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1
Md. Sobur Hossain e Nishat Tasnim. "Rural-urban migration in Rangpur city: A sociological study". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 19, n. 3 (30 settembre 2023): 006–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2023.19.3.1739.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The phenomenon of rural-to-urban migration has a long history. People’s attempts to move from rural areas to cities originated in ancient times. In this context, the migration history to Rangpur is brief. The history of urbanization in Rangpur began not too long ago, with people from various villages in the surrounding districts settling in the city. Through the lens of economic and socio-cultural perspectives, multiple factors have directly and indirectly influenced migration from rural areas to this city. Therefore, understanding its intricate meanings is only feasible by discussing rural-urban migration through a sociological research approach.
2
MacDonald, Daniel. "Internal Migration and Sectoral Shift in the Nineteenth-Century United States". Social Science History 45, n. 4 (2021): 843–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.36.
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AbstractWe study the relationship between internal migration and industrialization in the United States between 1850 and 1880. We use the Linked Representative Samples from IPUMS and find significant amounts of rural-urban and urban-urban migration in New England. Rural-urban migration was mainly driven by agricultural workers shifting to manufacturing occupations. Urban-urban migration was driven by foreign-born workers in manufacturing. We argue that rural-urban migration was a significant factor in US economic development and the structural transformation from agriculture to manufacturing.
3
Qi, Ziwei. "An Overview of Rural to Urban Migration in China and Social Challenges". Migration Letters 16, n. 2 (5 aprile 2019): 273–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182//ml.v16i2.664.
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The rural to urban migration in China represents one of the greatest internal migrations of people in history as rural populations have moved to cities in response to growing labour demand. One major cause of the increased labour demand was the “Reform and Open Market Policy” initiated at the end of the 1970s. The policy amplified the rural to urban divide by promoting a more thoroughly market-based economy with a corresponding reduction in the importance of agricultural production and a greater emphasis on non-agricultural market sectors. As a result, a series of economic reforms have drastically changed the cultural and social aspects of the rural area over the past three decades. Many social problems have been created due to rural to urban migration. These problems include institutional discrimination because of the restrictive household registration policies; social stigmatisation and discrimination in state-owned employment sectors and among urban residents; psychological distress and feelings of alienation.
4
Yuan, Bocong, Jiannan Li, Zhaoguo Wang e Lily Wu. "Household Registration System, Migration, and Inequity in Healthcare Access". Healthcare 7, n. 2 (11 aprile 2019): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7020061.
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This study investigates the influence of the household registration system on rural–urban disparity in healthcare access (including healthcare quality, blood pressure check, blood test, vision test, dental examination, and breast exam), using data from a large-scale nationwide life history survey that covered 150 counties across 28 provinces and municipalities in China. In contrast to the findings of many previous studies that emphasize the disparity in the residence place as the cause of rural–urban disparity in healthcare access, this study finds that the residence place just has a very limited influence on healthcare access in China, and what really matters is the household registration type. Our empirical results show that people with a non-rural household registration type generally have better healthcare access than those with a rural one. For rural residents, changing the registration type of their household (from rural to non-rural) can improve their healthcare access, whereas changing the residence place or migrating from rural to urban areas have no effect. Therefore, mere rural-to-urban migration may not be a valid measure to eliminate the rural–urban disparity in healthcare access, unless the institution of healthcare resource allocation is reformed.
5
Zhang, Jingwen, James Nazroo e Nan Zhang. "GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION AND ITS IMPACT ON MENTAL HEALTH IN LATER LIFE". Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (1 novembre 2022): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.3042.
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Abstract Although rural-to-urban migration has been well researched, how gender shapes processes and outcomes, including later life health outcomes, has not been thoroughly investigated. Guided by a life course perspective, this study explores gender differences in rural-urban migration patterns and its association with mental health in later life among Chinese older adults. Exploiting rich life history data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study, we employ sequence analysis to identify the typical migration trajectories of Chinese older adults. Moderated mediation analysis is then used to examine gender-specific health pathways linking migration trajectories and later-life mental health. The results indicate that: men and women follow different migration trajectories across the life course. Men are more likely to migrate between rural and urban areas, and to migrate multiple times. Rural migrants who settled in urban regions have better mental health in later life than return migrants or rural non-migrants; the gender gap in mental health is marginally smaller among early urban settlers than rural non-migrants. Household income and Hukou conversion mediate the relationship between migration trajectories and later-life mental health among older people of rural origin. Household income in later life has stronger mediation effects for migrant men than for migrant women. The study suggests that a life course perspective and awareness of gender dynamics should be incorporated in policymaking to reduce the rural-urban divide and gender-based inequality in mental health.
6
Mikhalev, Nikolay A. "RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION IN THE URALS ACCORDING TO THE 1970 ALL-UNION POPULATION CENSUS". Ural Historical Journal 79, n. 2 (2023): 37–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2023-2(79)-37-47.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In Russia, migration processes have always played a huge political and socio-economic role. The 20th century passed for the country under the sign of industrialization and urbanization, which, on the one hand, determined the strategic direction of modernization, and on the other hand, acted as the main coordinates that determined the movement of the population. It is common knowledge that migration from rural to urban areas was the main migration trend of modern Russian history, reflecting the accelerated development of the country’s urbanization processes. The most important source of data on migration is population censuses, which allow supplementing and clarifying the materials of the current statistical observation. A special place among them is occupied by the 1970 All-Union population census as the first post-war census, which program included questions about migration. The article aims at identifying regional specifics of rural-urban migration of the Urals population based on the materials of the 1970 census — determining the size and ratio of the flows that made up this migration, as well as assessing the intermediate results of its impact on the dynamics of the region’s population composition by the beginning of the 1970s. It is shown that even in the most urbanized regions of the Urals, villagers arriving in urban settlements constituted about a third of the total migration flow, while 23 times more than the number of migrants heading in the opposite direction, from city to village. Almost the same difference characterized the differences between the relative indicators of the migration intensity of the urban and rural population of the region.
