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1
Peyrouse, Sébastien. "Les Russes d'Asie centrale : une minorité en déclin face à de multiples défis". Revue d’études comparatives Est-Ouest 39, n. 1 (2008): 149–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/receo.2008.1885.
Abstract (sommario):
Russians in central Asia: A declining minority faced with major challenges Since the 1990s, the situation of the Russian minority in central Asia has been deeply affected. Left behind by the empire, it has had to cope with massive migrations toward Russia and challenges to its privileged status. Organizations for defending Russians and political authorities in the five new states differ with regard to the questions of: dual citizenship, occupational discrimination, the status of the Russian language, schooling in Russian and access to the media in Russia. However tighter economic relations between central Asia and Russia (in particular labor migrations) are creating a clear-cut separation between the question of the Russian minority and that of the Russian language in the region.
2
Smirnova-Seslavinskaya, Marianna V. "Formation of the Romani Population of Russia: Early Migrations". Observatory of Culture, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2015): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-1-134-141.
Abstract (sommario):
Considers the factors, ways, and terms of the early Romani migrations. The author analyses various documentary sources to define Romani migration types, the influence of their lifestyle and economic activities. Particular attention is given to migrations of the Romani people along with the Ukrainians, their resettlement in Slobodskaya Ukraine and southern areas of Russia, the ways of their integration into Russian social strata system. New documentary sources of the Russia Roma history are introduced including the bill of sale of 1699 from Kharkov region as the earliest known testimony about Romani settlement within the borders of the Russian State.
3
Stepus, Irina S., Aleksandr O. Averyanov e Inna V. Rodion. "Review of Scientific Publications on the Study of Population Migration in the Russian Arctic". Arctic and North, n. 52 (29 settembre 2023): 270–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2023.52.270.
Abstract (sommario):
The purpose of the article is to conduct a quantitative and qualitative analysis of Russian-language publications on the topic of population migration in the Arctic zone of Russia. The national bibliographic database of scientific citation hosted on the eLIBRARY.RU platform was used as a source of information. The research methodology is based on the use of structural-semantic analysis of texts in combination with general scientific methods (analysis, generalization and systematization). The time period of 20102022 is characterized by an increase in the number of publications on migration issues in the Arctic zone of Russia, which was most clearly manifested during the adoption of Russia’s Arctic strategies. During the period under review, Russian authors prepared about 300 articles on the study of population migration in the Russian Arctic. However, the number of researchers who regularly publish papers on this topic is small. The analysis made it possible to identify an objective list of authors groups (scientific schools) that are leading in terms of the number of publications in this subject area. The main directions of the population migrations study in the Russian Arctic zone are considered according to six key scientific schools, general and special approaches of the authors to the study of Arctic migrations are highlighted. The study results will be useful and interesting to scientists, whose research area is related to population migration, including in the Russiaт Arctic regions; specialists dealing with social issues of the development of the Arctic territories; postgraduates and students involved in this field.
4
Moustafine, Mara. "Russians from China: Migrations and Identity". Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 5, n. 2 (5 agosto 2013): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v5i2.3337.
Abstract (sommario):
In the first half of the 20th century, sizeable Russian communities lived in a number of Chinese cities, including Harbin, Shanghai and Tientsin. The largest and most diverse of these was the community that grew up around Harbin in north China. By the mid 1920s, Harbin was home to one of the largest Russian diaspora communities in the world, with over 120,000 Russians and other nationalities from the former Tsarist Empire. Moreover, many Russians in Shanghai and Tientsin had links to Harbin, as their first place of domicile in China. By the late 1950s, political transformations in China had driven almost all these people elsewhere. But for many of them, their roots in China became a key aspect of their identity in emigration in their new diasporas. This paper explores the background to this unique community and the geo-political forces underpinning the various waves of migration of Russians into and out of Harbin. It analyses the complex issues of identity and citizenship Russians faced while living in Harbin, their fates determined at various points in time by the dominance of three powers – Russia, China and Japan. Drawing on the experience of my own family, whose life in Harbin and Manchuria spanned four generations over fifty years, it touches on the rich ethnic and cultural mix that lay beneath the surface of “Russian” Harbin, with particular reference to the Jewish community that once thrived there. Finally, it examines how the ‘Harbintsy’ perceive their identity in emigration and the recent changes in attitude towards them of the Chinese authorities.
5
Pivovar, Efim. "History of Post-Soviet Migrations in Russian Science of the 21st Century". ISTORIYA 12, n. 11 (109) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840017596-4.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper is devoted to the latest Russian historiography of migration processes in the post-Soviet space. The author considers the most important research projects of academic institutions and universities of Russia in the field of history and modern dynamics of post-Soviet migrations, covers key trends and results of the development of migration issues in the framework of various areas of Russian science. The author comes to the conclusion about the need for further in-depth development of the recent history and modern trends in the migration policy of the CIS countries, the role of migration in the dialogue of cultures and civilizations in the post-Soviet space, including within the framework of international cooperation of Eurasian scientists.
6
Manshin, R. V., e E. E. Pismennaya. "Migration atlas of the Russian Federation 2022". RUDN Journal of Sociology 23, n. 2 (30 giugno 2023): 378–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-2-378-383.
Abstract (sommario):
The article is a review of the Migration Atlas of the Russian Federation prepared by a team of authors under the scientific editorship of S.V. Ryazantsev (Moscow: ITD “Perspektiva”, 2022. 180 p.). The atlas is a result of the three-year research project “The impact of immigration on the ethnic-demographic processes in the Russian Federation and approaches to improving the migration policy concerning the integration of immigrants into the Russian society”. The authors use the results of the migration and cartographic studies to present in an accessible visual form the migrations of the Russian population since the collapse of the USSR to the present. The authors focus on the directions, scale, social-demographic structure and ethnic features of the Russian migrations, including in the regional perspective. The atlas is both a source of information on some rarely studied aspects of migration and a successful presentation of the already known data in a systematic form. The atlas will be useful for different readers - civil servants, social workers, scholars, teachers and students, because the authors succeeded in presenting the migration data in an accessible and interesting form for both experienced researchers of migration and those who just start their studies in this field.
7
Park, H. G. "The Migration Regime among Koreans in the Russian Far East". Inner ASIA 15, n. 1 (2013): 77–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-90000056.
Abstract (sommario):
This article discusses the settlement experience of multiple groups of Koreans in the Russian Far East, which were formed by their temporally different migrations. By focusing on the temporal dimension of migration rather than the conventional focus on the spatial dimension which is usually found in the scholarship of migration studies, this article explores the ways in which the different time of migration diversifies the experience of people who moved to the Russian Far East, and examines how this is interlinked with radical socio- economic changes. I argue that the differences among Koreans in Primorskii Krai, Russia, create the basis for coalition among the Korean sub- groups and I also show how the place integrates these intra- ethnic differences derived from historical times with the more dynamic and inclusive ethnic identification of Koreans in the Russian Far East.
8
Brooks, Willis. "Russia's Conquest and Pacification of the Caucasus: Relocation Becomes a Pogrom in the Post-Crimean War Period". Nationalities Papers 23, n. 4 (dicembre 1995): 675–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999508408410.
Abstract (sommario):
“The history of Russia is the history of a nation that colonized itself.”Russia's greatest historian has affirmed that the expansion of Russian rule, particularly its method, is of fundamental significance in understanding the course of Russian history, and the establishment of Russian power in the Caucasus has attracted as much scholarly attention as any other region where Russian imperialism spread in the last two centuries. Russia's finest literary figures, scholars of the most divergent bent, Russian participants in the conquest and, of course, native inhabitants themselves have examined geographic, political, military and economic, as well as cultural and other factors that would explain how the many non-Slavic peoples of this strategically critical region were incorporated into the tsarist empire. From such a literature a lengthy list of quite diverse tactics are testimony to the deep concern Russian leaders had about integrating its divergent societies in the Caucasus into the Russian empire. The tsarist ideal was stated in the simplest language when Nicholas I endorsed a report in 1833 that would force the native inhabitants of the Caucasus to “speak, think, and feel Russian.” Not surprisingly, one of the striking qualities of the tsarist, Soviet and, to a great degree, Western literature is that it often focuses, as does this essay, on the frustrations Great Russians experienced while attempting to conquer, pacify and assimilate the multi-ethnic peoples of the Caucasus within the Russian-dominated empire. In addition, while charting the demographic vagaries of the Caucasus most scholars have concentrated on the creeping in-migrations of Cossacks and others from the internal Russian provinces and on the relocation of mountain tribesmen (gortsy) from their inaccessible villages (auly) to valley floors where watchful Russians could “civilize” them. What is strikingly absent from such literature, part of what this essay attempts to provide, is an examination of the policy considerations that led to such decisions, particularly in the post-Crimean War period.
9
Yerusalimsky, Konstantin Yur'evich. "Serfdom and migration policy in Russia in the late 16th - early 17th centuries". Российская история, n. 1 (15 febbraio 2023): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s2949124x23010017.
Abstract (sommario):
The decrees of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries restricting the migrations for the dependent people and peasants of the Russian state are closely connected with cross-border migration regimes that emerged after the wars for Livonia of the second half of the sixteenth century and as unifying tendencies between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth developed, and later as a result of the policy of the Militia and the government of Mikhail Romanov aimed at restoring “ranks” and limiting uncontrolled migration mobility. The article examines key legislative measures to maintain the “covenant” regime for the “departing” and “forced export” of people during the “years of limitations” in connection with international migration regulation under treaties between Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1582-1619.
