Георгиевич, Евгений Александрович Антохин e Леонид Леонидович Воронин. "The main requirements for active exoskeleton constructions (exoskeletons) intended for use in emergency response". Pozharnaia bezopasnost`, n. 3(108) (15 settembre 2022): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37657/vniipo.pb.2022.49.98.002.
Abstract (sommario):
Проведен анализ функциональных задач, выполняемых пожарными и спасателями, на основании которых сформулированы основные виды физических нагрузок, обусловливающих негативные факторы, действующие на организм человека. В качестве устройства, обеспечивающего снижение физических нагрузок в экстремальных условиях ликвидации чрезвычайных ситуаций, предлагается использовать активные антропоморфные экзоскелетные конструкции (экзоскелеты). Сформулированы основные требования к этим конструкциям с учетом специфики проведения пожарно-спасательных операций. In order to increase the efficiency and safety of fire and rescue operations it is necessary to solve the issue of increasing the physiological capabilities of a person when carrying out rescue and fire-fighting operations to eliminate the consequences of antropogenic and natural disasters. As a technical solution it is proposed to use the active anthropomorphic devices - active exoskeletons that provide significant unloading of the human locomotor apparatus without reducing its functionality. The comparative analysis of passive and active exoskeleton construcions of both domestic and foreign elaboration showed that active autonomous systems are the most effective. The basic requirements for active exoskeleton constructions (exoskeletons) used in emergency response were formulated based on the list of typical physical loads associated with the activities of firefighters and rescuers. There are formulated the design features required for active exoskeletons which take into account the functional purpose as device that reduces physical exertion in extreme conditions of emergency response. At the same time, the design of the exoskeleton should not limit the mobility of the firefighter and rescuer ensuring operability from an autonomous energy source during the time of the fire and rescue operation. Taking into account the extreme operating conditions it is necessary to provide resistance to external influences such as high temperatures, direct exposure to water, shock loads, as well as the possibility of decontamination using appropriate means. The assembling and design of both individual elements and the device itself should not be the cause and the source of the operator injury both when using the exoskeleton for its intended purpose and during maintenance.
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Zezuliński, Kacper, Andrzej Broslawski, Ivan Slipukhin, Zbigniew Guzik, Tomasz Krakowski, Szymon Burakowski, Łukasz Kaźmierczak et al. "Photomultiplier tube signal conditioning for high-temperature applications". Nukleonika 68, n. 4 (6 ottobre 2023): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2023-0012.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Ionizing radiation detection in harsh environment conditions often requires additional signal processing to match the requirements of the commercial data readout systems. The subject of this paper is the design of the high-temperature (HT) signal conditioning module that ensures the applicability of scintillation detectors that utilize photomultiplier tubes (PMT) with moderate sampling rate instrumentation. The design was developed for the operation in HT environments (up to 120°C). In order to achieve the optimal signal shape, the module combines a charge amplifier and a low-pass filtering circuitry. An embedded power supply section makes it a complete, standalone unit requiring a single 12 V supplying line. A comprehensive analysis of the developed device, named “PreAmp Shape”, was conducted in order to prove the intended functionality over the different working conditions.
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Žarić, Nikola, Milutin Radonjić, Nikola Pavlićević e Sanja Paunović Žarić. "Design of a Kitchen-Monitoring and Decision-Making System to Support AAL Applications". Sensors 21, n. 13 (29 giugno 2021): 4449. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134449.
Abstract (sommario):
Numerous researchers are working on Ambient Assisted Living systems to enable more comfortable and safer living for senior people in their homes. Due to modern lifestyles and an aging population, this has become a very important issue. According to the available literature, it is obvious that the kitchen is one of the most important and most dangerous rooms in the home. However, there is still evident lack of monitoring systems suitable for specific kitchen activities. In this paper, we propose a monitoring system capable of identifying activities related to the cooking process, and a decision-making system capable of identifying some unwanted and possibly critical conditions. The proposed systems are designed to satisfy the requirements of the modern Ambient Assisted Living systems dedicated to older adults. The proposed monitoring system consists of ultrasound, temperature, and humidity sensors. The acquired results from these sensors are the inputs for the decision-making system, which generate warnings or alarms intended for the senior users and/or formal or informal caregivers. This system is designed to improve home safety related to kitchen activities, as well as to provide information about the lifestyle and daily activities of senior users. Experimental validation of the proposed system confirms its functionality and accurate design approach.