7
Merkel-Hess, Kate, e Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom. "A Country on the Move: China Urbanizes". Current History 108, n. 717 (1 aprile 2009): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/curh.2009.108.717.167.
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Kulu, Hill, e Francesco C. Billari. "Migration to Urban and Rural Destinations in Post-Soviet Estonia: A Multilevel Event-History Analysis". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, n. 4 (aprile 2006): 749–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37367.
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Researchers are divided on the trends and causes of internal migration in postsocialist Central and Eastern Europe. Theories run in opposite directions: some scholars argue that increasing similarities with Western market economies are explaining the migration processes, whereas others claim that specific developments during the postsocialist socioeconomic restructuring are playing a major role. In this paper we contribute to the existing discussion by providing an analysis of personal and contextual determinants of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. We base our study on the data of the Estonian Labour Force Survey from 1995. Our research population consists of 8480 people aged 15 years to 68 years in early 1989. We analyze the intensity of urban-bound and rural-bound migration from January 1989 to December 1994, using the techniques of multilevel event-history analysis. We show that personal characteristics (age, marital status, employment status, education, and ethnicity) and contextual factors (unemployment level and the share of ethnic minorities) are both important in shaping the intensity of migration to urban and rural destinations in post-Soviet Estonia. Although the differences in migration behaviour by demographic characteristics in Estonia are in line with universalistic explanations, the regionally varying effect of socioeconomic status on migration is specific to developments in postsocialist countries, as a result of general economic hardship during the socioeconomic transition.
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Alexander, J. Trent. "The Great Migration in Comparative Perspective". Social Science History 22, n. 3 (1998): 349–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021787.
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Sociologists, demographers, and historians of the last few decades have pieced together a dramatically new understanding of the meaning of past migrations. The old story held that industry pulled recently dispossessed rural people to the city, where—along with deskilled artisans—they became part of a growing urban industrial proletariat. For migrants from rural areas, the process was thought to be catastrophic, requiring a total and often impossible adjustment to an urban world that was different in just about every imaginable way. Recent scholars have distanced themselves from this framework.
10
Harpelle, Ronald N., e Paul Kutsche. "Voices of Migrants: Rural-Urban Migration in Costa Rica." Hispanic American Historical Review 75, n. 2 (maggio 1995): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2517344.
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Harpelle, Ronald N. "Voices of Migrants: Rural-Urban Migration in Costa Rica". Hispanic American Historical Review 75, n. 2 (1 maggio 1995): 294–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00182168-75.2.294.
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Ansary, Rabiul. "Emerging Patterns of migration streams in India: A State Level Analysis of 2011 Census". Migration Letters 15, n. 3 (10 luglio 2018): 347–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v15i3.357.
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This article discusses changing patterns of migration in India using the data from the 2011 Census. In this study, the statistical (growth rate, percentage distribution) and cartographic methods have been used to analyse and map the changing patterns of migration across the states in India. It is found that in India, 37.5 percent of the population experienced spatial mobility in the 2011 Census which is higher than that of the 2001 Census (30.8 percent). The volume of migrants in the intercensal period (2001 to 2011) increased from 98.3 million to 161.4 million, an increase of over 64 percent. Overall, migration is more likely among the rural populations compared to the urban. However, substantial increase in the volume of urban-urban movements (14 million in 2001 to around 33 million in 2011) is the focus of the current study along with the rural-urban flows. For the first time in Indian Census history, the volume of urban-urban migration overtook the rural-urban migration volume in the last intercensal period. Creation of additional 2700 new Census Towns in the 2011 Census may be the real driving force for this staggering increase
13
Lawless, R. I. "Population Geography and Settlement Studies". Libyan Studies 20 (gennaio 1989): 251–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263718900006750.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Oil wealth has transformed Libya, a desertic and sparsely populated country, bringing dramatic demographic changes (Zoghlami 1979). El Mehdawi and Clarke (1982) and Lawless and Kezeiri (1983) describe and analyse the growing polarisation of the population in the north-west and north-east coastal regions which contain the two largest cities, Tripoli and Benghazi. They show that in recent years spatial duality has been sharply intensified by strong rural to urban migration and also by an increase in interregional migration. The concentration of new development programmes in certain urban centres has been the main cause of the development differential among the regions. As a result the regions which include the most important urban centres have become the most prosperous and the others have become less developed or even depressed. This has been the main cause of the rapid increase in both rural to urban migration and interregional migration. The inhabitants of the less developed regions have continued to move in increasing numbers to those which are more developed. The large majority of migrants who moved from these less developed regions are represented by rural people who have changed their place of residence and their occupation. They have left their work in the rural sector to seek employment in the industrial and service sector. As a result agricultural production has declined. The agrarian sector now employs less than a quarter of the Libyan workforce and the percentage of nomads and semi-nomads has declined to under 10% of the population. Albergani and Vignet-Zunz (1982) have shown that colonial invasion and occupation followed by the Second World War threatened the Bedouin of the Jebel Akhdar with extinction, not through sedentarisation but through the mass migration of a devastated rural population. The advent of oil and the high salary levels available in urban centres further encouraged this tendency. Gannous (1979) studied the movement of Bedouin from rural areas to the town of Al Abiyar and the erosion of Bedouin culture by urban values.