10
Bezverbny, Vadim A., e Nikolai Y. Mikryukov. "FEATURES OF INTER-REGIONAL MIGRATION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN 2017–2019". SCIENTIFIC REVIEW. SERIES 2. HUMAN SCIENCES, n. 6 (2021): 45–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26653/2076-4685-2021-6-05.
Abstract (sommario):
In the previous article of authors [4], the main regions-attractors in Russia were identified: the Moscow metropolitan agglomeration, the St. Petersburg agglomeration, the Black Sea regions of the South of Russia, Krasnodar Territory, the Republic of Crimea, the city of Sevastopol, the Republic of Adygea, the Kaliningrad region in the Baltic. Most of the interregional migration flow is directed to these regions. The general picture of interregional migrations is more complicated and is not limited to the main regions as attractors. It is advisable to consider more fully the flows of interregional migrations in Russia. To analyze interregional migration, we used Rosstat data for 2017–2019. The indicators were taken in total for 2017–2019. to exclude annual random fluctuations, to more accurately identify the nature of migration. We excluded the Republic of Ingushetia from consideration due to the complexities and peculiarities of statistical recording of the migration loss of the population in this region. The study was carried out on the basis of approaches to regional analysis of demographic processes, which were developed by scientists-demographers and economists in various scientific centers of Russia, including Rybakovsky O.L., Borisova L.M., Chernyshev K.A., Mishchuk S.N., Khilazhevа G.F., Ryazantsev S.V.
11
Fursova, E. F. "South Russian Settlers of Western Siberia in the Late 19th to Early 20th Centuries, Based on Archival Documents and Field Studies". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 50, n. 3 (6 ottobre 2022): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.3.121-130.
Abstract (sommario):
In cultural terms, as compared to many other Russian groups, the South Russian (Kursk) settlers of Siberia in the late 19th to early 20th centuries were a distinct group, having their own traditional culture but usually no compact settlements. In this work, for the first time, on the basis of the State Archive of the Kursk Region, the ethno-cultural composition of Siberian settlers from that region is examined. Attitudes of South Russian peasants of the post-Reform era to migration are analyzed, reasons underlying their “wanderlust” and their reflection about relocation and ethnic identity are explored. Documents at the State Archive of the Tomsk Region, and the findings of my fi eld studies in 2014– 2018 pertaining to the Siberian stage in the history of Russian “Yuzhaks” (Southerners) suggest that their priority was to live side by side with Ukrainian settlers, as they had used to do in their homeland. The reason is that the key role in the early 20th century migrations was played by Russian-Ukrainian frontiersmen—people of “no man’s land”. At the time of migration to Siberia, those living in the southern Kursk Governorate were Russian Old Believers, Southern Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians (Little Russians), Russian Cossacks, and “Cherkassians” (Ukrainian Cossacks). The latter preferred to live apart from others, even within a single village. Archival documents and findings of field studies in the Anzhero-Sudzhensky District of the Kemerovo Region, and in the Topchikhinsky and Kulundinsky Districts of the Altai Territory demonstrate that Southern Russians were situationally identical to Ukrainians, as evidenced, for instance, by the frequent shift of surname endings from “-ko” and “-k” to “-ov” and vice versa, depending on migration plans. A conclusion is made that the ethnic diversity of migrants from the Kursk Governorate, the situational equivalence of Eastern Slavic groups in Siberia, as well as marriages with Russian old residents and Ukrainians, were key factors in the formation of local Siberian variants of the South Russian culture.
12
Avdashkin, А. A. "Internal and international migrations: opinion of the South Urals". POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 94, n. 1 (2021): 188–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2021-94-1-188-197.
Abstract (sommario):
The presented article shows the results of implementation of the project «Ethno-demographic processes in the Asian Russia: the current situation, forecasts and risks» on the materials of the Chelyabinsk region. This region is one of the most densely populated, the regional center is a large Russian city with a million population. Significant industrial and scientific potential is concentrated on the territory of the South Urals, and the agro-industrial complex is highly developed. However, in recent years, there has been an intensive outflow of population from the region due to the deterioration of the environmental situation, as well as a tangible decline in the living standards. At the same time, immigrants from the Central Asia are playing more and more important positions in the regional labor market. Empirical basis of the study is the results of two sociological surveys (mass and student youth). Methodological framework of the article is the theory of mobility and transnationalism. These methods applied in combination have shown significant cognitive potential. They make it possible to understand the internal Russian and international migration as a complex scientific and practical problem interconnected with the dynamics of internal Russian migrations in general, and the functioning of the Eurasian migration system in particular. The results of sociological sections carried out clearly demonstrated that the Chelyabinsk region is losing its attractiveness for the life of population, which gives a tangible impetus to the growth of migration moods. This is especially true for the younger generation. At the same time, the population is increasingly showing a wary attitude towards migrants from the Central Asia in general, from Tajikistan in particular. Despite the fact that there are no obvious signs of intergroup hostility, there are certain aggravations in the relationship between the host and migrants.
13
Dzhaman, V. O., e Ya V. Dzhaman. "GEOGRAPHY OF MIGRATIONS IN POPULATION OF UKRAINE: CONSEQUENCES OF RUSSIAN AGGRESSION". Ukrainian Geographical Journal 2024, n. 1 (2024): 40–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ugz2024.01.040.
Abstract (sommario):
Population migrations (causes, regions of departure/arrival, directions, scope, intensity, and consequences) are predefined by economic, social, political, inter-confessional, interethnic, ecological and other factors. Problems of migration in Ukraine have become specifically painful under the conditions of russia’s war aggression and its invasion of the sovereign state of Ukraine in 2014. It was in the pre-war peaceful period (2006–2013) that migration flows in Ukraine became stable both quantitatively and in aspects of their major directions. The majority of regions (25 of 27) showed a positive interstate balance of population. Interregional migrants were attracted by 7 regions (City of Kyiv and Kyiv Oblast, Kharkiv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, City of Sevastopol, Autonomous Republic of Crimea, and Chernivtsi Oblast), while 20 regions had a negative balance of this type of migration. In the conditions of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), the interstate migration balance was still positive, but its volume was down by 30% (with no figures available for the temporarily occupied territories). The disproportion between the figures of interregional migration available for oblasts grew (in comparison to the pre-war period) 1,6 times. The Kyiv Oblast and the City of Kyiv, together with the Kharkiv, Odesa, Dnipropetrovsk, Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts, have become the most attractive localities for migrants from other Ukrainian regions. Significant growth was observed in interregional migrants who departed from the localities of direct combat activity (Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporizzia, and Kherson oblasts). A new category of forced migrants—internally displaced persons—appeared. The russia’s full-scale war against Ukraine (beginning on February 24, 2022) has resulted in the occurrence of substantial forced migration flows. The war has brought an increase in the number of refugees, internally displaced persons, temporarily protected persons (when abroad), forcibly transferred persons (to Russia), etc. The directions and the scale of migration flows depend on the geography of the hostilities. Spatial specificities of interstate and interregional migrations in the population of Ukraine are defined for the prewar period, the period of russia’s hybrid war against Ukraine (2014–2021), and the full-scale russian-Ukrainian war (beginning on February 24, 2022). The scope and the directions of migrant departures/arrivals are disclosed, as well as their effect on the dynamics of population number in Ukraine and its regions.
14
Nikonova, Lyudmila I., e Albina I. Minakova. "HISTORICAL NATURE OF MIGRATIONS IN THE REPUBLIC OF MORDOVIA". Historical Search 1, n. 4 (25 dicembre 2020): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2020-1-4-174-181.
Abstract (sommario):
According to the Constitution of Russia, the Russian Federation is a federal state and consists of 85 equal subjects, which are characterized by a high degree of diverse conditions and the state of social and economic development. As an object of research of migration processes, the authors considered Mordovia, included in the Russian Federation on the rights of an autonomous republic in 1936. This region of the Volga Federal District is one of the important subjects of the Russian Federation, as it is endowed with extensive areas, developed industry, good ecology, hundreds of museums; it is characterized by a multi-ethnic population structure.
The authors consider the main characteristics of spatial mobility of the Mordovian Territory population from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The main tendencies of migration processes development are described. Much attention is paid to the historical nature of migration, based on scientific research and state statistics.
Formation of polyethnicity of the Mordovian Republic developed historically due to different factors and events. Events of the Second World War, which provoked refugee from Western countries to the regions of Russia, location of camps with war prisoners in the territory of the Republic, industrialization and development of industrial enterprises, which required an influx of foreign specialists and workers in imported equipment maintenance, job placement after graduation from higher educational institutions of the USSR fraternal countries, the change of social status: admission of international students, interethnic marriages. The factors of adaptation of displaced persons in the aspect of socio-cultural interaction with local residents in the Republic of Mordovia are of particular importance.
The multifaceted study of polyethnicity in the Mordovian Republic actualizes the historical analysis, which shows the role played by the representatives of foreign peoples in forming the polyethnicity of the region, for which the authors provide statistical data of the All-Union censuses of the population of 1959, 1970 and 1979, the All-Russian census of 2002 and 2010, as well as archival materials, which are located in the Central State Archives of the Republic of Mordovia.
15
Kostetckii, Victor V. "Cultural picture of Russian history". Vestnik of Samara State Technical University. Series Philosophy 4, n. 2 (29 luglio 2022): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vsgtu-phil.2022.2.4.