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Chiriac, Paula. "Attachment procedure". Eximia 11 (8 agosto 2023): 367–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/eximia.v11i1.314.
Abstract (sommario):
During criminal proceedings, the competent judicial bodies have the authority to order certain procedural measures to guarantee and ensure the normal conduct of proceedings, the execution of the sentence, the regulation of the damage caused by the crime and the prevention of antisocial acts. Preventive, precautionary, safety and immediate redress measures, defined by doctrine as the return of property and restoration of previous condition, are examples of procedural measures that might be required during criminal proceedings. Precautionary measures are procedural, coercive and effective measures taken by judicial authorities to freeze certain movable or immovable property by confiscating it, to prevent the destruction, concealment, theft or disposal of property subject to special or extended confiscation, to ensure enforcement of fines or court costs, or to make good the damage caused by the criminal offence. Confiscation, seizure and attachment are examples of preventive tactics. As for the functionality of precautionary measures, they are only protective, not remedial. Precautionary measures are intended to prevent the concealment, destruction, disposal or theft of property which may be subject to special or extended confiscation or which may be used to enforce fines or court fees or to make good the damage caused by the criminal offence.
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Contreras M., Laura María, Anggie Stefania Osorio R. e Diana Cristina Moncayo M. "Characterization of edible films based on guar gum and/or maize starch". Cuadernos de Semilleros de investigación 4, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2018): 47–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33133/csi-4-2018-32.
Abstract (sommario):
Edible coatings and films have become new biodegradable conservation alternatives investigated in most food matrices, their application is intended to extend the life of food by increasing its Protection and safety, by mitigating phenomena such as the transfer of gases and water, microbial growth and others, which have an impact on the deterioration of organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. The composition of these structures varies between proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides with additives that according to their concentration contribute with aspects such as training and functionality. The present project raised a factorial design 33 with percentages of guar gum and cornstarch in ranges of 0.20 to 3.0% w/v; plasticizers such as glycerol and sorbitol from 0.50 to 1.0% v/v; canola oil and polysorbate 80 between 0.10 and 0.30% v/v. With the aim of finding opaque, malleable, tensile resistant, homogeneous and little exudation film for food products. The selected formulations were: guar gum 0.30%, 0.10% glycerol, 0.10% sorbitol, Polysorbate 80 and canola oil 0.20% and guar gum 0.50%, 0.12% glycerol, 0.18% sorbitol, polysorbate 80 and canola oil 0.30%. Films made with guar gum have characteristics of brightness and tensile strength that make them promising formulations for application in food matrices.
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Qu, Chengcheng, Corina Sas, Claudia Daudén Roquet e Gavin Doherty. "Functionality of Top-Rated Mobile Apps for Depression: Systematic Search and Evaluation". JMIR Mental Health 7, n. 1 (24 gennaio 2020): e15321. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15321.
Abstract (sommario):
Background In the last decade, there has been a proliferation of mobile apps claiming to support the needs of people living with depression. However, it is unclear what functionality is actually provided by apps for depression, or for whom they are intended. Objective This paper aimed to explore the key features of top-rated apps for depression, including descriptive characteristics, functionality, and ethical concerns, to better inform the design of apps for depression. Methods We reviewed top-rated iPhone OS (iOS) and Android mobile apps for depression retrieved from app marketplaces in spring 2019. We applied a systematic analysis to review the selected apps, for which data were gathered from the 2 marketplaces and through direct use of the apps. We report an in-depth analysis of app functionality, namely, screening, tracking, and provision of interventions. Of the initially identified 482 apps, 29 apps met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Apps were included if they remained accessible at the moment of evaluation, were offered in mental health–relevant categories, received a review score greater than 4.0 out of 5.0 by more than 100 reviewers, and had depression as a primary target. Results The analysis revealed that a majority of apps specify the evidence base for their intervention (18/29, 62%), whereas a smaller proportion describes receiving clinical input into their design (12/29, 41%). All the selected apps are rated as suitable for children and adolescents on the marketplace, but 83% (24/29) do not provide a privacy policy consistent with their rating. The findings also show that most apps provide multiple functions. The most commonly implemented functions include provision of interventions (24/29, 83%) either as a digitalized therapeutic intervention or as support for mood expression; tracking (19/29, 66%) of moods, thoughts, or behaviors for supporting the intervention; and screening (9/29, 31%) to inform the decision to use the app and its intervention. Some apps include overtly negative content. Conclusions Currently available top-ranked apps for depression on the major marketplaces provide diverse functionality to benefit users across a range of age groups; however, guidelines and frameworks are still needed to ensure users’ privacy and safety while using them. Suggestions include clearly defining the age of the target population and explicit disclosure of the sharing of users’ sensitive data with third parties. In addition, we found an opportunity for apps to better leverage digital affordances for mitigating harm, for personalizing interventions, and for tracking multimodal content. The study further demonstrated the need to consider potential risks while using depression apps, including the use of nonvalidated screening tools, tracking negative moods or thinking patterns, and exposing users to negative emotional expression content.