14
LONG, JASON. "Rural-Urban Migration and Socioeconomic Mobility in Victorian Britain". Journal of Economic History 65, n. 1 (marzo 2005): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050705050011.
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This article analyzes rural-urban migration in Great Britain in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Using a new dataset of 28,000 individuals matched between the 1851 and 1881 population censuses, I examine the selection process and treatment effect of migration, controlling for the endogeneity of the migration decision. I find that urban migrants were positively selected—the best of the rural labor pool—and that the economic benefits of migration were substantial. Migrants responded to market signals, and labor markets were largely efficient; however, not all gains from migration were exploited, potentially indicating some degree of inefficiency.
15
Wong, Diana. "Foreign Domestic Workers in Singapore". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 5, n. 1 (marzo 1996): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689600500106.
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This paper discusses the regulatory and economic context of Filipina migration into domestic waged labor in Singapore. It places this migration in the history of female rural-urban migration as well as the history of domestic labor in Singapore. Finally, it raises the question as to why domestic waged labor has persisted in the global capitalist economy.
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Wu, Harry Xiaoying. "Rural to Urban Migration in the People's Republic of China". China Quarterly 139 (settembre 1994): 669–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000043095.
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The history of modern economic development suggests that urbanization through migration is a result of industrialization. Despite different political, economic and technological conditions in today's developing countries, many studies have found that the patterns of urbanization in these countries are similar to those seen in today's industrialized countries at earlier stages of their development. China, as suggested by its rapid, post-reform urbanization through migration, is not an exception. Nevertheless, China's post-reform experience contrasted sharply with its slow and even stagnated urban population growth in the 1960s and 1970s, when it sought its industrialization goal under a central planning system. Perhaps because of its uniqueness of size and development experience, China's urbanization and rural to urban migration have remained a topic of great interest.
17
Hahn, Hans Peter. "Urban Life-Worlds in Motion: In Africa and Beyond". Africa Spectrum 45, n. 3 (dicembre 2010): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000203971004500306.
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Although throughout the history of anthropology the ethnography of urban societies was never an important topic, investigations on cities in Africa contributed to the early theoretical development of urban studies in social sciences. As the ethnography of rural migrants in towns made clear, cultural diversity and creativity are foundational and permanent elements of urban cultures in Africa (and beyond). Currently, two new aspects complement these insights: 1) Different forms of mobility have received a new awareness through the concept of transnationalism. They are much more complex, including not only rural–urban migration, but also urban–urban migration, and migrations with a destination beyond the continent. 2) Urban life-worlds also include the appropriation of globally circulating images and lifestyles, which contribute substantially to the current cultural dynamics of cities in Africa. These two aspects are the reasons for the high complexity of urban contexts in Africa. Therefore, whether it is still appropriate to speak about the “locality” of these life-worlds has become questionable. At the same time, these new aspects explain the self-consciousness of members of urban cultures in Africa. They contribute to the expansive character of these societies and to the impression that cities in Africa host the most innovative and creative societies worldwide.
18
Xu, Hongwei, Blessing U. Mberu, Rachel E. Goldberg e Nancy Luke. "Dimensions of Rural-to-Urban Migration and Premarital Pregnancy in Kenya". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 648, n. 1 (24 maggio 2013): 104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213480792.
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Rural-to-urban migration is increasingly common among youths in developing countries and could affect sexual activities with consequences for premarital pregnancies. We use life history data collected in Kisumu, Kenya, to investigate how the timing and number of rural-to-urban moves are associated with premarital pregnancy. Among sexually experienced young women aged 18 to 24 ( N = 226), 60 percent had moved at least once in the past 10 years and 38 percent had experienced a premarital pregnancy. Results of the event history analysis show that those who experienced one or two moves were at increased risk for premarital pregnancy compared to nonmovers. Also at increased risk were movers whose most recent move occurred in the past 7 to 12 months. Finally, those whose last move occurred at age 13 or younger were also at an elevated risk. Migration brings about specific risks and needs for youths, including the need for sexual and reproductive health education and services, which should be made available and accessible to new urban residents.
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Goldstein, Alice, e Sidney Goldstein. "Migration in China: Methodological and Policy Challenges". Social Science History 11, n. 1 (1987): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015704.
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Migration has long been recognized as an important mechanism for allowing populations to adjust to changing economic conditions (Goldstein and Goldstein, 1981; Findley, 1977, 1982). Massive population movements from rural to urban locations were an integral part of the European modernization process, as were movements to hitherto undeveloped frontier regions including ones overseas. Rapid urban growth, due in part to migration, has more recently characterized many of the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
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Le Jeune, Gael, Victor Piché e Jean Poirier. "Towards a Reconsideration of Female Migration Patterns in Burkina Faso". Canadian Studies in Population 31, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2004): 145. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6gs3d.
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This study focuses on changes in female migration patterns during the last fifty years in Burkina Faso. We examine migration paths and reasons for moving between ages 12 and 25 for women of rural origin using event history data drawn from the Migration Dynamics, Urban Integration and Environment in Burkina Faso National Survey conducted in 2000. The results show that female migration patterns are changing in a subtle and complex way. Women are emigrating more out of rural areas and experiencing increased multiple move trajectories. Motives are also less-family driven and more related to education and labour market considerations.