Abstract (sommario):
With a cultural approach, the history of Russia falls into three different stories: the history of the state, the history of the ethnic group, the history of the culture itself each of which lives its own life and in its own time. The Russian state did not form around the Russian world, but around the Danish money of the IX-XI century, the phenomenon of which distorts the whole picture of European feudalism. The ethnic culture of Slavism is determined by the taboo system of civilization in the process of Indo-Aryan migrations, which can theoretically be restored. As for the Russian culture, it is more original and Russian state, and Slavic. Russian culture, the Russian spirit are related to the society of the nobility of previous civilizations, borrowing elements of chivalry. The overlapping of three different stories turns into both the originality of Russia and many oddities in politics, economics, warfare, in the fields of art, religion, education.
16
Rybakovsky, Oleg. "Migration Links Between Russia's Regions for 50 years: Methodology of the Study". Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, n. 4 (20 novembre 2020): 60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr.2020.16.4.5.
Abstract (sommario):
The article contains the development and justification of the methodology of comparative historical analysis of migration ties between the regions of Russia for 50 years, from the late 1960s - until the end of 2010s. Such analysis has never been conducted before. As a result, the method of its conduct can be useful for any other comparative studies of migration ties, both in Russia and in other territories. Much has changed in the inter-regional analysis of Russian migration since the late 1960s. A different method and procedure for accounting and assessing the population, as well as its resettlement (permanent migration). The administrative division of the Russian Federation (RSFSR) has changed. Demographics, including migration information, have become more accessible and diverse, although its quality and comparability in time have fallen. In 2007-2008, a complete methodology for statistical analysis of interregional migrations was developed, indicators and analysis methods were organized, expanded and improved. Nevertheless, the historical analysis of migration ties between the regions of Russia faces a number of difficulties. First of all, it is the paucity of information left over from that time. There is only one type of indicator of the closeness of migration ties. These are the intensity of interregional migration by arrival (KIMS arrivals), as well as population estimates of Russian regions for individual years of that period. Another difficulty is the imbalance of arrival and departure numbers between regions identified during the study. The amount of departures to the territory under review from other regions does not equal to the amount of arrivals to the territory under consideration from other regions. The main results of the article are the solution of the above problems, allowing to compare in time migration ties correctly and as fully as possible. As an example, part of the analysis of migration ties of one of the territories of the Far East of Russia is given
17
Zeleneev, Yuri A., e Rafael M. Valeev. "The Internal and External Migrations in the Moksha Littoral During the 13th–15th Centuries". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 2, n. 40 (27 giugno 2022): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.2.40.198.205.
Abstract (sommario):
Migrations in the history of mankind took place at all times and everywhere for various reasons. The external and internal migrations in the Moksha Littoral to be occured in the 13th–15th centuries, caused by both resettlement from outside the region and the subsequent displacement of the masses of the population within it. The main residents of the Moksha Littoral before the 13th century were the Mordvins. By the beginning of the 13th century Russian population appeared in the west of the region and on the Lower Moksha. It is possible that there were a small number of the Volga Bulgarian settlers. As a result of the Mongol conquest in the 13th century the external migrations intensified. There was a significant influx of the Turkic-speaking population. The external migrations also led to internal resettlement in the region. The article deals with the correlation of these two forms of migration and their significance for the ethnic-cultural development in the region.
18
Hoerder, Dirk. "Introduction to the Special Issue on Migrations in Slavic, Tsarist Russian and Soviet History". Journal of Migration History 3, n. 2 (27 settembre 2017): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-00302001.
Abstract (sommario):
Migration in Rus’-land, Tsarist Russia and Soviet history received little attention before 1986. Since the 2000s interest has intensified. This issue of the Journal of Migration History provides a synopsis of the continuity as well as multiplicity of migrations from the sixth to the nineteenth century and case studies of different migrations from the late nineteenth century to the 1990s. Migration of state-backed Slavic-speaking peasants in the late nineteenth century into Kazakhs’ grazing lands disrupted the way-of-life of the herders and acerbated class relations between increasingly wealthy and increasingly poor herders. In Tsarist society as a whole, the regime deprived dissidents of ways of expression and encouraged pogroms against Jewish families and communities. Many of those who fled made their way to London and other safe havens. In Parliament, and among the British public in general, a sometimes acrimonious debate about immigration restrictions began. A 1905 anti-alien law kept the door open for political refugees but closed it to impoverished migrants. In wartime after 1914 and far more so after 1941 the state evacuated people before advancing armies and deported others, perceived to be disloyal. In this respect, the change from Tsarist to Bolshevik rule in its Stalinist version was no break – but the much larger quantity of people being moved around led to a new quality: authorities lost sight or interest in distinguishing evacuees from deportees. When, in the late 1950s, control relaxed, young people began to migrate on their own for a limited period of time. The limichiki faced exploitative hiring factories but often supportive state authorities. When glasnost changed the labour regime under neo-liberalist policies, the status of the temporary workers declined. The Tsarist-Soviet/Stalinist-post-1986 sequence of regimes encouraged, hindered or prohibited, and organised a vast variety of free, unfree, and forced labour migrations that were, in part at least, ways of life.
19
Piekutowska, Agnieszka, e Monika Fiedorczuk. "Immigration from the CIS countries to Russia in the context of the economic crisis in the Russian Federation". Oeconomia Copernicana 9, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2018): 677–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.24136/oc.2018.033.
Abstract (sommario):
Research background: A series of changes towards the greater openness to the influx of foreign labour force made in recent years in the Russian Federation prompts for analysis of immigration to this country as adopted solutions in the field of the migration policy affect other regions of destination (e.g. EU). Liberalisation of access of migrants to the Russian labour market is a part of a wider problem: competition (on an international scale) for an influx of foreign labour force. In this context, it is worth examining how the crisis which affected the Russian economy influenced the scale of immigration to Russia from the main sending countries, i.e. the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to show the impact of the crisis which affected the Russian economy in recent years on the scale of immigration from the CIS countries to Russia. The main hypothesis is as follows: the factor explaining immigration from the CIS countries to Russia is the difference in the level of income measured by GDP per capita (PPP) between the sending state and the country of destination. Such studies have not been undertaken so far and, due to the role of factors inherent in the concept of post-imperial migration, it becomes relevant to examine whether the factors shaping migration (including the differences in the level of income) recognised in the neoclassical theory of migration are important in explaining the flows in this area.
Methods: In order to check the relationship between immigration and the economic crisis in Russia, the analysis of correlation and regression was used.
Findings & Value added: It has been shown that despite the decline in GDP in Russia, immigration from the CIS countries to Russia is not decreasing. Therefore, it is a dependence different from the assumptions of the neoclassical economy according to which the reduction of differences in the level of income between the sending state and the country of destination reduces the scale of international migrations. As it has been shown, the scale of migration to Russia may not be explained by the difference in the level of GDP per capita in all CIS countries and, inter alia, political factors, conflicts or naturalisation processes become more important in shaping the scale of migration to Russia.
20
Karachurina, Liliya B., e Nikita V. Mkrtchyan. "Migration distances in Russia: a demographic profile of migrants". Baltic Region 15, n. 2 (2023): 4–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2079-8555-2023-2-1.
Abstract (sommario):
The distance of migration is closely linked to life course events, which are, in turn, marked by age. It serves as a criterion for distinguishing migration from other forms of spatial mobility. This paper aims to calculate the average distance of domestic migrations in Russia between 2011 and 2020, considering various migrant profiles such as sex, age, and type of residential registration. The Euclidean distance between 130,000 geocoded Russian settlements was computed to estimate migration distances. These geospatial data enabled us to obtain estimations of migration distances by weighting the total distance of all migrations based on their respective numbers. The distance of internal migration was similarly estimated, taking into account age, sex, and type of residential registration. The findings revealed that 31.3 % of domestic residential relocations occurred within very short distances not exceeding 50 km, while 43.5 % took place within 100 km of the previous place of residence. Calculating the average migration distance allowed us to identify two peaks: one at the ages of 22—23, present only for men, and another at the ages of 50—70. In all other cases, there were no sex-specific differences in migration distances. Migrants who obtained permanent registration at their new place of residence tended to cover greater distances compared to those registered only temporarily. The shortest relocation distances were associated with the age of 16, which could be attributed to prospective students moving to the nearest town where a vocational school is located.
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Matic, Marina. "The connections of Savina Monastery with Russia in the XVIII century and their influence in Boka Kotorska". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n. 162 (2017): 267–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1762267m.
Abstract (sommario):
The connections of the Savina Monastery in Boka Kotorska with Russia in the XVIII century were intensive and deep. They contained the concept of Russia as the patron of Orthodox people under foreign dominion. Inspired by Russia, the Savina Monastery fraternity had an important role in social and political events in the area of Boka Kotorska. These relations influenced the local community in Boka Kotorska through a growing awareness of the necessity of liberation from foreign dominion, migrations of people to Russia, as well as through religious and cultural novelties brought by Russian literature and artistic design motifs, which were used and applied in the local community. The central point of unification of all these influences was the Savina Monastery, where the Great Church was raised mainly due to Russian donations.
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Malyarchuk, B. A. "Sources of the mitochondrial gene pool of Russians by the results of analysis of modern and paleogenomic data". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, n. 5 (24 agosto 2019): 588–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.529.