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Wang, Dan, Yier Lin, Liang Hong, Ce Zhang, Yajie Bai e Zhen Zhen Bi. "Detection of the Driver’s Mental Workload Level in Smart and Autonomous Systems Using Physiological Signals". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (6 maggio 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5233257.
Abstract (sommario):
With the continuous advancement of automation technology, autonomous driving assistance systems are gradually sharing the tasks during driving, but the driver still assumes the main driving tasks. In addition to driving activities, the advent of numerous new functions will have an indirect impact on the driver’s mental effort. However, determining the driver’s mental effort remains a difficult issue. In this paper, a method is proposed to assess the mental workload of drivers, combining real driver’s physiological data with the speed of his/her vehicle. The correlation coefficient and significance level are obtained by analyzing the correlation between physiological data and road types. The relevant data is then preprocessed to determine the characteristic index, with the mental workload as the input index. The driver’s mental workload is classified and the mental workload prediction model is constructed on the basis of the combination of the Fuzzy Pattern Recognition Algorithm and Genetic Algorithm. At the same time, the suggested approach is compared to the J48 Classification Algorithm and the Simulated Annealing Optimization Algorithm. The results demonstrate that the proposed method in this paper’s effectiveness for identifying the driver’s mental workload level is evidently better than other algorithms, which provides new theoretical support for assessing the L3+ driver’s mental workload level under the background of the safety of the intended functionality when they take over the control of the drive.
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Hubbard, Justice. "Answering the Call for Telephone Consumer Protection Act Reform: Effectuating Congressional Intent Within 47 U.S.C. § 227(B)(1)(A)". University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, n. 56.3 (2023): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.36646/mjlr.56.3.answering.
Abstract (sommario):
This Note analyzes the current state of the civil law surrounding the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (TCPA) and highlights a glaring flaw within the current practice of assigning liability to telephonic solicitors utilizing an automatic telephone dialing system (autodialer): solicitors can be subjected to liability even though their actions are not what Congress intended to prevent. Congress enacted the TCPA in response to unique consumer privacy and public safety concerns. For example, the use of an autodialer created a substantial likelihood that autodialers would call emergency services and could “seize” their telephone lines and prevent those lines from being utilized to receive calls from those needing emergency services. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the judiciary, however, have developed differing interpretations of the TCPA, which created unintentional dangers for businesses properly utilizing telemarketing strategies. These dangers that were left unresolved by the Supreme Court’s ruling in Facebook, Inc. v. Duguid. This fragmented interpretation and application of federal law within various jurisdictions has left callers liable to substantial fines, so long as they use a device that merely has the capacity to act as an autodialer—even if the device did not actually use autodialer functionality. Such a broad interpretation places a heavy burden on companies using technology that does not create the kind of harm against which the TCPA was meant to protect. To effectuate Congressional intent, this Note proposes that the FCC should issue a new interpretation of the TCPA by declaratory ruling that will attach liability to defendants who make use of autodialer functionality, not those who’s devices merely have the capacity to do so. Alternatively, this Note proposes that either Congress amend the TCPA in a manner that better aligns with its goals, or the Supreme Court provide clarification to the lower courts as to how one acquires liability. This change will provide certainty and fairness to businesses, consumers, and the judiciary.