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Gangopadhyay, Partha, Siddharth Jain e Agung Suwandaru. "What Drives Urbanisation in Modern Cambodia? Some Counter-Intuitive Findings". Sustainability 12, n. 24 (8 dicembre 2020): 10253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su122410253.
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The history of urbanisation in Cambodia is a fascinating case study. During 1965–1973, the Vietnam war triggered the mass migration of Cambodians to the urban centres as its rural economy was virtually annihilated by an unprecedented cascade of aerial bombardments. During the Pol Pot regime, 1975–1979, urban areas were hastily closed down by the Khmer Rouge militia that led to the phase of forced de-urbanisation. With the ouster of the Pol Pot regime, since 1993 a new wave of urbanisation has taken shape for Cambodia. Rising urban population in a few urban regions has triggered multidimensional problems in terms of housing, employment, infrastructure, crime rates and congestions. This paper investigates the significant drivers of urbanisation since 1994 in Cambodia. Despite severe limitations of the availability of relevant data, we have extrapolated the major long-term drivers of urbanization by using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) analysis and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) models. Our main finding is that FDI flows have a significant short-run and long-run asymmetric effect on urbanisation. We conclude that an increase in FDI boosts the pull-factor behind rural–urban migration. At the same time, a decrease in FDI impoverishes the economy and promotes the push-factor behind the rural–urban migration.
22
Long, Cuihong, Jiajun Han e Yong Liu. "Has Rural-Urban Migration Promoted the Health of Chinese Migrant Workers?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, n. 4 (13 febbraio 2020): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041218.
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The relationship between health and migration has always been an important theme in immigration research. This research develops a new approach to test the healthy migrant hypothesis and the salmon bias hypothesis in China by examining an interaction term combining agricultural hukou and migrant status, non-agricultural employment history, and subsequent area of residence. Based on two Chinese micro-databases, CGSS 2015 and Harmonized CHARLS, we conducted an empirical test on the relationship between migration and health. Our empirical evidence suggests that the initial health advantage among Chinese rural migrant workers was largely due to self-selection rather than migration effects. After controlling for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, this advantage disappeared. After their health deteriorated, migrant workers returned to their original location. This could exacerbate the contradiction between the allocation of medical resources and the demand in rural and urban China, further intensifying the already widening health status gap between rural and urban residents.
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MINDRICAN, Ioana Manuela, e Elena-Florentina MATEI. "TERRITORIAL MOBILITY OF THE ROMANIAN POPULATION. CAUSES AND EFFECTS". Annals of the University of Oradea. Economic Sciences 31, me 31 (dicembre 2022): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991auoes31(2)006.
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For the first time in human history, more people are living in urban areas than in rural areas. Every year, millions of people decide to leave their rural homes and migrate to cities across the country or even across the border. Most of these people want to move to seek new job opportunities and, of course, to improve their lives, while others are forced to migrate because of sudden or slow-onset conflicts or natural disasters, such as rising sea levels, droughts and floods, which are often exacerbated by climate change and environmental stress. In addition, rural populations, whose livelihoods depend to a large extent on agriculture, are particularly vulnerable to pressures from migration. This article aims to provide an overview of rural-urban migration in Romania, detailing the causes and effects of this process. Romanian citizens from rural areas move to the country’s big cities to enjoy the facilities offered by urban areas. In the current context, migration is the population’s impulse from one topographical location to another, thus connecting temporary or permanent settlements. However, this process, like any other, brings with it both positive and negative economic, social and demographic consequences, which will be discussed in detail in this article.
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Baranov, Evgeny Yurievich. "Migration of population in Ural in the XX century: problems of modern historiography". Genesis: исторические исследования, n. 11 (novembre 2019): 11–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2019.11.31467.
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The goal of this research lies in identification of the key problems of modern historiography with regards to the history of population migration in Ural in the XX century. The author analyzes the results of study of migration history in the region, determines the range of questions within the problematic field of the research, as well as the leading vectors of research. An attempt is made to shape future prospects of research work on the topic of migrations in Ural. The relevance of the article is substantiated by the possibilities of fundamental understanding of the historical and modern trends of population migration and scientific conceptualization of the history of migrations in the XX century. The migration of population in Ural in the centenary historical retrospective have not been previously been an independent subject of historiographical analysis. The conducted study demonstrates that the scholars determined the migration, its key factors and directions; suggested the variations of periodization of the history of migration in Ural; studied the role of migrations in demographic development of the Ural regions at different historical periods. The article highlights the main problems of historiography: exodus, evacuation and re-evacuation, migration policy, “migration transition”, migrations of urban and rural population, roles of migration in urbanization processes, formation of regional population, ethnic specificities of migration. It is established that significant attention of the historians is dedicated to the study of migrations in the 1920’s – 1930’s, as well as the years of the Great Patriotic War. The research carries fragmentary character. Its prospects are associated with the detailed examination of migrations in the Ural regions, and fundamental generalization aimed at identification of patterns and mechanism of the transformation of migrations, as well as the formation of their coherent picture in Ural in the XX century.
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NAIR, GWYNETH, e DAVID POYNER. "The Flight from the Land? Rural Migration in South-East Shropshire in the Late Nineteenth Century". Rural History 17, n. 2 (26 settembre 2006): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793306001865.