Abstract (sommario):
Paleogenomic studies of recent years have shown that the Bronze Age migrations of populations of the PontoCaspian steppes from the east to the west of Europe had a great influence on the formation of the genetic makeup of modern Europeans. The results of studies of the variability of mitochondrial genomes in the modern Russian populations of Eastern Europe also made it possible to identify an increase in the effective population size during the Bronze Age, which, apparently, could be related to the migration processes of this time. This paper presents the results of analysis of data on the variability of entire mitochondrial genomes in the modern Russian populations in comparison with the distribution of mtDNA haplogroups in the ancient populations of Europe and the Caucasus of the Neolithic and Bronze Age. It was shown that the formation of the modern appearance of the Russian mitochondrial gene pool began approximately 4 thousand years B.C. due to the influx of mtDNA haplotypes characteristic of the population of Central and Western Europe to the east of Europe. It is assumed that the migrations of the ancient populations of the Ponto-Caspian steppes in the western direction led to the formation of mixed populations in Central Europe, bearing mitochondrial haplogroups H, J, T, K, W characteristic of Western and Central Europeans. Further expansion of these populations to the east of Europe and further to Asia explains the emergence of new features of the mitochondrial gene pool in Eastern Europeans. The results of a phylogeographic analysis are also presented, showing that the features of the geographical distribution of the subgroups of the mitochondrial haplogroup R1a in Europe are a reflection of the “Caucasian” component that appeared in the gene pools of various groups of Europeans during the migration of the Bronze Age. The results of phylogeographic analysis of mitochondrial haplogroups U2e2a1d, U4d2, N1a1a1a1, H2b, and H8b1 testify to the migrations of ancient Eastern Europeans to Asia – the south of Siberia and the Indian subcontinent.
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Lasinska, Marianna. "Permanent and temporary migrations of european jews late XIXth - early XXth century". Scientific Visnyk V. O. Sukhomlynskyi Mykolaiv National University. Historical Sciences 48, n. 2 (2019): 59–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.33310/2519-2809-2019-48-2-59-65.
Abstract (sommario):
Big part of European Jewry emigrated to other continents in late XIXth – early XXth century. Jews from Russian Empire started their first emigration wave in 1881. The main reason of this wave was Pogroms, according to traditional historiography. Other reasons were: low social level of life in Russian Empire; restrictions on Jewish rights («Pale of Settlement»); religious and ideological ideas of Zionism; networks of relatives and friends with information about wonderful life in other countries; Jewish hometown-based associations in foreign countries with their help to new immigrants etc. One more reason of Jewish migration – the work of recruiting agents network. The Number of recruiting agents was too big in Russian Empire in late XIXth – early XXth century. The business with recruiting of new emigrants was a very profitable. Mass of Jewish people coming out from Russian Empire to other countries and continents with recruiting agents services. There were many scammers in association of recruiting agents. Two waves of Jewish emigration caused irreparable damage economic system and demography of Russian Empire. Situation with Jewish immigration into Russian Empire was quite different. It`s character was not such mass. The main reasons of immigration were: business, finance and Zionism. This study is based on archival materials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire of the Vilnius Governor-General, which are stored in the holdings of the Central Archives for the History of Jewish People Jerusalem (State of Israel). These archival materials are about permanent and temporary migration of European Jewry that took place across the northwestern border of the Russian Empire to the territories of Western European countries, England and the North American continent during 1881-1903. Circumstances of crossing the specified border by foreigner Jews in the opposite direction (immigration) for staying within the Russian Empire are covered. It is noted that one of the reasons for the mass emigration movements of the Jewish population outside the Russian Empire was the active actions of emigration agents and their societies.
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Semenov, Alexander S., e Vladimir V. Bulat. "Some Conjectures on Y-DNA Haplotype R1a1 Migrations Based on new North Eurasian Paleogenetic Data". Russian Journal of Biological Research 4, n. 2 (10 giugno 2015): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.13187/ejbr.2015.4.85.
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Deniskova, Tatiana, Ali Esmailizadeh, Arsen Dotsev, Olga Koshkina, Mohammad Ali Farahvashi, Mortaza Mokhtari, Mozhdeh Moosanezhad Khabisi, Feng-Hua Lv e Natalia Zinovieva. "A Search for Eurasian Sheep Relationships: Genomic Assessment of the Autochthonous Sheep Breeds in Russia and the Persian Plateau". Diversity 14, n. 6 (2 giugno 2022): 445. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14060445.
Abstract (sommario):
Genomic assessment of local sheep breeds is relevant to the reconstruction of post-domestication migrations and to filling in gaps in the developmental history and contemporary phylogeographic-differentiation patterns in Eurasia. In this study, we aimed to reveal possible genetic relationships between local sheep breeds in Russia and the Persian Highlands (Iran) based on high-density SNP genotypes. All samples (n = 395) from 11 Iranian and 10 Russian sheep breeds were genotyped by using the Ovine Infinium HD BeadChip (Illumina, San Diego, CA, USA). Principal Component Analysis, maximum-likelihood assessment, and Neighbor-Net graph analysis demonstrated a clear differentiation between Russian sheep breeds of European ancestry from the Iranian local cluster and Russian breeds of Asian origin. Admixture analysis revealed a shared ancestral background, which was detected in several Iranian-local and Russian-local fat-tailed coarse-wool sheep breeds. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the pattern of historic admixture, which is present in the genomes of many Eurasian sheep breeds.
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Kuznecov-Lipeckij, Nikita V., Sergey V. Vinogradov e Nataliya I. Kulakova. "State Policy of Labor Migration Regulation in the Volga-Caspian Fishing Region in the Second Half of the 18th to the First Half of the 19th Century". Journal of Frontier Studies 8, n. 4 (17 novembre 2023): 178–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i4.508.
Abstract (sommario):
The article analyzes the state policy of regulating labor migration during the second half of the 18th to the first half of the 19th centuries. Changes in the settlement and development strategy of the Volga-Caspian fishing region are demonstrated through examples of population groups such as noble landowners, peasants, merchant-fishermen, and industrial workers. The achievements and shortcomings of state-regulated labor migration during the examined period are identified. The article also assesses the normative framework that governed the processes of labor migration in the region, outlines the historical stages of settlement and development in the area, and documents the outcomes and consequences of this process for the future socio-economic development of the Volga-Caspian fishing region. Labor migration is viewed as a tool for the settlement and development of the peripheral territories of the Russian state.
Furthermore, various forms of migration were employed by the government during the study period, including noble, monastic, peasant, Cossack, and voluntary migrations. Based on an examination of the collected material, the authors conclude that migration types successfully implemented in other (agricultural) regions of the country, such as noble, peasant, and monastic migrations, were not as productive in the context of the Volga-Caspian fishing region, where the primary economic activity revolved around fishing. The most effective workers for the fishing industry were supplied by the so-called “voluntary migration.”
Given that the subject of the study is the state policy of regulating labor migration, the primary sources encompass legislative and normative documents from the second half of the 18th to the beginning of the 19th centuries, as well as materials from central and regional administrative structures preserved in the archives of the Russian State Historical Archive and the State Archive of the Astrakhan Region. A portion of these materials is being introduced into academic discourse for the first time.
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Дашинамжилов, Одон Борисович, e Виктория Васильевна Лыгденова. "«ЭТНИЧЕСКИЕ» МИГРАЦИИ: ОПЫТ ИСТОРИКО-ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ НА ПРИМЕРЕ БУРЯТСКОГО НАРОДА". Вестник антропологии (Herald of Anthropology), n. 2 (54) (10 giugno 2021): 214–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33876/2311-0546/2021-54-2/214-229.
Abstract (sommario):
В статье рассматриваются миграции бурятского народа в районах преимущественного расселения в 1959–1989 гг. Анализируются источники и методы исследования этнических миграций. Изучена территориальная специфика пространственных перемещений бурятского населения на фоне миграционных тенденций в России в целом и в восточных районах, в частности. Вычислен его механический прирост/убыль в Иркутской и Читинской областях, Бурятской АССР, определены исторические условия, факторы и географические направления миграций, роль сельско-городских перемещений. Выявлено, что буряты Иркутской области обладали самой высокой мобильностью, благодаря тесным контактам с русским населением, интенсивному аграрному и промышленному развитию региона, из-за чего механический отток из области достиг больших размеров. Если вначале была велика доля так называемых «внутренних миграций», в районах основного расселения, то постепенно роль экономических перемещений усилилась, а роль Бурятской АССР как центра притяжения ослабла. У бурят БАССР на протяжении всего рассматриваемого периода было положительное сальдо миграции за счет притока из Предбайкалья и Читинской области. Миграционная подвижность этноса здесь была значительно ниже, чем в Иркутской области, а масштабы сельско-городских миграций были невелики из-за сравнительно невысоких темпов экономического развития и менее тесных контактов с русским населением. Вместе с тем, приток бурятского населения в республику в изучаемый период последовательно снижался. В Читинской области демографический переход у бурятского населения шел медленнее, чем в других регионах преимущественного расселения. В этой связи миграционная мобильность этноса была очень низкой. Регион исторически отличался самыми невысокими темпами роста промышленного производства, меньшей была интенсивность аграрных переселений. В результате буряты области дольше сохраняли традиционные виды хозяйствования, доля городских жителей была небольшой, распространенность русского языка была невысокой. Мобильность бурят усилилась в 1970-е гг., в основном миграции были направлены в БАССР. Роль республики как региона вселения упала лишь в 1980-е гг. The paper studies migration patterns of the Buryat people in the areas with dense Buryat population in 1959–1989. The sources and methods of studying ethnic migrations are analyzed. The territorial specifics of movements of the Buryat population in the context of migration trends in Russia in general and in the Eastern regions in particular are examined. Net migration rate in the Irkutsk and Chita regions and the Buryat ASSR was calculated. Historical conditions, factors and geographical directions of migration, and the role of rural-urban movements were identified. It was revealed that the Buryats of the Irkutsk region had the highest mobility, due to close contacts with the Russian population, intensive agricultural and industrial development of the region, which is why the migration outflow from the region dramatically increased. At first, most migrations were within the studied areas, but then the role of economic movements gradually increased, and the role of the Buryat ASSR as a center of attraction weakened. During the entire period under review, the Buryats of the BASSR had a positive net migration rate due to inflows from the Baikal region and the Chita region. The migration mobility of this ethnic group was significantly lower than in the Irkutsk region, and the rural-urban migration rate was low due to relatively slow economic development and less contacts with the Russian population. At the same time, the influx of Buryat population to the Republic in the studied period consistently decreased. In the Chita region, the demographic transition of the Buryat population was slower than in other regions under consideration. The region has historically had the lowest industrial production growth rates, and the agricultural migrations were less intensive. As a result, the Buryats of the Chita region had long maintained traditional economies, the share of urban residents was low, and Russian language use was not widespread. The mobility of the Buryats increased in the 1970s, and migrations were mainly directed to the BASSR. The role of the Republic as a destination for migrant flows only declined in the 1980s.