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Thelma D. Palaoag, Clarence S. Ordonia,. "E-Balikas: English to Ilocano Language Mobile Translator Application". Journal of Electrical Systems 20, n. 3s (4 aprile 2024): 1063–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/jes.1420.
Abstract (sommario):
The tourism sector relies primarily on communication. Both industry practitioners and tourists must be able to communicate using a medium that both parties can understand. The purpose of this study is to create a mobile application that provides an English to Ilocano language guide for tourists visiting Ilocos Norte. The e-Balikas mobile application delivers interactive Ilocano translations for popular English words such as essential expressions, directions and places, and emergency and safety needs. The descriptive-developmental approach was used in the study, which also embraced the concepts and practices of SCRUM as a framework for building the application. Usability testing was also carried out utilizing the USE tool to assess the application's usability and acceptability among identified tourists to Ilocos Norte via random sampling. The application enables responders to search and translate frequently used terms and phrases related to essential expressions, directions and places, and emergency and safety needs. Additional features include a visual of the word or phrase, along with the pronunciation, and audio playing to allow the user to hear the actual native speaker pronunciation. The respondents agreed that the objectives are met in terms of user friendliness, functionality, and portability. With an average mean of 4.53, it is assumed that the majority of respondents were "Very Satisfied" with the application. The e-Balikas application meets the respondents' needs for English to Ilocano translations and also improves the English to Ilocano language guides, and they were grateful for the benefit of information technology. Furthermore, the application performs as intended, with a high level of dependability and security. It is also adaptable enough to be readily installed and set on a wide range of devices and it adheres to established portability criteria.
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Alim, Sabur, e Theophilus Eseyin. "Development of a Fingerprint Lock Safe with Vibration Sensor". ELEKTRIKA- Journal of Electrical Engineering 20, n. 1 (30 aprile 2021): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/elektrika.v20n1.203.
Abstract (sommario):
Biometric recognition is a means of identification in which natural human endowment is used. Fingerprint, Iris, Face, DNA are examples of biometrics. Algorithms have been developed to recognize and identify each natural human endowment which in turn can be used to identify every human being. The aim of this study is to develop a safe which can only be accessed using Fingerprint with vibration sensor thereby improving the safety and security of traditional locks using key and padlock. This system ensures that only users whose fingerprint has been enrolled on the fingerprint sensor memory can access the Safe. Fingerprint Biometric among other biometrics can deliver high level of security which eradicates the need to remember PINs, passwords or the necessity of carrying keys/cards and identity proof. The system makes use of an Arduino UNO microcontroller which controls and connect the necessary hardware required for locking and unlocking the safe. The program running on the microcontroller was developed using Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) with C programming language. The range of functionality of the system is wide, it is implemented with low cost hardware, simple user interface, high security reliability and theft alert are some of the major advantages of this project. It is intended that the fingerprint lock safe shall eventually replace the manual traditional methods used for personal safe keeping of properties that is common in Nigeria and hence provide practicable way for a better security.
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Wang, Dan, Liang Hong, Ce Zhang, Yajie Bai, Zhen Zhen Bi e Yier Lin. "Prediction Model for Driver Reaction Time Based on PSO-BP Neural Network Model". Security and Communication Networks 2022 (10 agosto 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6100702.
Abstract (sommario):
A critical element of accident reconstruction technology is the driver reaction time, which is also a key aspect of evaluating driver takeover time in autonomous driving. There are various factors affecting driver reaction time, including driver psychological factors, nondriving tasks, external environment, and other reasons. It is necessary to record and predict the driver reaction time to support the takeover time in the degraded takeover study because this paper is designed to conduct a degraded takeover study in the human-machine codriving stage with safety of the intended functionality. Therefore, a model based on PSO-BP neural network algorithm to predict driver reaction time is developed. A wavelet transform algorithm is used to denoise the signal first in order to improve the convergence speed and prediction accuracy of the model. Meanwhile, the BP neural network prediction model based on the PSO is established to optimize the weights and thresholds of the BP neural network to achieve the prediction of the driver reaction time. A total of six main feature parameters of driver’s HRV in the time and frequency domains were selected as input indicators and substituted into the input signal of PSO-BP neural network model for training and testing. The prediction results obtained from the PSO-BP neural network model were compared with that of the BP neural network prediction, and it demonstrated that the prediction results obtained in this paper have smaller error values, verifying the reasonableness and validity of the model.