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Using the 1881 census, we have tracked 1172 individuals who left their birthplaces in the villages of Billingsley, Chelmarsh, Highley and Kinlet in south-east Shropshire. This has allowed us to investigate the destinations and motivations for rural migrants in the second half of the nineteenth century. Half the migrants (fifty-two per cent) remained in rural environments; a further eighteen per cent moved to rural market towns. Thus only thirty per cent of the sample moved to truly urban destinations. Furthermore fifty per cent of the adult male migrants remained as agricultural labourers or in closely related occupations; even in the urban cohort twenty-one per cent followed agricultural-related occupations. Using the Armstrong classification of social status, it was not possible to measure any significant increase in status following rural to urban movement. Thus most rural migrants in this sample did not move to urban locations; instead rural to rural movement, making use of traditional skills, was apparently perceived as the most beneficial strategy.
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Cañal-Fernández, Verónica, e Antonio Álvarez. "Explaining the Decline of Rural Population in Spain (1900–2018)". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 53, n. 1 (2022): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01797.
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Abstract The analysis of data at the municipality level from the Municipal Enumerator Books demonstrates that rural population in Spain has declined as a percentage of total population since 1900. A highly granular case study of Asturias, a region in northern Spain, reveals that internal infrastructure and the proximity of a medium-size town were crucial to maintaining population in the countryside. The income gap between rural and urban municipalities, however, also led to significant migration from rural areas.
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de Haan, Arjan. "Migration as family strategy: Rural-urban labor migration in India during the twentieth century". History of the Family 2, n. 4 (gennaio 1997): 481–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1081-602x(97)90026-9.
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Black, Dan A., Seth G. Sanders, Evan J. Taylor e Lowell J. Taylor. "The Impact of the Great Migration on Mortality of African Americans: Evidence from the Deep South". American Economic Review 105, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2015): 477–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20120642.
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The Great Migration—the massive migration of African Americans out of the rural South to largely urban locations in the North, Midwest, and West—was a landmark event in US history. Our paper shows that this migration increased mortality of African Americans born in the early twentieth century South. This inference comes from an analysis that uses proximity of birthplace to railroad lines as an instrument for migration. (JEL I12, J15, N31, N32, N91, N92, R23)
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Hill, Bridget. "Rural-Urban Migration of Women and their Employment in Towns". Rural History 5, n. 2 (ottobre 1994): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793300000674.
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There has in recent years been a considerable focus on migration by historians. We now know far more about rural/urban migration patterns within Britain, both short term and long term. This is particularly so for the period since the mid nineteenth-century censuses. But evidence suggests that mobility, notably among the young and single, was very high from the seventeenth century. Long before the first censuses a steady flow of population from rural areas to towns and cities had begun. ‘Rural depopulation’, we are told, ‘is common to most mature industrial societies of the twentieth century’. In fact, experience of the last half century in the Third World, as well as in pre-industrial England, suggests such movement precedes the development of a ‘mature industrial society’. In parts of England, it was the ‘major urban phenomenon in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries’. Many areas of the Third World have experienced very rapid urbanisation particularly since 1950 when the vast majority of the population still lived in rural areas.
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STIRR, ANNA. "Ruralising the City: Migration and Viraha in Translocal Nepal". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 27, n. 4 (26 settembre 2017): 667–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186317000360.
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AbstractThroughout the history of movement between country and city in the Nepali-speaking areas of the Indian subcontinent, musical links between cities and the rural hills have integrated emotional associations with rural hill life into the fabric of city life. Songs in the thematic genre of viraha – longing and the pain of separation – articulate lyrical and musical tropes that have come to characterise the experience of moving between hill villages, cities, and back again. This article explores over a century of Nepali-language viraha songs related to labour migration, arguing that as these songs take root in translocal publics crossing urban-rural divides, they contribute to an ruralisation of social and emotional life in the cities.
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Kertzer, David I., e Dennis P. Hogan. "Household Organization and Migration in Nineteenth-Century Italy". Social Science History 14, n. 4 (1990): 483–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200020903.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Kinship ranks second only to economic factors in social-scientific attempts to explain who migrates, when they move, and where they go. A person’s household circumstances are commonly thought to influence his or her propensity to move, as is the presence of other kin in the same community. Furthermore, the existence and location of kin in other communities are commonly thought to affect both the propensity to move and the choice of destination. Much of the international migration literature, accordingly, focuses on kin chains of migration, while much of the contemporary internal migration literature focuses on rural-urban kinship ties and on the continuing importance of extended kinship ties in societies experiencing high rates of urban-bound migration.
32
BRAS, HILDE. "Social change, the institution of service and youth: the case of service in the lives of rural-born Dutch women, 1840–1940". Continuity and Change 19, n. 2 (agosto 2004): 241–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416004004989.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article investigates the antecedents, experience and consequences of service in the lives of rural-born Dutch women within the urbanizing and industrializing context of the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. The decision to enter service was often taken by the girl's parents against the background of a distress-ridden household. From the latter part of the nineteenth century, the migration fields of servants widened, with women more often serving in middle-class households in the growing large cities. The consequences of out-migration to these urban and more diverse labour and marriage markets, and for some women also the educational work setting of urban service itself, were that larger proportions of women contracted advantageous marriages and settled outside their rural region of birth.