28
Marushiakova, Elena, e Veselin Popov. "Central Asian Gypsies: identities and migrations". Sprawy Narodowościowe, n. 46 (4 dicembre 2015): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sn.2015.031.
Abstract (sommario):
Central Asian Gypsies: identities and migrationsDuring recent years the topic of Gypsy/Roma migration and identities became burning topic of pan-EUropean public discourse. Much less attention is paid to the Gypsy migrations outside the borders of European Union. The present article has ambitious goal to fulfill this gap and to present contemporary Gypsy migrations in Post-soviet Central Asian in order to see how this “burning” topic looks outside European space. After breakdown of Soviet Union and establishing of new independent republics in Central Asia and in connection to economical difficulties, wars and social unrest, in order to make their living, the communities of Central Asian ‘Gypsies’ revitalised their former nomadic traditions and migrate towards Russian Federation and in frames of Central Asia towards Kazakhstan. There they are earning their living through begging and sporadic work in construction and scrap collection.A central point of this article is the impact of these contemporary migrations on the development of identities and well being of Central Asian ‘Gypsies’. The multilevel, hierarchically structured identities of Central-Asian ‘Gypsies' are analysed as demonstrated in different historical contexts – as former “Soviet people”, member of former ruling class of agricultural proletariat, and as declassed community today; as Central-Asian ‘Gypsies’ or as citizens of respective Central Asian Republics during migrations in Russian Federation in front of Russian majority society and in front of Roma; and in context of the Central Asian region during the migrations to Kazakhstan and in their home countries. Cyganie środkowoazjatyccy – tożsamości i migracje W ostatnich latach tematyka migracji i tożsamości Cyganów (Romów) stała się tematem palącym w unijnoeuropejskim dyskursie publicznym. O wiele mniej uwagi poświęca się w nim migracjom Cyganów, które mają miejsce poza granicami Unii Europejskiej. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest wypełnienie tej luki i ukazanie współczesnych migracji Cyganów w posowieckiej Azji Środkowej, po to by móc spojrzeć, jak ów „palący” problem przedstawia się poza obszarem europejskim. Po rozpadzie Związku Sowieckiego i ustanowieniu w Azji Środkowej nowych niepodległych republik, a także wobec trudności gospodarczych, wojen i niepokojów społecznych, w dążeniu do uzyskania środków do życia, wspólnoty „Cyganów” środkowoazjatyckich powróciły do swych dawnych tradycji nomadycznych i migrują na teren Federacji Rosyjskiej jak też w obrębie Azji Środowej do Kazachstanu. Zarabiają tu na życie żebraniem, okazjonalnie podejmują pracę na budowach, zajmują się też zbieraniem surowców wtórnych.Zasadniczą kwestią rozpatrywaną w niniejszym artykule jest ukazanie, jak te współczesne migracje wpływają na budowanie tożsamości i dobrobytu środkowoazjatyckich „Cyganów”. Przedstawiona została analiza wielopoziomowych hierarchicznie ustrukturyzowanych tożsamości „Cyganów” środkowoazjatyckich, przejawiających się w różnych kontekstach historycznych: jako „ludzi sowieckich”, członków dawnej klasy przewodniej – wiejskiego proletariatu, i jako zdeklasowanej dziś wspólnoty; jako „Cyganie” środkowoazjatyccy lub jako obywatele odnośnych republik środkowoazjatyckich podczas migracji na terenie Federacji Rosyjskiej vis a vis dominującej wspólnoty społeczeństwa rosyjskiego, jak też vis a vis Romów; a także w kontekście regionu środkowoazjatyckiego podczas migracji do Kazachstanu oraz w ich krajach ojczystych.
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Antonov, E. V. "Urban Agglomerations: Approaches to the Allocation and Delimitation". Outlines of global transformations: politics, economics, law 13, n. 1 (30 maggio 2020): 180–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.23932/2542-0240-2020-13-1-10.
Abstract (sommario):
Currently, Russia has declared the need to develop a federal law “On urban agglomerations”; the development of urban agglomerations is declared as a necessary condition for ensuring economic growth and innovative development in the country. However, there are no evident approaches to the allocation and delimitation of urban agglomerations; the definitions given in the Russian spatial development strategy are very general. In this regard, the purpose of this article is to summarize the existing approaches to working with agglomerations in foreign and Russian science and practice. The article shows that in economically developed countries, the main approach to the allocation of agglomerations is functional, in which the area of interaction between the “core” of the agglomeration and its “hinterland” is determined, first of all, by the intensity of pendulum labor migrations; the functional approach is gradually transformed into a network approach, implying the polycentricity of agglomerations. The allocation and delimitation of agglomerations in a country can be based on a unified or individual approach. The article suggests using both options in Russia: a unified approach for improving statistical accounting of changes in the settlement system, which is close to the OECD methodology, and an individual approach for strategic planning and development of inter-municipal cooperation. The advantage of the OECD methodology is that there is no need to rely on the existing territorial boundaries of local self-government, which differ markedly across the subjects of the Russian Federation. It is also proposed to conduct a broad discussion of the approaches to the allocation and delimitation of agglomerations for the law “On urban agglomerations”; to improve the system of statistical accounting for pendulum population migrations, including in population censuses.
30
Bublikov, V. V. "Russian-Ukrainian population of the Russian territories bordering with Ukraine: ethnocultural or transition group?" VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, n. 4(55) (23 dicembre 2021): 212–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2021-55-4-18.
Abstract (sommario):
One of the new directions in ethnosociology is the study of population groups with multiple (often double) ethnic identities, which are growing quantitatively due to the spread of ethnically “mixed” marriages, migrations, etc. Among such “hybrid” ethnic groups, residents with Russian-Ukrainian identity are one of the largest bi-ethnic communities in Russia. In particular, in the Russian regions bordering with Ukraine, residents with dual Russian-Ukrainian identity make up a significant proportion of the population. Accordingly, the studies of 2017–2018 show that in Belgorod region 16 % of residents have Russian-Ukrainian ethnic identities, whereas it is 23 % in the bor-der municipalities. In this paper, the genesis and reproduction potential of a bi-ethnic Russian-Ukrainian popula-tion group at the Russian-Ukrainian borderland is discussed. The first part of the paper comprises an overview of the studies of multiethnic groups, including the Russian-Ukrainian population. The second part is based on em-pirical ethnosociological research conducted by the author and is devoted to finding the answer to the question: “Is the population with the double Russian-Ukrainian identity an independent, permanently existing ethnocultural community or a transitional group that temporarily emerged in the process of assimilation of the Ukrainians in Russia?”. Sociological data indicate that this group of population should be considered as a separate, perma-nently existing ethno-cultural community, and not a temporary, transitional group in the process of assimilation of the Ukrainians in Russia. In favor of the former speaks the fact that the population with the double Russian-Ukrainian identity consists mainly of autochthonous people, with a balanced age composition, who inherited bi-ethnicity by their “mixed” origin, rather than by assimilation. In the respondents in this group, endogenous factors of the formation of ethnic identity are dominant; they feel an inextricable ethnic connection with the population of the neighboring Ukrainian regions. At the same time, members of the Russian-Ukrainian ethnocultural group are predominantly pessimistic about possibility of inheriting their double identity by future generations.
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Kudakaev, Vasily V. "On fishing of japanese sardine (Sardinops melanostictus)". Izvestiya TINRO 185, n. 2 (30 giugno 2016): 273–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-185-273-276.
Abstract (sommario):
Japanese sardine resumes mass migrations to the Russian waters since 2014 that allows to restart domestic fishery of this species. Traditionally, Russian fishermen use purse seine for the sardine landing. Capacities of both purse seine and trawl fishing of japanese sardine are analyzed. There is concluded that the trawl fishing is more appropriate for the catch processing to fish flour.