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Hiremani, Nirmala, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan, T. G. Basavaraju, Shayla Islam, Dabiah Alboaneen, Entisar Alkayal, Nesreen M. Alharbi, Zulkefli Mansor e Sanaz Amanlou. "Artificial Intelligence-Powered Contactless Face Recognition Technique for Internet of Things Access for Smart Mobility". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (16 settembre 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8750840.
Abstract (sommario):
A contactless system became necessary for smart mobility during the COVID-19 pandemic. There are many touchpoints in private and public areas where contact is essential, such as intelligent transportation systems for vaccine carriers, patient ambulances, elevators, metros, buses, hospitals, and banks. A secured contactless device reduces the chances of COVID-19 infection spread. Several devices use smart cards, fingerprint identification, or code-based access. Most of these devices require some form of touch. The cost of such devices varies, depending on their capability and intended use. Sensors developed by using artificial intelligence (AI) to provide secured access are an emerging area. This paper presents an AI-powered contactless face recognition system. The solution has the Internet of Things (IoT) enabled access system. To identify a person, it uses AI assistance for face recognition with the help of Python Dlib’s facial recognition network. Dlib offers a wide range of functionality across several machine learning sectors and is open-source. The Arduino Uno (ATmega328P) and STK500 protocol has been used for communication to testify and validate the performance of the proposed technique. The objective is to detect and recognize faces by the proposed contactless approach. The obtained result shows 92% accuracy, 94% sensitivity, 96% precision and FRR 6% for face detection. There is a significant improvement in FRR in our work compared to the published 27.27%. The implemented solution in this paper provides accurate and secure contactless access to conventional, readily available techniques in public health safety.
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Raheem, Ahmad Raad, e Shaheda Akthar. "Software Reliability Growth Models with Exponentiated-gompertz Testing Effort and Release Time Determination". International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security 15, n. 1 (8 febbraio 2023): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5815/ijcnis.2023.01.07.
Abstract (sommario):
Quality is a consequential factor for the software product. During the software development at most care was taken at each step for the quality product. Development process generally embedded with several qualitative and quantitative techniques. The characteristics of final software product should reach all the standards. Reliability is a paramount element which quantifications the probability that a software product could able to work afore it authentically fails to perform its intended functionality. Software testing is paramount phase where gargantuan resources were consumed. Over around fifty percent of cost was consumed during this testing phase, that is why testing was performed in disciplined environment. Software product release time is considered to be crucial subject at which the software product testing was stopped and it could be release into market, such that the software product should have quality and reliability. In this paper we have investigated the concept of software testing effort dependent software reliability growth models by considering the exponentiated-gompertz function as testing effort function to determine the release time of the software. Thus, constructed testing effort dependent models was computed on three authentic time datasets. Parameter estimation is done through least square estimation and metrics like Mean square Error (MSE) and Absolute Error (AE) are utilized for model comparison. The proposed testing effort dependent model performance was better than the rest of the models.
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Fukleva, L. A., О. О. Saliy, О. P. Bаulа, L. O. Puchkan e О. V. Hrechana. "Methods of mathematical planning of the experiment and their use in the development of the composition of the ointment with essential oil thymus vulgaris l. For vaginal application". News of Pharmacy 107, n. 1 (20 marzo 2024): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24959/nphj.24.130.