33
Haque, Ziaul. "Hastings Donnan and Pnina Werbner (eds). Economy and Culture in Pakistan: Migrants and Cities in a Muslim Society. London: Macmillan. 1991. 268 pp." Pakistan Development Review 31, n. 3 (1 settembre 1992): 325–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v31i3pp.325-328.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Modem economic factors and forces are rapidly transforming the world into a single society and economy in which the migration of people at the national and international levels plays an important role. Pakistan, as a modem nation, has characteristically been deeply influenced by such migrations, both national and international. The first great exodus occurred in 1947 when over eight million Indian Muslims migrated from different parts of India to Pakistan. Thus, from the very beginning mass population movements and migrations have been woven into Pakistan's social fabric through its history, culture and religion. These migrations have greatly influenced the form and substance of the national economy, the contours of the political system, patterns of urbanisation and the physiognomy of the overall culture and history of the country. The recent political divide of Sindh on rural/Sindhi, and urban/non-Sindhi, ethnic and linguistic lines is the direct result of these earlier settlements of these migrants in the urban areas of Sindh.
34
Onwuanyi, Ndubisi. "Between Official Orthodoxy and Received Wisdom: Explaining Urban House Vacancies in Nigeria". Journal of African Real Estate Research 7, n. 1 (28 luglio 2022): 58–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15641/jarer.v7i1.1128.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Housing policies demonstrate the importance of shelter in the hierarchy of human needs. Therefore, Nigeria has a history of initiatives, handled by a ministry of housing, to stimulate housing production. However, recently expressed views by the housing minister suggest a new official thinking which, if officially embraced, could have undesirable implications for the sector. The views dispute the much mentioned 20 million-unit housing shortfall; deny the existence of any shortfall because of observed urban vacancies; suggest that all vacant houses are available for use and can be utilised for existent urban needs; and attribute rising urban housing demand exclusively to rural-urban migration. In this paper, these views are examined, particularly because Nigeria has ordinarily not been associated with housing sufficiency; Nigeria’s characteristic situation of rapidly rising rents suggest a supply insufficiency; every vacant house may not be available for occupation; and urban migration can also come from non-rural sources. Data for the study comes from the archives, received wisdom on the operations of the housing industry and empirical findings in housing economics. The findings reveal that a lack of data evidence is enough justification for the minster’s dismissal of the much mentioned 20 million-unit shortfall, but not the complete absence of a shortfall. The assertion that vacancies imply an oversupply is equally unsubstantiated by data and unsupported by received wisdom. Also the view that all vacancies imply availability is misplaced; and the claim that urban migration is entirely of rural origin disregards urban-urban migration. The conclusion is that the claims of an oversupply and absence of a housing shortfall are unfounded, particularly in the absence of data evidence, the same grounds for official dismissal of the 20 million-unit shortfall. The study recommends that the ministry should have a “rethink and understand the problem”, particularly how the housing market works.
35
Grant, Elspeth, e Paul Sendziuk. "‘Urban Degeneration and Rural Revitalisation’: The South Australian Government's Youth Migration Scheme, 1913–14". Australian Historical Studies 41, n. 1 (marzo 2010): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10314610903483523.
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36
Lu, Yao. "Rural-urban migration and health: Evidence from longitudinal data in Indonesia". Social Science & Medicine 70, n. 3 (febbraio 2010): 412–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.10.028.
Testo completo
37
Goldstein, Alice, Sidney Goldstein e Gu Shengzu. "Rural Industrialization and Migration in the People’s Republic of China". Social Science History 15, n. 3 (1991): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021143.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The modernization/development process, both historically in Europe and in developing nations of the twentieth century, has involved the transformation of the labor force from one primarily engaged in agricultural pursuits to one largely involved in secondary- and tertiary-sector activities. This change has often been brought about in stages, beginning with the introduction of nonagricultural work in rural areas—proto-industrialization—as a supplement to industrial development in urban locations, concomitant with or followed by massive migration of the rural population into cities. Proto-industrialization may have been a response to population pressure, serving as a means to provide work for the surplus rural labor force when cultivable land became overtaxed and as a way for households to gain much-needed additional income during periods of agricultural shortfall.
38
Nikulina, Yulia N. "Rural employment in Russia: Present conditions and prospects for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors". Russian Journal of Economics 9, n. 4 (20 dicembre 2023): 351–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/j.ruje.9.112008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Contributing to a discussion on rural employment forecast in Russia, this paper systematizes the challenges for the rural labor market: population outflow, weak impulses to develop non-agricultural employment and rural entrepreneurship, changing labor needs in agriculture and a decline in the number of labor migrants. The results of the regional differentiation research show that the response strategies of Russian regions to stabilize employment differ significantly and include active intra-Russian labor migration or reliance on high agricultural state support, development of self-employment and jobs preservation in labor-intensive, low-productivity sectors of agricultural production. The article discusses rural development prospects associated with the return migration of urban residents to rural areas, which creates a new basis for rural employment growth. A theoretical implication of the rural employment perspectives discussion is the proposed concept of “out-of-urban employment” that actualizes the traditional approach of seeking employment only for indigenous rural people who have lost their jobs in agriculture, and includes new types and forms of employment for urban dwellers. Analysis of the current state support for rural employment in Russia shows that it is poorly aligned with the existing challenges. The scale of both financing and the number of potential participants is small; direct support measures are limited to the agricultural sector, while indirect ones — through support for rural infrastructure — create mainly public sector employment. The practical implications of the outcomes are some proposed ways of developing measures to support rural employment, taking into account non-agricultural rural economy needs.