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Boltunov, Andrei N., e Stanislav E. Belikov. "Belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) of the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas". NAMMCO Scientific Publications 4 (22 luglio 2002): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/3.2842.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper reviews published information on the white whale or beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) inhabiting the Barents, Kara and Laptev seas. Some data obtained during multi-year aerial reconnaissance of sea ice in the Russian Arctic are also included. Ice conditions, considered one of the major factors affecting distribution of belugas, are described. The number of belugas inhabiting the Russian Arctic is unknown. Based on analysis of published and unpublished information we believe that the primary summer habitats of belugas in the Western Russian Arctic lie in the area of Frants-Josef Land, in the Kara Sea and in the western Laptev Sea. Apparently most belugas winter in the Barents Sea. Although it has been suggested that a considerable number of animals winter in the Kara Sea, there is no direct evidence for this. Apparent migrations of animals are regularly observed at several sites: the straits of the Novaya Zemlya Archipelago, the waters north of the archipelago, and Vilkitskiy Strait between the Kara and Laptev seas. Calving and mating take place in summer, and the beluga mother feeds a calf for at least a year. Females mature earlier than males, and about 30% of mature females in a population are barren. Sex ratio is apparently close to 1:1. The diet of the beluga in the region includes fish and crustaceans and shows considerable spatial and temporal variations. However, polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is the main prey most of the year, and whitefish (Coregonidae) contribute in coastal waters in summer. Usually belugas form groups of up to 10 related individuals of different ages, while large aggregations are common during seasonal migrations or in areas with abundant and easily available food. Beluga whaling in Russia has a history of several centuries. The highest catches were taken in the 1950s and 1960s, when about 1,500 animals were caught annually in the Western Russian Arctic. In the 1990s, few belugas were harvested in the Russian Arctic. In 1999 commercial whaling of belugas in Russia was banned. Belugas can be caught only for research, cultural and educational purposes and for the subsistence needs of local people. With the absence of significant whaling, anthropogenic pollution seems to be the major threat for the species.
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Sevostyanova, Yelena. "Chinas Public Organizations as Partners of the Russian Federation in Implementing the State Policy of Assistance to Compatriots Abroad: Historical Experience of Diaspores and New Trends". Russian and Chinese Studies 3, n. 4 (28 dicembre 2019): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2587-7445.2019.3(4).38-52.
Abstract (sommario):
The article examines the main activity directions of non-governmental organizations in China in terms of the retrospective, general trends in the present-day period and specificity of this activity in PRC and the trans-border territories of the Russian Federation. Each of the three periods of existence of the public organizations of compatriots – pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet — has both common traits and their specificity. The first voluntary organizations for support of Russian compatriots in China appeared in terms of public initiative in early XX century. As long as a system of state support of those migrated was absent in China, the emigrants created public organizations that assisted the compatriots materially and spiritually. Compatriots’ organizations arranged «Days of Russian Culture», supported opening and existence of schools and libraries, created a Russian-speaking media space. The break-up of the USSR stimulated not only the migration processes but also consolidation of the Russian diaspores around the world, appearance of new forms of organizing the compatriots living in various countries. In the modern period the state participates actively in integrating activities of public compatriots’ organizations in the far abroad because it comprehends that these organizations scattered around the whole world are unable to fully perform defense of the compatriots’ interests, to support the Russian-speaking mass media, to preserve affiliation with the Russian culture, traditions and the language. Beginning from early 2000, the Russian federation and the People’s Republic of China have been developing inter-governmental cooperation in the + sphere of assistance to compatriots, counteraction to illegal migrations. Intensification of regional cooperations has become a new direction. In Zabaikalye Territory, the cooperation with public organizations of Russian compatriots in China is carried out by the territorial Ministry of International Cooperation and Foreign Connections. The article states major directions and forms of work with Russian compatriots in China at the regional level. It makes a conclusion that the Russian Federation places great emphasis to strengthening of partner cooperation of compatriots with Russia, the government tries along with the public to determine new and most prospective direction of activities. In China, the integration of business community, integration of youth organizations can be referred to such directions.
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Shlegel, Elena A. "Dialects of the Germans of Russia and Kazakhstan". Journal of Frontier Studies 8, n. 1 (6 febbraio 2023): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.46539/jfs.v8i1.496.
Abstract (sommario):
The linguistic diversity of the Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan is due to the migration of ethnic groups to the territory of the Russian Empire from the lands of Germany and subsequent migrations within the country. Some ethnic Germans use the dialect in speech, for them it is their native language, the rest of the Germans speak literary German to varying degrees, and Russian is considered their native language. Today, it is impossible to uniquely identify one native language for an ethnic group, as Germans speak different dialects of German. The purpose of the study is to determine the states of the modern dialect language of the Germans of Russia and Kazakhstan, to consider how dialects were historically spread throughout the country, and how dialects are preserved now. The article considers the territorial distribution of dialects in Russia, primarily Siberia, where the majority of Germans live, as well as the circulation of German dialects in Kazakhstan after the deportation of Germans. The central part of the article is devoted to the modern state of dialects, which are preserved primarily in places of compact settlement of Germans. The article makes use of the results of ethno-sociological surveys of Germans in Russia and Kazakhstan on the issues of dialects, and analyzes contemporary methods of preserving and translating the language. Conclusions: dialects are preserved where Germans live compactly. The author notes that there are negative trends in the process of preserving dialects, but German public organizations today solve many problems concerning dialects.
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Belyaeva, Lyudmila. "Eastern vector of mass migrations in Russia in domestic studies of the 19th - first half of the 20th centuries". Vestnik instituta sotziologii 14, n. 1 (31 marzo 2023): 13–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/vis.2023.14.1.1.
Abstract (sommario):
Modern Russia clearly demonstrates the trend of recent decades - the movement of the population from the East and North to the European Central and Southern part of the country. The main reasons for relocation to these regions are the developed social and socio-cultural infrastructure, employment and professional opportunities that would allow families to lead a full life. An eastward turn of migration flows could gradually solve the problem of overpopulation in the megacities of the European part of the country. But, as statistics show, the process of outflow of the population from the eastern regions has only slowed down so far, but has not stopped. In the history of Russia there were various spontaneous and organised movements of large masses of people, mainly in eastern directions, in connection with the continuous expansion of its borders and the need to develop new territories. These processes became especially active in the 19th century. First, as an independent resettlement of peasants with small allotments, later in the middle of the century with the state support. At the beginning of the 20th century organised migration accelerated in connection with the implementation of the Stolypin reforms. In just four years (1907–1911), 2.6 mln people moved to the East of Russia. The article presents the works of Russian researchers of the 19th - early 20th centuries, dedicated to mass migrations of the population from the Center of Russia to the East. The works can be organised in two groups. One group introduces the public to the natural, ethnographic, and sanitary conditions in the new territories, and tells the history of the conquest and settlement in these places. In other works, migration practices themselves are studied, with the study of information about migrants, their composition, socio-demographic and other characteristics. Questioning methods were used, tracing the reasons for resettlement, assessments of new places, psychological motives for resettlement. The revolutionary changes in Russia in 1917 accelerated the migration of the population. In the first fifteen years after the revolution, these processes were studied quite actively (O.V. Kvitkin, S.G. Strumilin). Since the mid-1930s, the study of migration has been curtailed, although this was a period of intensive voluntary and forced displacement of the country's inhabitants, amateur and organised migrations. The main flow of migrants was directed from the village to the city, from the Center to the East, that was associated with the accelerated urbanisation and industrialisation of the country.
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Sinitsyn, Fedor L. "Transboundary nomadism in the USSR in the 1920s". RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, n. 3 (15 dicembre 2019): 589–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-3-589-604.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstarct: In the context of the history of migration processes among nomadic peoples, the present article studies transboundary nomadism between the USSR and neighboring countries in the 1920s as well as the Soviet policy on these processes. The author discusses the border areas of the east and south of the USSR and such neighboring states as China, Mongolia, Tuva, Afghanistan, and Persia. The article is written on a broad source base, which includes both published and unpublished documents identifi ed by the author in the Russian State Military Archives (RGVA), the Russian State Archives of Socio-Political History (RGASPI) and the Aginsky Branch of the State Archives of the Trans-Baikal Territory (AFGAZK). The article demonstrates the important strategic role of border nomadic regions, in particular, of Buryatia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkmenistan. After the 1917 revolutionary events in Russia, migrations from these territories were motivated not only by economic but also by political reasons, with the nomads escaping from state control and subsequently participating in anti-Soviet uprisings and in the Basmachi movement. The author argues that the Soviet leadership was eager to uphold the status quo on its borderlands. By the 1930s the USSR established full control over migration processes, minimizing or completely eliminating the transboundary nomadism. This was framed as a question of securing the state´s borders against a capitalist environment, but also of preventing the penetration of hostile ideology from abroad.
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D'yachkov, Vladimir L'vovich. "Databases on the history of local population migrations in Russia at the end of the XIX – XX centuries: information capabilities and processing methods. Part I." Историческая информатика, n. 2 (febbraio 2022): 28–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2022.2.37843.
Abstract (sommario):
In the first part of the proposed article, the information capabilities and methods of processing in electronic databases (EBD) of the first two groups of sources on local population migrations in Russia at the end of the XIX – XX centuries are analyzed and illustrated: 1) pre-revolutionary parish registers, Soviet statistics of registry offices for individual rural and urban settlements, materials of All-Russian censuses population and other census documents containing information about the movement of the population at the micro level of individual settlements; 2) replenished "author's" EBDS of student genealogies (48 information parameters; about 150 thousand personalities as of April 2022) and surveys of women who have completed prolific activities (40 information parameters; 11.5 thousand respondents as of April 2022) The scientific novelty of the proposed study of the information capabilities of the first two blocks of representative sources on local migrations of the Russian population of the history of the period under consideration is provided, first of all, by strict adherence to the principle of historicism, obliging to take what is being studied in motion, in the totality of all its aspects and as it was in the real past. The principle of historicism dictates, in turn, the methodology for creating EBDS of traditional and unique mass sources on social history. Records in metric books, materials of registry offices, population censuses, surveys of elderly women and student genealogies with a truly historical method of obtaining and processing data turn out to be necessary, mandatory and often irreplaceable sources of knowledge and tools for uncovering the mobile socio-natural synergy of domestic new and modern history on the longest and continuous rows of complex demographic and sociographic information. Local migrations are the most important, but part of this synergy.