Abstract (sommario):
One of the most important pharmaceutical factors is excipients, their nature and quantity, which increase the pharmacological activity and safety of APIs by creating dosage forms that are optimal in composition, properties, and type, and/or by changing the chemical modification of the molecule responsible for the pharmacological effect of the active substance. Variability or variation in the number of excipients and the use of different excipients with the same intended functionality can complicate the release rate and bioavailability of drugs. The use of mathematical methods at the stage of the experiment planning reduces the total number of experiments and at the same time provides reliable results. Aim. To study the most used types of mathematical planning of the experiment, and select the most acceptable model for developing the optimal composition of a vaginal ointment with the thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) essential oil. Results and discussions. To develop the optimal composition of the ointment, 10 bases containing various excipients (factor A) and 6 excipients as an emulsifier (factor B) were used. The concentration of the thyme essential oil was 5 % in all samples. The degree of thymol release in the in vitro study using the equilibrium dialysis method was chosen as the criterion for choosing the optimal composition. The selection of excipients for the development of a soft dosage form was carried out using the method of the a priori ranking since both bases and emulsifiers were selected as the most widely used in the pharmaceutical technology, with known characteristics, safety profile, application experience. Conclusions. The degree of influence of each factor has been determined, and the series of Duncan’s test have been constructed for each factor – by factor a: а3 > а5 > а4 > а6 > а2 > а8 > а7 > а10 > а9> а1, and by factor b: b2 > b3 > b5 > b4 > b6 > b1. Based on the mathematical planning of the experiment, an ointment base and an emulsifier for developing the composition of a vaginal gel with the thyme oil have been determine.
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Dolovich, Myrna B., e Jolyon P. Mitchell. "Canadian Standards Association Standard CAN/CSA/Z264.1-02:2002: A New Voluntary Standard for Spacers and Holding Chambers Used with Pressurized Metered-Dose Inhalers". Canadian Respiratory Journal 11, n. 7 (2004): 489–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2004/497946.
Abstract (sommario):
A new Canadian standard (CAN/CSA/Z264.1-02:2002) has been published with the purpose of helping to ensure the safety, efficacy and functionality of spacers and/or holding chambers. They are prescribed for use by spontaneously breathing patients for the treatment of various respiratory diseases where medication is delivered to the lungs using pressurized-metered dose inhalers. This consensus standard was developed with the support of pharmaceutical companies and manufacturers of spacers and holding chambers, and with the help of clinicians, retail pharmacists and representatives of patient advocate bodies associated with respiratory diseases and the dissemination of information related to the treatment and the delivery of inhaled medications. Advice was also sought from expert groups outside of Canada to ensure that the standard would be relevant internationally. Whereas monographs in the pharmaceutical compendia and guidance documents published by regulatory bodies provide information that is largely about the drug product and inhaler, this is the only standard whose focus is primarily on these add-on devices. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the main features of the standard for clinicians by describing its scope, the tests that are intended to assure the robustness of the construction of these devices, the type of testing that is specified to establish in vitro efficacy, and the recommendations for the marking and labelling of the device and its associated packaging. Manufacturers who test their products to this Canadian Standards Association standard will be able to provide performance information about add-on devices to the clinician, facilitating an informed decision when selecting devices for patients.
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Koldeweij, Charlotte, Jonathan Clarke, Joppe Nijman, Calandra Feather, Saskia N. de Wildt e Nicholas Appelbaum. "CE Accreditation and Barriers to CE Marking of Pediatric Drug Calculators for Mobile Devices: Scoping Review and Qualitative Analysis". Journal of Medical Internet Research 23, n. 12 (13 dicembre 2021): e31333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/31333.
Abstract (sommario):
Background Pediatric drug calculators (PDCs) intended for clinical use qualify as medical devices under the Medical Device Directive and the Medical Device Regulation. The extent to which they comply with European standards on quality and safety is unknown. Objective This study determines the number of PDCs available as mobile apps for use in the Netherlands that bear a CE mark, and explore the factors influencing the CE marking of such devices among app developers. Methods A scoping review of Google Play Store and Apple App Store was conducted to identify PDCs available for download in the Netherlands. CE accreditation of the sampled apps was determined by consulting the app landing pages on app stores, by screening the United Kingdom Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency’s online registry of medical devices, and by surveying app developers. The barriers to CE accreditation were also explored through a survey of app developers. Results Of 632 screened apps, 74 were eligible, including 60 pediatric drug dosage calculators and 14 infusion rate calculators. One app was CE marked. Of the 20 (34%) respondents to the survey, 8 considered their apps not to be medical devices based on their intent of use or functionality. Three developers had not aimed to make their app available for use in Europe. Other barriers that may explain the limited CE accreditation of sampled PDC apps included poor awareness of European regulations among developers and a lack of restrictions when placing PDCs in app stores. Conclusions The compliance of PDCs with European standards on medical devices is poor. This puts clinicians and their patients at risk of medical errors resulting from the largely unrestricted use of these apps.