39
Sohn, Kitae. "The Migration Patterns of US Female Teachers, 1860–80". Social Science History 39, n. 3 (2015): 339–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.59.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recently, a shared understanding has emerged concerning the migration patterns of US female teachers from 1860 to 1880, but the evidence is scattered in the literature and largely qualitative. This paper provides a unifying understanding of their migration patterns based on the US census. Our quantitative findings generally confirm the shared understanding. First, teachers more often migrated to urban than rural areas; higher wages and other forms of compensation in urban areas appear to be the reason. Second, teachers born in the Northeast migrated the most, and the majority went to the Midwest; the Southern movement was never widespread, even during Reconstruction. Third, teachers born in Massachusetts migrated most commonly among teachers born in the Northeast; the oversupply of teachers in the state seems to have been the influencing factor.
40
Eyal, Hillel. "Going Local and Global: Internal and Transatlantic Migration in Eighteenth-Century Spain". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 52, n. 2 (2021): 197–223. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01697.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Evidence from eighteenth-century marriage applications in Mexico City and Cadiz reveals that migration from Spain to the New World was primarily an extension of domestic movements from rural to urban areas, not the direct result of transatlantic networks. The migratory dynamism that pervaded Spanish society fueled Spain’s fledgling urbanization in the era of commercial capitalism, as peasants increasingly moved to towns and cities, especially to Cadiz. Many of these internal migrants subsequently used the social capital and other resources that they had accumulated in Cadiz and elsewhere on the Iberian Peninsula to facilitate migration to the New World.
41
Adams, L. ""Heading for Louisville:" Rethinking Rural to Urban Migration in the South, 1930-1950". Journal of Social History 40, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2006): 407–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh.2007.0000.
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42
Bara, Mario. "Some Aspects of Socialist Modernization in the Croatian Cities". Review of Croatian history 16, n. 1 (1 agosto 2020): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.22586/review.v16i1.11288.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper focuses on the period of socialist modernization in Croatian urban settings, in a country guided by ideologically shaped administrative measures, absence of social pluralism, and private economic initiatives. The socialist regime mainly promoted the announced transformation of social and economic relations, as well as technical progress, in the urban areas, where cultural and symbolic interventions took place along with the technical ones. The socialist city was to become an ideal city that met all the needs of the “working people”. Industrialization and urbanization caused labour migration from rural to urban areas. Due to the large number of new residents in the cities, the authorities paid much attention to housing policies. Accelerated construction resulted in a discrepancy with the existing urban and communal infrastructure. The consequences of half a century of socialist modernization in the cities were most evident in the altered population structure. At the beginning of the observed period, only one quarter of the population lived in cities, but when the socialist epoch ended, this ratio was over 50 %. The negative consequences of socialist modernization in the cities could be seen in the polarized development of the main urban centres, the unevenly developed network of medium-sized and small towns, and the depopulation of a significant part of rural areas.
43
Morris, Robert J. "The Reproduction of Labour and Capital". Articles 18, n. 1 (7 agosto 2013): 48–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017823ar.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Urbanization in both Britain and Canada during the 19th century was associated with that intensification of capitalist relationships called industrialization. In Britain however, there were nuances worth noting. Industry migrated in from a countryside which was already full of economic activity both agricultural and industrial. Canadian urban growth took place in relatively empty economic space stimulated by the economic activity created by settler migration and commodity trade. Two important differences resulted. First, the contrast between urban and rural economic structures was much greater in Canada than in Britain, where rural community structures influenced urban social patterns. Secondly, Canadian urban centres acted as units of entrepreneur ship, within which leaders used the urban power base to attract capital and ensure its reproduction. The municipalities were weak in relation to the agents of capital with which they dealt; city councils, therefore, conceded much to manufacturers and even more to railways. The greater bargaining power of the established British urban centres showed in their relationship with the railway companies and urban utilities. British urban centres grew in a capital rich countryside. They used their urban power base to react to instabilities created by the accumulation of industrial capital, hence becoming predominantly agencies for the reproduction of labour.
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Potts, Deborah. "MAKING A LIVELIHOOD IN (AND BEYOND) THE AFRICAN CITY: THE EXPERIENCE OF ZIMBABWE". Africa 81, n. 4 (13 ottobre 2011): 588–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001972011000489.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACTThe formal labour markets and economies of many cities in sub-Saharan Africa have been very weak for decades and this has led to significant adaptations in the nature of the livelihoods of most urban households. The lack of formal and reasonably paid jobs has also had a strong impact on population growth in cities, although this is often not recognized. This article reviews some of these trends and illustrates them with case study material from Harare, Zimbabwe. There, many urban residents have increasingly struggled to get by and their perceptions of the city and their future within it show a strong negative trend. Links to rural areas and the possibility of making livelihoods there in the future have become more important. These adaptations build on the long history of rural–urban linkages in sub-Saharan Africa but contemporary practices, including patterns of circular migration, are influenced by the harsh realities of African urban economies. The decisions and future plans of some migrants may not, therefore, fit with their aspirations – and the degree and nature of this mismatch are influenced by factors such as gender, age and position in the urban household, and links to rural areas. It is suggested that it helps to analyse the consequent migration patterns in terms of a framework in which migrants’ decisions to stay in the city or leave it are conceptualized as either willing or reluctant.
45
Öztürk, Murat, Beşir Topaloğlu, Andy Hilton e Joost Jongerden. "Rural‒Urban Mobilities in Turkey: Socio-spatial Perspectives on Migration and Return Movements". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 20, n. 5 (8 dicembre 2017): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19448953.2018.1406696.