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Smirnova, T. B. "Contemporary ethno-demographical processes in the regions of Siberia and the Russia’s Far East". POWER AND ADMINISTRATION IN THE EAST OF RUSSIA 93, n. 4 (2020): 198–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/1818-4049-2020-93-4-198-206.
Abstract (sommario):
The article touches upon the changes that happened in the demographical years. Asian Russia – is 77% of the territory of our country and just 25% of its population. Low population density and spotted allocation of population on this extremely tremendous territory are the problems that have been formed historically. In the imperial Russia and in the Soviet Union these problems were solved and the population of eastern regions of the country increased steadily. A demographical switch took place after the breakup of the Soviet Union. The population decreased by 2.2 million people between the population censuses of 1989 and 2010. The shifts in distribution of population and changes in ethnic composition of regions occurred. Despite various development programs, the share of residents of the Russia’s Far East and in general the Far North and the equal-status regions diminished most significantly. The share of the Russians decreased in national republics. In order to study these massive processes a net community of scientists, experts working in the fields of migration, history and ethnology, was established. The community was formed under the scope of the project “Ethno-demographical processes in the Asian Russia: contemporary state, expectations and risks”. The experts work in 12 regions of the Urals federal district (Sverdlovsk, Tyumen and the Chelyabinsk region), the Siberian federal district (the Krasnoyarsk territory, the Republic of Altai, the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions) and the Far-Eastern federal district (The Republic of Buryatia, the Republic of the Sakha (Yakutia), the Khabarovsk territory, the Primorsk territory, the Chukotka autonomous district). Sociological surveys of population, including students, were held in every region in 2020. The surveys were based on the common program. Migration situation, causes and grounds of migrations were evaluated. It seems to be important to analyze ethno-demographical processes at the point of holding the Russian Census.
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Ayşe Bilge Gürsoy, Assoc Prof. "Preserving the Memories by Music: The Collective Conscious in Balkan Songs". International Journal of Arts, Humanities & Social Science 04, n. 07 (14 luglio 2023): 14–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.56734/ijahss.v4n7a3.
Abstract (sommario):
Music not only affects the soul but also is a language that we express ourselves and a memory that records our experiences. As seen in the examples of Balkan history, these experiences can be migration, separation, death, and war. Balkan history can be called the history of migrations and wars. Especially the 1878 Ottoman-Russian War, the 1912-13 Balkan Wars, and the First World War caused the migrations of Turks. The recurrent waves of mass migration to mainland Turkey from the Balkans since the late 19th century continuing up to today, about 1/5 of Turkey’s population today is of Balkan origin (Kut, 1997, 42). The pain of migration, separation, suffering, and death seem to live in folk songs called ‘Rumeli Türküleri’ meaning folk songs of Rumelia that draw boundaries between Bulgaria, Greece, and Turkey today. I aim to show the effects of migrations, and wars on people through the study of music. First, I will mention Balkan's historic background, and then I will analyze the lyrics of Rumelian songs together with two examples of songs from Bulgaria and Kosova and analyze the style and rhythm of selected songs. Finally, I will mention how Balkan music keeps legends alive and how it serves as a bridge of friendship between Anatolia and the Balkans today. To show this, I will analyze the folk song ‘Drama Bridge’, which is about Drama that remained within the Greek boundaries after the Balkan Wars, and which is used in the 2010 ECOC (European Capital of Culture) project in Istanbul for the immigrants in Greece and Turkey to understand each other.
40
Protassova, Ekaterina, e Maria Yelenevskaya. "Learning and Teaching Russian as a Pluricentric Language". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MULTILINGUAL EDUCATION VIII, n. 2 (28 dicembre 2020): 43–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22333/ijme.2020.16004.
Abstract (sommario):
Teaching Russian as a foreign language outside the nation might still be oriented towards the norm and conventions of contemporary metropolitan Russian, but in the minority situation, which emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet Union and massive migrations, teaching should absorb the newly developed local lexis and formulate the rules reflecting regional changes in the structure. State-of-the-art language pedagogy rejects stringency of approach to communication and accepts the reality of translanguaging and regional varieties, considering them in the curricula. Clearly, teaching Russian in the situation of the new linguistic contacts calls for innovative methods and flexible approaches. The article is based on the interviews and informal conversations with Russian-language teachers and school owners, as well as on meta-analysis of the already published data. This article aims to show challenges confronting Russian-language teachers in various countries, with examples drawn from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Israel, Kazakhstan, Norway, and Slovakia.
41
Bugaev, A. V., e A. I. Gerlits. "Characteristics of feeding migrations of hatchery juveniles of pacific salmon in the basin of Okhotsk Sea and adjacent Pacific waters in the autumn-winter period (regional identification, abundance and distribution of catches, bio-logical indices, estimates of mortality)". Izvestiya TINRO 203, n. 1 (4 aprile 2023): 16–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2023-203-16-45.
Abstract (sommario):
Long-term data on feeding migrations of hatchery pacific salmon (pink and chum salmon) in the Okhotsk Sea and adjacent Pacific waters in the autumn-winter of 2011–2021 are generalized. The study is based on materials (otolith samples, biological indices) collected in the trawl surveys conducted by TINRO, as well as on international statistics on releases and tagging of pacific salmon at the Russian and Japanese hatcheries. The main patterns of intraspecific structure, migration routes, spatial distribution, and volumes of catch are determined for these species, as well as the size-weight parameters of fish originated from different regions. Natural mortality of salmon juveniles at the stage of migration from the coastal zone to the open sea is estimated at systemic level for the first time.
42
Kuznetsova, Irina, e John Round. "Postcolonial migrations in Russia: the racism, informality and discrimination nexus". International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 39, n. 1/2 (11 marzo 2019): 52–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-08-2018-0131.
Abstract (sommario):
PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to contribute to the challenges of bringing postcolonial, racism and migration research into a meaningful dialogue. Based on the research examining migration from Central Asia into Russia, the paper analyses migration policy and the everyday experiences of migrants.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on mixed methodologies, including narrative, semi-structured and in-depth interviews with migrants from Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan in Russian cities and those who returned to their country of origin (over 300 people), interviews with representatives of NGOs, state officials and journalists in 2013–2016 and an analysis of the legislation and mass-media regarding migration from Central Asia.FindingsThe paper demonstrates that experiencing racism is a part of everyday life for migrants from Central Asia living in Russia. Whether this is in interactions with the state, fear of persecution on the street by the police or in the workplace, it is a constant factor. It argues that the political and everyday xenophobia and racism demonstrates deeply rooted imperial views in Russia’s inner politics and shapes attitudes toward migrants.Social implicationsThe paper contributes to broader debates on the linkages between migration and racism in Europe, in particularly questioning the positionality of migrants from “not-European” countries.Originality/valueMbembe’s approach to “let die” is pertinent in understanding postcolonial migration. Racism continually plays a role in “normalization” of abuse toward migrants and restrictive migration policy. Blaming “the migrant” for acting informally, draining healthcare resources and for posing a security risk provides a much-needed scapegoat for the state.
43
Kyrchanoff, Maksym W. "RUSSIAN HISTORY AS AN INVENTED TRADITION IN THE PROSE BYVLADIMIR SHAROV:an image of an escapeas of a return and an image of an exile as of a traumatic “procession” and “crusade” in the novels “Be Like Children” and “Return to Egypt”". PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, n. 1 (2020): 45–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-1-45-71.
Abstract (sommario):
The author analyzes the literary heritage of the Russian postmodernistwriter Vladimir Sharov in the context of travel images. The articleconsidersnovels “Be like children” and “Return to Egypt”. The author believes that the writer actualized in his texts the problems of movement as of a social and cultural journey,like trauma, nostalgia and forgetting. The real and imaginary travels of characters in the prose by V.Sharov can be described in the categories of absurdity and meaninglessness. Travel images do not actualize spatial migrations, but they visualize contradictions and paradoxes of thedevelopment of Russian identity as a deformed one. The author analyzes travels in V. Sharov’s prose as invented cultural traditions. The travel discourse in the texts byV. Sharov became the result of the development of modern in Russia that emergedas modern before modern and modern without modern. The author of the article assumes that the travel in V.Sharov’s prose gradually loses its connection with reality, transforming into a travel as a construct and a travel as memory. The forced travels of his prosecharactersbecame imaginary pilgrimages and attempts of the Russian people, regardedas a hostage of Russian history,to escape. The writer imagined Russian history as a cyclical social and cultural journey. The motifs of travel in V.Sharov’s prose are presented in a variety of forms, including a novel in letters, a traditional postmodern novel, and an imitation of hagiographic texts.
44
Bugaev, A. V., A. I. Chistyakova e S. Urava. "Long-term trends in distribution and regional composition of the catches of hatchery pink and chum salmon during autumn migrations in the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk". Researches of the aquatic biological resources of Kamchatka and the North-West Part of the Pacific Ocean 57, n. 57 (15 febbraio 2021): 67–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15853/2072-8212.2020.57.67-98.
Abstract (sommario):
Long-term trends in distribution and regional composition of the catches of hatchery pink and chum salmon during autumn post-catadromous migrations in the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk in 2011–2017 were evaluated based on the otolith marking data. Qualitative and intraspecific structure of the hatchery fish aggregations was analyzed in connection to the interannual variety in forming abundant and not abundant generations of pink salmon. The analyze is carried out allowed to find out that the aggregation density of Russian and Japan hatchery juvenile chum salmon in the eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk is higher in the even years of observation. Along that the distribution of the active migrants of the Sakhalin-Kurile and Hokkaido stock complexes in the north-east direction withing the Okhotsk Sea basin is better expressed. We think, that the main reason is low abundance of pink salmon generations (odd years of spawning) on West Kamchatka during autumn migration in the even years.In general the results obtained indicate that the cyclic migration of juvenile pink and chum salmon in the basin of the Sea of Okhotsk during post-catadromous migrations is of a systemic and mass character. Hatchery and wild fish have been engaged. The scheme of the juvenile distribution is similar in even and odd years.