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Kozlov, Yu A., A. A. Smirnov, A. A. Rasputin, P. A. Baradieva, K. A. Kovalkov, Ch B. Ochirov, D. M. Chubko e V. M. Kapuller. "PERORAL ENDOSCOPIC MYOTOMY IN TREATMENT OF THE ESOPHAGEAL ACHALASIA AT CHILDREN". Pediatria. Journal named after G.N. Speransky 99, n. 6 (14 dicembre 2020): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.24110/0031-403x-2020-99-6-241-246.
Abstract (sommario):
Etiological treatment of esophageal achalasia are absent. None of the currently available treatment methods can restore normal esophageal peristalsis and the functionality of the lower esophageal sphincter, thereby alleviating dysphagia and other symptoms of achalasia. Therapeutic procedures currently used for the effective treatment of achalasia of the esophagus are represented by laparoscopic Heller's myotomy and endoscopic balloon dilatation of the esophagus. According to the literature, Heller's myotomy is considered as a method of choice in children, since it provides more reliable results in comparison with pneumatic expansion during prolonged observation. Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a new endoscopic method for the treatment of esophageal achalasia, first reported by P. Pasricha in experiment, and then H. Inoue performed this operation in adult patients. There are only a few studies on the use of POEM in children and adolescents. Existing studies have demonstrated the feasibility of this procedure in children, low level of complications and excellent results with short-term observation. Several studies have reported high efficacy in the use of POEM in children, ranging from 90% to 100%. Reports of the occurrence of complications after POEM in children are sporadic and are represented by the formation of subcutaneous emphysema, carboperitoneum, retroperitoneum and mediastinal emphysema. Obviously, detailed studies with longer observation are required before the role of POEM in the treatment of esophageal achalasia in children can be established. If preliminary results are confirmed, POEM can be a real alternative to Heller's myotomy in pediatric patients. This study is intended to explore the potential and safety of the use of POEM for the treatment of achalasia in children based on a review of existing data in the scientific literature.
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Tsimberidou, Apostolia Maria, Chad Stewart, Carsten Reinhardt, Hong Ma, Steffen Walter, Toni Weinschenk, Amir A. Jazaeri et al. "Phase I adoptive cellular therapy trial with ex-vivo stimulated autologous CD8+ T-cells against multiple targets (ACTolog IMA101) in patients with relapsed and/or refractory solid cancers." Journal of Clinical Oncology 36, n. 5_suppl (10 febbraio 2018): TPS77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2018.36.5_suppl.tps77.
Abstract (sommario):
TPS77 Background: Adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) has dramatically changed the landscape of immunotherapy; however, only a small proportion of solid tumor patients have benefited from these advances due to i) heterogeneity of tumor antigen expression, ii) tumor escape (e.g. only one target is addressed), or iii) off-target toxicities (e.g. expression of targets on normal tissues). The ACTolog concept, utilizing antigen specific T cells (IMA101) against targets identified by the Immatics’ proprietary XPRESIDENT technology, is intended to overcome these limitations by addressing multiple novel relevant tumor antigens per patient. ACTolog is a personalized, multi-targeted ACT approach in which autologous T-cell products are manufactured against the most relevant tumor target peptides for individual patients whose tumors are positive against a predefined target warehouse. Methods: This study is an open-label first-in-human phase I trial in patients with relapsed or refractory solid tumors expressing at least one target from a warehouse of 8 cancer targets. Key eligibility criteria include: HLA-A*02:01 phenotype, qPCR expression of warehouse target(s), prior established lines of therapy, RECIST v1.1 measurable lesions, and ECOG performance status 0 or 1. At baseline, patients will undergo leukapheresis to collect mononuclear cells for manufacturing of IMA101 cells. Patients will receive their last line of established therapy during the production phase of IMA101. IMA101 will be infused after a pre-conditioning regimen (lymphodepletion) followed by LD-IL2. The primary objective is to assess safety and tolerability of IMA101. Secondary endpoints include overall response rate (RECIST and irRC), PFS and OS. The translational objective is to assess the in vivo persistence and ex vivo functionality of transferred T cells in addition to evaluation of target expression in tumors. Enrollment to the study is currently ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT02876510 .