Testo completo
46
Lucassen, Jan. "The Other Proletarians: Seasonal Labourers, Mercenaries and Miners". International Review of Social History 39, S2 (agosto 1994): 171–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859000112970.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The emergence of wage labour in Europe has traditionally been seen as a transition from peasant agriculture to employment in urban industries involving permanent migration from rural areas to the cities. In this context migration was often depicted as a flight from the land forced by enclosure or by famine. This particular form of proletarianization-cumurbanization was indeed of major historical significance. Recently, how-ever, many historians have tried to shift the emphasis in another direction. According to one such scholar, Charles Tilly, European demographic growth from the Middle Ages to the late nineteenth century was caused predominantly by the proletarianization outside the cities which was induced by the modernization of agriculture and, above all, by proto-industry. Migration also plays an important role in this model. Firstly, early modern European proletarianization led to net migration losses of European proletarians who left for white settlement colonies, as in the cases of Spain, England and southern Germany. Secondly, proletarianization had major mobilizing effects on the rural population by way of short-distance and temporary or seasonal migration, followed by long-distance migration during the nineteenth century. As a rule, proto-industry caused indirect proletarianization through self-employment which brought the work to the labourers rather than causing migration.
47
Cooke, Martin. "Implications of global peak population for Canada’s future: Northern, rural, and remote communities". Canadian Studies in Population 45, n. 1-2 (3 maggio 2018): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/csp29375.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The broad demographic changes that are affecting the Canadian population, including population aging and changes to immigration, will not have the same impact or implications in all places across the country. For communities in the North and rural and remote communities in the South, the patterns of demographic change might be quite different from those faced by cities. There is also considerable diversity among these non-urban areas. Non-urban hinterlands that are within commuting distance of cities (high Metropolitan Influence) have been growing, with some being reclassified as parts of urban agglomerations. Population change in rural areas that are outside of urban influence is more closely related to employment dynamics in particular sectors, especially agriculture and resource extraction. Populations of many of those communities have been declining and aging due to out-migration of young adults and a lack of immigration. In the North, where populations are younger, resource development has meant rapid change to Northern communities and cultures. Current challenges for Northern, rural and remote communities include potential labour force skills shortages and adapting infrastructure to a changing population, in the context of difficult geography. Future issues related to population change have implications for social cohesion. In the North, there is a risk of widening socioeconomic inequality, particularly between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. In the South, disparities in lifestyles and labour force experiences between rural and urban populations might also grow. Recommendations for knowledge development include more research on the effective recruitment and retention of professionals, including immigrants, in these areas, as well as better sources of data on Northern populations.
48
Linaa, Jette. "The Fate of Rural Migrants in Early Modern Urban Centres: Soldiers, Servants, and Sailors". Journal of Migration History 8, n. 2 (15 giugno 2022): 220–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23519924-08020005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The seventeenth century saw a mass migration from the countryside to urban centres in Europe. Did migrants of rural origin integrate into their new communities, or did they form a subgroup in the town? This article is based on marriage, baptismal and burial records from the German and Danish Churches in Elsinore (Helsingør) between 1637 and 1660, and on municipal sources, mainly probate inventories and tax records. In the Early Modern period, Elsinore was the second-largest town in Denmark and the seat of the Sound Toll. This article presents a comparative analysis of the fate of rural and urban migrants in the town. The study found that rural migrants, and especially the women among them, faced lives of high mobility, poverty and limited social support, whereas urban migrants established more robust social networks and entered into more advantageous marriages.
49
Martinez-Puche, Antonio, Salvador Martínez Puche, Francisco Javier García Delgado e Xavier Amat Montesinos. "The representation of the rural exodus in Spanish cinema (1900-2020): evolution, causes and territorial consequences". Investigaciones Geográficas, n. 77 (26 gennaio 2022): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo.19337.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rural depopulation has been a constant feature of contemporary Spanish history and has been amply studied from the perspective of geography. Recently, however, there has been considerable media attention given to the consequences of internal migration. Behind the alarming demographic statistics lies a nexus of processes which have been reflected in the cinema since its beginning. This paper explores these processes at work in the rural sending environment and receiving urban destination through an analysis of six representative Spanish films. The fictional representation through film of a complex reality provides insights into the internal and contextual keys to understanding the phenomenon of ‘empty Spain’ or ‘hollowed-out Spain’. The films illustrate the persistence of two conflicting ideas (the rural and urban), divergence about what constitutes development and the quality of life, and the processes leading to ‘demotanasia’.
50
Bako, Usman Yusuf, Mohammed Lawal Salahu e Dawood Omolumen Egbefo. "Re-examining the history of migration and resettlements in the modern Borgu Emirate of Niger State since 1954". IKENGA International Journal of Institute of African Studies 24, n. 1 (30 marzo 2023): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53836/ijia/2023/24/1/002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The history of the Borgu people is traced to a series of migrations from 700 AD through the 19th century to the 21st century. The study revisits the history of the Borgu people of Nigeria, their resettlement, and emirate formation. It explores how the migratory and resettlement patterns shape the political, economic, and social developments of the modern Borgu Emirate. Data for the study were obtained from documented sources, oral interviews, and a reconnaissance survey to reach a conclusion. Findings reveal that migratory and resettlement patterns have led to political restructuring and harmony among the people of Borgu Emirate; occupational dislocation and new means of livelihood; intergroup relations and social integration; environmental changes, among others. Thus, the growth and development of the modern Borgu Emirate rest on its unity in diversity, alignment of rural-urban migration, and sustainable natural environment, among others.