45
Vukcevic, Nemanja. "Migration and religiousness". Вестник Пермского университета. Философия. Психология. Социология, n. 3 (2020): 486–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2078-7898/2020-3-486-493.
Abstract (sommario):
The subject of the research is the relationship between the phenomena of religion and migrations. The problem of their interaction has been inherent in human society since the ancient times; this problem is relevant one in nova days too. The consequences and prospects of development of this complex phenomenon in contemporary society are not sufficiently examined in science yet, especially in Sociology. In the paper, the role of religion in migration processes is studied based on the analysis of various sources, synthesis, induction, analogy, and abstraction. In course of research were analyzed numerous religious treatises, fiction works and classical sociological works, as well as works by foreign and Russian contemporary academic authors. The paper notes that the migration discourse has now shifted from the geographic and demographic to the socio-political domain. Religion has begun to play an important role at all stages of migration, both from the perspective of neoliberal and humanistic approaches. The paper aims to identify the role of the religious factor in the migration process and the role and logic of migration not only in inter-faith but also in intra-faith relations. It is shown that migration either serves as a catalyst for religious feelings and behavior or it strengthens the existing religious identity of migrants and enhances the quality of their religious feelings. The study highlights the need to improve the legislative framework of religious freedom, but also raises the question of how far religious communities can go in the process of advancing religious practice. In this regard, migrations often become a challenge for a secular state. Therefore, it is concluded that only an integrated approach would contribute to solving this problem.
46
Avdashkin, A. A. "Tajiks in the South Urals in the Post-Soviet Years". Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 36 (2021): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2021.36.50.
Abstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to the formation and development of the community of Tajik migrants in the Post-Soviet period in the South Urals. The source database was made up of archival documents from the archive of the Chelyabinsk region, data on international migration and field materials of the author. Using this set of sources, the author reconstructs the quantitative and qualitative parameters of cross-border movements from Tajikistan, shows the time and circumstances of arrival migrants, reveals the participation of Tajiks in internal Russian and cross-border migrations. In total, the author collected 56 interviews with immigrants from Tajikistan, implemented 115 hours of included observation. The sample of objects for observation and establishment of contacts with informants included: cafes, “points” selling clothes in the markets “Chinese”, “Vostochnyi Gorod” and “Kashirinsky” in Chelyabinsk, residential buildings and schools near them, as well as public transport. The methodological basis of the research is transnationalism. The use of transnational optics made it possible to see the life of migrants simultaneously in two contexts – “there” and “here”. In the structure of Central Asian migration to the South Urals since the 1990s Tajiks predominated. Against their background, the Kyrgyz were small and “invisible” for the host country; Uzbeks joined labor migration only relatively recently. Dynamic movements from Tajikistan have led to the formation of stable transnational ties, connected, first of all, with the supply and sale of fruits and vegetables, seasonal work at construction sites, etc. People from the Khatlon and Sughd regions come to the South Urals. At the same time, Tajik migrants demonstrated a high level of mobility within Russia already in the 1990s, they actively moved around Russian cities (Moscow, Yekaterinburg, Novosibirsk) in search of work, higher earnings, and prospects for starting a business. Labor migration from Tajikistan is due to steady population growth in the country of origin, combined with low rates of economic development, unemployment, and low incomes. According to informants' estimates, in the coming years, one should hardly expect a significant reduction in migration from Tajikistan to the Chelyabinsk region.
47
Степанов, В. А. "Population Genomics of Russian populations". Nauchno-prakticheskii zhurnal «Medicinskaia genetika», n. 7(216) (30 luglio 2020): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.25557/2073-7998.2020.07.6-7.
Abstract (sommario):
Популяционная геномика человека является мощным современным подходом в популяционной генетике, базирующемся на технологиях геномного секвенирования, биоинформатики и анализа больших данных. Геномный анализ генетической вариабельности в популяциях является фундаментальной основой генетики болезней и разработки путей их диагностики, терапии и профилактики. В работе представлены собственные данные о геномном анализе генетического разнообразия населения России. Показано, что генофонд современных народов России формировался на протяжении многих тысяч лет в ходе совокупного влияния миграций, изоляции расстоянием, эффектов основателя и естественного отбора. Сформировавшиеся в ходе микроэволюции геномные паттерны современных популяций в существенной мере определяют композицию генетических факторов как частых хронических, так и редких моногенных заболеваний. Human population genomics is a powerful modern approach in population genetics based on technologies of genomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and big data analysis. Genomic analysis of genetic variability in populations is a fundamental basis for the genetics of diseases and the development of ways for their diagnosis, therapy and prevention. The work presents the own data on the genomic analysis of the genetic diversity of the Russian populations. It is shown that the gene pool of modern populations of Russia was formed over many thousands of years by the combined effects of migrations, isolation by distance, founder effects and natural selection. The genomic patterns of modern populations formed during microevolution substantially determine the composition of genetic factors of both frequent chronic and rare monogenic diseases.
48
Pozharskaya, K. A. "Colonization Narrative in the «Notes of the West Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society» (on the Materials of the Altai District)". Izvestiya of Altai State University, n. 5(121) (19 novembre 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2021)5-03.
Abstract (sommario):
In 1877, the creation of the West Siberian Department of the Russian Geographical Society in Omsk marked a new stage in the history of scientific study of the Altai Mining District, which was expressed, among other things, in the active expeditionary activities of that time leading scientists to the region. The article analyzes the publication's content of the department's printed organ — «Notes», dedicated to the colonization process and migrations of the second half of the 19th century. The content of the works on the theme, their specificity, and their role in shaping the resettlement agenda are identified. It is emphasized that despite the positive assessment of the role of migration in the development of the Altai territory, experts of the turn of the 19th-20th centuries identified bifurcation points in the work of the «pro-gram» of peasant development of the territory (the relationship with the local Russian and foreign population, the agricultural potential of hotel lacunae, the impact of migration on the scrapping of the type of land use consistent with the natural and climatic conditions of the region, land crowding, rapid plowing of soils, etc.). The article concludes about the unique nature of field materials, their «live» content, the desire for fixation and objectification.
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Datsyshen, Vladimir G., e Larisa A. Kutilova. "Russian-Chinese families in the 20th century: Emergence and characteristics1". RUDN Journal of Russian History 18, n. 4 (15 dicembre 2019): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2019-18-4-742-757.
Abstract (sommario):
This may well be the first article about the history of mixed Russian-Chinese families in Russia and the USSR. The study is based on sources in federal, regional and local archives, mainly of Siberia and the Far East, statistics, and the press. It notes that the great gender imbalance in almost exclusively male Chinese migrant community meant that Chinese men chose Russian women as life partners. The decline of Russia’s male population during the First World War and the Civil War only exacerbated this trend. First recorded in the late nineteenth century, this phenomenon became widespread during the twentieth, not only in the Far East, but also in other areas with large populations of Chinese workers, such as Donbass. Wives in such marriages were mainly peasant women, although on occasion Cossack women and even noblewomen, often widows, took Chinese husbands. The brides were invariably younger than their spouses and tended to be housewives. However, some worked with their husbands in small businesses. These mixed couples tended to have fewer children than those that were fully Russian. The vagaries of Sino-Soviet relations during the twentieth century led to several waves of deportations of such families. Thus, in 1938 some were exiled from their places of residence to Xinjiang, Kazakhstan or the Amur region. While forced migrations considerably reduced the size of the Chinese community, they did not destroy it. The authors conclude that new Chinese immigration to Post-Soviet Russia follows the pattern set in the twentieth century’s first half, as do mixed marriages.
50
Ermolin, Evgeniy A. "The Russian-speaking writer in the socio-cultural collisions of the XX-XXI centuries: literary diasporality as a cultural trend". World of Russian-speaking countries 2, n. 12 (2022): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2658-7866-2022-2-12-114-127.
Abstract (sommario):
The article deals with the transformation of the status and priorities of Russian-speaking writers who find themselves in a diaspora. The cultural background of literature in Russian was originally historical Russia within the Russian statehood. In the 20th century, this literature divided into the literature of the metropolis and the literature of the Russian-speaking diaspora. Since the end of the XX century, due to historical and political perturbations, literature in Russian is produced in different countries of the world, resulting not only from literary migrations, but also from autonomous literary processes in these regions and countries. It is possible to speak of both global communications in the Russian-speaking world and the existence of local Russian-speaking literary communities. Literature is created by Russian-speaking writers on different cultural bases, it acquires specific features depending on this basis, but also in conjunction with memories of the Russian literary tradition and global literary trends. The subject of the study is not the diaspora community as such, but the historical and cultural situation in which Russian-language literature, originally based primarily within certain state boundaries, goes beyond them and exists independently of those state institutions that have traditionally been associated with it in one way or another. The article characterizes the cultural phenomenon of diaspora as “ethnic marginality”, an ethno-cultural community functioning in a non-ethnic context, and considers the main historical and cultural stages of the relationship between the metropolis and the diaspora. Particular attention is paid to the crisis situation in the writer's work. Being in an alien socio-cultural environment, the writer acquired a special cross-cultural writing experience as a condition and creative reflection, caused by a change of environment and the loss of the familiar, usual values of the native culture, and by questions about one's identity, when previous experiences became an attribute of memory and reflection.